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translation decisions.
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format: text/tsv
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identifier: tn
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issued: '2023-05-18'
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issued: '2023-05-31'
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direction: ltr
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identifier: en
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title: English
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modified: '2023-05-18'
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modified: '2023-05-31'
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publisher: unfoldingWord
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subject: TSV Translation Notes
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title: unfoldingWord® Translation Notes
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type: help
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front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Isaiah\n\n1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)\n1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)\n1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)\n1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)\n1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)\n1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)\n1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)\n1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)\n1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)\n1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)\n1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)\n1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)\n\n\n### What is the Book of Isaiah about?\n\nThe first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1–39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36–39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.\n\nThe second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40–66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### When was the Book of Isaiah written?\n\nIsaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36–39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?\n\nJews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1–7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40–66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.\n\n### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?\n\nIsaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?\n\nThe name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])\n\n### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?\n\nMost of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.\n\nSometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.\n\nIsaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1–9; 49:1–7; 50:4–9; and 52:13–53:12. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
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1:intro q326 0 # Isaiah 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2–31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Woe\n\nThe prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nYahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Isaiah\n\n1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)\n1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)\n1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)\n1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)\n1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)\n1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)\n1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)\n1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)\n1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)\n1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)\n1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)\n1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)\n\n\n### What is the Book of Isaiah about?\n\nThe first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1–39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36–39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.\n\nThe second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40–66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### When was the Book of Isaiah written?\n\nIsaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36–39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?\n\nJews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1–7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40–66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.\n\n### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?\n\nIsaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah said that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city, and people from all over the world would go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to have begun with the coming of Jesus (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2).\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?\n\nThe name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])\n\n### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?\n\nMost of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that they wanted people to remember.\\\n\\\nWhen he spoke in poetic form, Isaiah could safely assume that his original hearers would know what he was talking about. However, readers today do not always understand what he meant. Nevertheless, Isaiah’s basic message is still clear to us today. His message is about how God’s people sinned against him, how God would punish them, and how God would eventually comfort and restore them.\\\n\\\nIsaiah speaks about a figure he calls the Servant of Yahweh in four different poems. Today these are called the “Servant Songs.” Christians understand these to be prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1–9; 49:1–7; 50:4–9; and 52:13–53:12. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
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1:intro q326 0 # Isaiah 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2–31, which records what Yahweh told Isaiah to tell the people of Israel.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Woe\n\nThe prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nYahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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1:1 qur5 The vision of Isaiah … that he saw 0 Alternate translation: “This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah”
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1:1 zfq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Amoz 0 Amoz was the father of Isaiah.
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1:1 i66y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Judah and Jerusalem 0 “Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem”
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@ -10,12 +10,10 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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1:2 v1jh Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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1:2 q3lw I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me 0 Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
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1:2 nn1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have nourished and brought up children 0 Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: “I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children”
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1:3 hsf5 The ox knows … does not understand 0 Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
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1:3 k1dl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the donkey his master’s feeding trough 0 You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the donkey knows his master’s feeding trough” or “the donkey knows where his master gives him food”
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1:3 i9j2 but Israel does not know, Israel does not understand 0 This probably means “but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them.”
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1:3 gxd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Israel 0 This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
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1:4 s8qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
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1:4 blg2 Nation, sinners 0 This could mean: (1) Isaiah is saying two different things about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of Israel, you sinners” or (2) he is saying only one thing about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of sinners”
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1:4 w37n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a people weighed down with iniquity 0 Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: “their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk”
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1:4 j97s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor offspring of evildoers 0 The word “offspring” is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: “people who do the same evil they see others doing”
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1:4 bwr8 act corruptly 0 do evil deeds
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@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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1:9 cf1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
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1:9 a3aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo If Yahweh 0 This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not.
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1:9 cy37 a small remnant 0 Alternate translation: “a few survivors”
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1:9 qe2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive us … we 0 Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem.
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1:9 qe2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive us … we 0 Isaiah is using the words **us** and **we** to refer to himself and to all the people of Judah and Jerusalem, so use the inclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
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1:9 y4cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah 0 How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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1:10 p3g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
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1:10 vtc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah 0 Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah”
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@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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1:21 lhv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
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1:21 bhm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy How the faithful city 0 This exclamation shows Isaiah’s anger and sadness about the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “See how the people of Jerusalem, who had been faithful to God”
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1:21 v446 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has become a prostitute 0 Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “acts like a prostitute”
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1:21 v25z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but now she is full of murderers 0 The word “she” refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: “but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers”
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1:21 v25z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns but now she is full of murderers 0 The pronoun “she” refers to the city of Jerusalem. In this culture, it was conventional to refer to cities with feminine pronouns. In your translation, use whatever pronoun would be natural. Alternate translation: “it was full”
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1:22 n46w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed with water 0 Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for: (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water” or (2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: “You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless”
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1:22 tbh7 silver … impure 0 Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly.
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1:22 b14q wine … water 0 Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water.
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@ -108,13 +106,13 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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1:28 ekb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive those who abandon Yahweh will be done away with 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him” or “and Yahweh will kill all who reject him”
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1:29 aa8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
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1:29 rnp2 the sacred oak trees … gardens 0 These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols.
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1:29 q2lw you will be embarrassed by 0 Some versions read, “you will blush because of.” A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong.
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1:29 q2lw you will blush because of 0 A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong.
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1:30 sp75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades, and like a garden that has no water 0 Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life.
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1:31 sh9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
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1:31 mly5 The strong man 0 “The strong person” or “Whoever is powerful.” This may refer to people who are important and who influence other people.
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1:31 lq77 tinder 0 dry material that burns easily
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1:31 a5w2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his work like a spark 0 This compares the person’s deeds or evil works to a spark that falls on tinder and sets it on fire. Alternate translation: “his work will be like a spark that starts a fire”
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2:intro pr4a 0 # Isaiah 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2–22.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Latter days\n\nThis is probably a reference to the “last days.” This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])\n\n### Idolatry\n\nWhile the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
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2:intro pr4a 0 # Isaiah 2 General Notes\n\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2–22.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n\n### The last days\n\n\nSee the discussion of the "last days" in the General Introduction to Isaiah.\n\n\n### Idolatry\n\n\nWhile the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
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2:1 tt88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
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2:1 p86l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Judah and Jerusalem 0 “Judah” and “Jerusalem” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem”
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2:2 dw9n in the last days 0 Alternate translation: “in the future”
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@ -225,9 +223,9 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:11 ti8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for the recompense of his hands will be done to him 0 Here “hands” stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: “for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him”
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3:12 yn5p My people … My people 0 This could mean: (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh.
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3:12 zg6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor children are their oppressors 0 This could mean: (1) “young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people” or (2) “their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people.”
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3:12 j52r women rule over them 0 This could mean: (1) “women rule over the people” or (2) “their leaders are weak like women.”
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3:12 j52r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit women rule over them 0 While the people of Israel had had some strong women leaders, such as Deborah ([Judges 5:7](../jud/05/07.md)) and Miriam ([Micah 6:4](../06/04.md)), in general men tended to be the leaders in Israel because they were physically stronger and that was an important qualification in the ancient culture. The Bible is not saying here that women are inferior to men or that they do not make good leaders. Rather, the implicit meaning is that enemy armies would kill most of the strong men in Israel, so that few of them would be left to serve as leaders. (Isaiah says this specifically in verses 1–4 of this chapter.) Alternate translation: “for there are no strong men left to rule over it”
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3:12 t5bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the direction of your path 0 It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation’s leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah’s leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: “your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go”
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3:13 c84g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people 0 Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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3:13 c84g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people 0 Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to judge and punish the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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3:14 exq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will come with judgment 0 Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “will announce his judgment” or “will declare his judgment”
|
||||
3:14 j6us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You have ruined the vineyard 0 Here “you” refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: “My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
3:14 cn9b the plunder from the poor is in your houses 0 Alternate translation: “the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses”
|
||||
|
|
@ -402,7 +400,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
6:7 g4x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your guilt has been taken away 0 Yahweh no longer considering a person to be guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were an object that someone could take away from someone else.
|
||||
6:8 n956 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the voice of the Lord say 0 Here “voice” represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord say”
|
||||
6:8 at9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Whom shall I send 0 It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people”
|
||||
6:8 ria2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive who will go for us 0 It seems “us” refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking.
|
||||
6:8 ria2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive who will go for us 0 Yahweh is using the word **us** to refer both to himself and to the members of the heavenly council to whom he is speaking, so use the inclusive form of the word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
|
||||
6:9 vja4 this people 0 Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
|
||||
6:9 iq3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive 0 This could mean: (1) the imperatives “do not understand” and “do not perceive” express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: “You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand” or (2) the imperatives “Listen” and “see” express the idea of “if.” Alternate translation: “Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand”
|
||||
6:9 m1yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive 0 You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “Listen to Yahweh’s message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means”
|
||||
|
|
@ -422,7 +420,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
6:13 h3vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown terebinth 0 a kind of oak tree
|
||||
6:13 tbt2 trunk … stump 0 A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down.
|
||||
6:13 p9id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the holy seed 0 The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed.
|
||||
7:intro kcq7 0 # Isaiah 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7–9, 18–25.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “Young woman”\nSome translations choose to translate this as “virgin” and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel\n\nIn this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe.
|
||||
7:intro kcq7 0 # Isaiah 7 General Notes\\\n\\\n## Structure and formatting\\\n\\\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7–9, 18–25.\\\n\\\n## Special concepts in this chapter\\\n\\\n### “Young woman” or "virgin" in 7:14\\\nIn verse 14, Isaiah uses a specific term that describes a woman who has reached the age at which she is able to have children but who has not yet had a child. This term could apply to a woman who was married or to a woman who was not yet married. Some translators of the Bible have translated this term as “virgin” because they have considered it to be a prophesy of how the Messiah would be born of a woman who had never had sexual relations with a man. Jesus was born in this way ([Matthew 1:18](../01/18.md), [Luke 1:34](../01/34.md)). Other translators have considered that the initial reference of this prophecy was to the wife of Ahaz, the queen of Judah, who had not yet given birth to a royal heir, and so they translate the term as "young woman," since she was married. (The fact that there was no heir to the throne may have provided an occasion for the enemies of Judah to try to make someone else king, as verse 6 describes.) Understood this way, the prophecy would be a promise that Ahaz's queen would indeed give birth to a royal heir (this child became the godly king Hezekiah) and the dynasty of David would continue, particularly since God would also defeat those enemies. It is possible that this prophecy had an initial fulfillment in Hezekiah and a later fulfillment in Jesus. Some languages may be able to accommodate both possibilities by using a term such as the English word "maiden," which has the same general range of reference as the term that Isaiah uses. This is what the ULT does. If your language does not have such a term, if a translation of the Bible already exists in your region, you may wish to use a term similar to the one that it uses; if a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, decide which interpretive possibility you would like to express in your translation.\\\n\\\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\\\n\\\n### Israel\\\n\\\nIn this chapter, the name Israel describes the northern of the two kingdoms into which the former larger kingdom of Israel, which David and Solomon had ruled, had become divided. This chapter also refers to this northern kingdom as Ephraim, using the name of its most prominent tribe.
|
||||
7:1 u9lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom During the days of Ahaz … king of Judah 0 “When Ahaz … was king of Judah” This was when the events happened.
|
||||
7:1 e4tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Rezin … Pekah … Remaliah 0 men’s names
|
||||
7:1 vuv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Rezin … and Pekah … went up 0 The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin … and Pekah … led their armies up”
|
||||
|
|
@ -458,7 +456,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
7:13 v36u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God? 0 These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!”
|
||||
7:14 ecy9 the young woman will conceive 0 Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, “the virgin will conceive,” while others translate “the young woman will conceive.”
|
||||
7:14 s44h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names his name Immanuel 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’”
|
||||
7:15 jl15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good 0 This could mean: (1) “By the time that child is old enough to eat curds and honey, he will be able to reject what is evil and choose what is good.” This emphasizes that the child will be very young when he knows to choose what is right instead of wrong or (2) “By the time the child is old enough to reject what is evil and choose what is good, he will be eating curds and honey.” The people of Judah considered a child to be responsible for doing what is right when he was 12 years old. This emphasizes that within twelve years the people will be able to eat much curds and honey because most of the people of Israel will be killed or taken as captives.
|
||||
7:15 jl15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good 0 People generally expect a child to know right from wrong once the child is a few years old. So the implication is that what Isaiah is describing will happen within a few years. Alternate translation: “Within a few years, he will eat curds and honey”
|
||||
7:15 s9yg curds 0 milk that people have treated to make it into a soft solid
|
||||
7:15 di2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj refuse the evil and choose the good 0 Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds”
|
||||
7:16 dht9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj refuse the evil and choose the good 0 Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md). Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds”
|
||||
|
|
@ -482,14 +480,12 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
7:25 azm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They will stay away from all the hills that were cultivated with the hoe 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will stay away from the hills where they once prepared the soil to plant crops”
|
||||
8:intro c8jg 0 # Isaiah 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:6–18, 21–22.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust in Yahweh\n\nIsrael will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
|
||||
8:1 kzi2 Yahweh said to me 0 Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah.
|
||||
8:2 x1fq I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking: “I will call honest men to be witnesses” or (2) Isaiah is speaking: “I called honest men to be witnesses” or (3) Yahweh is commanding Isaiah: “Call honest men to be witnesses.”
