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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Hosea\n\n1. God tells Hosea to marry Gomer as a picture of how Israel relates to Yahweh (1:1–3:5)\n1. Israel betrays, wanders, and sins; Yahweh appeals and pleas to return to him (4:1–7:3)\n1. The conflict between Yahweh and Israel explained in various ways (7:4–13:8)\n * Similes: oven, cake, dove, bow (7:4–16)\n * Israel openly lies and rebels (8:1–14)\n * The end of Israel predicted (9:1–17)\n * Similes: grapes, vine, calf, lion, children, birds, and doves (10:1–11:11)\n * Israel sins, betrays, and breaks alliances (11:12–12:1)\n * Israel’s history remembered (12:2–13:16)\n * Idolatry (13:1–8)\n1. Israel is hostile to Yahweh (13:9–16)\n1. Yahweh’s last appeals to Israel (14:1–9)\n\n### What is the Book of Hosea about?\n\nThis book contains the prophecies of Hosea, son of Beeri. Hosea lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He often called this kingdom Ephraim or Samaria. Hosea prophesied for about 38 years and predicted that Assyria would destroy the northern kingdom of Israel.\n\nHosea began to prophesy around 753 B.C., just before King Jeroboam II died. At this time, the kingdom of Israel was prosperous but spiritually weak. Hosea warned how Yahweh would punish Israel unless the people turned back to Yahweh and were faithful to him.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally named “The Book of Hosea” or just “Hosea.” Translators may also call it “The Book About Hosea” or “The Sayings of Hosea.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Hosea?\n\nAlthough this book tells what Hosea prophesied, it is uncertain whether Hosea wrote the book himself. It was probably written after Samaria, the capital of the norther kingdom, was destroyed in 721 B.C.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute?\n\nGod told Hosea to marry the prostitute Gomer. This represented how the kingdom of Israel related to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. This is compared to a woman who is unfaithful to her husband breaks her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### What is a lawsuit?\n\nMany cultures have a process for resolving disputes through law courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. The Book of Hosea contains some legal terms. This is because Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a husband accusing his wife in court of being unfaithful to him. Part of the Book of Hosea follows the form of a lawsuit. A problem is identified (4:1), someone is accused (4:4), someone is found guilty (4:15), and the guilty ones will be punished (5:1).\n\n### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship?\n\nIsrael was supposed to worship Yahweh alone. But they worshiped both Yahweh and the Canaanite gods such as Baal. This was a major reason why Yahweh judged the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What does the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” mean?\n\nThe prophet used the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” to mark a message as truly coming from God.\n\n### Why are English translations of Hosea very different?\n\nHosea 4–14 has many problems of interpretation. Some phrases in Hosea are beyond how we currently understand the Hebrew language. Many English versions have translated these difficult sections very differently.\n\n### What does the term “Israel” mean in Hosea?\n\nIn Hosea, “Israel” is used only to refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. It is not used to refer to the southern kingdom or to the two kingdoms together. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]])
1:intro ud3c 0 # Hosea 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2–11.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Hosea’s marriage\nGod does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel’s unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\nHosea’s marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel’s relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nHosea 1–4 is controlled by a metaphor that Hosea lived out. He was personifying the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. Hosea played the part of Yahweh, and Gomer played the part of Israel.
1:1 x3qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the word of Yahweh that came 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the word that Yahweh God spoke”
1:1 fhy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beeri 0 This is the name of a man.
1:1 f238 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Uzziah … Jotham … Ahaz … Hezekiah … Jeroboam … Joash 0 The events in this book happened during the time of these kings.
1:1 ghv4 Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
1:2 m57n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor great prostitution 0 Here “prostitution” represents the people being unfaithful to God.
1:3 l8fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gomer … Diblaim 0 These are names of people.
1:4 gin3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the house of Jehu 0 Here “house” means “family,” including Jehu’s descendants.
