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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ front:intro hz6m 1 # Introduction to Haggai\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:6 rma3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֵין־לְ⁠שָׁכְרָ֔ה 1 In this culture, as in many cultures today, the water was not safe to drink, so people drank wine made from grapes. This wine contained a low level of alcohol. Yahweh is emphasizing that the people do not have enough to drink to satisfy their thirst. If they did, they would also experience a slight stimulating sensation. Yahweh is not suggesting that drunkenness is a good thing. It may be helpful to clarify the intended meaning of this statement. Alternate translation: “but you cannot drink enough to satisfy your thirst”
1:6 ep2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person לָב֖וֹשׁ וְ⁠אֵין־לְ⁠חֹ֣ם ל֑⁠וֹ 1 Since to this point Yahweh has been speaking to the Judeans in the second person, it may be natural in your language to translate this sentence in the second person as well. Alternate translation: “You wear clothes, but you are not able to warm yourselves”
1:6 wiii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠הַ֨⁠מִּשְׂתַּכֵּ֔ר מִשְׂתַּכֵּ֖ר אֶל־צְר֥וֹר נָקֽוּב 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And the wage earner earns wages, only to put them into a punctured bag”
1:6 aw8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַ֨⁠מִּשְׂתַּכֵּ֔ר מִשְׂתַּכֵּ֖ר אֶל־צְר֥וֹר נָקֽוּב 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the returned exiles were literally putting their **wages** in a **punctured bag**. The image suggests that when they have expenses, they do not have money available to meet them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And your earnings are not sufficient to meet your expenses”
1:6 aw8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַ֨⁠מִּשְׂתַּכֵּ֔ר מִשְׂתַּכֵּ֖ר אֶל־צְר֥וֹר נָקֽוּב 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the returned exiles were literally putting their **wages** in a **punctured bag**. The image suggests that when they have expenses, they do not have money available to meet them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And the money you earn seems to disappear quickly”
1:6 frez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive צְר֥וֹר נָקֽוּב 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a bag that someone has punctured” or “a bag that has a hole in it”
1:7 rzcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כֹּ֥ה אָמַ֖ר יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֑וֹת שִׂ֥ימוּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֖ם עַל־דַּרְכֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of Armies is telling you to set your heart upon your ways”
1:7 u8ra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שִׂ֥ימוּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֖ם עַל־דַּרְכֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 See how you translated this in [1:5](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “Focus your thoughts on how you have been living” or “Consider carefully how you have been living”
@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ front:intro hz6m 1 # Introduction to Haggai\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:8 uu95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ו⁠אכבד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter of the concept of God being **glorified**. Alternate translation: “and this will glorify me” or “and in this way you will honor me”
1:9 repd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes פָּנֹ֤ה אֶל־הַרְבֵּה֙ וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה לִ⁠מְעָ֔ט וַ⁠הֲבֵאתֶ֥ם הַ⁠בַּ֖יִת וְ⁠נָפַ֣חְתִּי ב֑⁠וֹ יַ֣עַן מֶ֗ה נְאֻם֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת יַ֗עַן בֵּיתִ⁠י֙ אֲשֶׁר־ה֣וּא חָרֵ֔ב וְ⁠אַתֶּ֥ם רָצִ֖ים אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠בֵיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “You looked for much, but behold, little! And you brought it home, but he blew upon it! And Yahweh of Armies wants you to know why this happened. It is because of his house, that it is desolate, but you are running, a man to his house”
1:9 yx8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **behold** to focus his listeners’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation.
