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front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Isaiah\n\n1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)\n1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)\n1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)\n1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)\n1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)\n1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)\n1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)\n1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)\n1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)\n1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)\n1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)\n1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)\n\n\n### What is the Book of Isaiah about?\n\nThe first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1–39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36–39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.\n\nThe second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40–66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### When was the Book of Isaiah written?\n\nIsaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36–39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?\n\nJews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1–7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40–66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.\n\n### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?\n\nIsaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?\n\nThe name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])\n\n### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?\n\nMost of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.\n\nSometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.\n\nIsaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1–9; 49:1–7; 50:4–9; and 52:13–53:12. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
1:intro q326 0 # Isaiah 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2–31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Woe\n\nThe prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nYahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Isaiah\n\n1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)\n1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)\n1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)\n1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)\n1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)\n1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)\n1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)\n1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)\n1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)\n1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)\n1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)\n1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)\n\n\n### What is the Book of Isaiah about?\n\nThe first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1–39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36–39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.\n\nThe second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40–66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### When was the Book of Isaiah written?\n\nIsaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36–39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?\n\nJews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1–7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40–66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.\n\n### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?\n\nIsaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah said that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city, and people from all over the world would go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to have begun with the coming of Jesus (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2).\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?\n\nThe name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])\n\n### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?\n\nMost of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that they wanted people to remember.\\\n\\\nWhen he spoke in poetic form, Isaiah could safely assume that his original hearers would know what he was talking about. However, readers today do not always understand what he meant. Nevertheless, Isaiah’s basic message is still clear to us today. His message is about how God’s people sinned against him, how God would punish them, and how God would eventually comfort and restore them.\\\n\\\nIsaiah speaks about a figure he calls the Servant of Yahweh in four different poems. Today these are called the “Servant Songs.” Christians understand these to be prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1–9; 49:1–7; 50:4–9; and 52:13–53:12. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])
1:intro q326 0 # Isaiah 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2–31, which records what Yahweh told Isaiah to tell the people of Israel.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Woe\n\nThe prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nThere are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nYahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1:1 qur5 The vision of Isaiah … that he saw 0 Alternate translation: “This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah”
1:1 zfq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Amoz 0 Amoz was the father of Isaiah.
1:1 i66y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Judah and Jerusalem 0 “Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem”
@ -10,12 +10,10 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:2 v1jh Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:2 q3lw I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me 0 Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
1:2 nn1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I have nourished and brought up children 0 Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: “I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children”
1:3 hsf5 The ox knows … does not understand 0 Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh.
1:3 k1dl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the donkey his master’s feeding trough 0 You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the donkey knows his master’s feeding trough” or “the donkey knows where his master gives him food”
1:3 i9j2 but Israel does not know, Israel does not understand 0 This probably means “but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them.”
1:3 gxd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Israel 0 This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
1:4 s8qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
1:4 blg2 Nation, sinners 0 This could mean: (1) Isaiah is saying two different things about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of Israel, you sinners” or (2) he is saying only one thing about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of sinners”
1:4 w37n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor a people weighed down with iniquity 0 Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: “their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk”
1:4 j97s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor offspring of evildoers 0 The word “offspring” is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: “people who do the same evil they see others doing”
1:4 bwr8 act corruptly 0 do evil deeds
@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:9 cf1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
1:9 a3aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo If Yahweh 0 This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not.
1:9 cy37 a small remnant 0 Alternate translation: “a few survivors”
1:9 qe2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive us … we 0 Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem.
1:9 qe2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive us … we 0 Isaiah is using the words **us** and **we** to refer to himself and to all the people of Judah and Jerusalem, so use the inclusive form of those words in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
1:9 y4cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah 0 How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1:10 p3g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
1:10 vtc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah 0 Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah”
@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:21 lhv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
1:21 bhm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy How the faithful city 0 This exclamation shows Isaiah’s anger and sadness about the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “See how the people of Jerusalem, who had been faithful to God”
1:21 v446 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has become a prostitute 0 Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “acts like a prostitute”
1:21 v25z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor but now she is full of murderers 0 The word “she” refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: “but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers”
1:21 v25z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns but now she is full of murderers 0 The pronoun “she” refers to the city of Jerusalem. In this culture, it was conventional to refer to cities with feminine pronouns. In your translation, use whatever pronoun would be natural. Alternate translation: “it was full”
1:22 n46w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed with water 0 Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for: (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water” or (2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: “You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless”
1:22 tbh7 silver … impure 0 Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly.