1:4 gin3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of Jehu 0 Here “house” means “family,” including Jehu’s descendants.
1:4 ykw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the house of Israel 0 This expression refers to kingdom of Israel.
1:5 e655 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the bow of Israel 0 Here “bow” refers to the power of the army. Alternate translation: “the military power of Israel”
1:6 jgz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Lo-Ruhamah 0 This name means “no mercy.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. Alternate translation: “No Mercy”
@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:2 e3qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor neither am I her husband 0 Yahweh can no longer be in relationship with the nation of Israel as a husband would be to his wife.
2:2 l76m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor her acts of adultery 0 A wife who is adulterous leaves her husband to sleep with another man. This is how Israel was acting toward Yahweh.
2:2 qp68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from between her breasts 0 This imagery suggests that Israel is relying on the idols and not Yahweh.
2:3 x3z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will strip her naked and show her nakedness as on the day that she was born 0 Yahweh will no longer protect and provide for Israel because the nation has turned away from him. In Israel, husbands were obliged by law to provide clothes for their wives. Not to do so was a sign that a man was rejecting his wife. The full meaning of this may be made clear. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
2:3 x3z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will strip her naked and show her nakedness as on the day that she was born 0 Yahweh will no longer protect and provide for Israel because the nation has turned away from him. In Israel, husbands were obliged by law to provide clothes for their wives.
2:3 w84f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I will make her like the wilderness 0 Yahweh will change Israel to resemble the wilderness, which is a region that is bare and unproductive.
2:3 tk9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will make her die from thirst 0 Here “thirst” refers to the need to worship and rely on Yahweh, not idols, or Israel will not be able to survive as a nation.
2:4 dt2c 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:5 bbd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For their mother has been a prostitute 0 The previous generation who sought out other gods were considered prostitutes for they were unfaithful to Yahweh.
2:5 pdr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will go after my lovers, for they give me my bread and water, my wool and flax, my oil and drink 0 Here “my lovers” refers to Baal and other false gods, whom Israel has chosen to worship instead of Yahweh. The list of things are essential items that allow the people to live.
2:6 e3xg 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking to Hosea.
2:6 n4ve rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Therefore I will build up a hedge to block her way with thorns. I will build up a wall against her so she cannot find her way 0 This passage indicates that Yahweh will prevent his people from finding success and prosperity, becuase they continue to worship idols. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
2:6 n4ve rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Therefore I will build up a hedge to block her way with thorns. I will build up a wall against her so she cannot find her way 0 This passage indicates that Yahweh will prevent his people from finding success and prosperity, because they continue to worship idols.
2:7 pk67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Then she will say, “I will return to my first husband, for it was better for me then than it is now.” 0 Israel will return to Yahweh not because of their love for him, but because they are disappointed by their worship of Baal.
2:8 i559 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
2:9 v55u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will take back my wool and flax that were used to cover her nakedness 0 This probably means that Israel’s harvests and flocks will fail. Yahweh will remove his blessings from Israel, and the people will be left alone and in danger of attack.
@ -51,9 +50,8 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
2:10 jfc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Then I will strip her naked in the sight of her lovers 0 This means God will humiliate the people of Israel in front of the other nations nearby. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:3](../02/03.md).
2:10 j4bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy no one will rescue her out of my hand 0 No one will try to help Israel. Here “hand” refers to God’s power to punish.
2:12 ege9 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do to Israel.
2:12 bqk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor These are the wages that my lovers gave me 0 This refers to payment that Israel received from the false gods or Baals. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that these were the wages that her lovers had given to her” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
2:12 bqk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor These are the wages that my lovers gave me 0 This refers to payment that Israel received from the false gods or Baals. Alternate translation: “that these were the wages that her lovers had given to her”
2:12 f2fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make them a forest 0 Yahweh will destroy the vineyards and fruit trees by allowing other trees and weeds to grow among them.
2:13 i7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person this is Yahweh’s declaration 0 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
2:14 a2gy Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is speaking about Israel.