1:9 i3ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לִ⁠מְעָ֔ט 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “there was only a little”
1:9 i3ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה לִ⁠מְעָ֔ט 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but you found only a little”
1:9 eb3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נָפַ֣חְתִּי ב֑⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he had literally blown on the crops that the Judeans brought home. The image is of the wind blowing hard and carrying off grain. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but it was as if the wind carried it away”
1:9 wsac rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion יַ֣עַן מֶ֗ה & יַ֗עַן בֵּיתִ⁠י֙ 1 Yahweh is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “There is an important reason for this! … It is because of my house”
1:9 g652 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נְאֻם֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת 1 As the General Introduction to Haggai discusses, if your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **declaration**, you could express the same idea in another way, here and in the other occurrences of this phrase throughout the book. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of Armies declares”
1:9 l8h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠אַתֶּ֥ם רָצִ֖ים אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠בֵיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Yahweh is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. In this context, it means “each one of you.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that indicates this. Alternate translation: “each one of you is running to his or her own house”
1:9 vl6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַתֶּ֥ם רָצִ֖ים אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠בֵיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the Judeans were literally **running** back to their homes whenever they had the opportunity to return to them. He means that they are eager to improve their own homes even though they do not care about the temple. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while you are eager to improve your own homes”
1:9 vl6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַתֶּ֥ם רָצִ֖ים אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠בֵיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the Judeans were literally **running** back to their homes whenever they had the opportunity to return to them. He means that they are eager to improve their own homes, even though they do not care about the temple. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while you are eager to improve your own homes”
1:10 suc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification כָּלְא֥וּ שָמַ֖יִם מִ⁠טָּ֑ל וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ כָּלְאָ֥ה יְבוּלָֽ⁠הּ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the **heavens** and the **earth** were living things that could actively withhold **dew** and **produce** from the Judeans. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “there is no dew from the heavens above you and there is no produce from the earth”
1:10 zjm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֔ם כָּלְא֥וּ שָמַ֖יִם מִ⁠טָּ֑ל 1 Yahweh is speaking as if **dew** fell from the **heavens**, that is, from the sky. He means implicitly that not only has rain not been falling from the sky, dew has not even been forming on the ground overnight. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “not only has it not been raining, dew has not even been forming,”
1:11 a7ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany עַל־הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ וְ⁠עַל־הֶ⁠הָרִ֗ים וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠דָּגָן֙ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠תִּיר֣וֹשׁ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠יִּצְהָ֔ר וְ⁠עַ֛ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר תּוֹצִ֖יא הָ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה וְ⁠עַל־הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה וְ⁠עַ֖ל כָּל־יְגִ֥יעַ כַּפָּֽיִם 1 In this verse, Yahweh uses a series of repetitive phrases to show that the effects of the **desolation** he has **called for** are comprehensive. A series of phrases like this is called a litany. If your readers would not be familiar with this form, to help them appreciate it, you could put each of the phrases on a separate line in your translation, for example:\n“And I have called for desolation\nupon the land \nand upon the mountains \nand upon the grain \nand upon the new wine …”\n
@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ front:intro hz6m 1 # Introduction to Haggai\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:11 v7pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠דָּגָן֙ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠תִּיר֣וֹשׁ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠יִּצְהָ֔ר 1 Here, **grain**, **new wine**, and **oil** represent wheat and barley, grapes, and olives, of which they are the products. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and upon the wheat and barley and upon the grapes and upon the olives”
1:11 qur8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠עַל־הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 Yahweh is not referring to a specific **man** or to a specific **beast**. He means people and animals in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “and upon people and upon animals”
1:11 zygf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כַּפָּֽיִם 1 Yahweh is using one part of the Judeans, their **hands**, to mean all of them in the act of working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that you do”
1:12 c4he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע & בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י 1 Here the word **listened** implicitly means “obeyed.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then … obeyed the voice of Yahweh their God and the words of Haggai”
1:12 bl1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע & בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י 1 Here the term **voice** represents what Yahweh said by using his voice and the term **words** represents what Haggai said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then … obeyed what Yahweh their God and Haggai the prophet had said”
1:12 c4he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע & בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י הַ⁠נָּבִ֔יא 1 Here the word **listened** implicitly means “obeyed.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then … obeyed the voice of Yahweh their God and the words of Haggai the prophet”
1:12 bl1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע & בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י הַ⁠נָּבִ֔יא 1 Here the term **voice** represents what Yahweh said by using his voice and the term **words** represents what Haggai said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then … obeyed what Yahweh their God and Haggai the prophet had said”
1:12 y6v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י הַ⁠נָּבִ֔יא 1 Here a single idea is expressed through two phrases connected with **and**. The second phrase tells by what means the action of the first phrase was accomplished. If it would be more natural in your language, you could convey this meaning with an equivalent expression that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “what Yahweh their God had said through Haggai the prophet”
1:12 e9sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יִּֽירְא֥וּ הָ⁠עָ֖ם מִ⁠פְּנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 Here one part of Yahweh, his **face**, represents all of him. Alternate translation: “and the people feared Yahweh” or “and the people respected Yahweh”
1:13 dtj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֲנִ֥י אִתְּ⁠כֶ֖ם נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh declares that he is with you!”