1:22 b14q wine … water 0 Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water.
@ -108,13 +106,13 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
1:28 ekb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive those who abandon Yahweh will be done away with 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him” or “and Yahweh will kill all who reject him”
1:29 aa8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
1:29 rnp2 the sacred oak trees … gardens 0 These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols.
1:29 q2lw you will be embarrassed by 0 Some versions read, “you will blush because of.” A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong.
1:29 q2lw you will blush because of 0 A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong.
1:30 sp75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades, and like a garden that has no water 0 Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life.
1:31 sh9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
1:31 mly5 The strong man 0 “The strong person” or “Whoever is powerful.” This may refer to people who are important and who influence other people.
1:31 lq77 tinder 0 dry material that burns easily
1:31 a5w2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his work like a spark 0 This compares the person’s deeds or evil works to a spark that falls on tinder and sets it on fire. Alternate translation: “his work will be like a spark that starts a fire”
2:intro pr4a 0 # Isaiah 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2–22.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Latter days\n\nThis is probably a reference to the “last days.” This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])\n\n### Idolatry\n\nWhile the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
2:intro pr4a 0 # Isaiah 2 General Notes\n\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2–22.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n\n### The last days\n\n\nSee the discussion of the "last days" in the General Introduction to Isaiah.\n\n\n### Idolatry\n\n\nWhile the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])
2:1 tt88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem.
2:1 p86l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Judah and Jerusalem 0 “Judah” and “Jerusalem” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem”
2:2 dw9n in the last days 0 Alternate translation: “in the future”
@ -225,9 +223,9 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
3:11 ti8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy for the recompense of his hands will be done to him 0 Here “hands” stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: “for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him”
3:12 yn5p My people … My people 0 This could mean: (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh.
3:12 zg6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor children are their oppressors 0 This could mean: (1) “young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people” or (2) “their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people.”
3:12 j52r women rule over them 0 This could mean: (1) “women rule over the people” or (2) “their leaders are weak like women.”
3:12 j52r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit women rule over them 0 While the people of Israel had had some strong women leaders, such as Deborah ([Judges 5:7](../jud/05/07.md)) and Miriam ([Micah 6:4](../06/04.md)), in general men tended to be the leaders in Israel because they were physically stronger and that was an important qualification in the ancient culture. The Bible is not saying here that women are inferior to men or that they do not make good leaders. Rather, the implicit meaning is that enemy armies would kill most of the strong men in Israel, so that few of them would be left to serve as leaders. (Isaiah says this specifically in verses 1–4 of this chapter.) Alternate translation: “for there are no strong men left to rule over it”
3:12 t5bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the direction of your path 0 It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation’s leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah’s leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: “your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go”
3:13 c84g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people 0 Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3:13 c84g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people 0 Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to judge and punish the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
3:14 exq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will come with judgment 0 Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “will announce his judgment” or “will declare his judgment”
3:14 j6us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You have ruined the vineyard 0 Here “you” refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: “My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:14 cn9b the plunder from the poor is in your houses 0 Alternate translation: “the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses”
@ -402,7 +400,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
6:7 g4x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor your guilt has been taken away 0 Yahweh no longer considering a person to be guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were an object that someone could take away from someone else.
6:8 n956 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the voice of the Lord say 0 Here “voice” represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord say”
6:8 at9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Whom shall I send 0 It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people”
6:8 ria2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive who will go for us 0 It seems “us” refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking.
6:8 ria2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive who will go for us 0 Yahweh is using the word **us** to refer both to himself and to the members of the heavenly council to whom he is speaking, so use the inclusive form of the word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
6:9 vja4 this people 0 Alternate translation: “the people of Israel”
6:9 iq3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive 0 This could mean: (1) the imperatives “do not understand” and “do not perceive” express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: “You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand” or (2) the imperatives “Listen” and “see” express the idea of “if.” Alternate translation: “Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand”
6:9 m1yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive 0 You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “Listen to Yahweh’s message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means”
@ -422,7 +420,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
6:13 h3vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown terebinth 0 a kind of oak tree
6:13 tbt2 trunk … stump 0 A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down.