2:14 uxh6 So I am going to win her back 0 Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, will bring her back to me”
2:15 cf8d the Valley of Achor as a door of hope 0 As Yahweh lead Israel out of Egypt, he will lead Israel to the Valley of Achor so that Israel will hope again in Yahweh.
@ -109,7 +107,7 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
4:6 pq57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive My people are being destroyed because of the lack of knowledge 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My people are perishing because you, the priests, have not properly taught them about me so that they will obey me”
4:6 j1k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit knowledge 0 Here “knowledge” refers to the knowledge of God.
4:7 g6wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They exchanged their honor for shame 0 This could mean: (1) “honor” is a metonym that represents Yahweh, and “shame” is a metonym that represents idols. Alternate translation: “They have stopped worshiping me, their honorable God, and now worship shameful idols” or (2) some Bible versions translate this as “I will exchange their honor for shame.” This means Yahweh will take away the things which the priests honor and cause the priests to be ashamed.
4:8 ajz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They feed on the sin of my people 0 When people sinned, they would offer sacrifices so God would forgive them. The priests were allowed to eat these sacrifices. The priests eating these sacrifices for sin is spoken of as if they would actually feed on the people’s sins. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:8 ajz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They feed on the sin of my people 0 When people sinned, they would offer sacrifices so God would forgive them. The priests were allowed to eat these sacrifices.
4:8 e3kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they are greedy for more of their wickedness 0 The priests want the people to sin more so that the people will offer more sacrifices that the priests may eat.
4:9 lv38 It will be the same for the people as for the priests 0 Alternate translation: “The people and the priests will be punished in the same way”
4:9 xfi6 their practices 0 Alternate translation: “their habits” or “their conduct”
@ -131,12 +129,12 @@ front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction
4:15 g1ti Do not go to Gilgal, you people; do not go up to Beth Aven 0 The people of Judah are being warned not to go to the cities of Gilgal or Beth Aven to worship idols in those places. Gilgal was once a place where Yahweh had been worshiped, but it had become a place of idol worship.
4:15 wj2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beth Aven 0 This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom.
4:16 vaf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a stubborn heifer 0 Israel is compared to a young cow that will not obey its master.
4:16 b1k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor How can Yahweh bring them to pasture like lambs in a meadow? 0 Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he cannot continue to take care of the people because they are stubborn. Yahweh no longer taking care of his people is spoken of as if he were a shepherd that could not take his lambs into the field to eat because they are stubborn. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not shepherd a rebellious people.” or “Therefore Yahweh will not continue to take care of them.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
4:16 b1k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor How can Yahweh bring them to pasture like lambs in a meadow? 0 Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he cannot continue to take care of the people because they are stubborn. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not shepherd a rebellious people.”
4:16 un2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person How can Yahweh 0 Here Yahweh is speaking of himself in the third person. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “How can I”
4:17 y9hs 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
4:17 vcx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ephraim united himself with idols; leave him alone 0 Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel, which is a metonym for the people who live there. They chose to worship idols, instead of Yahweh. Yahweh is commanding Hosea to not try to correct them. The people of Israel will not listen. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:17 vcx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ephraim united himself with idols; leave him alone 0 Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel, which is a metonym for the people who live there. They chose to worship idols, instead of Yahweh.
4:18 t2qi her rulers dearly love their shame 0 The rulers are not ashamed of what they are doing when they worship idols and turn against Yahweh.
4:19 kwi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wind will wrap her up in its wings 0 Here “wind” represents God’s judgment and anger against the nation of Israel. Yahweh will allow the enemy army to defeat the people of Israel and take them as captives. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:19 kwi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wind will wrap her up in its wings 0 Here “wind” represents God’s judgment and anger against the nation of Israel.