|
||||
8:3 j2ld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism I went to the prophetess 0 It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
8:4 g5hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria”
|
||||
8:6 k9mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah 0 The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
8:6 x9t3 this people 0 If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.” Alternate translation: “this people group”
|
||||
8:6 mbx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit is happy over Rezin and Remaliah’s son 0 The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel”
|
||||
8:7 l4ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns therefore the Lord is 0 Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am”
|
||||
8:7 pbf5 bring up on them 0 The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.”
|
||||
8:7 ctu2 on them 0 Alternate translation: “on the people of Judah”
|
||||
8:7 t9mv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the waters of the River, mighty and many, the king of Assyria and all his glory 0 The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river”
|
||||
8:7 x441 the River 0 the Euphrates River in Assyria
|
||||
|
|
@ -519,7 +515,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
8:17 p16z house of Jacob 0 people of Israel
|
||||
8:18 b1mr I and the sons whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel 0 “I and the sons Yahweh has given me are like signs to warn the people of Israel.” The sons are Shear-Jashub and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, whose names are a message to the people of Israel. (See: [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md) and [Isaiah 8:1](./01.md))
|
||||
8:19 vs7z 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah is speaking.
|
||||
8:19 ld5t They will say to you, “Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits,” the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? 0 Other This could mean: (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!”
|
||||
8:19 ld5t They will say to you, “Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits,” the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? 0 This could mean: (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!”
|
||||
8:19 im2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you They will say to you 0 The word “they” refers to those who do not trust Yahweh. The word “you” is plural and refers to those who trust Yahweh.
|
||||
8:19 sx96 the ones who chirp and mutter incantations 0 The words “chirp” and “mutter” refer to the sounds mediums and spiritists made when trying to speak to dead people. Alternate translation: “they people who whisper and mutter their magic words to try and speak to dead people”
|
||||
8:19 n9lj chirp 0 make sounds like birds
|
||||
|
|
@ -570,7 +566,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
9:12 gk5w In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand 0 “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
|
||||
9:12 kxn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his hand is still stretched out 0 Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them”
|
||||
9:13 f9al Yahweh of hosts 0 See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
|
||||
9:14 in46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor head and tail 0 Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15. The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, is “the leader and the noble man,” and the “tail,” the dirty part of the animal, is “the prophet who teaches lies.”
|
||||
9:14 in46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor head and tail 0 Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15, so you do not need to add any information about its meaning here in your translation.
|
||||
9:14 cj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor palm branch and reed 0 The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and is a metaphor for people who are important and rule others. The “reed” grows in shallow water and is a metaphor for people who are poor and unimportant and are ruled by others.
|
||||
9:16 qp35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Those who lead this people lead them astray 0 The leaders causing people to disobey is spoken of as if the leaders led them on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “The leaders of Israel have caused the people to disobey God”
|
||||
9:16 ck73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who are led by them are swallowed up 0 This is a metaphor that can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “those that they lead become confused” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys those that they lead” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -581,7 +577,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
9:18 ee5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet briers … thorns 0 The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes”
|
||||
9:19 ctw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Through the fury of Yahweh of hosts the land is scorched 0 Translate “Yahweh of hosts” as in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord’s intense anger will destroy the people of Israel” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
9:19 bg78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom No man spares his brother 0 To “spare” someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: “No one does anything to help his own brother escape”
|
||||
9:20 e6kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand 0 This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it.
|
||||
9:20 e6kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand 0 This expression refers to two directions, the **right** and the **left**, to mean that the people will grab food in those and all other directions, wherever they can find it.
|
||||
9:20 sl21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Each will even eat the flesh of his own arm 0 This could mean: (1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or (2) the word “arm” is a metaphor for the person’s neighbor.
|
||||
9:21 y7rj In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand 0 “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
|
||||
9:21 gxv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his hand is still stretched out 0 Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them”
|
||||
|
|
@ -607,7 +603,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
10:6 i3fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who bear my overflowing wrath 0 Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them”
|
||||
10:6 tam5 to take the spoil 0 Alternate translation: “to take everything they have”
|
||||
10:6 wy5h to take the prey 0 to take the people like prey. See how you translated “prey” in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md).
|
||||
10:6 ay7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile trample them like mud 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: “trample them until they become like mud” or (2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: “completely defeat them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
10:6 ay7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile trample them like mud 0 Yahweh is speaking as if the enemies of Israel will literally walk on the Israelites and flatten them. He means that these enemies will completely defeat them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to completely defeat the people of Israel”
|
||||
10:7 y94n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit But this is not what he intends, nor does he think this way 0 The meaning of “this” and “this way” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon”
|
||||
10:7 qn96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet It is in his heart to destroy and eliminate many nations 0 The words “destroy” and “eliminate” mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He wants to completely destroy many nations”
|
||||
10:8 pc5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Are not all my princes kings? 0 The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: “I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!”
|
||||
|
|
@ -680,7 +676,6 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
10:33 a8t9 Yahweh of hosts 0 See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
|
||||
10:33 bh4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will lop off the boughs … the lofty will be brought low 0 Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it.
|
||||
10:33 qb4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will lop off the boughs 0 “will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees.
|
||||
10:33 xxu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns with a terrifying crash 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **crash**, you can express the same idea with the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise”
|
||||
10:33 jg1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the tallest trees will be cut down 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees”
|
||||
10:33 uza4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the tallest trees 0 This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.”
|
||||
10:33 n2ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the lofty will be brought low 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people”
|
||||
|
|
@ -729,7 +724,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
|
|||
11:12 f68i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will set up a banner for the nations 0 This could mean: (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations”
|
||||
11:12 n5uv a banner for the nations 0 Alternate translation: “a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself”
|
||||
11:12 wg94 the dispersed of Judah 0 Alternate translation: “the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world”
|
||||
11:12 n4s1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from the four corners of the earth 0 The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: “from even the most distant places of the earth” or “from all over the earth”
|
||||
11:12 n4s1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from the four corners of the earth 0 The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. Yahweh is using those distant places to mean everywhere that is closer as well. Alternate translation: “from all over the earth”
|
||||
11:13 tv6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns He will turn aside the envy of Ephraim 0 Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun “envy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious”
|
||||
11:13 f12r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Judah will no longer be hostile to Ephraim 0 Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile” or “he will stop the people of Judah from hating”
|
||||
11:14 j77a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will swoop down on the Philistine hills 0 The people of Israel and Judah are pictured as if they were birds that fly down quickly to attack a person or animal. Alternate translation: “they will go quickly to the Philistine hills to attack the people there”
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@ -748,7 +743,6 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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12:2 bt8a He has become my salvation 0 Alternate translation: “He has saved me”
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12:3 ig6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation 0 Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well”
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12:4 ut6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy call upon his name 0 Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: “praise him loudly” or “call to him to help you”
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12:4 jq63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns declare his deeds among the peoples 0 The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the phrase “what he has done.” Alternate translation: “Tell the peoples about the great things he has done”
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12:4 wi1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy proclaim that his name is exalted 0 Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “proclaim that he is exalted” or “proclaim that he is great”
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12:6 b2j7 for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel 0 Alternate translation: “because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you”
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13:intro qak7 0 # Isaiah 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Prophecies\n\nIt is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
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front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Judges\n\n1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)\n * Introduction (1:1–3:6)\n * Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)\n * Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)\n * Gideon (6:1–8:35)\n * Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)\n * Jephthah (10:6–12:7)\n * Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8–15)\n * Samson (13:1–16:31)\n1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)\n1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)\n\n### What is the Book of Judges about?\n\nThe Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.\n\nThis book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a “judge.” The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.\n\nAfter that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Judges” because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title “Judges” or a title such as “The Book about the Leaders in Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What kind of leaders were the judges?\n\nThese were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.\n\n### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.\n\nThese tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.\n\n### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the meaning of the phrase “in those days there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what was right in his own eyes”?\n\nThis phrase occurs twice in the book of Judges. Shorter versions of the phrase occur two other times. These phrases imply that the writer or editor of this book was alive at a later time when there was a king in Israel. They also seem to imply that the writer thought that things were not good in Israel because there was no king.\n\nThe translation of these phrases should imply to the reader that the book’s writer is looking back into the past.\n\n### What is the meaning of the phrase “to this day”?\n\nThe narrator used this phrase to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. The translator must avoid giving the impression that the present day of the translation’s readers is meant. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Judges 1:21, 26; 6:24; 10:4; 15:19; 18:12.
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front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Judges\n\n1. History of the judges of Israel (1:1–16:31)\n * Introduction (1:1–3:6)\n * Othniel, Ehud, and Shamgar (3:7–31)\n * Deborah and Barak (4:1–5:31)\n * Gideon (6:1–8:35)\n * Abimelech, Tola, and Jair (9:1–10:5)\n * Jephthah (10:6–12:7)\n * Ibzan, Elon, and Abdon (12:8–15)\n * Samson (13:1–16:31)\n1. The account of Micah and his idols (17:1–18:31)\n1. The account of Gibeah; the other Israelites take revenge (19:1–21:25)\n\n### What is the Book of Judges about?\n\nThe Book of Judges tells of events that occurred after the Israelites settled in the Promised Land. The events in this book happened over a period of about 150 years.\n\nThis book describes how the Israelites repeatedly sinned against Yahweh during this time. They worshiped false gods and did the same wicked things as the peoples who lived around them. Therefore, God would allow enemies to defeat and oppress the Israelites. Eventually, the Israelites would call to Yahweh for help. Yahweh would then cause someone to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. This person was called a “judge.” The Israelites would live in peace until the judge died.\n\nAfter that judge died, the Israelites would start sinning again. So this pattern of events would repeat.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Judges” because it gives accounts of some of the main leaders or judges in Israel before there were any kings over the people. Unless there are good reasons for following the title in other Bible versions, the translator should probably use the title “Judges” or a title such as “The Book about the Leaders in Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What kind of leaders were the judges?\n\nThese were men and women whom God chose to help the Israelites defeat their enemies. After defeating their enemies, these leaders usually continued to help the people by deciding disputes among them. They also helped them make important decisions. Many of these leaders served all the people of Israel, but some of these leaders may have served only certain tribes.\n\n### What kind of society was Israel during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, the twelve tribes of Israel were independent of one another. They were not a unified nation with one ruler. The tribes would sometimes help each other when enemies were threatening them.\n\nThese tribes were descended from the same ancestors: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. They shared in the same covenant with Yahweh.\n\n### What spiritual struggles did Israel experience during the time of the judges?\n\nDuring this time, Israel struggled to remain faithful to Yahweh. The best judges encouraged Israel to be faithful to him, but some of the judges failed to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n
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1:intro a4am 0 # Judges 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n### “After the death of Joshua”\nThis statement creates a seamless transition from the book of Joshua.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Finishing the conquest of the Promised Land\n\nIsrael fought to clear the land of the Canaanites, but they also made treaties with other peoples and made some of them do hard labor. This was against God’s instruction to completely remove the Canaanite people from the land.
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1:1 r9ee Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe book of Judges continues the story about Joshua and is also the beginning of a new part of the story.
|
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1:1 b9my Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
|
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1:1 c92j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive will attack the Canaanites for us 0 The word “us” refers to the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh.
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1:2 c4zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Judah will attack 0 Here “Judah” represents the men of the tribe of Judah. Yahweh is commanding these men to attack first. Alternate translation: “The men of Judah must attack first”
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1:2 i2v6 See 0 Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
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1:2 ysi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit this land 0 This refers to the land where the Canaanites lived. Alternate translation: “the land of the Canaanites”
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1:3 k7aq their brothers 0 Alternate translation: “their fellow Israelites” or “their relatives”
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1:3 x2kz Come up with us 0 The people of the tribes of Judah and Simeon were camped with the rest of the Israelite people in the valley of the Jordan River. The land given to Judah was in the hills above the valley. Some languages do not usually indicate whether people were going up or down. Alternate translation: “Come with us” or “Go with us”
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@ -104,7 +103,6 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:6 i12e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to the place assigned 0 You may want to help your readers by stating who assigned this place to them. Alternate translation: “to the place Yahweh gave them”
|
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2:7 kcc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues.
|
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2:7 ydz9 during the lifetime 0 This means the time that someone lived. Alternate translation: “during the life”
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2:7 g5ah the elders 0 Here this means the men who helped lead Israel, participating in matters of social justice and in religious matters such as maintaining the law of Moses.
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2:7 qml9 outlived him 0 This means to live longer than someone else. Alternate translation: “lived longer than he did”
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2:8 ii19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 continues.
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2:8 m4jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Joshua son of Nun … died at the age of 110 years old 0 The background information that begins with the words “Now when Joshua” in verse 6 ends. The events of 1:1–2:5 happened after Joshua died.
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@ -115,11 +113,8 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:9 f8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Gaash 0 This is the name of a mountain.
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2:10 umh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism All that generation was also gathered to their fathers 0 The phrase “was also gathered to their fathers” means that as the people of that generation died, their souls went to the same place as their ancestors who died before them. It is a polite way of saying they died.
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2:10 r6cs fathers 0 Here this means the ancestors of a certain person or people group.
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2:10 flq1 grew up 0 Alternate translation: “grew older” or “became older”
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2:10 qd7f who did not know Yahweh 0 Here “did not know” means they had not experienced Yahweh or his power the way the previous generation had.
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2:11 yhh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what was evil in the sight of Yahweh 0 The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considered to be evil”
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2:11 gx61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Baals 0 This is the plural of Baal. While “Baal” was generally the name of one false god, the word was also used for various other gods that were often worshiped along with Baal.
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2:12 tp3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They broke away from Yahweh 0 The Israelites no longer obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they physically broke away from him and left him.