@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ front:intro hz6m 1 # Introduction to Haggai\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:3 tsx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כָמֹ֛⁠הוּ 1 The pronoun **that** refers to the former glory of the temple. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Compared with its former glory”
2:3 ym2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא כָמֹ֛⁠הוּ כְּ⁠אַ֖יִן בְּ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Yahweh is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. Sight, in turn, represents attention, perspective, and judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Compared with that, do you not regard it as nothing”
2:4 iuno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה חֲזַ֣ק זְרֻבָּבֶ֣ל ׀ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֡ה וַ⁠חֲזַ֣ק יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ בֶּן־יְהוֹצָדָק֩ הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֨ן הַ⁠גָּד֜וֹל וַ⁠חֲזַ֨ק כָּל־עַ֥ם הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽ⁠עֲשׂ֑וּ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י אִתְּ⁠כֶ֔ם נְאֻ֖ם יְהוָ֥ה צְבָאֽוֹת 1 If you have decided to translate this oracle so that it does not contain direct quotations within a quotation, you can translate the second-level quotations in this verse as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “But tell Zerubbabel that I, Yahweh, declare that he should now be strong, and that I, Yahweh, declare to Joshua son of Jehozadak, the high priest, and to all the people of the land that they should be strong, and that I, Yahweh of Armies, declare that they should work, for I am with them”
2:4 dtv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־עַ֥ם הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ 1 Yahweh is using this expression to refer to the Judeans who have returned from exile. That is, the phrase means the same thing as the term “remnant” in [1:12](../01/12.md) and [1:14](../01/14.md). However, this phrase often has a different meaning in other parts of the Bible. There it refers to the Canaanites who were living in the region before the Israelites arrived. So it may be helpful to your readers to state the meaning plainly here. Alternate translation: “all you Judeans who have returned from exile”
2:4 dtv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־עַ֥ם הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ 1 Yahweh is using this expression to refer to the Judeans who have returned from exile. The phrase means the same thing as the term “remnant” in [1:12](../01/12.md) and [1:14](../01/14.md). However, the phrase “the people of the land” often has a different meaning elsewhere in the Bible. In other passages, it refers to the Canaanites who were living in the region before the Israelites arrived. So it may be helpful to your readers to state the plainly what “the people of the land” means here. Alternate translation: “all you Judeans who have returned from exile”
2:5 xjsq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ בְּ⁠צֵאתְ⁠כֶ֣ם מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֔יִם וְ⁠רוּחִ֖⁠י עֹמֶ֣דֶת בְּ⁠תוֹכְ⁠כֶ֑ם אַל־תִּירָֽאוּ 1 If you have decided to translate this oracle so that it does not contain quotations within a quotation, you can translate this verse as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Tell them that this is the word that I covenanted with them when they came out of Egypt, and my Spirit remains in their midst, so they should not fear”
2:5 f0fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “This is the word that I covenanted with you”
2:5 i4cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ 1 Yahweh is using the term **word** to mean what he said to the Israelites by using words when he made a covenant with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the covenant promise that I made to you”
2:5 re44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ 1 By **The word that I covenanted with you**, Yahweh is referring to what he has just said, “I am with you.” Yahweh made this promise to the Israelites when they **came out of Egypt**. See, for example, [Exodus 29:45–46](../exo/29/45.md), “And I will live among the sons of Israel and will be their God. And they will know that I am Yahweh their God, who brought them out from the land of Egypt to live among them.” You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “This is the covenant promise that I made to you, that I would be with you,”
