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@ -68,35 +68,39 @@ front:intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
1:16 lj3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry וַ⁠יִּֽזְבְּחוּ־זֶ֨בַח֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה וַֽ⁠יִּדְּר֖וּ נְדָרִֽים 1 Here, both **sacrificed a sacrifice** and **vowed vows** use a verb and its object that come from the same root to emphasize the ideas. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have another way of showing the emphasis. Alternate translation: “and they offered up a sacrifice to Yahweh and made vows to him”
1:17 q87y וַ⁠יְמַ֤ן יְהוָה֙ דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל לִ⁠בְלֹ֖עַ אֶת־יוֹנָ֑ה וַ⁠יְהִ֤י יוֹנָה֙ בִּ⁠מְעֵ֣י הַ⁠דָּ֔ג שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה יָמִ֖ים וּ⁠שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה לֵילֽוֹת 0 Some versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses.
1:17 jdr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְמַ֤ן יְהוָה֙ דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל לִ⁠בְלֹ֖עַ אֶת־יוֹנָ֑ה 1 The author is using the word translated **Now** to introduce a new event in the story. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. This new event starts the next part of the story, where Yahweh saves Jonah from the sea, and Jonah prays.
2:intro ae4k 0 # Jonah 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Sea\n\nThis chapter contains many terms from the sea.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Poetry\n\nPrayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being so trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about being at the “base of the mountains” and in the “belly of Sheol.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Repentance\n\nScholars are divided over whether Jonahs repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain whether he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid taking a definitive stance on whether Jonahs repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
2:1 alr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **Yahweh** as the God whom Jonah worshiped. The word **his** does not mean that Jonah owned God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly.
2:intro ae4k 0 # Jonah 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Also, the prayer is in the style of poetry. To show that, many translations put each line of the poem on a separate line. Translators can follow these practices, but they are not obligated to do so. You may wish to follow the format of a well-known translation in your area.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Sea\n\nThis chapter contains many terms that describe the sea. If people who speak your language are unfamiliar with the sea, you will need to discuss how to describe these things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Poetic Imagery\n\nPrayers in Scripture are often expressed in poetry. Poetry frequently uses metaphors and other imagery to more powerfully communicate very emotional topics. For example, Jonah thought he would die in a fish in the sea, and so he compares being trapped there as being surrounded by the bars of the earth and being in the “belly of Sheol.” Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about being at the “base of the mountains.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Parallelism\n\nHebrew poetry often expresses something in one line and then expresses that same thought in another line but using different words. This emphasizes the ideas in the parallel lines. For example, verse 2 has two halves that are saying basically the same thing. \n\nI cried out to Yahweh from my distress, \n and he answered me;\nfrom the belly of Sheol I cried out; \n you heard my voice.\n\nEach half also has two parts. The first part of each half is saying the same thing as the other, and the second part of each half is also saying the same thing as each other. If your language would not repeat ideas like this in poetry, see: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] for ideas for how to translate this kind of poetry.\n\n
2:1 alr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **Yahweh** as the God whom Jonah worshiped. The word **his** does not mean that Jonah owned God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, the God to whom he belonged,”
2:2 al5b וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 Alternate translation: “Jonah said”
2:2 jdrc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי 1 This is poetic language. If your language has a way to indicate poetry, you could use it here. This line begins a poem describing Jonahs experience and prayer in the belly of the fish. The poem does not give the exact words that Jonah prayed at the time because the poem was written later, describing Jonahs experience in the fish, his prayer, and Gods answer as if they had already happened. This first line of the poem can be understood in one of two ways: either as being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer, or as being addressed to another person as an introduction to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “Salvation belongs to Yahweh!” in [2:9](../02/09/jdrh).
2:2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 Alternate translation: “I prayed to Yahweh during my great trouble” or “Yahweh, I cried out to you during my distress”
2:2 wdr4 וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “and Yahweh responded to me" or "and he helped me" or "and you answered me”
2:2 w8wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל 1 The possible meanings of the metaphor **from the belly of Sheol** could include: (1) that Jonah was speaking of being in the belly of the fish as being in Sheol; or (2) that Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol; or (3) that he was speaking as if he already had died and gone to Sheol.
2:2 jdrc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי 1 This is poetic language. If your language has a way to indicate poetry, you could use it here. This line begins a poem describing Jonahs experience in the fish, his prayer, and Gods answer. The poem describes these things from a time after they had already happened.