6:13 p9id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the holy seed 0 The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed.
7:intro kcq7 0 # Isaiah 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7–9, 18–25.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “Young woman”\nSome translations choose to translate this as “virgin” and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel\n\nIn this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe.
7:intro kcq7 0 # Isaiah 7 General Notes\\\n\\\n## Structure and formatting\\\n\\\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7–9, 18–25.\\\n\\\n## Special concepts in this chapter\\\n\\\n### “Young woman” or "virgin" in 7:14\\\nIn verse 14, Isaiah uses a specific term that describes a woman who has reached the age at which she is able to have children but who has not yet had a child. This term could apply to a woman who was married or to a woman who was not yet married. Some translators of the Bible have translated this term as “virgin” because they have considered it to be a prophesy of how the Messiah would be born of a woman who had never had sexual relations with a man. Jesus was born in this way ([Matthew 1:18](../01/18.md), [Luke 1:34](../01/34.md)). Other translators have considered that the initial reference of this prophecy was to the wife of Ahaz, the queen of Judah, who had not yet given birth to a royal heir, and so they translate the term as "young woman," since she was married. (The fact that there was no heir to the throne may have provided an occasion for the enemies of Judah to try to make someone else king, as verse 6 describes.) Understood this way, the prophecy would be a promise that Ahaz's queen would indeed give birth to a royal heir (this child became the godly king Hezekiah) and the dynasty of David would continue, particularly since God would also defeat those enemies. It is possible that this prophecy had an initial fulfillment in Hezekiah and a later fulfillment in Jesus. Some languages may be able to accommodate both possibilities by using a term such as the English word "maiden," which has the same general range of reference as the term that Isaiah uses. This is what the ULT does. If your language does not have such a term, if a translation of the Bible already exists in your region, you may wish to use a term similar to the one that it uses; if a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, decide which interpretive possibility you would like to express in your translation.\\\n\\\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\\\n\\\n### Israel\\\n\\\nIn this chapter, the name Israel describes the northern of the two kingdoms into which the former larger kingdom of Israel, which David and Solomon had ruled, had become divided. This chapter also refers to this northern kingdom as Ephraim, using the name of its most prominent tribe.
7:1 u9lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom During the days of Ahaz … king of Judah 0 “When Ahaz … was king of Judah” This was when the events happened.
7:1 e4tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Rezin … Pekah … Remaliah 0 men’s names
7:1 vuv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Rezin … and Pekah … went up 0 The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin … and Pekah … led their armies up”
@ -458,7 +456,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
7:13 v36u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God? 0 These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!”
7:14 ecy9 the young woman will conceive 0 Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, “the virgin will conceive,” while others translate “the young woman will conceive.”
7:14 s44h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names his name Immanuel 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’”
7:15 jl15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good 0 This could mean: (1) “By the time that child is old enough to eat curds and honey, he will be able to reject what is evil and choose what is good.” This emphasizes that the child will be very young when he knows to choose what is right instead of wrong or (2) “By the time the child is old enough to reject what is evil and choose what is good, he will be eating curds and honey.” The people of Judah considered a child to be responsible for doing what is right when he was 12 years old. This emphasizes that within twelve years the people will be able to eat much curds and honey because most of the people of Israel will be killed or taken as captives.
7:15 jl15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good 0 People generally expect a child to know right from wrong once the child is a few years old. So the implication is that what Isaiah is describing will happen within a few years. Alternate translation: “Within a few years, he will eat curds and honey”
7:15 s9yg curds 0 milk that people have treated to make it into a soft solid
7:15 di2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj refuse the evil and choose the good 0 Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds”
7:16 dht9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj refuse the evil and choose the good 0 Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md). Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds”
@ -482,14 +480,12 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
7:25 azm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They will stay away from all the hills that were cultivated with the hoe 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “People will stay away from the hills where they once prepared the soil to plant crops”
8:intro c8jg 0 # Isaiah 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:6–18, 21–22.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust in Yahweh\n\nIsrael will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
8:1 kzi2 Yahweh said to me 0 Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah.
8:2 x1fq I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking: “I will call honest men to be witnesses” or (2) Isaiah is speaking: “I called honest men to be witnesses” or (3) Yahweh is commanding Isaiah: “Call honest men to be witnesses.”