2:5 re44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ בְּ⁠צֵאתְ⁠כֶ֣ם מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֔יִם 1 By **The word that I covenanted with you**, Yahweh is referring to what he has just said, “I am with you.” Yahweh made this promise to the Israelites when they **came out of Egypt**. See, for example, [Exodus 29:45–46](../exo/29/45.md), “And I will live among the sons of Israel and will be their God. And they will know that I am Yahweh their God, who brought them out from the land of Egypt to live among them.” You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “This is the covenant promise that I made to you when you came out of Egypt, that I would be with you”
2:5 s0xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠רוּחִ֖⁠י עֹמֶ֣דֶת בְּ⁠תוֹכְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 With this statement, Yahweh is asserting that he is indeed fulfilling his covenant promise to be with the Israelites. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and indeed I am present in your midst through my Spirit, just as I promised”
2:6 ibcq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כִּ֣י כֹ֤ה אָמַר֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת ע֥וֹד אַחַ֖ת מְעַ֣ט הִ֑יא וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י מַרְעִישׁ֙ אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠יָּ֖ם וְ⁠אֶת־הֶ⁠חָרָבָֽה 1 If you have decided to translate this oracle so that it does not contain quotations within a quotation, you can translate the second-level quotation in this verse as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “For I, Yahweh of Armies, say that yet once, it will be a little while, and I will be shaking the heavens and the earth and the sea and the dry land”
2:6 g6sp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ע֥וֹד אַחַ֖ת מְעַ֣ט הִ֑יא וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י מַרְעִישׁ֙ 1 These phrases **Yet once** and **it will be a little while**may mean similar things. The first phrase may mean “after only one more period of time.” The second phrase says basically the same thing but adds the information that this will be a brief period of time. Yahweh may be using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “I can assure you that after only a short time, I will be shaking”
@ -151,4 +151,4 @@ front:intro hz6m 1 # Introduction to Haggai\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
2:23 o3gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠ה֣וּא 1 Yahweh is using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “After I have done that”
2:23 dl8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֶ֠קָּחֲ⁠ךָ & וְ⁠שַׂמְתִּ֖י⁠ךָ & בְ⁠ךָ֣ בָחַ֔רְתִּי 1 The word **you** is singular here because it refers to Zerubbabel, so use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
2:23 t8m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַּֽ⁠חוֹתָ֑ם 1 A **signet ring** was a special ring that a ruler could use to imprint an official seal on a document. This ring bore the ruler’s name or some symbol representing him. The ruler would roll up an important document and put wax on it, then press the ring into the wax to create an official seal. If the document had this mark on its seal, people would know that what was written in the document was written with the king’s authority and had to be obeyed. You could describe this as “like a ring that a ruler uses to create official seals”
2:23 xdbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּֽ⁠חוֹתָ֑ם 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a ruler uses a **signet ring** as an instrument of his authority, so **Zerubbabel** would be an instrument of Yahweh’s authority. All the nations would have to obey Zerubbabel’s commands because Zerubbabel would be commanding them with authority that Yahweh had entrusted to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “an instrument of my authority, like a signet ring”