2:2 s7fi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי 1 In this poem that is also a prayer, Jonah refers to God in both the third person (using “he”) and the first person (using “you”). If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form throughout the poem. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I cried out to you during my distress, and you answered me”
2:2 wdr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי 1 The implication is that Yahweh answered Jonah's prayer for help by helping him. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh helped me"
2:2 ogez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי מִ⁠בֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל שִׁוַּ֖עְתִּי שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ קוֹלִֽ⁠י 1 The two halves of this verse mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases in a way that would show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “I cried out to Yahweh from my distress, and he answered me; that is,\nfrom the belly of Sheol I cried out, and you heard my voice”
2:2 w8wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠בֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל 1 Here Jonah is speaking of the fish's belly as though it were **Sheol**, that is, the place of the dead. Jonah is expressing that he believed that this is where he would die very soon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “When I was almost dead”
2:2 ab77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שְׁא֛וֹל 1 **Sheol** was the name of the place where people went after they died. It was thought to be a shadowy world located somewhere under the ground. The New Testament equivalent seems to be “Hades,” where the dead wait for judgment (see Rev. 20:13). If your language has a word for this place, you may want to use it here, or borrow the word “Sheol.”
2:2 jdrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ קוֹלִֽ⁠י 1 This phrase probably has both a literal and a figurative meaning. The phrase probably means literally that Yahweh heard Jonahs voice while he was praying inside the belly of the fish. However, the phrase “to hear someones voice” in the Old Testament often means “to listen and obey (comply).” In this context, Jonah is expressing that Yahweh both heard him and acted to save him. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly.
2:3 glp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠לְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים 1 Here the term **heart** is a metaphor for “being inside” something. The phrase “in the heart of” means to be “in the middle of” or “completely surrounded by” sea water. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea”
2:3 p8fd וְ⁠נָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “the sea water flowed all around me”
2:3 c6jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠גַלֶּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Both of these are disturbances on the surface of the ocean. They could be combined into one term, such as “waves.”
2:4 jdr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 This expression shows that there is a contrast between the actions of Yahweh, which Jonah had just talked about, and his own response. Now he is going to speak of his own response. Alternate translation: “And I”
2:2 jdrd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ קוֹלִֽ⁠י 1 Here, **you heard my voice** is equivalent to the phrase “he answered me” in the previous line of poetry. In this context, Jonah is expressing that Yahweh both heard him and acted to save him. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “You heard me and acted to save to me”
2:3 glp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּ⁠לְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים 1 Here the term **heart** is a metaphor for the center of something. To be in **the heart of the seas** means to be completely surrounded by sea water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “under the sea water”
2:3 twte rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural יַמִּ֔ים 1 Here, Jonah refers to the sea by using the plural **seas** to intensify the idea. If it would be more natural in your language, you can use the singular and intensify the idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the vast ocean”
2:3 p8fd וְ⁠נָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “and the sea water flowed all around me”
2:3 c6jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠גַלֶּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 The terms **billows** and **waves** mean similar things. Both of these are disturbances on the surface of the ocean. Jonah is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a single term and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “your powerful waves”
2:3 xoo2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥י⁠ךָ וְ⁠גַלֶּ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, Jonah is using the possessive form **your** to describe the **billows** and **waves** because they were caused by God. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could say this in a more natural way. Alternate translation: “the billows and waves that you created”
2:4 jdr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 **But I** shows that there is a contrast between the actions of Yahweh, which Jonah had just talked about, and his own response, which he will talk about now. In your translation, indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “On my part”
2:4 x1w9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You drove me out”
2:4 z1yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠נֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **eyes** is a metonym meaning seeing, and seeing is a metonym for the knowledge, notice, and attention of God. Alternate translation: “from before you” or “from your presence” or “to where you do not notice me”
2:4 b8vk אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְ⁠הַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Jonah still has hope that, in spite of all that he is going through, God will allow him to see the temple in Jerusalem again.
2:5 abc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲפָפ֤וּ⁠נִי מַ֨יִם֙ עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Jonah uses two similar phrases to express the severity and hopelessness of his situation.
2:4 z1yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠נֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **eyes** is a metonym meaning seeing, and seeing is a metonym for the knowledge, notice, and attention of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from before you” or “from your presence” or “to where you do not notice me”
2:4 ua1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אַ֚ךְ 1 Here, **yet** indicates a contrast between Jonah being driven away from God and Jonah's hope to see the temple again. In your translation, indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “text”
2:5 abc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲפָפ֤וּ⁠נִי מַ֨יִם֙ עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases in a way that shows that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “Water had closed around me even as far as life, indeed, the deep was surrounding me”
2:5 rf4b מַ֨יִם֙ 1 Alternate translation: "The sea"
2:5 ca31 עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 Here the Hebrew term **life** can possibly mean “my life” or “my neck” or “my spirit.” In any case, the water was threatening to end his life. Alternate translation: “up to my neck” or “as far as my spirit
2:5 ca31 עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 Here the Hebrew term **life** can also possibly mean “neck” or “soul.” In any case, the water was threatening to end his life. Alternate translation: “up to my neck” or “as far as my soul
2:5 nr3v תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “deep water was all around me”
2:5 p1fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ס֖וּף 1 **Seaweed** is grass that grows in the sea.