8:3 j2ld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism I went to the prophetess 0 It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:4 g5hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria”
8:6 k9mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah 0 The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
8:6 x9t3 this people 0 If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.” Alternate translation: “this people group”
8:6 mbx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit is happy over Rezin and Remaliah’s son 0 The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel”
8:7 l4ii rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns therefore the Lord is 0 Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am”
8:7 pbf5 bring up on them 0 The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.”
8:7 ctu2 on them 0 Alternate translation: “on the people of Judah”
8:7 t9mv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the waters of the River, mighty and many, the king of Assyria and all his glory 0 The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river”
8:7 x441 the River 0 the Euphrates River in Assyria
@ -519,7 +515,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
8:17 p16z house of Jacob 0 people of Israel
8:18 b1mr I and the sons whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel 0 “I and the sons Yahweh has given me are like signs to warn the people of Israel.” The sons are Shear-Jashub and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, whose names are a message to the people of Israel. (See: [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md) and [Isaiah 8:1](./01.md))
8:19 vs7z 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaiah is speaking.
8:19 ld5t They will say to you, “Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits,” the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? 0 Other This could mean: (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!”
8:19 ld5t They will say to you, “Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits,” the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? 0 This could mean: (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!”
8:19 im2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you They will say to you 0 The word “they” refers to those who do not trust Yahweh. The word “you” is plural and refers to those who trust Yahweh.
8:19 sx96 the ones who chirp and mutter incantations 0 The words “chirp” and “mutter” refer to the sounds mediums and spiritists made when trying to speak to dead people. Alternate translation: “they people who whisper and mutter their magic words to try and speak to dead people”
8:19 n9lj chirp 0 make sounds like birds
@ -570,7 +566,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
9:12 gk5w In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand 0 “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
9:12 kxn9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his hand is still stretched out 0 Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them”
9:13 f9al Yahweh of hosts 0 See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
9:14 in46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor head and tail 0 Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15. The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, is “the leader and the noble man,” and the “tail,” the dirty part of the animal, is “the prophet who teaches lies.”
9:14 in46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor head and tail 0 Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15, so you do not need to add any information about its meaning here in your translation.
9:14 cj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor palm branch and reed 0 The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and is a metaphor for people who are important and rule others. The “reed” grows in shallow water and is a metaphor for people who are poor and unimportant and are ruled by others.
9:16 qp35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Those who lead this people lead them astray 0 The leaders causing people to disobey is spoken of as if the leaders led them on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “The leaders of Israel have caused the people to disobey God”
9:16 ck73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor those who are led by them are swallowed up 0 This is a metaphor that can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “those that they lead become confused” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys those that they lead” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@ -581,7 +577,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
9:18 ee5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet briers … thorns 0 The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes”
9:19 ctw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Through the fury of Yahweh of hosts the land is scorched 0 Translate “Yahweh of hosts” as in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord’s intense anger will destroy the people of Israel” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:19 bg78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom No man spares his brother 0 To “spare” someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: “No one does anything to help his own brother escape”
9:20 e6kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand 0 This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it.
9:20 e6kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand 0 This expression refers to two directions, the **right** and the **left**, to mean that the people will grab food in those and all other directions, wherever they can find it.
9:20 sl21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Each will even eat the flesh of his own arm 0 This could mean: (1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or (2) the word “arm” is a metaphor for the person’s neighbor.
9:21 y7rj In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand 0 “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md).
9:21 gxv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his hand is still stretched out 0 Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them”
@ -607,7 +603,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
10:6 i3fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who bear my overflowing wrath 0 Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them”
10:6 tam5 to take the spoil 0 Alternate translation: “to take everything they have”
10:6 wy5h to take the prey 0 to take the people like prey. See how you translated “prey” in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md).
10:6 ay7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile trample them like mud 0 This could mean: (1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: “trample them until they become like mud” or (2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: “completely defeat them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:6 ay7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile trample them like mud 0 Yahweh is speaking as if the enemies of Israel will literally walk on the Israelites and flatten them. He means that these enemies will completely defeat them. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and to completely defeat the people of Israel”
10:7 y94n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit But this is not what he intends, nor does he think this way 0 The meaning of “this” and “this way” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon”
10:7 qn96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet It is in his heart to destroy and eliminate many nations 0 The words “destroy” and “eliminate” mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He wants to completely destroy many nations”
10:8 pc5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Are not all my princes kings? 0 The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: “I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!”