2:23 xdbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּֽ⁠חוֹתָ֑ם 1 The point of this comparison is that **Zerubbabel** would be an instrument of Yahweh’s authority, just as a ruler uses a **signet ring** as an instrument of his authority. All the nations would have to obey Zerubbabel’s commands because Zerubbabel would be commanding them with authority that Yahweh had entrusted to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “an instrument of my authority, like a signet ring”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
22 1:6 rma3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠אֵין־לְ⁠שָׁכְרָ֔ה 1 In this culture, as in many cultures today, the water was not safe to drink, so people drank wine made from grapes. This wine contained a low level of alcohol. Yahweh is emphasizing that the people do not have enough to drink to satisfy their thirst. If they did, they would also experience a slight stimulating sensation. Yahweh is not suggesting that drunkenness is a good thing. It may be helpful to clarify the intended meaning of this statement. Alternate translation: “but you cannot drink enough to satisfy your thirst”
23 1:6 ep2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person לָב֖וֹשׁ וְ⁠אֵין־לְ⁠חֹ֣ם ל֑⁠וֹ 1 Since to this point Yahweh has been speaking to the Judeans in the second person, it may be natural in your language to translate this sentence in the second person as well. Alternate translation: “You wear clothes, but you are not able to warm yourselves”
24 1:6 wiii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠הַ֨⁠מִּשְׂתַּכֵּ֔ר מִשְׂתַּכֵּ֖ר אֶל־צְר֥וֹר נָקֽוּב 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “And the wage earner earns wages, only to put them into a punctured bag”
25 1:6 aw8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הַ֨⁠מִּשְׂתַּכֵּ֔ר מִשְׂתַּכֵּ֖ר אֶל־צְר֥וֹר נָקֽוּב 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the returned exiles were literally putting their **wages** in a **punctured bag**. The image suggests that when they have expenses, they do not have money available to meet them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And your earnings are not sufficient to meet your expenses” Yahweh is speaking as if the returned exiles were literally putting their **wages** in a **punctured bag**. The image suggests that when they have expenses, they do not have money available to meet them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “And the money you earn seems to disappear quickly”
26 1:6 frez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive צְר֥וֹר נָקֽוּב 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “a bag that someone has punctured” or “a bag that has a hole in it”
27 1:7 rzcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כֹּ֥ה אָמַ֖ר יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֑וֹת שִׂ֥ימוּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֖ם עַל־דַּרְכֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of Armies is telling you to set your heart upon your ways”
28 1:7 u8ra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שִׂ֥ימוּ לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֖ם עַל־דַּרְכֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 See how you translated this in [1:5](../01/05.md). Alternate translation: “Focus your thoughts on how you have been living” or “Consider carefully how you have been living”
31 1:8 uu95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ו⁠אכבד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See the discussion in the General Notes to this chapter of the concept of God being **glorified**. Alternate translation: “and this will glorify me” or “and in this way you will honor me”
32 1:9 repd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes פָּנֹ֤ה אֶל־הַרְבֵּה֙ וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה לִ⁠מְעָ֔ט וַ⁠הֲבֵאתֶ֥ם הַ⁠בַּ֖יִת וְ⁠נָפַ֣חְתִּי ב֑⁠וֹ יַ֣עַן מֶ֗ה נְאֻם֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת יַ֗עַן בֵּיתִ⁠י֙ אֲשֶׁר־ה֣וּא חָרֵ֔ב וְ⁠אַתֶּ֥ם רָצִ֖ים אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠בֵיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “You looked for much, but behold, little! And you brought it home, but he blew upon it! And Yahweh of Armies wants you to know why this happened. It is because of his house, that it is desolate, but you are running, a man to his house”
33 1:9 yx8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה 1 Yahweh is using the term **behold** to focus his listeners’ attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation.