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2:12 re2c their fathers 0 Alternate translation: “their ancestors” or “their forefathers”
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2:12 n4xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They went after other gods 0 The Israelites starting to worship false gods is spoken of as if the Israelites walked and went after the false gods.
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2:12 w9r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bowed down to them 0 This is an act of worship and giving honor to someone.
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@ -151,12 +146,11 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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2:22 n194 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will keep the way of Yahweh and walk in it 0 How Yahweh wants people to live or behave is spoken of as if it were a way or road. A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking in his way.
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2:23 tn49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet did not drive them out quickly and give them into the hand of Joshua 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “he did not let Joshua quickly conquer them and drive them out”
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2:23 b618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy into the hand of Joshua 0 Here “hand” is a metonym for power, and “Joshua” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “into the power of Joshua and his army” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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3:intro k35h 0 # Judges 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The people worship false gods\n\nIsrael worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Blew a trumpet”\n\nWhen Ehud “blew a trumpet,” he was calling all of the men to come help him fight. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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3:intro k35h 0 # Judges 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The people worship false gods\n\nIsrael worshiped idols and false gods. Because of this, Yahweh allowed Aram and Moab to rule over them. In the period of Judges, when Israel sinned, they were often placed under the rule of a foreign power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n
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3:1 w2is Now Yahweh 0 Here “Now” begins a new section of the story.
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3:1 hp8z these nations 0 This refers to the people groups that the narrator will list in 3:3.
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3:1 xj63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive who had not experienced any of the wars fought in Canaan 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “who had not fought in any of the wars in Canaan”
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3:2 l4u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background He did this to teach warfare to the new generation of the Israelites who had not known it before 0 This breaks from the main story line. The narrator gives background information about why Yahweh left some of the people groups in Canaan. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left nations among the Israelites to teach the young men who had not fought in battle before how to fight”
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3:3 mgb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the five kings 0 These five kings represent themselves and their people. Alternate translation: “the five kings and their people”
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3:3 upq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mount Baal Hermon 0 This is the highest mountain in Israel.
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3:3 z6zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hamath Pass 0 This is the name of an area at the northern boundary of Canaan.
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3:4 vqn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive These nations were left 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh left these nations in Canaan” or “Yahweh allowed these nations to continue to live in Canaan”
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@ -172,7 +166,6 @@ front:intro v8pn 0 # Introduction to Judges\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
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3:8 a27l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Aram Naharaim 0 This is the name of a country.
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3:9 vg5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh raised up someone 0 Yahweh appointing someone to do a special work for him is spoken of as if Yahweh raised or lifted up the person.
|
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3:9 k6r6 Othniel … Kenaz 0 See how you translated these men’s names in [Judges 1:13](../01/13.md).
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3:10 y845 empowered him 0 This phrase means that Yahweh helped Othniel to have and develop the qualities he needed to be a great leader.
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3:10 rq2z he judged Israel 0 Here “judged” means he led the people of Israel.
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3:10 k8cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche he went out to war 0 Here “he” refers to Othniel who represents himself and the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “Othniel and the Israelite soldiers went to fight against the army of Cushan-Rishathaim”
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3:10 l4lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Yahweh gave him victory over Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram 0 Here “Cushan-Rishathaim” represents his army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped the Israelite army defeat the army of Cushan-Rishathaim king of Aram”
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@ -1848,7 +1848,7 @@ front:intro k2y2 0 # Introduction to Nehemiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
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13:25 k1x9 וָאֲקַֽלְלֵ֔ם 1 As in [10:29](../10/29.md), **curse** means to express the wish that God would punish someone. Alternate translation: “I said I wished that God would punish them”
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13:25 hg44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וָאַכֶּ֥ה מֵהֶ֛ם אֲנָשִׁ֖ים וָֽאֶמְרְטֵ֑ם 1 By performing these actions, Nehemiah demonstrated to these men symbolically how serious a wrong they had committed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I struck some of them and pulled out their hair to show how wrong they were to have married foreign women”
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13:25 gzx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וָאַשְׁבִּיעֵ֣ם בֵּֽאלֹהִ֗ים אִם־תִּתְּנ֤וּ בְנֹֽתֵיכֶם֙ לִבְנֵיהֶ֔ם וְאִם־תִּשְׂאוּ֙ מִבְּנֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם לִבְנֵיכֶ֖ם וְלָכֶֽם 1 Here Nehemiah is reporting the words of the oath in the second person, because this is his account of how he spoke to the men who had married foreign women. When these men said the actual oath, they would have used the first person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the first person in your translation as well. Alternate translation: “I made them take this oath: ‘If we allow our daughters to marry their sons, or if we or our sons marry their daughters, may God punish us severely’”
|
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13:25 k1y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וָאַשְׁבִּיעֵ֣ם בֵּֽאלֹהִ֗ים אִם־תִּתְּנ֤וּ בְנֹֽתֵיכֶם֙ לִבְנֵיהֶ֔ם וְאִם־תִּשְׂאוּ֙ מִבְּנֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם לִבְנֵיכֶ֖ם וְלָכֶֽם 1 Nehemiah has the men take an oath using a common Hebrew formula that leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. Whenever a person takes an oath using this formula, the implication is, “May God punish me severly if I do this thing.” Alternate translation: “If we allow our daughters to marry their sons, or if we or our sons marry their daughters, may God punish us severely!”
|
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13:25 k1y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula וָאַשְׁבִּיעֵ֣ם בֵּֽאלֹהִ֗ים אִם־תִּתְּנ֤וּ בְנֹֽתֵיכֶם֙ לִבְנֵיהֶ֔ם וְאִם־תִּשְׂאוּ֙ מִבְּנֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם לִבְנֵיכֶ֖ם וְלָכֶֽם 1 Nehemiah has the men take an oath using a common Hebrew formula that leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. Whenever a person takes an oath using this formula, the implication is, “May God punish me severely if I do this thing.” Alternate translation: “If we allow our daughters to marry their sons, or if we or our sons marry their daughters, may God punish us severely!”
|
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13:25 k1y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתְּנ֤וּ בְנֹֽתֵיכֶם֙ לִבְנֵיהֶ֔ם 1 This is an idiom that means **allow your daughters to marry their sons** or **give your daughters in marriage to their sons**
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13:25 k1y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּשְׂאוּ֙ מִבְּנֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם 1 This is an idiom that means “if you take any of their daughters as wives”
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13:26 k1y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲל֣וֹא עַל־אֵ֣לֶּה חָטָֽא־שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֡ל 1 Here Nehemiah supports his argument by appealing to facts that he assumes these men will know. Alternate translation: “you know that Solomon king of Israel sinned because he married foreign women”
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@ -1861,7 +1861,7 @@ front:intro k2y2 0 # Introduction to Nehemiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
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13:27 vp56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְלָכֶ֣ם הֲנִשְׁמַ֗ע לַעֲשֹׂת֙ אֵ֣ת כָּל־הָרָעָ֤ה הַגְּדוֹלָה֙ הַזֹּ֔את לִמְעֹ֖ל בֵּֽאלֹהֵ֑ינוּ לְהֹשִׁ֖יב נָשִׁ֥ים נָכְרִיּֽוֹת 1 Nehemiah uses a question form for emphasis once again as he continues to scold these men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate what he says as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “We will not accept your excuses and allow you to keep doing this thing that is so wrong”
|
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13:27 k1cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְלָכֶ֣ם הֲנִשְׁמַ֗ע 1 As in [9:16](../09/16.md) and [9:29](../09/29.md), **listen** in this context is an idiom that means not just to hear a statement about a course of action, but to agree to follow it. If your language has a word for “listen” that also means “agree,” you could use it here. Alternate translation: “we will not heed your words”
|
||||
13:27 k1dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־הָרָעָ֤ה הַגְּדוֹלָה֙ הַזֹּ֔את 1 Here, the word **all** does not indicate the entirety of something. Instead, it expresses emphasis. Alternate translation: “this thing that is so wrong”
|
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13:27 k1ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִמְעֹ֖ל בֵּֽאלֹהֵ֑ינוּ לְהֹשִׁ֖יב נָשִׁ֥ים נָכְרִיּֽוֹת 1 Here acting unfaithfully means violating the Law of Moses. Nehemiah assumes that these men will know that the law forbade the Israelites to marry outside their people group. (In fact, it does so using language very much like the oath that Nehemiah made these men swear. For example, “Do not give your daughters to their sons or take their daughters for your sons,” Deuteronomy 7:3.) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “By marrying foreign women, you are breaking the law that God gave us”
|
||||
13:27 k1ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִמְעֹ֖ל בֵּֽאלֹהֵ֑ינוּ לְהֹשִׁ֖יב נָשִׁ֥ים נָכְרִיּֽוֹת 1 Here acting unfaithfully means violating the Law of Moses. Nehemiah assumes that these men will know that the law forbade the Israelites to marry outside their people group. (In fact, the law does so using language very much like the oath that Nehemiah made these men swear, for example, “Do not give your daughters to their sons or take their daughters for your sons,” Deuteronomy 7:3.) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “By marrying foreign women, you are breaking the law that God gave us”
|
||||
13:27 k1ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְהֹשִׁ֖יב 1 As in [13:23](../13/23.md), this is an expression that refers to marriage. Alternate translation: “marrying”
|
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13:28 k1gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וּמִבְּנֵ֨י 1 In this context, the conjunction **And** indicates that this sentence will provide background information that is necessary for understanding the next event the book will describe. You could express the same meaning with a word that indicates this in your language.
|
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13:28 k1hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּמִבְּנֵ֨י 1 This means **one of the sons of.**
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@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
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10:15 ip06 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑וֹ 1 The phrase **city of his strength** is an idiom that refers to a **city** with walls that protect the people inside the **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is a walled city” or “is a city with strong walls”
|
||||
10:15 fd3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קִרְיַ֣ת עֻזּ֑וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to **wealth** enabling its owners to be safe as if it were a strong **city**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is his protection”
|
||||
10:15 izlm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast מְחִתַּ֖ת דַּלִּ֣ים רֵישָֽׁם 1 This clause is a strong contrast with the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “by contrast, the ruin of lowly ones is their poverty”\n
|
||||
10:15 wgyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דַּלִּ֣ים 1 The phrase **lowly ones** refers to poor people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “people who are poor”
|
||||
10:15 wgyj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּלִּ֣ים 1 The phrase **lowly ones** refers to poor people as if they were located in a place that is lower than that of people who are not poor. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “people who are poor”
|
||||
10:15 xiq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רֵישָֽׁם 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **poverty** in [6:11](../06/11.md).
|
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10:16 im19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פְּעֻלַּ֣ת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the reward that **the righteous one** receives as if it were a **wage**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The reward for”
|
||||
10:16 rya2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֣יק & רָשָׁ֣ע 1 The phrases **the righteous one** and **the wicked one** represent types of people in general, not one particular **righteous one** or **wicked one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any righteous person … any wicked person”
|
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@ -1182,7 +1182,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
|
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10:32 bx51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָצ֑וֹן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md).
|
||||
10:32 scfp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים תַּהְפֻּכֽוֹת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but the mouth of the wicked ones knows perverse things” or “but the mouth of the wicked ones expresses perverse things”
|
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10:32 ay8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [10:6](../10/06.md).
|
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11:intro uk6v 0 # Proverbs 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [11:7](../11/07.md), [10](../11/10.md), [22](../11/22.md), [25](../11/25.md), and [11:29–31](../11/29.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.
|
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11:intro uk6v 0 # Proverbs 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 11 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [11:7](../11/07.md), [10](../11/10.md), [22](../11/22.md), [25](../11/25.md), and [11:29–31](../11/29.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.
|
||||
11:1 nux3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מֹאזְנֵ֣י & וְאֶ֖בֶן שְׁלֵמָ֣ה 1 Solomon does not mean that **Yahweh** actually hates these **Scales** or has **delight** in this **whole stone**. Rather, he means that **Yahweh** hates people using these **Scales** and has **delight** in people using **a whole stone**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The use of scales of … but the use of a whole stone”
|
||||
11:1 wl8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭רְמָה 1 **Scales** describes an instrument for determining the weight of an object or comparing the weight of two objects. It consists of a central post with a crossbar from which two pans are hung. An object may be placed in one pan and known weights placed in the other pan until the crossbar remains level, meaning that both pans contain an equal weight. Or one object may be placed in one pan and a different object in the other pan; the pan that hangs lower contains the heavier object. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of weighing instrument, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a balancing scale of deceit” or “a weighing instrument of deceit”\n
|
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11:1 qsoh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מֹאזְנֵ֣י מִ֭רְמָה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **Scales** that are used for **deceit**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Scales used to deceive people” or “Scales people use to deceive others”
|
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@ -1332,7 +1332,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
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11:31 leti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will repay”
|
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11:31 x6ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְשֻׁלָּ֑ם 1 Here, Solomon refers to people receiving what they deserve for their actions as if they were being **repaid** for what they have done. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will receive what is due to them”
|
||||
11:31 wlsw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֝֗ף כִּֽי־רָשָׁ֥ע וְחוֹטֵֽא 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “how much more will a wicked one and a sinner be repaid”
|
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12:intro x2lg 0 # Proverbs 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 12 continues the section of the book which Solomon wrote and is filled mainly with individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [12:7](../12/07.md), [14](../12/14.md), [28](../12/28.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.
|
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12:intro x2lg 0 # Proverbs 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 12 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [12:7](../12/07.md), [14](../12/14.md), [28](../12/28.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.
|
||||
12:1 ktr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֭וּסָר & דָּ֑עַת & תוֹכַ֣חַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **correction** in [3:11](../03/11.md), **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md), and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md).
|
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12:2 rz0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun ט֗וֹב 1 **A good one** here does not refer to a specific person, but refers to this type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Any good person”\n
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12:2 b11m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֭צוֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md).