@ -680,7 +676,6 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
10:33 a8t9 Yahweh of hosts 0 See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md).
10:33 bh4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will lop off the boughs … the lofty will be brought low 0 Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it.
10:33 qb4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will lop off the boughs 0 “will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees.
10:33 xxu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns with a terrifying crash 0 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **crash**, you can express the same idea with the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise”
10:33 jg1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the tallest trees will be cut down 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees”
10:33 uza4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the tallest trees 0 This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.”
10:33 n2ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the lofty will be brought low 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people”
@ -729,7 +724,7 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
11:12 f68i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will set up a banner for the nations 0 This could mean: (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations”
11:12 n5uv a banner for the nations 0 Alternate translation: “a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself”
11:12 wg94 the dispersed of Judah 0 Alternate translation: “the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world”
11:12 n4s1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from the four corners of the earth 0 The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: “from even the most distant places of the earth” or “from all over the earth”
11:12 n4s1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from the four corners of the earth 0 The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. Yahweh is using those distant places to mean everywhere that is closer as well. Alternate translation: “from all over the earth”
11:13 tv6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns He will turn aside the envy of Ephraim 0 Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun “envy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious”
11:13 f12r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Judah will no longer be hostile to Ephraim 0 Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile” or “he will stop the people of Judah from hating”
11:14 j77a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor they will swoop down on the Philistine hills 0 The people of Israel and Judah are pictured as if they were birds that fly down quickly to attack a person or animal. Alternate translation: “they will go quickly to the Philistine hills to attack the people there”
@ -748,7 +743,6 @@ front:intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introductio
12:2 bt8a He has become my salvation 0 Alternate translation: “He has saved me”
12:3 ig6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation 0 Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well”
12:4 ut6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy call upon his name 0 Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: “praise him loudly” or “call to him to help you”
12:4 jq63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns declare his deeds among the peoples 0 The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the phrase “what he has done.” Alternate translation: “Tell the peoples about the great things he has done”
12:4 wi1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy proclaim that his name is exalted 0 Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “proclaim that he is exalted” or “proclaim that he is great”
12:6 b2j7 for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel 0 Alternate translation: “because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you”
13:intro qak7 0 # Isaiah 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Prophecies\n\nIt is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])

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@ -1848,7 +1848,7 @@ front:intro k2y2 0 # Introduction to Nehemiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
13:25 k1x9 וָ⁠אֲקַֽלְלֵ֔⁠ם 1 As in [10:29](../10/29.md), **curse** means to express the wish that God would punish someone. Alternate translation: “I said I wished that God would punish them”
13:25 hg44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וָ⁠אַכֶּ֥ה מֵ⁠הֶ֛ם אֲנָשִׁ֖ים וָֽ⁠אֶמְרְטֵ֑⁠ם 1 By performing these actions, Nehemiah demonstrated to these men symbolically how serious a wrong they had committed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I struck some of them and pulled out their hair to show how wrong they were to have married foreign women”
13:25 gzx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וָ⁠אַשְׁבִּיעֵ֣⁠ם בֵּֽ⁠אלֹהִ֗ים אִם־תִּתְּנ֤וּ בְנֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙ לִ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠אִם־תִּשְׂאוּ֙ מִ⁠בְּנֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם לִ⁠בְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 Here Nehemiah is reporting the words of the oath in the second person, because this is his account of how he spoke to the men who had married foreign women. When these men said the actual oath, they would have used the first person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the first person in your translation as well. Alternate translation: “I made them take this oath: ‘If we allow our daughters to marry their sons, or if we or our sons marry their daughters, may God punish us severely’”
13:25 k1y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וָ⁠אַשְׁבִּיעֵ֣⁠ם בֵּֽ⁠אלֹהִ֗ים אִם־תִּתְּנ֤וּ בְנֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙ לִ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠אִם־תִּשְׂאוּ֙ מִ⁠בְּנֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם לִ⁠בְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 Nehemiah has the men take an oath using a common Hebrew formula that leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. Whenever a person takes an oath using this formula, the implication is, “May God punish me severly if I do this thing.” Alternate translation: “If we allow our daughters to marry their sons, or if we or our sons marry their daughters, may God punish us severely!”