34 1:9 i3ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לִ⁠מְעָ֔ט וְ⁠הִנֵּ֣ה לִ⁠מְעָ֔ט 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “there was only a little” Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but you found only a little”
35 1:9 eb3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נָפַ֣חְתִּי ב֑⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if he had literally blown on the crops that the Judeans brought home. The image is of the wind blowing hard and carrying off grain. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but it was as if the wind carried it away”
36 1:9 wsac rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion יַ֣עַן מֶ֗ה & יַ֗עַן בֵּיתִ⁠י֙ 1 Yahweh is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for that purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “There is an important reason for this! … It is because of my house”
37 1:9 g652 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נְאֻם֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת 1 As the General Introduction to Haggai discusses, if your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **declaration**, you could express the same idea in another way, here and in the other occurrences of this phrase throughout the book. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of Armies declares”
38 1:9 l8h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠אַתֶּ֥ם רָצִ֖ים אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠בֵיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Yahweh is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. In this context, it means “each one of you.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use language in your translation that indicates this. Alternate translation: “each one of you is running to his or her own house”
39 1:9 vl6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠אַתֶּ֥ם רָצִ֖ים אִ֥ישׁ לְ⁠בֵיתֽ⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the Judeans were literally **running** back to their homes whenever they had the opportunity to return to them. He means that they are eager to improve their own homes even though they do not care about the temple. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while you are eager to improve your own homes” Yahweh is speaking as if the Judeans were literally **running** back to their homes whenever they had the opportunity to return to them. He means that they are eager to improve their own homes, even though they do not care about the temple. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while you are eager to improve your own homes”
40 1:10 suc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification כָּלְא֥וּ שָמַ֖יִם מִ⁠טָּ֑ל וְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ כָּלְאָ֥ה יְבוּלָֽ⁠הּ 1 Yahweh is speaking as if the **heavens** and the **earth** were living things that could actively withhold **dew** and **produce** from the Judeans. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “there is no dew from the heavens above you and there is no produce from the earth”
41 1:10 zjm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֔ם כָּלְא֥וּ שָמַ֖יִם מִ⁠טָּ֑ל 1 Yahweh is speaking as if **dew** fell from the **heavens**, that is, from the sky. He means implicitly that not only has rain not been falling from the sky, dew has not even been forming on the ground overnight. You could indicate that in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “not only has it not been raining, dew has not even been forming,”
42 1:11 a7ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany עַל־הָ⁠אָ֣רֶץ וְ⁠עַל־הֶ⁠הָרִ֗ים וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠דָּגָן֙ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠תִּיר֣וֹשׁ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠יִּצְהָ֔ר וְ⁠עַ֛ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר תּוֹצִ֖יא הָ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה וְ⁠עַל־הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה וְ⁠עַ֖ל כָּל־יְגִ֥יעַ כַּפָּֽיִם 1 In this verse, Yahweh uses a series of repetitive phrases to show that the effects of the **desolation** he has **called for** are comprehensive. A series of phrases like this is called a litany. If your readers would not be familiar with this form, to help them appreciate it, you could put each of the phrases on a separate line in your translation, for example:\n“And I have called for desolation\nupon the land \nand upon the mountains \nand upon the grain \nand upon the new wine …”\n
45 1:11 v7pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠דָּגָן֙ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠תִּיר֣וֹשׁ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠יִּצְהָ֔ר 1 Here, **grain**, **new wine**, and **oil** represent wheat and barley, grapes, and olives, of which they are the products. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and upon the wheat and barley and upon the grapes and upon the olives”
46 1:11 qur8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ⁠עַל־הָֽ⁠אָדָם֙ וְ⁠עַל־הַ⁠בְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 Yahweh is not referring to a specific **man** or to a specific **beast**. He means people and animals in general. It may be more natural in your language to express this meaning by using plural forms. Alternate translation: “and upon people and upon animals”
47 1:11 zygf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כַּפָּֽיִם 1 Yahweh is using one part of the Judeans, their **hands**, to mean all of them in the act of working. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everything that you do”
48 1:12 c4he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע & בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע & בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י הַ⁠נָּבִ֔יא 1 Here the word **listened** implicitly means “obeyed.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then … obeyed the voice of Yahweh their God and the words of Haggai” Here the word **listened** implicitly means “obeyed.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then … obeyed the voice of Yahweh their God and the words of Haggai the prophet”
49 1:12 bl1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע & בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֣ע & בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י הַ⁠נָּבִ֔יא 1 Here the term **voice** represents what Yahweh said by using his voice and the term **words** represents what Haggai said by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Then … obeyed what Yahweh their God and Haggai the prophet had said”
50 1:12 y6v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys בְּ⁠קוֹל֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠עַל־דִּבְרֵי֙ חַגַּ֣י הַ⁠נָּבִ֔יא 1 Here a single idea is expressed through two phrases connected with **and**. The second phrase tells by what means the action of the first phrase was accomplished. If it would be more natural in your language, you could convey this meaning with an equivalent expression that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “what Yahweh their God had said through Haggai the prophet”
51 1:12 e9sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יִּֽירְא֥וּ הָ⁠עָ֖ם מִ⁠פְּנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 Here one part of Yahweh, his **face**, represents all of him. Alternate translation: “and the people feared Yahweh” or “and the people respected Yahweh”
52 1:13 dtj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֲנִ֥י אִתְּ⁠כֶ֖ם נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this so that there is not a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh declares that he is with you!”