5:intro cz2x 0 # Hosea 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nThe author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
5:1 qy78 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
5:1 i4kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names You have been a snare at Mizpah and a net spread over Tabor 0 A snare and a net are both objects used to catch prey. In this case, the priests and the royal household had devised ways to keep the people away from Yahweh, while enticing them into idolatry. Mizpah and Tabor were places for idol worship in the land of Israel. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
2 front:intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Hosea\n\n1. God tells Hosea to marry Gomer as a picture of how Israel relates to Yahweh (1:1–3:5)\n1. Israel betrays, wanders, and sins; Yahweh appeals and pleas to return to him (4:1–7:3)\n1. The conflict between Yahweh and Israel explained in various ways (7:4–13:8)\n * Similes: oven, cake, dove, bow (7:4–16)\n * Israel openly lies and rebels (8:1–14)\n * The end of Israel predicted (9:1–17)\n * Similes: grapes, vine, calf, lion, children, birds, and doves (10:1–11:11)\n * Israel sins, betrays, and breaks alliances (11:12–12:1)\n * Israel’s history remembered (12:2–13:16)\n * Idolatry (13:1–8)\n1. Israel is hostile to Yahweh (13:9–16)\n1. Yahweh’s last appeals to Israel (14:1–9)\n\n### What is the Book of Hosea about?\n\nThis book contains the prophecies of Hosea, son of Beeri. Hosea lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He often called this kingdom Ephraim or Samaria. Hosea prophesied for about 38 years and predicted that Assyria would destroy the northern kingdom of Israel.\n\nHosea began to prophesy around 753 B.C., just before King Jeroboam II died. At this time, the kingdom of Israel was prosperous but spiritually weak. Hosea warned how Yahweh would punish Israel unless the people turned back to Yahweh and were faithful to him.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally named “The Book of Hosea” or just “Hosea.” Translators may also call it “The Book About Hosea” or “The Sayings of Hosea.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Hosea?\n\nAlthough this book tells what Hosea prophesied, it is uncertain whether Hosea wrote the book himself. It was probably written after Samaria, the capital of the norther kingdom, was destroyed in 721 B.C.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute?\n\nGod told Hosea to marry the prostitute Gomer. This represented how the kingdom of Israel related to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. This is compared to a woman who is unfaithful to her husband breaks her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### What is a lawsuit?\n\nMany cultures have a process for resolving disputes through law courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. The Book of Hosea contains some legal terms. This is because Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a husband accusing his wife in court of being unfaithful to him. Part of the Book of Hosea follows the form of a lawsuit. A problem is identified (4:1), someone is accused (4:4), someone is found guilty (4:15), and the guilty ones will be punished (5:1).\n\n### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship?\n\nIsrael was supposed to worship Yahweh alone. But they worshiped both Yahweh and the Canaanite gods such as Baal. This was a major reason why Yahweh judged the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What does the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” mean?\n\nThe prophet used the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” to mark a message as truly coming from God.\n\n### Why are English translations of Hosea very different?\n\nHosea 4–14 has many problems of interpretation. Some phrases in Hosea are beyond how we currently understand the Hebrew language. Many English versions have translated these difficult sections very differently.\n\n### What does the term “Israel” mean in Hosea?\n\nIn Hosea, “Israel” is used only to refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. It is not used to refer to the southern kingdom or to the two kingdoms together. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]])
3 1:intro ud3c 0 # Hosea 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2–11.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Hosea’s marriage\nGod does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel’s unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\nHosea’s marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel’s relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nHosea 1–4 is controlled by a metaphor that Hosea lived out. He was personifying the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. Hosea played the part of Yahweh, and Gomer played the part of Israel.
1:1 x3qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the word of Yahweh that came 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the word that Yahweh God spoke”
4 1:1 fhy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beeri 0 This is the name of a man.
5 1:1 f238 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Uzziah … Jotham … Ahaz … Hezekiah … Jeroboam … Joash 0 The events in this book happened during the time of these kings.
6 1:1 ghv4 Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
7 1:2 m57n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor great prostitution 0 Here “prostitution” represents the people being unfaithful to God.