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@ -1455,7 +1455,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
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12:28 y24r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְדֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה 1 Here, Solomon uses the possessive form to indicate that **the way** is **the beaten path**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the way that is the beaten path”
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12:28 h4sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדֶ֖רֶךְ נְתִיבָ֣ה 1 Here, **the way of the beaten path** refers to **the path of righteousness** in the previous clause. Solomon refers to living righteously as if one were walking on a **beaten path** that is safe because it was made well. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and living righteously”
|
||||
12:28 d3it rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, **no death** could refer to: (1) a person not dying earlier than expected, which is the opposite way of saying the same idea used for **life** in the previous clause. Alternate translation: “is not dying early” (2) a person having immortality. Alternate translation: “is immortality”
|
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13:intro nh7k 0 # Proverbs 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 13 continues the section of the book which Solomon wrote and is filled mainly with individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [13:14](../13/14.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.
|
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13:intro nh7k 0 # Proverbs 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 13 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [13:14](../13/14.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.
|
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13:1 ugs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בֵּ֣ן חָ֭כָם מ֣וּסַר אָ֑ב 1 Solomon is leaving a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “A wise son listens to the instruction of a father”
|
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13:1 au6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֣וּסַר & גְּעָרָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **instruction** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **rebuke** in [1:25](../01/25.md).
|
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13:1 uwpq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֑ב 1 Here, **father** refers to the **father** of the **son** mentioned earlier in the clause. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “his father”
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@ -1557,70 +1557,146 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
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13:25 a593 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּ֗יק & נַפְשׁ֑וֹ 1 **A righteous one** and**his** here do not refer to specific people, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Any righteous one … that person’s appetite”
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13:25 wby5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וּבֶ֖טֶן 1 The word **stomach** represents stomachs in general, not one particular **stomach**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “but the stomachs of”
|
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13:25 azl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבֶ֖טֶן רְשָׁעִ֣ים תֶּחְסָֽר 1 Here, Solomon refers to **the wicked ones** always being hungry as if their stomachs **lack**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the wicked ones can never eat enough” or “but the hunger of the wicked ones is never satisfied”
|
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14:intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
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14:1 r3rp builds her house 0 Alternate translation: “builds up her house” or “makes her house better”
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14:1 tv3l house 0 This could mean: (1) this may refer to her actual house, that is the building she lives in or (2) this may refer to her family.
|
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14:1 l2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche with her own hands 0 The woman is represented by her “hands.” Alternate translation: “by herself” or “by the way she behaves”
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14:2 qgn4 The one who … the one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who”
|
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14:2 qnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor walks uprightly 0 “Walks” represents the conduct of life. Alternate translation: “conducts his life in a just and honest way”
|
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14:2 we9s despises him 0 Alternate translation: “grossly disrespects him” or “shows that he hates him”
|
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14:2 c17i in his ways despises him 0 The word “his” refers to the dishonest man and “him” refers to Yahweh.
|
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14:3 a16n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mouth of … the lips of 0 The mouth and the lips both refer to what a person says.
|
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14:3 ixb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a rod for his back 0 The rod with which people will punish the fool by hitting him on his back for his foolish words is a metonym for the words that come out of his mouth. Alternate translation: “words that will cause people to punish him”
|
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14:3 c2ir the wise 0 This word is plural. “wise men” or “wise people”
|
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14:3 gru7 will preserve them 0 Alternate translation: “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe”
|
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14:4 w12s the feeding trough 0 A “trough” is a container in which you put the food for animals.
|
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14:4 e3k8 an abundant crop 0 Alternate translation: “a good harvest”
|
||||
14:4 diy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy by the strength of an ox 0 “Strength” represents the strong work an ox can do. Alternate translation: “because of the work an ox does”
|
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14:5 j6d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying easily. Alternate translation: “easily lies” See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md).
|
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14:6 wm35 and there is none 0 Alternate translation: “and wisdom is not there” or “but he will not find wisdom”
|
||||
14:6 ek6h comes easy to 0 Alternate translation: “is easily found by” or “acquires without difficulty”
|
||||
14:6 xv2j the one who is discerning 0 Alternate translation: “the one who is wise” or “a person who has understanding”
|
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14:7 ud4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on his lips 0 The word “lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “from his speech” or “with his comments”
|
||||
14:8 e2qn the prudent 0 a person who has good judgment or sense
|
||||
14:8 vp9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his own way 0 The word “way” represents the conduct of life of a person. Alternate translation: “his conduct” or “how he lives”
|
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14:8 vug2 the folly of fools is deception 0 The foolishness of fools is that they think they are wise, when they are not.
|
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14:9 t24p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but among the upright favor is shared 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the upright enjoy favor together” or “but God’s favor is experienced together among the upright”
|
||||
14:10 xxe9 its own bitterness 0 Alternate translation: “its own sorrow” or “its own sadness”
|
||||
14:10 y94d no stranger 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not know him”
|
||||
14:11 c5yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the tent 0 The word “tent” represents everything that happens within it. Alternate translation: “the household”
|
||||
14:11 d165 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor flourish 0 The word “flourish” means vigorous blooming of flowers and so represents anything that grows strongly. Alternate translation: “to do well and last long” or “to be healthy” or “to be very successful”
|
||||
14:12 y8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There is a way that seems right to a man 0 The word “way” represents the conduct of life a person follows. Alternate translation: “People think that the way they are living is the right way”
|
||||
14:13 j3ih be in pain 0 Alternate translation: “experience pain” or “hurt”
|
||||
14:14 a8j9 The one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who”
|
||||
14:14 c5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor what his ways deserve 0 The word “ways” represents a person’s conduct of life. Alternate translation: “what he deserves, based on how he lived”
|
||||
14:14 qe8k what is his 0 Alternate translation: “what belongs to him” or “what he has a right to”
|
||||
14:15 i558 naive 0 inexperienced or immature
|
||||
14:15 h73m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his steps 0 Here the idea of footsteps represents a person’s behavior. Alternate translation: “his actions”
|
||||
14:16 z79v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor turns away from evil 0 Here evil is spoken of as if it were a place. Alternate translation: “avoids doing evil”
|
||||
14:18 j5kv naive 0 inexperienced or immature
|
||||
14:18 c2ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy inherit foolishness 0 Here “inherit” represents having permanent possession of something.
|
||||
14:18 aj35 folly 0 The word “folly” is an abstract noun that represents foolish thinking and foolish actions.
|
||||
14:18 rq9a prudent people 0 Alternate translation: “wise people”
|
||||
14:18 spn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor are crowned with knowledge 0 Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were a beautiful ornament worn on one’s head, such as a turban with jewels. Alternate translation: “wear knowledge as a turban”
|
||||
14:19 b4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bow down 0 This means to bend over to humbly express respect and submission toward someone.
|
||||
14:19 e892 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy at the gates of the righteous 0 The word “gates” represents an entrance to meet with another. This means the wicked will have to wait for the righteous person and beg to enter his presence. Alternate translation: “to meet with the righteous person”
|
||||
14:20 h5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The poor person is hated even by his own companions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Everyone hates the poor person even his own neighbors”
|
||||
14:21 fy3m The one … the one 0 Alternate translation: “The person … the person”
|
||||
14:21 d4gp the poor 0 Alternate translation: “poor people”
|
||||
14:22 m1cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do not those who plot evil go astray? 0 The assumed answer to this question is “yes.” Alternate translation: “Those who plot evil will go astray.”
|
||||
14:22 ie8f who plot evil 0 Alternate translation: “who make evil plans” or “who make plans to do evil things”
|
||||
14:22 mmn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns those who plan to do good will receive covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will show himself to be trustworthy and faithful to his covenant to those who plan to do what is good”
|
||||
14:23 k11f but when there is only talk 0 Alternate translation: “but if you only talk” or “but when all a person does is talking”
|
||||
14:24 dc97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The crown of wise people 0 The word “crown” represents the highest achievement possible and visible to all. Alternate translation: “The reward of wise people”
|
||||
14:24 u3bw the folly of fools 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 14:8](../14/08.md).
|
||||
14:25 wkc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom breathes out lies 0 This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying easily. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “easily lies”
|
||||
14:27 c8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fountain of life 0 A “fountain” is a bountiful source of water and represents here the source of life. Alternate translation: “source of life”
|
||||
14:27 r5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from the snares of death 0 A “snare” is a sort of trap used to hunt animals and represents something tricky and dangerous that will kill. Alternate translation: “from the trap that will kill”
|
||||
14:28 vxf7 the great number of his people 0 Alternate translation: “how many people he rules”
|
||||
14:31 k67r The one who … the one who 0 Alternate translation: “The person who … the person who”
|
||||
14:31 xhv2 the poor … the needy 0 Alternate translation: “a poor person … a needy person”
|
||||
14:31 k2td shows favor to 0 Alternate translation: “is kind to” or “helps”
|
||||
14:32 t8gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive is brought down by his evil actions 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “evil actions push over” or “evil actions destroy”
|
||||
14:33 axk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Wisdom rests in the heart 0 The word “heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is in the attitude”
|
||||
14:33 r61l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she lets herself be known 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “she makes sure people know her”
|
||||
14:33 xi3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification she 0 The word “she” refers to wisdom.
|
||||
14:35 vi56 the one who 0 Alternate translation: “the servant who”
|
||||
14:intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 14 continues the section of the book written by Solomon that is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Contrasting parallelism\n\nExcept for [14:7](../14/07.md), [10](../14/10.md), [13](../14/13.md), [17](../14/17.md), [26](../14/26.md), [27](../14/27.md), and [34](../14/34.md), all the proverbs in this chapter consist of two parallel clauses that contrast with each other.
|
||||
14:1 r3rp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חַכְמ֣וֹת נָ֭שִׁים & בֵיתָ֑הּ 1 **The wisest of women** and **her** here do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Those women who are most wise … the houses of those women”\n
|
||||
14:1 zntm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑הּ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a woman making her family prosper as if she were building a **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “causes her house to prosper”
|
||||
14:1 hx7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵיתָ֑הּ 1 Here, **house** represents the family who lives in the **house**. See how you translated the same use of **house** in [3:33](../03/33.md).
|
||||
14:1 dmak rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְ֝אִוֶּ֗לֶת בְּיָדֶ֥יהָ תֶהֶרְסֶֽנּוּ 1 Here, **a foolish woman** and **her** do not refer to a specific person, but refer to a type of person in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “but those women who are foolish tear it down with their hands”\n
|
||||
14:1 tv3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תֶהֶרְסֶֽנּוּ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a woman ruining her family as if she were tearing down a house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “harms it”
|
||||
14:1 l2y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיָדֶ֥יהָ 1 Here, **hands** refers to what a person does, which often involves using **hands**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by her deeds”\n
|
||||
14:2 qgn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ֭יָשְׁרוֹ & וּנְל֖וֹז דְּרָכָ֣יו 1 **One who walks**, **his**, and **one who is crooked** refers to types of people in general, not to any specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “The person who walks in that person’s uprightness … but any person who is crooked in that person’s ways”
|
||||
14:2 qnc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הוֹלֵ֣ךְ בְּ֭יָשְׁרוֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone behaving in a upright manner as if that person **walks in his uprightness**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated a similar use of “walk” in [3:23](../03/23.md). Alternate translation: “One who conducts his life in an upright manner”\n
|
||||
14:2 we9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּנְל֖וֹז דְּרָכָ֣יו 1 Here, Solomon uses the phrase **crooked in his ways** to refer to someone who acts deceptively. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **crooked** in [2:15](../02/15.md). Alternate translation: “but one who is deceptive”\n
|
||||
14:3 ht6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּֽפִי־אֱ֭וִיל חֹ֣טֶר גַּאֲוָ֑ה 1 In this clause, Solomon refers to what **a fool** says with his **mouth** resulting in him being punished with **a rod** as if **a rod** were **in** his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Because of what a fool says, he is punished for pride” or “A fool is punished because of the proud things he says”
|
||||
14:3 ixb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession חֹ֣טֶר גַּאֲוָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **rod** that is used to punish someone for having **pride**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a rod for punishing proud people”
|
||||
14:3 c2ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְשִׂפְתֵ֥י 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:21](../10/21.md).
|
||||
14:3 gru7 תִּשְׁמוּרֵֽם 1 Alternate translation: “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe”
|
||||
14:4 uqel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession אֵב֣וּס בָּ֑ר 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **trough** that is characterized by **cleanness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is a clean trough”
|
||||
14:4 w12s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֵב֣וּס 1 A **trough** is a container that contains food for domesticated animals, such as **cattle**. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal food container, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “is a container of”
|
||||
14:4 rd3o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְרָב 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **abundance** in [5:23](../05/23.md).
|
||||
14:4 e3k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּכֹ֣חַ שֽׁוֹר 1 Solomon is leaving out a word that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “is produced by the strength of an ox”\n
|
||||
14:4 diy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּכֹ֣חַ שֽׁוֹר 1 Here, **strength** refers to the work **an ox** does that involves using **strength**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is by the work an ox does”
|
||||
14:4 huma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun שֽׁוֹר 1 Here, the word **ox** represents oxen in general, not one particular **ox**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression, as in the UST.