2:6 z36i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ בְּרִחֶ֥י⁠הָ בַעֲדִ֖⁠י לְ⁠עוֹלָ֑ם 1 Here Jonah uses a metaphor to compare the earth to a prison. Alternate translation: “the earth was like a prison that was about to lock me in forever”
2:6 dc3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠תַּ֧עַל מִ⁠שַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖⁠י 1 Here the term **pit** has more than one meaning. This could mean: (1) a way to describe being in a very deep place underground or underwater. Alternate translation: “but you saved me from dying in a deep place” (2) a metaphor meaning the place of the dead. In either case, the term probably refers to the fact that Jonah felt certain that he would die. Alternate translation: “but you saved my life from the place of the dead”
2:6 i3mx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word “you.”
2:7 jdr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בְּ⁠הִתְעַטֵּ֤ף עָלַ⁠י֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 This phrase could mean that: (1) Jonah was already in the process of dying when he remembered Yahweh. Alternate translation: Alternate translation: “when my life was fainting away from me” (2) Jonah had given up hope of being rescued and resigned himself to the fact that he would die. Alternate translation: “when my spirit inside me had fainted”
2:7 l2b6 אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I thought about you”
2:7 ue9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠תָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔⁠י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. This means that God heard his prayer and responded to it. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer”
2:7 jdrf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Here the term **holy temple** may have either a literal or a figurative meaning or perhaps both. Jonah might be speaking about the literal temple in Jerusalem, or he might be speaking about Gods dwelling place in heaven.
2:7 jdre נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 Here the Hebrew term **my spirit** could also mean **my life**.
2:5 p1fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ס֖וּף 1 **Seaweed** is a kind of long, stringy plant that grows in the sea.
2:6 z36i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ בְּרִחֶ֥י⁠הָ בַעֲדִ֖⁠י לְ⁠עוֹלָ֑ם 1 Here Jonah is speaking of **the earth** under the water as if it had **bars** like a prison. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the earth was like a prison that was about to lock me in forever”
2:6 c8v0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַיַּ֖⁠י 1 Here, **life** represents Jonah himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “me, alive”
2:6 dc3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠תַּ֧עַל מִ⁠שַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖⁠י 1 Here, the term **pit** has a double meaning. Jonah is in a deep place that could be called a pit, and this is also a word that is used in poetry for the place of the dead. Jonah is expressing that he felt certain that he would die in this place. Alternate translation: “but you saved my life from the place of the dead”
2:6 i3mx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could put this phrase at the beginning of the sentence after **but** or **you**.
2:6 geyd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י 1 Here, Jonah is using the possessive form **my** to describe **God**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “the God to whom I belong”
2:7 jdr6 בְּ⁠הִתְעַטֵּ֤ף עָלַ⁠י֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 This phrase could mean that: (1) Jonah was already in the process of dying when he remembered Yahweh. Alternate translation: “when my life was fainting away from me” (2) Jonah had given up hope of being rescued and resigned himself to the fact that he would die. Alternate translation: “when my spirit inside me had fainted”
2:7 l2b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 The implication is that when Jonah **remembered** Yahweh, he also prayed to him. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I thought of Yahweh and asked him to help me”
2:7 ue9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠תָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔⁠י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 Jonah speaks as if his **prayer** could travel to God and his temple. This means that God heard his prayer and responded to it. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer”
2:7 bql5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 Jonah changes to talking about Yahweh in the third person here, and then continues to talk to him in the second person in the rest of the prayer. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the second person form here. Alternate translation: “I remembered you, Yahweh”
2:8 u1l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Here the term **empty vanities** is probably an idiom referring to idols of false gods. Alternate translation: “Those who give attention to useless idols” or “Those who pay attention to useless gods”
2:8 fac9 חַסְדָּ֖⁠ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 Here, **covenant faithfulness** could mean: (1) the faithfulness of God. Alternate translation: “are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them” (2) the faithfulness of the people. Alternate translation: “are abandoning their commitment to you”
2:9 q3yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠אֲנִ֗י 1 This expression shows that there is a contrast between Jonah himself and the people about whom Jonah had just spoken. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “But I”

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