8 1:3 l8fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gomer … Diblaim 0 These are names of people.
9 1:4 gin3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the house of Jehu 0 Here “house” means “family,” including Jehu’s descendants.
10 1:4 ykw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the house of Israel 0 This expression refers to kingdom of Israel.
11 1:5 e655 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the bow of Israel 0 Here “bow” refers to the power of the army. Alternate translation: “the military power of Israel”
12 1:6 jgz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Lo-Ruhamah 0 This name means “no mercy.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. Alternate translation: “No Mercy”
33 2:2 e3qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor neither am I her husband 0 Yahweh can no longer be in relationship with the nation of Israel as a husband would be to his wife.
34 2:2 l76m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor her acts of adultery 0 A wife who is adulterous leaves her husband to sleep with another man. This is how Israel was acting toward Yahweh.
35 2:2 qp68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor from between her breasts 0 This imagery suggests that Israel is relying on the idols and not Yahweh.
36 2:3 x3z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will strip her naked and show her nakedness as on the day that she was born 0 Yahweh will no longer protect and provide for Israel because the nation has turned away from him. In Israel, husbands were obliged by law to provide clothes for their wives. Not to do so was a sign that a man was rejecting his wife. The full meaning of this may be made clear. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) Yahweh will no longer protect and provide for Israel because the nation has turned away from him. In Israel, husbands were obliged by law to provide clothes for their wives.
37 2:3 w84f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I will make her like the wilderness 0 Yahweh will change Israel to resemble the wilderness, which is a region that is bare and unproductive.
38 2:3 tk9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will make her die from thirst 0 Here “thirst” refers to the need to worship and rely on Yahweh, not idols, or Israel will not be able to survive as a nation.
39 2:4 dt2c 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
41 2:5 bbd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor For their mother has been a prostitute 0 The previous generation who sought out other gods were considered prostitutes for they were unfaithful to Yahweh.
42 2:5 pdr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will go after my lovers, for they give me my bread and water, my wool and flax, my oil and drink 0 Here “my lovers” refers to Baal and other false gods, whom Israel has chosen to worship instead of Yahweh. The list of things are essential items that allow the people to live.
43 2:6 e3xg 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking to Hosea.
44 2:6 n4ve rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Therefore I will build up a hedge to block her way with thorns. I will build up a wall against her so she cannot find her way 0 This passage indicates that Yahweh will prevent his people from finding success and prosperity, becuase they continue to worship idols. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) This passage indicates that Yahweh will prevent his people from finding success and prosperity, because they continue to worship idols.
45 2:7 pk67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Then she will say, “I will return to my first husband, for it was better for me then than it is now.” 0 Israel will return to Yahweh not because of their love for him, but because they are disappointed by their worship of Baal.
46 2:8 i559 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
47 2:9 v55u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will take back my wool and flax that were used to cover her nakedness 0 This probably means that Israel’s harvests and flocks will fail. Yahweh will remove his blessings from Israel, and the people will be left alone and in danger of attack.
50 2:10 jfc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Then I will strip her naked in the sight of her lovers 0 This means God will humiliate the people of Israel in front of the other nations nearby. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:3](../02/03.md).
51 2:10 j4bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy no one will rescue her out of my hand 0 No one will try to help Israel. Here “hand” refers to God’s power to punish.
52 2:12 ege9 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do to Israel.
53 2:12 bqk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor These are the wages that my lovers gave me 0 This refers to payment that Israel received from the false gods or Baals. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that these were the wages that her lovers had given to her” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) This refers to payment that Israel received from the false gods or Baals. Alternate translation: “that these were the wages that her lovers had given to her”
54 2:12 f2fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor make them a forest 0 Yahweh will destroy the vineyards and fruit trees by allowing other trees and weeds to grow among them.
2:13 i7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person this is Yahweh’s declaration 0 Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
55 2:14 a2gy Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is speaking about Israel.