|
||||
14:5 ew9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד אֱ֭מוּנִים 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **witness** who is characterized by **faithfulness**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A faithful witness”
|
||||
14:5 xtdm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר 1 See how you translated this phrase in [6:19](../06/19.md).
|
||||
14:5 j6d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיָפִ֥יחַ כְּ֝זָבִ֗ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md).
|
||||
14:6 sfgf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֣ץ & לְנָב֣וֹן 1 See how you translated **a mocker** in [9:7](../09/07.md) and **the understanding one** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
|
||||
14:6 xavx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּקֶּשׁ 1 Here, people trying to be wise are described as if **wisdom** were an object that people can “seek”. See how you translated the same use of **seeks** in [11:27](../11/27.md).
|
||||
14:6 mc72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֣ה & וְדַ֖עַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
|
||||
14:6 wm35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וָאָ֑יִן 1 Here, Solomon means that **a mocker** cannot acquire **wisdom**, not that **wisdom** does not exist. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and he finds none” or “and there is no wisdom for him”
|
||||
14:6 ek6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְדַ֖עַת 1 Solomon is leaving out some of a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply this word from the context if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but finding knowledge” or “but acquiring knowledge”
|
||||
14:7 mvxr מִ֭נֶּגֶד 1 Alternate translation: “from in front of” or “from the presence of”
|
||||
14:7 vk5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לְאִ֣ישׁ כְּסִ֑יל 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **man** who is characterized by **stupidity**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “a stupid man”
|
||||
14:7 vhev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְאִ֣ישׁ 1 Here, **a man** represents a type of people in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “any person of”
|
||||
14:7 va2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבַל־יָ֝דַ֗עְתָּ 1 Here, Solomon refers to **you** not receiving **knowledge** from what a stupid person says as if **you** did **not know** such **knowledge**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for you will not receive”
|
||||
14:7 ud4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שִׂפְתֵי־דָֽעַת 1 Here, **lips** refers to what people say by moving their **lips**. Solomon is referring to words that express **knowledge**. See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md). Alternate translation: “words that express knowledge”
|
||||
14:8 e2qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמַ֣ת & וְאִוֶּ֖לֶת & מִרְמָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md), **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md), and **deceit** in [11:1](../11/01.md).
|
||||
14:8 vug2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָ֭רוּם 1 See how you translated this phrase in [12:16](../12/16.md).
|
||||
14:8 vp9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכּ֑וֹ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
|
||||
14:9 f44d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָשָׁ֑ם 1 Mocking **the guilt offering** implies that **Fools mock** the need for people to offer **the guilt offering** in order to ask God to forgive them for sinning. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “offering guilt offerings to God for forgiveness”\n
|
||||
14:9 t24p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָצֽוֹן 1 See how you translated **favor** in [3:4](../03/04.md).
|
||||
14:9 pui7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רָצֽוֹן 1 Here, Solomon implies that this **favor** is from Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is Yahweh’s favor”
|
||||
14:10 xxe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֗ב & נַפְשׁ֑וֹ & וּ֝בְשִׂמְחָת֗וֹ 1 **A heart**, **itself**, and **its** refer to the whole person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “A person … that person, and in that person’s joy”
|
||||
14:10 y94d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מָרַּ֣ת & וּ֝בְשִׂמְחָת֗וֹ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **bitterness** and **joy**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “how bitter it is … and in its feeling joyful”
|
||||
14:11 c5yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית & וְאֹ֖הֶל 1 In this verse, **house** and **tent** refer to the people who live in them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The household of … but the household of”
|
||||
14:11 bfxk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִשָּׁמֵ֑ד 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy” or “will become ruined”
|
||||
14:11 d165 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַפְרִֽיחַ 1 Here, Solomon refers to a family prospering as if it were a plant with blooming flowers that **flourish**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will prosper”
|
||||
14:12 ojy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דֶּ֣רֶךְ 1 See how you translated the same use of **way** in [1:15](../01/15.md).
|
||||
14:12 y8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִפְנֵי־אִ֑ישׁ 1 Here, **before the face of** refers to what a person perceives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that a man perceives”
|
||||
14:12 hslo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֑ישׁ 1 The word **man** represents a person in general, not one particular **man**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural expression. Alternate translation: “a person”
|
||||
14:12 e0n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ֝אַחֲרִיתָ֗הּ 1 Here, **end** refers to a final result. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but its result”
|
||||
14:12 o8df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, Solomon uses **ways** to refer to the destiny of those people who live according to what they think is **a right way**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “is the destiny of death”\n
|
||||
14:12 c1cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דַּרְכֵי־מָֽוֶת 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the ways** that are **death**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “is the ways that are death” or “is the destiny that is death”
|
||||
14:13 j3ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּשְׂח֥וֹק יִכְאַב & שִׂמְחָ֣ה תוּגָֽה 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **laughter**, **pain**, **joy**, and **grief**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “when laughing … may feel painful … feeling joyful may be feeling sad”
|
||||
14:13 a8j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לֵ֑ב 1 Here, **heart** refers to the whole person. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [14:10](../14/10.md).
|
||||
14:14 ocu0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מִדְּרָכָ֣יו & ס֣וּג לֵ֑ב וּ֝מֵעָלָ֗יו אִ֣ישׁ טֽוֹב 1 **The turning away of heart**, **his**, and **a good man** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Any person turning away of heart … from that person’s ways, but any good person from that person”\n
|
||||
14:14 qe8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ס֣וּג לֵ֑ב 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person who has stopped behaving righteously and is behaving wickedly as if that person’s **heart** is **turning away** from behaving righteously. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The person who stops living righteously”
|
||||
14:14 hiz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִ֭שְׂבַּע 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will fill”
|
||||
14:14 jxno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִ֭שְׂבַּע 1 In this clause, the word translated **filled** implies that **the turning away of heart** will fully experience the negative consequences of **his ways**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “will experience the negative consequences” or “will be repaid”
|
||||
14:14 c5in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִדְּרָכָ֣יו 1 See how you translated the same use of **ways** in [3:6](../03/06.md).
|
||||
14:14 tuqm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝מֵעָלָ֗יו אִ֣ישׁ טֽוֹב 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “but a good man will be filled from his ways”\n
|
||||
14:15 i558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun פֶּ֭תִי & וְ֝עָר֗וּם 1 **A naive one** and **a prudent one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural phrases. See how you translated **a prudent one** in [12:16](../12/16.md). Alternate translation: “Any naive person … but any prudent person”
|
||||
14:15 nkj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּבָ֑ר 1 See how you translated the same use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md).
|
||||
14:15 h73m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲשֻׁרֽוֹ 1 Here, **step** refers to a person’s behavior. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his behavior”
|
||||
14:16 xojs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun חָכָ֣ם & וּ֝כְסִ֗יל 1 See how you translated **a wise one** in [1:5](../01/05.md) and **a stupid one** in [10:18](../10/18.md).
|
||||
14:16 z79v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְסָ֣ר מֵרָ֑ע 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “turn away from evil” in [3:7](../03/07.md).
|
||||
14:16 jexo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבוֹטֵֽחַ 1 Here, **confident** refers to the negative quality of being unreasonably self-confident or careless. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and is overly confident” or “and is careless”
|
||||
14:17 a76z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom קְֽצַר־אַ֭פַּיִם 1 The phrase **short of nostrils** is an idiom that refers to a person who gets angry quickly. The word **nostrils** means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his **nostrils** to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “One who easily vents his spleen” or “One who gets angry quickly”\n
|
||||
14:17 ndbc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun קְֽצַר־אַ֭פַּיִם & וְאִ֥ישׁ מְ֝זִמּ֗וֹת 1 **One short of nostrils** and **a man of schemes** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use more natural phrases. See how you translated **a man of schemes** in [12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “Any person short of nostrils … and any person of schemes” or “Any person who gets angry quickly … and any person who schemes”
|
||||
14:17 xri2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֑לֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md).
|
||||
14:17 ib3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְאִ֥ישׁ מְ֝זִמּ֗וֹת 1 See how you translated **a man of schemes** in [12:2](../12/02.md).
|
||||
14:17 erby rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִשָּׂנֵֽא 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST.
|
||||
14:18 c2ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נָחֲל֣וּ & אִוֶּ֑לֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of **Naive ones** becoming foolish as if **folly** were property or wealth that they could **inherit** from a family member. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of **inherit** in [3:35](../03/35.md). Alternate translation: “become foolish”\n
|
||||
14:18 aj35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֑לֶת & דָֽעַת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
|
||||
14:18 spn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יַכְתִּ֥רוּ דָֽעַת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of people being rewarded with **knowledge** as if **knowledge** were a **crown** they **will wear**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “will be rewarded with knowledge” or “will be rewarded with knowledge as if it were a crown they wore”\n
|
||||
14:19 b4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction שַׁח֣וּ 1 Bowing **down** is a symbolic action that shows humble respect or submission to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the significance of this action in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “will bow down to show respect”
|
||||
14:19 mch0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֣י 1 Here, the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the **face** of someone who is present. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in the presence of”
|
||||
14:19 resy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ֝רְשָׁעִ֗ים עַֽל־שַׁעֲרֵ֥י צַדִּֽיק 1 Solomon is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and wicked ones will bow down at the gates of the righteous one”\n
|
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14:19 e892 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַֽל־שַׁעֲרֵ֥י 1 Here, **gates** refers to the doorway of the house of **the righteous one**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “at the gates of the house of”
|
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14:19 tt7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun צַדִּֽיק 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [10:3](../10/03.md).
|
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14:20 lsnx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֭רֵעֵהוּ & רָ֑שׁ & עָשִׁ֣יר 1 **One who is poor**, **his neighbor**, and **the rich one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Any person who is poor … by that person’s neighbors … any rich person”\n
|
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14:20 h5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive גַּם־לְ֭רֵעֵהוּ יִשָּׂ֣נֵא רָ֑שׁ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “A poor person’s neighbor even hates him”
|
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14:21 fy3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בָּז־לְרֵעֵ֥הוּ חוֹטֵ֑א וּמְחוֹנֵ֖ן עניים אַשְׁרָֽיו 1 **One who sins**, **his neighbor**, **one who shows favor**, and **he** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Any person who sins despises that person’s neighbors, but any person who shows favor to afflicted ones, happy is that person”
|
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14:21 d4gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּמְחוֹנֵ֖ן 1 Here, **shows favor** refers to being kind to someone, not to favoring one person over another. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the one who is compassionate to”
|
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14:22 m1cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲֽלוֹא־יִ֭תְעוּ חֹ֣רְשֵׁי רָ֑ע 1 Solomon is using the question form to emphasize what he is saying. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Devisers of evil surely go astray!”
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14:22 ie8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רָ֑ע וְחֶ֥סֶד וֶ֝אֱמֶ֗ת & טֽוֹב 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md), **covenant faithfulness** and **trustworthiness** in [3:3](../03/03.md), and **good** in [11:27](../11/27.md).
|
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14:22 mmn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הֲֽלוֹא־יִ֭תְעוּ 1 Here, Solomon uses the phrase **go astray** to refer to being deceptive. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Are not … deceptive”\n
|
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14:22 aqg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֹ֣רְשֵׁי טֽוֹב 1 Here, **are for** indicates that **devisers of good** are those who will benefit from receiving the **covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness** of others. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “benefit devisers of good”
|
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14:23 d7ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֶ֭צֶב & מוֹתָ֑ר & לְמַחְסֽוֹר 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns “toils” in [5:10](../05/10.md), **profit** in [3:14](../03/14.md), and **lack** in [6:11](../06/11.md).
|
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14:23 dbn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּדְבַר־שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here, Solomon implies that this refers to **the words of lips** without any **toil**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the word of lips without toil” or “but the word of lips by itself”
|
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14:23 vvln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וּדְבַר־שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe **the word** that is spoken with **lips**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “but the word spoken by lips”
|
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14:23 r2lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּדְבַר 1 See how you translated the similar use of **word** in [12:25](../12/25.md).
|
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14:23 auv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שְׂ֝פָתַ֗יִם 1 See how you translated the same use of **lips** in [10:18](../10/18.md).
|
||||
14:23 a06s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַךְ־לְמַחְסֽוֹר 1 Here, **is only** indicates that **lack** is the result of the preceding phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “results only in lack”\n
|
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14:24 dc97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֲטֶ֣רֶת 1 Here, Solomon speaks of the reward of **the wise ones** as if it were a **crown** they wear. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. See how you translated the similar use of **crown** in [14:18](../14/18.md). Alternate translation: “The reward of” or “The reward that is like a crown of”\n
|
||||
14:24 u3bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֖לֶת כְּסִילִ֣ים 1 See how you translated this phrase in [14:8](../14/08.md).
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14:24 gr0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אִוֶּ֖לֶת & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md).
|
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14:25 xf3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession עֵ֣ד אֱמֶ֑ת 1 See how you translated the same use of **A witness of** in [14:5](../14/05.md).
|
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14:25 wkc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיָפִ֖חַ כְּזָבִ֣ים 1 See how you translated **breathes out lies** in [6:19](../06/19.md).
|
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14:26 f120 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּיִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה מִבְטַח־עֹ֑ז 1 Here, Solomon refers to someone having **confidence** because that person has **the fear of Yahweh** as if **the fear of Yahweh** were a location in which **confidence** resided. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The fear of Yahweh is the source of the confidence of the strong one” or “The confidence of the strong one is because he has the fear of Yahweh”
|
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14:26 tky7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּיִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated **the fear of Yahweh** in [1:7](../01/07.md).