67 2:3 tsx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כָמֹ֛⁠הוּ 1 The pronoun **that** refers to the former glory of the temple. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “Compared with its former glory”
68 2:3 ym2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֲ⁠ל֥וֹא כָמֹ֛⁠הוּ כְּ⁠אַ֖יִן בְּ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 Yahweh is using the term **eyes** by association to mean sight. Sight, in turn, represents attention, perspective, and judgment. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Compared with that, do you not regard it as nothing”
69 2:4 iuno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה חֲזַ֣ק זְרֻבָּבֶ֣ל ׀ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֡ה וַ⁠חֲזַ֣ק יְהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ בֶּן־יְהוֹצָדָק֩ הַ⁠כֹּהֵ֨ן הַ⁠גָּד֜וֹל וַ⁠חֲזַ֨ק כָּל־עַ֥ם הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽ⁠עֲשׂ֑וּ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י אִתְּ⁠כֶ֔ם נְאֻ֖ם יְהוָ֥ה צְבָאֽוֹת 1 If you have decided to translate this oracle so that it does not contain direct quotations within a quotation, you can translate the second-level quotations in this verse as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “But tell Zerubbabel that I, Yahweh, declare that he should now be strong, and that I, Yahweh, declare to Joshua son of Jehozadak, the high priest, and to all the people of the land that they should be strong, and that I, Yahweh of Armies, declare that they should work, for I am with them”
70 2:4 dtv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־עַ֥ם הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ 1 Yahweh is using this expression to refer to the Judeans who have returned from exile. That is, the phrase means the same thing as the term “remnant” in [1:12](../01/12.md) and [1:14](../01/14.md). However, this phrase often has a different meaning in other parts of the Bible. There it refers to the Canaanites who were living in the region before the Israelites arrived. So it may be helpful to your readers to state the meaning plainly here. Alternate translation: “all you Judeans who have returned from exile” Yahweh is using this expression to refer to the Judeans who have returned from exile. The phrase means the same thing as the term “remnant” in [1:12](../01/12.md) and [1:14](../01/14.md). However, the phrase “the people of the land” often has a different meaning elsewhere in the Bible. In other passages, it refers to the Canaanites who were living in the region before the Israelites arrived. So it may be helpful to your readers to state the plainly what “the people of the land” means here. Alternate translation: “all you Judeans who have returned from exile”
71 2:5 xjsq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ בְּ⁠צֵאתְ⁠כֶ֣ם מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֔יִם וְ⁠רוּחִ֖⁠י עֹמֶ֣דֶת בְּ⁠תוֹכְ⁠כֶ֑ם אַל־תִּירָֽאוּ 1 If you have decided to translate this oracle so that it does not contain quotations within a quotation, you can translate this verse as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Tell them that this is the word that I covenanted with them when they came out of Egypt, and my Spirit remains in their midst, so they should not fear”
72 2:5 f0fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “This is the word that I covenanted with you”
73 2:5 i4cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ 1 Yahweh is using the term **word** to mean what he said to the Israelites by using words when he made a covenant with them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “This is the covenant promise that I made to you”
74 2:5 re44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ אֶֽת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֞ר אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֤תִּי אִתְּ⁠כֶם֙ בְּ⁠צֵאתְ⁠כֶ֣ם מִ⁠מִּצְרַ֔יִם 1 By **The word that I covenanted with you**, Yahweh is referring to what he has just said, “I am with you.” Yahweh made this promise to the Israelites when they **came out of Egypt**. See, for example, [Exodus 29:45–46](../exo/29/45.md), “And I will live among the sons of Israel and will be their God. And they will know that I am Yahweh their God, who brought them out from the land of Egypt to live among them.” You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “This is the covenant promise that I made to you, that I would be with you,” By **The word that I covenanted with you**, Yahweh is referring to what he has just said, “I am with you.” Yahweh made this promise to the Israelites when they **came out of Egypt**. See, for example, [Exodus 29:45–46](../exo/29/45.md), “And I will live among the sons of Israel and will be their God. And they will know that I am Yahweh their God, who brought them out from the land of Egypt to live among them.” You could indicate this in your translation if it would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “This is the covenant promise that I made to you when you came out of Egypt, that I would be with you”
75 2:5 s0xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠רוּחִ֖⁠י עֹמֶ֣דֶת בְּ⁠תוֹכְ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 With this statement, Yahweh is asserting that he is indeed fulfilling his covenant promise to be with the Israelites. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and indeed I am present in your midst through my Spirit, just as I promised”
76 2:6 ibcq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes כִּ֣י כֹ֤ה אָמַר֙ יְהוָ֣ה צְבָא֔וֹת ע֥וֹד אַחַ֖ת מְעַ֣ט הִ֑יא וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י מַרְעִישׁ֙ אֶת־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֣יִם וְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠יָּ֖ם וְ⁠אֶת־הֶ⁠חָרָבָֽה 1 If you have decided to translate this oracle so that it does not contain quotations within a quotation, you can translate the second-level quotation in this verse as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “For I, Yahweh of Armies, say that yet once, it will be a little while, and I will be shaking the heavens and the earth and the sea and the dry land”
77 2:6 g6sp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet ע֥וֹד אַחַ֖ת מְעַ֣ט הִ֑יא וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י מַרְעִישׁ֙ 1 These phrases **Yet once** and **it will be a little while**may mean similar things. The first phrase may mean “after only one more period of time.” The second phrase says basically the same thing but adds the information that this will be a brief period of time. Yahweh may be using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “I can assure you that after only a short time, I will be shaking”
151 2:23 o3gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠ה֣וּא 1 Yahweh is using the term **day** to refer to a specific time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “After I have done that”
152 2:23 dl8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֶ֠קָּחֲ⁠ךָ & וְ⁠שַׂמְתִּ֖י⁠ךָ & בְ⁠ךָ֣ בָחַ֔רְתִּי 1 The word **you** is singular here because it refers to Zerubbabel, so use the singular form in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
153 2:23 t8m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כַּֽ⁠חוֹתָ֑ם 1 A **signet ring** was a special ring that a ruler could use to imprint an official seal on a document. This ring bore the ruler’s name or some symbol representing him. The ruler would roll up an important document and put wax on it, then press the ring into the wax to create an official seal. If the document had this mark on its seal, people would know that what was written in the document was written with the king’s authority and had to be obeyed. You could describe this as “like a ring that a ruler uses to create official seals”
154 2:23 xdbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּֽ⁠חוֹתָ֑ם 1 The point of this comparison is that just as a ruler uses a **signet ring** as an instrument of his authority, so **Zerubbabel** would be an instrument of Yahweh’s authority. All the nations would have to obey Zerubbabel’s commands because Zerubbabel would be commanding them with authority that Yahweh had entrusted to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “an instrument of my authority, like a signet ring” The point of this comparison is that **Zerubbabel** would be an instrument of Yahweh’s authority, just as a ruler uses a **signet ring** as an instrument of his authority. All the nations would have to obey Zerubbabel’s commands because Zerubbabel would be commanding them with authority that Yahweh had entrusted to him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “an instrument of my authority, like a signet ring”