56 2:14 uxh6 So I am going to win her back 0 Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, will bring her back to me”
57 2:15 cf8d the Valley of Achor as a door of hope 0 As Yahweh lead Israel out of Egypt, he will lead Israel to the Valley of Achor so that Israel will hope again in Yahweh.
107 4:6 pq57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive My people are being destroyed because of the lack of knowledge 0 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My people are perishing because you, the priests, have not properly taught them about me so that they will obey me”
108 4:6 j1k4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit knowledge 0 Here “knowledge” refers to the knowledge of God.
109 4:7 g6wy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They exchanged their honor for shame 0 This could mean: (1) “honor” is a metonym that represents Yahweh, and “shame” is a metonym that represents idols. Alternate translation: “They have stopped worshiping me, their honorable God, and now worship shameful idols” or (2) some Bible versions translate this as “I will exchange their honor for shame.” This means Yahweh will take away the things which the priests honor and cause the priests to be ashamed.
110 4:8 ajz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit They feed on the sin of my people 0 When people sinned, they would offer sacrifices so God would forgive them. The priests were allowed to eat these sacrifices. The priests eating these sacrifices for sin is spoken of as if they would actually feed on the people’s sins. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) When people sinned, they would offer sacrifices so God would forgive them. The priests were allowed to eat these sacrifices.
111 4:8 e3kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they are greedy for more of their wickedness 0 The priests want the people to sin more so that the people will offer more sacrifices that the priests may eat.
112 4:9 lv38 It will be the same for the people as for the priests 0 Alternate translation: “The people and the priests will be punished in the same way”
113 4:9 xfi6 their practices 0 Alternate translation: “their habits” or “their conduct”
129 4:15 g1ti Do not go to Gilgal, you people; do not go up to Beth Aven 0 The people of Judah are being warned not to go to the cities of Gilgal or Beth Aven to worship idols in those places. Gilgal was once a place where Yahweh had been worshiped, but it had become a place of idol worship.
130 4:15 wj2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beth Aven 0 This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom.
131 4:16 vaf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a stubborn heifer 0 Israel is compared to a young cow that will not obey its master.
132 4:16 b1k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor How can Yahweh bring them to pasture like lambs in a meadow? 0 Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he cannot continue to take care of the people because they are stubborn. Yahweh no longer taking care of his people is spoken of as if he were a shepherd that could not take his lambs into the field to eat because they are stubborn. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not shepherd a rebellious people.” or “Therefore Yahweh will not continue to take care of them.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he cannot continue to take care of the people because they are stubborn. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not shepherd a rebellious people.”
133 4:16 un2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person How can Yahweh 0 Here Yahweh is speaking of himself in the third person. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “How can I”
134 4:17 y9hs 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
135 4:17 vcx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Ephraim united himself with idols; leave him alone 0 Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel, which is a metonym for the people who live there. They chose to worship idols, instead of Yahweh. Yahweh is commanding Hosea to not try to correct them. The people of Israel will not listen. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel, which is a metonym for the people who live there. They chose to worship idols, instead of Yahweh.
136 4:18 t2qi her rulers dearly love their shame 0 The rulers are not ashamed of what they are doing when they worship idols and turn against Yahweh.
137 4:19 kwi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The wind will wrap her up in its wings 0 Here “wind” represents God’s judgment and anger against the nation of Israel. Yahweh will allow the enemy army to defeat the people of Israel and take them as captives. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) Here “wind” represents God’s judgment and anger against the nation of Israel.
138 5:intro cz2x 0 # Hosea 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nThe author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
139 5:1 qy78 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
140 5:1 i4kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names You have been a snare at Mizpah and a net spread over Tabor 0 A snare and a net are both objects used to catch prey. In this case, the priests and the royal household had devised ways to keep the people away from Yahweh, while enticing them into idolatry. Mizpah and Tabor were places for idol worship in the land of Israel. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])