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14:26 zfgw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִבְטַח 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **confidence** in [3:26](../03/26.md).
|
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14:26 b73j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹ֑ז וּ֝לְבָנָ֗יו יִהְיֶ֥ה 1 Here, **the strong one**, **his**, and **he** refer to a type of person in general, not to one specific person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “any strong person, and for that person’s sons that person will be”\n
|
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14:26 nbdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּ֝לְבָנָ֗יו 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Solomon is using the word here in a generic sense that could refer to either male or female children. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “and for his children”\n
|
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14:26 gyit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִהְיֶ֥ה מַחְסֶֽה 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person protecting **his** children as if he were **a refuge** for them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “he will provide protection” or “he will be like a refuge”
|
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14:26 dh54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַחְסֶֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **refuge**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “someone who protects”
|
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14:27 n41g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְ֭הוָה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md) and in the previous verse.
|
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14:27 c8u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מְק֣וֹר חַיִּ֑ים 1 See how you translated **a fountain of life** in [10:11](../10/11.md) and [13:14](../13/14.md).
|
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14:27 r5t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָ֝ס֗וּר מִמֹּ֥קְשֵׁי מָֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the same clause in [13:14](../13/14.md).
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14:28 vxf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּרָב־עָ֥ם הַדְרַת־מֶ֑לֶךְ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **majesty**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “An abundant amount of people is what makes a king majestic”
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14:28 c3y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֑לֶךְ & רָזֽוֹן 1 Here, **a king** and **the potentate** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “any king … any potentate”
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14:28 l6zi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּבְאֶ֥פֶס 1 Here, **end** refers to a lack of people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but with the lack of”
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14:29 c6lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם & וּקְצַר־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 **One long of nostrils** and **one short of spirit** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “Any person long of nostrils … but any person short of spirit”
|
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14:29 xc7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֣רֶךְ אַ֭פַּיִם 1 The phrase **long of nostrils** is an idiom that refers to a type of person who does not get angry quickly. The word nostrils means “anger” by association with the way that a person who is angry breathes heavily through his nose, causing his nostrils to open wide. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If so, you could use an expression involving that part of the body in your translation. You could also use plain language. Alternate translation: “One who does not easily vent his spleen” or “One who does not get angry quickly”\n
|
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14:29 hh4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns תְּבוּנָ֑ה & אִוֶּֽלֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **folly** in [5:23](../05/23.md).
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14:29 lf5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּקְצַר־ר֝֗וּחַ 1 The phrase **short of spirit** is an idiom that refers to a type of person who gets angry quickly. Your language and culture may also associate anger with a particular part of the body. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but a short-tempered person” or “but one who gets angry quickly”
|
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14:29 pd65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵרִ֥ים 1 Here, Solomon speaks of someone publicly showing **folly** as if **folly** were an object that someone **lifts up** for everyone to see. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “publicly displays” or “lets everyone observe”
|
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14:30 o4ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession לֵ֣ב מַרְפֵּ֑א 1 Here, Solomon is using the possessive form to describe a **heart** that is characterized by **healing**. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could use a different expression. Alternate translation: “A healed heart”
|
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14:30 e9g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֵ֣ב 1 Here, Solomon uses **heart** to refer to a person’s inner being or mind. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md).
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14:30 bdfl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְ֭שָׂרִים לֵ֣ב 1 **A heart of healing** and **the body** refer to hearts and bodies in general, not to a specific **heart** and **body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “Any heart of … any body”
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14:30 e78q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חַיֵּ֣י בְ֭שָׂרִים 1 Here, **life to the body** refers to a something being healthy for a person’s **body**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “is healthy for one’s body” or “causes one’s body to be healthy”
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14:30 h3vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּרְקַ֖ב עֲצָמ֣וֹת קִנְאָֽה 1 Solomon is saying that **envy** harms a person’s health like a disease that causes **the decay of bones**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “but envy ruins a person’s health” or “but envy harms one’s health like decay in one’s bones”\n
|
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14:30 l2al rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קִנְאָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **envy**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “being envious”
|
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14:31 k67r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עֹ֣שֵֽׁק דָּ֭ל & עֹשֵׂ֑הוּ & חֹנֵ֥ן אֶבְיֽוֹן 1 **The oppressor**. **a lowly one**, **his**, **one showing favor**, and **a needy one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “Any oppressor of any lowly person … that person’s maker … any person who shows favor to any needy person”
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14:31 jij6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דָּ֭ל 1 The phrase **lowly one** refers to a poor person. See how you translated the same use of “lowly ones” in [10:15](../10/15.md).
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14:31 xhv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֹשֵׂ֑הוּ 1 Here, **maker** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “God, his maker” or “his maker, who is God” or “his Maker”
|
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14:31 u5rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וּ֝מְכַבְּד֗וֹ 1 Here, **him** refers to Yahweh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but … honors Yahweh”
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14:31 k2td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חֹנֵ֥ן 1 See how you translated the same use of “shows favor to” in [14:21](../14/21.md).
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14:32 kw4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun בְּֽ֭רָעָתוֹ & רָשָׁ֑ע & בְמוֹת֣וֹ צַדִּֽיק 1 Here, **his**, **the wicked one**, and **the righteous one** refer to types of people in general, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. See how you translated **the wicked one** in [3:33](../03/33.md) and **the righteous one** in [10:16](../10/16.md). Alternate translation: “By the evil of any wicked person that person … any righteous person … in that person’s death”
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14:32 nxxe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּֽ֭רָעָתוֹ & בְמוֹת֣וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **evil** in [1:16](../01/16.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md).
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14:32 t8gr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יִדָּחֶ֣ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “thrusts himself down”
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14:32 b0he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִדָּחֶ֣ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to a person’s life becoming ruined or destroyed as if that person were **thrust down** on the ground. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “thrown down” in [10:8](../10/08.md). Alternate translation: “is destroyed”\n
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14:32 yk75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְחֹסֶ֖ה & צַדִּֽיק 1 Here, Solomon refers to **refuge** as if it were an object that someone **finds**. He means that someone feels safe or protected. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “but the righteous one feels protected”
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14:32 qhzn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְמוֹת֣וֹ 1 Here, Solomon refers to the time when someone dies as if **death** were a place where that person enters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when dying”
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14:33 gsbg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּלֵ֣ב נָ֭בוֹן תָּנ֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here, Solomon refers to **the understanding one** thinking wisely as if **wisdom** were an object that **rests** inside that person’s **heart**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. See how you translated the same use of **heart** in [2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “The understanding one thinks with wisdom”
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14:33 ip9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun נָ֭בוֹן 1 See how you translated **the understanding one** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
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14:33 sg1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֑ה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **wisdom** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
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14:33 r61l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תִּוָּדֵֽעַ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people will know her”
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14:33 xi3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification תִּוָּדֵֽעַ 1 Here, **she** refers to **wisdom** as if it were a woman. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “wisdom will be known”\n
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14:34 ousu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns צְדָקָ֥ה & וְחֶ֖סֶד & חַטָּֽאת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **Righteousness** in [1:3](../01/03.md), **sin** in [5:22](../05/22.md), and **shame** in [6:33](../06/33.md).
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14:34 tavd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְרֽוֹמֵֽם־גּ֑וֹי 1 Here, Solomon refers to a **nation** becoming great as if it were an object that **Righteousness** **raises** up. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. See how you translated the similar use of “raised up” in [11:11](../11/11.md). Alternate translation: “makes a nation great”\n
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14:35 vi56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns רְֽצוֹן & מַשְׂכִּ֑יל וְ֝עֶבְרָת֗וֹ 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **delight** in [8:30](../08/30.md), **insight** in [1:3](../01/03.md), and **rage** in [11:23](../11/23.md).
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14:35 c522 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun מֶ֭לֶךְ לְעֶ֣בֶד & וְ֝עֶבְרָת֗וֹ תִּהְיֶ֥ה מֵבִֽישׁ 1 Here, **a king**, **the servant**, **his**, and **one who acts shamefully** refer to types of people, not to specific people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use phrases that make this clear. Alternate translation: “any king is for any servant … but any king’s rage is for any person who acts shamefully”
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15:intro l872 0 # Proverbs 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
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15:1 x2lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor A gentle answer turns away wrath 0 Causing a person to stop being angry is spoken of as if it were turning that person’s wrath away. Alternate translation: “Answering a person gently will calm that person’s wrath”
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15:2 w6ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The tongue of wise people compliments knowledge 0 Here the word “tongue” refers to the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “Wise people compliment knowledge when they speak”
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@ -2754,3 +2830,4 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
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31:31 df11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:16](./16.md). Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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31:31 ef6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let her works praise her in the gates 0 She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those “in the gates” are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. Alternate translation: “may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done”
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9:3 ugn5 her maids 0
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14:2 c17i in his ways despises him The word “his” refers to the dishonest man and “him” refers to Yahweh.
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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
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1:4 ag8r מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּךָ 1 Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you”
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1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark”
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1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽנָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
|
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1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** is a poetic way of referring to women who were born in Jerusalem and/or were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “young women of Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
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1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The woman is using the possessive form to poetically describe where the young women (whom she calls **daughters**) live. The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** refers to the young women who were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could indicate the association between these young women and **Jerusalem** in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “daughters from Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
|
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1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּאָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace”
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1:6 avcq אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּנִי֙ 1 The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful”
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1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁאֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
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@ -107,53 +107,55 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
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2:3 eogn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ין הַבָּנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **the sons** refers to the other young men. In the previous verse the man compared the woman to the other “daughters” (young women). Here the woman compares the man she loves to the other young men, whom she calls **the sons**. If it would help your readers you could indicate explicitly what **the sons** means here. Alternate translation: “among the other young men” or “when compared to all the other men”
|
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2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּצִלּוֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְיָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּפִרְי֖וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְחִכִּֽי 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree*. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give both protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man and his **fruit** being **sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me, he is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
|
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2:3 fkm3 בְּצִלּוֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “In his shade”
|
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2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
|
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2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
|
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2:4 f7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨נִי֙ 1 Your language may say “took” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “He took me”
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2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
|
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2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַיָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
|
||||
2:4 hxuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֵּ֣ית הַיָּ֔יִן 1 Here, **house of wine** most likely does not refer to a literal **house of wine** but instead the woman is probably using this phrase to poetically describe a private meeting place where they could enjoy expressing their love for each other. She is describing their meeting place by using an image that was meaningful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could retain the literal translation **house of wine** and explain the meaning in a footnote (if you are using them), or you could express the meaning using a different expression that is meaningful in your culture, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our meeting place so that we could enjoy our love” or ”the place where we could celebrate our love for each other” or ”the place where we could consummate our love”
|
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2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדִגְל֥וֹ עָלַ֖י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation or if it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
|
||||
2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְדִגְל֥וֹ עָלַ֖י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention is to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
|
||||
2:4 jgbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְדִגְל֥וֹ 1 A **banner** is a flag made out of a large piece of cloth that is attached to the top of a long wooden pole. People groups and kings had their own unique banners by which they identified themselves. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could use the name of something used for a similar purpose in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and his flag”
|
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2:4 cms6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְדִגְל֥וֹ עָלַ֖י אַהֲבָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
|
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2:5 uxb2 Revive me 0 Alternate translation: “Return my strength” or “Give me energy”
|
||||
2:5 khc1 with raisin cakes 0 “by giving me raisin cakes to eat.” Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together.
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2:5 gs2a refresh me with apricots 0 Alternate translation: “support me by giving me apricots” or “help me by giving me apricots”
|
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2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor for I am weak with love 0 The woman speaks of feeling weak because her love is so strong as if love were a kind of sickness. Alternate translation: “because my love is so strong that I feel feeble”
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2:6 m6ys left hand … right hand 0 Alternate translation: “left arm … right arm”
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2:6 fq8w embraces me 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
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2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe daughters of Jerusalem 0 “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her.
|
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2:7 n4wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe by the gazelles and the does of the fields 0 Although the daughters of Jerusalem could not hear her, the woman speaks to them as if they could hear saying that the gazelles and the does will punish them they break their promise.
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2:7 sz5c the gazelles 0 These are animals that look like deer and move quickly.
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2:7 nt79 does 0 female deer
|
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2:7 w94r of the fields 0 “that live in the countryside.” This was land that has not been farmed.
|
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2:7 ekc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אִם־ תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽאִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־ הָאַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁתֶּחְפָּֽץ 0 Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person asleep that does not want to be awakened until the right time.
|
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2:7 fz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet will not awaken or arouse 0 If your language has only one word for waking people out of sleep, you could combine these words. Alternate translation: “will not awaken”
|
||||
2:5 ddvu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism סַמְּכ֨וּנִי֙ בָּֽאֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּנִי בַּתַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 These two phrases mean very similar things. In the author’s culture both raisins and **apples** were believed to give people strength for love.The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if your readers are unfamiliar with raisins and/or **apples** and you do not have an equivalent food or foods that you could substitute for them here you could combine these two phrases into one and use a general expression. Alternate translation: “Sustain and refresh me with fruit” or “strengthen me with fruit” or “strengthen me for love with fruit”
|
||||
2:5 ukb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural סַמְּכ֨וּנִי֙…רַפְּד֖וּנִי 1 The phrases **Sustain me** and **refresh me** are plural imperative forms in the original language. The woman is addressing the man using plural forms to show the intensity of her feelings. Your language may allow you to do the same thing. The ULT indicates the intensity that these two plural forms indicate by placing an exclamation point at the end of this verse. Use a natural form in your language for showing intensity of emotion.