13:25 k1y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula וָ⁠אַשְׁבִּיעֵ֣⁠ם בֵּֽ⁠אלֹהִ֗ים אִם־תִּתְּנ֤וּ בְנֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙ לִ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠אִם־תִּשְׂאוּ֙ מִ⁠בְּנֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם לִ⁠בְנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 Nehemiah has the men take an oath using a common Hebrew formula that leaves out some of the words that a sentence would ordinarily need in order to be complete. Whenever a person takes an oath using this formula, the implication is, “May God punish me severely if I do this thing.” Alternate translation: “If we allow our daughters to marry their sons, or if we or our sons marry their daughters, may God punish us severely!”
13:25 k1y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּתְּנ֤וּ בְנֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙ לִ⁠בְנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 This is an idiom that means **allow your daughters to marry their sons** or **give your daughters in marriage to their sons**
13:25 k1y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּשְׂאוּ֙ מִ⁠בְּנֹ֣תֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 This is an idiom that means “if you take any of their daughters as wives”
13:26 k1y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֲ⁠ל֣וֹא עַל־אֵ֣לֶּה חָטָֽא־שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֡ל 1 Here Nehemiah supports his argument by appealing to facts that he assumes these men will know. Alternate translation: “you know that Solomon king of Israel sinned because he married foreign women”
@ -1861,7 +1861,7 @@ front:intro k2y2 0 # Introduction to Nehemiah\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
13:27 vp56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶ֣ם הֲ⁠נִשְׁמַ֗ע לַ⁠עֲשֹׂת֙ אֵ֣ת כָּל־הָ⁠רָעָ֤ה הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָה֙ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את לִ⁠מְעֹ֖ל בֵּֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ לְ⁠הֹשִׁ֖יב נָשִׁ֥ים נָכְרִיּֽוֹת 1 Nehemiah uses a question form for emphasis once again as he continues to scold these men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate what he says as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “We will not accept your excuses and allow you to keep doing this thing that is so wrong”
13:27 k1cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶ֣ם הֲ⁠נִשְׁמַ֗ע 1 As in [9:16](../09/16.md) and [9:29](../09/29.md), **listen** in this context is an idiom that means not just to hear a statement about a course of action, but to agree to follow it. If your language has a word for “listen” that also means “agree,” you could use it here. Alternate translation: “we will not heed your words”
13:27 k1dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־הָ⁠רָעָ֤ה הַ⁠גְּדוֹלָה֙ הַ⁠זֹּ֔את 1 Here, the word **all** does not indicate the entirety of something. Instead, it expresses emphasis. Alternate translation: “this thing that is so wrong”
13:27 k1ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠מְעֹ֖ל בֵּֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ לְ⁠הֹשִׁ֖יב נָשִׁ֥ים נָכְרִיּֽוֹת 1 Here acting unfaithfully means violating the Law of Moses. Nehemiah assumes that these men will know that the law forbade the Israelites to marry outside their people group. (In fact, it does so using language very much like the oath that Nehemiah made these men swear. For example, “Do not give your daughters to their sons or take their daughters for your sons,” Deuteronomy 7:3.) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “By marrying foreign women, you are breaking the law that God gave us”
13:27 k1ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִ⁠מְעֹ֖ל בֵּֽ⁠אלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ לְ⁠הֹשִׁ֖יב נָשִׁ֥ים נָכְרִיּֽוֹת 1 Here acting unfaithfully means violating the Law of Moses. Nehemiah assumes that these men will know that the law forbade the Israelites to marry outside their people group. (In fact, the law does so using language very much like the oath that Nehemiah made these men swear, for example, “Do not give your daughters to their sons or take their daughters for your sons,” Deuteronomy 7:3.) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “By marrying foreign women, you are breaking the law that God gave us”
13:27 k1ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠הֹשִׁ֖יב 1 As in [13:23](../13/23.md), this is an expression that refers to marriage. Alternate translation: “marrying”
13:28 k1gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֨י 1 In this context, the conjunction **And** indicates that this sentence will provide background information that is necessary for understanding the next event the book will describe. You could express the same meaning with a word that indicates this in your language.
13:28 k1hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠מִ⁠בְּנֵ֨י 1 This means **one of the sons of.**

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