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2:5 t16z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַמְּכ֨וּנִי֙ בָּֽאֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּנִי בַּתַּפּוּחִ֑ים כִּי־ חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of the phrases in this verse, since the second part gives the reason for the result that the first part describes. Alternate translation: “Because I am sick with love, sustain me with raisin cakes and refresh me with apples”
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2:5 khc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בָּֽאֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת 1 A **raisin** is a dried grape. Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with cakes made of dried fruit”
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2:5 gs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּתַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 An **apple** is a round pleasant tasting fruit that grows on a tree and is about the size of an adult human’s fist. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “fruit”
|
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2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּי־חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 The woman speaks of feeling **sick with love** because her feelings of love are so strong for the man that they overwhelm her body as if they were a kind of sickness. She is exaggerating in order to emphasize the strength of her feelings for the man. Alternate translation: “for my love for you is so strong that I feel as if I were sick with love” or “because my love for you overwhelms me like a sickness”
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2:5 ijwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
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2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאלוֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְרֹאשִׁ֔י וִימִינ֖וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽנִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “ I hope he puts his left arm under my head\nand holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head\nand hold me close with his right arm”
|
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2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְכֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here the author portrays the woman as speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
|
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2:7 f8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְכֶ֜ם…בִּצְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּאַיְל֣וֹת הַשָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 **I adjure you** and the word **by** are both parts of Hebrew oath or promise formulas. You can use a natural way of making a promise in your culture that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “I urge you to promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “Please, promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “I want you to make an oath … with the female gazelles or the does of the field listening”
|
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2:7 to30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
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2:7 n4wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּצְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּאַיְל֣וֹת הַשָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe that **female gazelles** and **does** live in fields and therefore are wild rather than domesticated animals. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could explain the meaning of the phrase **of the field** in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the wild female gazelles and does”
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2:7 sz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בִּצְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּאַיְל֣וֹת 1 A gazelle is an animal that is a small antelope and looks like a deer, moves quickly like a deer, and is very similar in size to a deer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or if you do not have two deer-like animals in your area or if your language does not have two different words for deer-like animals you could combine the terms **female gazelles** and **does** into one term. Alternate translation: “by the female deer of” or “by the female gazelles of”
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2:7 nt79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּאַיְל֣וֹת 1 **Does** are female deer. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the female deer of”
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2:7 ekc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אִם־ תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽאִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־ הָאַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁתֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person who could sleep and be awakened and as if it were a person who could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not encourage people to love romantically until the appropriate time” or “do not encourage people’s romantic feelings until the appropriate time”
|
||||
2:7 fz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽאִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ 1 Here, the words **awaken** and **stir** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “do not awaken”
|
||||
2:7 z2xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הָאַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
|
||||
2:8 aay2 0 # General Information:\n\nThe second part of the book begins here. It is not clear whether the woman is speaking to herself or to the daughters of Jerusalem.
|
||||
2:8 j2nl Listen 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
|
||||
2:8 rn51 my beloved 0 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
|
||||
2:8 dm9e leaping … jumping 0 The woman shows that she is excited to see the man come by using as few words as possible to describe what he is doing. Your language may have a different way of showing that the speaker is excited about what is happening.
|
||||
2:8 fr67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills 0 “leaping on the mountains, running quickly on the hills.” The woman speaks of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” (verse 9) coming quickly toward her over rough ground.
|
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2:9 l5ni gazing … peering 0 The woman shows that she is excited to see the man come by using as few words as possible to describe what he is doing. Your language may have a different way of showing that the speaker is excited about what is happening.
|
||||
2:9 f2lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a gazelle or a young stag 0 Gazelles and young stags move quickly over rough ground. The woman imagines the man coming as fast as he can to be with her. You could translate using animals in your language that people think of as fast.
|
||||
2:9 kq5f a gazelle 0 This is an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Translate as the singular of “the gazelles” as in [Song of Songs 2:7](./07.md).
|
||||
2:9 qbs9 a young stag 0 Alternate translation: “a young male deer”
|
||||
2:9 s6z4 look 0 “listen carefully” or “what I am about to say is important.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully.
|
||||
2:9 umf5 behind our wall 0 “on the other side of our wall.” The woman is in a house and the man is outside the house.
|
||||
2:9 be2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive our wall 0 The word “our” refers to the woman and the other people in the house with her. If she is speaking to herself, it is inclusive, but if she is speaking to the daughters of Jerusalem, whether she is referring to herself and her companions or to herself only in plural, as in “We are glad … We rejoice … let us celebrate” ([Song of Songs 1:4](../01/01.md)), it is exclusive.
|
||||
2:9 kf9u gazing through the window 0 Alternate translation: “he stares in through the windows”
|
||||
2:9 s9xt peering through the lattice 0 Alternate translation: “he peeks through the lattice”
|
||||
2:9 z1bl lattice 0 a cover for a window or some other entrance that someone has made by weaving long strips of wood together. Lattices have holes that people can look through.
|
||||
2:10 hl12 My beloved 0 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover”
|
||||
2:10 pah1 Arise, my love 0 Alternate translation: “Get out of bed, my love”
|
||||
2:10 fff7 my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md)
|
||||
2:11 yv91 Look 0 “Listen carefully” or “What I am about to say is important.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully.
|
||||
2:11 e658 the winter is past 0 Winter is the cold time of year when plants do not grow and people prefer to stay inside their houses. You could use the term in your language for that time of year.
|
||||
2:11 f4hz the rain is over and gone 0 In Israel it only rains during the winter. The rain here is cold and unpleasant, not the refreshing rain of the hot season.
|
||||
2:12 wfw3 The flowers have appeared 0 Alternate translation: “People can see flowers”
|
||||
2:12 j8f3 in the land 0 Alternate translation: “all over this land”
|
||||
2:12 sv72 for pruning 0 for cutting off branches from a plant so that it will produce more fruit or look better
|
||||
2:12 x3li the singing of birds 0 Alternate translation: “for birds to sing”
|
||||
2:12 zmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the sound of the doves is heard 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people can hear the sound of doves” or “the doves are cooing”
|
||||
2:8 fq0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֣וֹל דּוֹדִ֔י 1 Here the original language word which the ULT translates as **voice** is being used to get the readers attention. If it would help your readers you can indicate that explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen, I hear my beloved speaking” or “Listen, I hear my beloved approaching”
|
||||
2:8 okuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to bring attention to the man’s approach. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. See how you translated “Behold” in [1:15](../01/015.md). Alternate translation: “Look”
|
||||
2:8 happ rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָּ֑א 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “is going”
|
||||
2:8 tymi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־ הֶ֣הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־ הַגְּבָעֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The woman says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to give emphasis to what she is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing in your language, or if you do not have two words for steeply elevated inclines you could combine these two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “jumping over the mountains!” or “leaping over the hills!”
|
||||
2:8-9 fr67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַגְּבָעֽוֹת & דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִי֙ לִצְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְעֹ֣פֶר 1 The woman speaks of the man as if he were **a gazelle or a young stag**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills. My beloved is agile and fast and he exudes freedom and strength like a gazelle or a young stag”
|
||||
2:8-9 gatn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־הֶ֣הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־הַגְּבָעֽוֹת דּוֹמֶ֤ה דוֹדִי֙ לִצְבִ֔י א֖וֹ לְעֹ֣פֶר 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “My beloved resembles a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills” or “My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag, leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills”
|
||||
2:9 kq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִצְבִ֔י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular of “gazelles.”
|
||||
2:9 qbs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽאַיָּלִ֑ים 1 A **stag** is a male deer. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “male deer”
|
||||
2:9 s6z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה עוֹמֵד֙ 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to draw attention to the man’s arrival. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “Look! Here he is! Standing”
|
||||
2:9 pppj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֶ֤ה 1 Here, the phrase **this one** refers to the man who the woman calls **My beloved** in the first part of this verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this man” or “my beloved”
|
||||
2:9 umf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אַחַ֣ר כָּתְלֵ֔נוּ 1 Here, the word **our** refers to the woman and her family and does not include the man, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Alternate translation: “behind the wall of my house” or “on the other side of the wall of my family’s house”
|
||||
2:9 kf9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַשְׁגִּ֨יחַ֙ מִן־הַֽחֲלֹּנ֔וֹת מֵצִ֖יץ מִן־הַֽחֲרַכִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “gazing through the windows, yes, looking through the lattice”
|
||||
2:9 nuxr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural הַֽחֲלֹּנ֔וֹת…הַֽחֲרַכִּֽים 1 Here, the words **windows** and **lattices** are plural forms and could: (1) be used with singular meanings here. Because the author says that the man **is standing** instead of indicating that he is walking around the outside of the house, it is likely that these terms have singular meanings here. Alternate translation: “the window … the lattice” (2) have a plural meaning indicating that the man was walking around the house and looking into the house through different windows and lattices. If you decide that these two terms have a plural meaning here you can translate them in a similar way to the ULT.
|
||||
2:9 s9xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽחֲרַכִּֽים 1 A “lattice” is a cover inside a window frame that is made by weaving strips of wood together. **lattices** have holes that people can look through. If your readers would not be familiar with **lattices**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could describe **lattices** as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the screen”
|
||||
2:11 yv91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּ֥ה הסתו 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “see that the winter”
|
||||
2:11 jmbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 Here, the word **for** indicates that what follows is the motivation or reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
|
||||
2:11 e658 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הסתו 1 In Israel **winter** is the time of year when it is cold and rains more heavily than during other seasons. If the seasons do not vary much in your location, you could explain this with a general expression such as “the cold season” as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the cold rainy season” or “the cold wet season”
|
||||
2:11 asu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הסתו עָבָ֑ר הַגֶּ֕שֶׁם חָלַ֖ף 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the winter has gone; yes, the rain has passed”
|
||||
2:11 qxz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go עָבָ֑ר 1 Your language may not say **gone** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “is finished” or “is over”
|
||||
2:11 b8gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הָלַ֥ךְ לֽוֹ 1 Your language may not say **went** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “it ended” or “it left”
|
||||
2:11 eh4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָלַ֖ף הָלַ֥ךְ לֽוֹ 1 The terms **passed** and **went away** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is over and gone” or “has gone away”
|
||||
2:12 j8f3 בָאָ֔רֶץ 1 Alternate translation: “throughout the land”
|
||||
2:12 zmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְק֥וֹל הַתּ֖וֹר נִשְׁמַ֥ע 1 The phrase **the turtledove is heard** can be translated in active form. If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it is people. Alternate translation: “and people hear the voice of the turtledove” or “and people hear the turtledove cooing”
|
||||
2:13 mk2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The fig tree ripens her green figs 0 The tree is spoken of as if it were actively causing its fruit to ripen. This is a collective singular and can be translated as a plural. Alternate translation: “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe”
|
||||
2:13 ef3j vines are in blossom 0 Alternate translation: “vines are flowering” or “vines have flowers”
|
||||
2:13 xhn3 they give off 0 The word “they” refers to the blossoms on the vines.
|
||||
|
|
@ -402,8 +404,6 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
|
|||
6:4 xk88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as beautiful as Tirzah, my love, as lovely as Jerusalem 0 These cities were famous for being beautiful and pleasant to be in. The man thinks the woman is beautiful, and he takes pleasure in being with her.
|
||||
6:4 nj8w my love 0 “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
|
||||
6:4 rjr5 lovely 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:5](../01/05.md).
|
||||
6:4 uwd8 as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners 0 The beauty of the woman is so powerful that it makes the man feel helpless, as if an army were approaching him.
|
||||
6:5 e85g overwhelm me 0 “terrify me.” The eyes of the woman are so beautiful that it makes the man feel weak and afraid because he cannot resist their power.
|
||||
6:5 lbz1 Your hair … from the slopes of Gilead 0 Translate “Your hair … from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
|
||||
6:6 lxi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your teeth are like a flock of ewes 0 After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. See how “Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes” is translated in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
|
||||
6:6 j7se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit coming up from the washing place 0 The ewes are coming up out of the water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
|
||||
|
|
@ -412,18 +412,15 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
|
|||
6:6 j4u3 bereaved 0 lost a loved one who has died. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
|
||||
6:7 zid1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile are like pomegranate halves 0 Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy”
|
||||
6:7 z88b behind your veil 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
|
||||
6:8 g963 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers There are sixty queens, eighty concubines … young women without number 0 These numbers are to be large, then larger, and then beyond counting. Alternate translation: “There are 60 queens, 80 concubines … more young women than anyone could count” or “There are many queens, even more concubines, and more young women than anyone could count” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
6:9 a2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My dove 0 The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “You beautiful woman”
|
||||
6:9 dk9e my undefiled 0 “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:2](../05/02.md).
|
||||
6:9 m138 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole the only daughter of her mother 0 This is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “her mother’s special daughter” or “completely different from her mother’s other daughters”
|
||||
6:9 tej6 the woman who bore her 0 “the woman who gave birth to her.” This phrase refers to her mother.
|
||||
6:9 wmx6 young women … queens … concubines 0 the women spoken of in [Song of Songs 6:8](./08.md).
|
||||
6:9 al8y called her blessed 0 Alternate translation: “said that things had gone especially well for her”
|
||||
6:10 cw4k 0 # General Information:\n\nThe ULT understands this to be what the queens and the concubines said about the woman. However, some versions understand these to be the words of the man.
|
||||
6:10 g6e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who is this who appears like the dawn … banners? 0 They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. Alternate translation: “This is an amazing woman! She comes into view like the dawn … banners!”
|
||||
6:10 y3dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile who appears like the dawn 0 The dawn is beautiful. The woman is beautiful. Alternate translation: “who comes into view like the dawn”
|
||||
6:10 vb8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners 0 The beauty of the woman is so powerful that it makes the other women feel helpless, as if an army were approaching them. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 6:4](./04.md).
|
||||
6:11 x84j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 # General Information:\n\nThe man finishes speaking to himself. Looking to see if plants had matured is probably a metaphor for enjoying the sight of the woman’s body.
|
||||
6:10 vb8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners 0 See how you translated the similar phrase “terrifying like bannered armies” in [6:4](../06/04.md).
|
||||
6:11 xmc2 grove 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:13](../04/12.md).
|
||||
6:11 vs9r young growth 0 Alternate translation: “young plants” or “new shoots”
|
||||
6:11 qw4q had budded 0 “had grown their buds.” Buds are the small round parts of plants which open up into flowers.
|
||||
|
|
@ -435,13 +432,10 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
|
|||
6:13 za54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns we may gaze 0 Some versions understand the plural to refer to the man speaking of himself. Alternate translation: “I may gaze”
|
||||
6:13 c258 gaze 0 look intently for a long time
|
||||
6:13 e2bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns Why do you gaze on the perfect woman … armies 0 Possible meanings here are: (1) the woman refers to herself as another person and is speaking to the friends or (2) the woman is speaking to the man as if he were many men.
|
||||
6:13 iqb9 as if on the dance between two armies 0 Alternate translation: “as if she were dancing between two armies”
|
||||
7:intro hqv7 0 # Song of Songs 7 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Similes\n\nThere are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
7:1 z7jk 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is 7:2, the second verse of chapter seven, in some versions.
|
||||
7:1 v8jn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit How beautiful your feet appear in your sandals 0 It may be that the woman is dancing ([Song of Songs 6:13](../06/13.md)). Alternate translation: “Your feet are so very beautiful in your sandals as you dance”
|
||||
7:1 k8va prince’s daughter 0 Another possible interpretation is “you who have a noble character.”
|
||||
7:1 e9bd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile The curves of your thighs are like jewels 0 The shape of the woman’s thighs remind the speaker of a beautiful precious stone that a skilled workman has carved. Alternate translation: “The curves of your thighs are beautiful like the beautiful curves of jewel that a skilled craftsman has made”
|
||||
7:1 xs8e your thighs 0 The word “thighs” refers to the hips of a woman and the part of her legs that is above her knee.
|
||||
7:1 fc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the work of the hands of a master craftsman 0 The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the work of a master craftsman” or “something that a master craftsman has made”
|
||||
7:2 u88e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your navel is like a round bowl 0 A bowl is round. The woman’s navel is round.
|
||||
7:2 dp5a navel 0 the spot on the stomach left from the cord that attaches a baby to its mother
|
||||
|
|
@ -451,10 +445,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
|
|||
7:2 ah1p a mound of wheat 0 This is a pile of the grains of wheat after people remove the parts of it that they do not use.
|
||||
7:2 cz8d encircled with lilies 0 Alternate translation: “with lilies all around it”
|
||||
7:2 ue5r lilies 0 sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
|
||||
7:3 jw6n two breasts 0 If the word “two” seems unnecessary and so out of place, you could omit it. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:5](../04/04.md).
|
||||
7:3 ugf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like two fawns, twins of a gazelle 0 The man implies that the woman’s breasts are matching, soft, and perhaps small. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:5](../04/04.md).
|
||||
7:3 jh3u twins 0 the babies of a mother who gave birth to two babies at one time. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:5](../04/04.md).
|
||||
7:3 wr8t gazelle 0 an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Translate as the singular of “gazelles” as in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
|
||||
7:3 jw6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile two breasts 0 See how you translated this in [4:5](../04/05.md).
|
||||
7:4 uv17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your neck is like a tower of ivory 0 A tower is long and straight. Ivory is white. The woman’s neck is long and straight, and her skin is light in color.
|
||||
7:4 b1sy a tower of ivory 0 Alternate translation: “a tower that people have decorated with ivory”
|
||||
7:4 xgt7 ivory 0 the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make art and to make things look beautiful.
|
||||
|
|
@ -462,19 +453,16 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
|
|||
7:4 md6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Heshbon 0 This is the name of a city east of the Jordan River
|
||||
7:4 r1vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bath Rabbim 0 This is the name of a city.
|
||||
7:4 a4vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile nose is like the tower in Lebanon 0 A tower is tall and straight, and her nose is tall and straight.
|
||||
7:4 s23k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy that looks toward Damascus 0 The tower looking is a metonym for people on the tower looking. Alternate translation: “that allows people to look toward Damascus”
|
||||
7:5 jn22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your head is on you like Carmel 0 Mount Carmel is higher than everything else around it. The man wants to look at the woman’s head more than at anything else. Alternate translation: “Your head is on you like a crown, higher than anything else”
|
||||
7:4 s23k that looks toward Damascus 0 Alternate translation: “facing toward Damascus”
|
||||
7:5 jn22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile רֹאשֵׁ֤ךְ עָלַ֨יִךְ֙ כַּכַּרְמֶ֔ל וְדַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖ךְ כָּאַרְגָּמָ֑ן 1
|
||||
7:5 sr83 dark purple 0 Other possible translations are: (1) “dark black” or (2) “dark red.”
|
||||
7:5 hkk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The king is held captive by its tresses 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your hair that hangs down is so beautiful that the king is not able to stop admiring it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
7:5 l5e5 tresses 0 the clusters of hair that hang down from a woman’s head
|
||||
7:6 hqx3 my love, with delights 0 Alternate translation: “my love. You delight me”
|
||||
7:7 j31f 0 # General Information:\n\nThe man describes what he would like to do with the woman .
|
||||
7:7 jy1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your height is like that of a date palm tree 0 “You stand up like a date palm tree.” Date palm trees are tall and straight, and their branches are only at the top, with the fruit under the branches.
|
||||
7:7 f6me date palm tree 0 a tall, straight tree that produces a sweet, brown, and sticky fruit that grows in groups
|
||||
7:7 jr1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile your breasts like clusters of fruit 0 The dates on a palm tree grow soft and round in large bunches that hang from the tree just below the branches, which are all at the top. The woman’s breasts are soft and round and are just lower than her arms.
|
||||
7:8 p7ge I said 0 “I thought” or “I said to myself.” The man said this silently.
|
||||
7:8 r1b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I want to climb … its branches 0 The man wants to embrace the woman.
|
||||
7:8 w5g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile May your breasts be like clusters of grapes 0 The man wants to touch her breasts. Clusters of grapes are round and soft.
|
||||
7:8 zfb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile may the fragrance of your nose be like apricots 0 The word “nose” is a metonym for the breath coming out of the nose. Alternate translation: “may the breath coming from your nose smell sweet like apricots”
|
||||
7:8 f9is apricots 0 sweet yellow fruit
|
||||
7:9 yrg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy May your palate be like the best wine 0 The palate is a metonym for the lips. Wine tastes good. The man wants to kiss the woman’s lips. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
|
|
@ -495,15 +483,13 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
|
|||
7:13 c2ah are all sorts of choice fruits, new and old 0 Alternate translation: “is every kind of the best fruit, both old fruit and new fruit”
|
||||
7:13 jsb8 stored up for you 0 Alternate translation: “saved so I can give to you”
|
||||
7:13 h8r2 my beloved 0 This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
|
||||
8:intro d35n 0 # Song of Songs 8 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Passion\n\nThe chapter describes the passion that can exist between a husband a wife. This is the feeling of strong or uncontrollable desire for another person.
|
||||
8:intro d35n 0 # Song of Songs 8 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Passion\n\nChapter 8 describes the passion that can exist between a husband a wife. The feeling of strong desire for one another.
|
||||
8:1 me7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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8:1 dp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile you were like my brother 0 A woman could show affection for her brother in public. This woman wanted to be able to show affection for the man in public.
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8:1 v5fh you outside 0 Alternate translation: “you in public”
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8:1 zyd6 I could kiss you 0 A woman would probably kiss her brother on his cheek order to greet him.
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8:1 ec82 would despise me 0 Alternate translation: “would think that I am a bad person”
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8:2 i6ch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit she who taught me 0 taught her how to make love
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8:2 s68s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I would give you spiced wine to drink and some of the juice of my pomegranates 0 The woman uses these images to say that she will give herself to the man and make love with him.
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8:2 au41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor spiced wine 0 “wine with spices” or “wine that has spices in it.” This represents the intoxicating power of lovemaking.
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8:3 s92v His left hand … embraces me 0 See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:6](../02/05.md).
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8:3 e5cp left hand … right hand 0 Alternate translation: “left arm … right arm”
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8:3 v65k embraces me 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
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@ -527,19 +513,17 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
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8:7 e1ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor nor can floods sweep it away 0 Love never changes and always stays the same so it is like something that not even a powerful flood can move.
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8:7 dju9 floods 0 In Israel, water from the rain flows into deep and narrow valleys. This creates a flood of water so powerful that it can move huge boulders and trees.
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8:7 kqk9 sweep it away 0 Alternate translation: “carry it away” or “wash it away”
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8:7 jwh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo If a man gave … the offer would utterly be despised 0 This is something that could possibly happen. Alternate translation: “Even if a man … he would be utterly despised”
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8:7 jwh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּיתוֹ֙ בָּאַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽוֹ 1 The author is using a hypothetical situation to illustrate a truth. Alternate translation: “Even if a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love,\nthey will utterly despise him” or “Suppose a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love, they will utterly despise him”
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8:7 g5ja gave 0 offered to give
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8:7 l4u3 all the possessions in his house 0 Alternate translation: “everything he owns”
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8:7 n3pn for love 0 Alternate translation: “in order to get love” or “in order to buy love”
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8:7 nt2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the offer would utterly be despised 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people would completely despise him” or “people would harshly ridicule him”
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8:8 au5a little sister 0 Alternate translation: “young sister”
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8:8 t852 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What can we do … in marriage? 0 The speaker uses this question to introduce what he wants to say. Alternate translation: “This is what we will do … in marriage.”
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8:8 g5fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom she will be promised in marriage 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a man comes and wants to marry her” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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8:9 mpf5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe young woman’s brothers continue to speak among themselves.
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8:9 x3j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor If she is a wall … If she is a door 0 The little sister ([Song of Songs 8:8](./08.md)) has very small breasts that either have not grown or are very small.
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8:9 am5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor we will build on her a tower of silver … we will adorn her with boards of cedar 0 The brothers decide to decorate the little sister with silver and cedar, symbols of riches, so that she will be more likely to attract a good husband.
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8:9 cnw3 will adorn her 0 Alternate translation: “will decorate her”
|
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8:10 n2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I was a wall 0 The wall is a metaphor for a woman with small breasts.
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8:10 n2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I was a wall 0 The phrase **I was a wall** is a metaphor.
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8:10 mc78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile my breasts are now like fortress towers 0 Fortress towers are tall.
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8:10 rll2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I am in his eyes as one 0 Here eyes are a metonym for judgment or value. Alternate translation: “I am in his judgment as one” or “he thinks of me as one”
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8:10 b5uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit brings peace 0 You may need to make explicit to whom the woman brings peace. Alternate translation: “brings him peace”
|
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@ -552,7 +536,7 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
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8:11 t2dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney to bring a thousand shekels of silver 0 “to bring 1,000 shekels of silver.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
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8:11 e3jp shekels 0 Alternate translation: “coins”
|
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8:11 mm2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe Solomon 0 Some versions understand the woman to be speaking directly to Solomon. Others understand her to be speaking in an apostrophe to her friends, to the man, or to herself.
|
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8:12 za66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My vineyard, my very own 0 The woman refers to herself as a vineyard, as in [Song of Songs 1:6](../01/05.md). Here she emphasizes that she and no one else will decide what she dies with the “vineyard.”
|
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8:12 za66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My vineyard, my very own 0 The woman refers to herself as a vineyard, as in [Song of Songs 1:6](../01/05.md). Here she emphasizes that she and no one else will decide what she does with the “vineyard.”
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8:12 gc75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom is before me 0 This is an idiom that means the a person has the right to do what they want with something. Alternate translation: “is at my disposal” or “is mine to do with as I desire”
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8:12 tl1c the thousand shekels are for you, Solomon 0 The woman knows that Solomon has leased out the vineyard so he can get money, but she does not want money.
|
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8:12 t7u1 the two hundred shekels 0 The speaker has not mentioned these before, but the hearer would understand that she is speaking of the money that those who worked the vineyard would have left for their own after they paid Solomon.
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@ -564,3 +548,6 @@ front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General
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8:14 yhn7 gazelle 0 a type of slender deer-like animal with long curved horns
|
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8:14 gp9l stag 0 an adult male deer
|
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8:14 mqx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the mountains of spices 0 “the mountains that have spices all over them.” The woman uses this metaphor to invite the man to make love to her. See how the man uses the metaphor of a mountain of myrrh and a hill of frankincense in [Song of Songs 4:6](../04/06.md).
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7:3 wr8t gazelle 0
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2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
|
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2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
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Reference in New Issue