Jane's edits to REV. (#3162)

Co-authored-by: justplainjane47 <justplainjane47@noreply.door43.org>
Co-authored-by: Richard Mahn <richmahn@users.noreply.github.com>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/3162

tn_REV.tsv

@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 10:3	r348		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	φωνῇ μεγάλῃ ὥσπερ λέων μυκᾶται	1	The point of this comparison is probably that the **loud voice** of the angel commanded attention like the roar of a **lion**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “in a loud voice that commanded attention as does a lion’s roar”
 10:3	r349		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ	1	John speaks of these **seven thunders** as if he assumes that his readers will know what or who they are, but he has not introduced or explained them earlier in the book and interpreters are not certain of their identity. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could introduce them in such a way as to indicate that John has not identified them previously. Alternate translation: “seven thunders spoke”
 10:3	r350		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταὶ	1	This expression could mean that thunder **spoke** or sounded **seven** times, rather than that **seven** different **thunders spoke**. You could say that in your translation or indicate this possibility in a footnote. Alternate translation: “thunder spoke seven times” or “thunder sounded seven times”
-10:3	r351		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo	φωνῇ μεγάλῃ ὥσπερ λέων μυκᾶται	1	It might seem that the expression **spoke their own voices**  contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you could shorten it. Alternate translation: “in a loud voice that commanded attention like the roar of a lion”
+10:3	r351		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo	ἐλάλησαν & τὰς ἑαυτῶν φωνάς 	1	It might seem that the expression **spoke their own voices**  contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you could shorten it. Alternate translation: “spoke”
 10:4	r352		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἤμελλον γράφειν	1	The implication is that John was going to write down what the seven thunders had said. You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I was going to write down what they had said”
 10:4	r353		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	σφράγισον ἃ ἐλάλησαν αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταί, καὶ μὴ αὐτὰ γράψῃς	1	The voice spoke as if John should literally **seal** what the thunders said. However, since the voice then specified that John was not to write anything down, the voice meant that John should keep secret what the thunders said. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Keep secret what the seven thunders said by not writing it down”
 10:5	l5xy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	ἦρεν τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ τὴν δεξιὰν εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν	1	The angel **raised his right hand to heaven** as a symbolic action to show that he was swearing an oath by God. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “raised his right hand to heaven to show that he swearing an oath by God”
@@ -600,13 +600,13 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 11:2	r366		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	πόλιν τὴν ἁγίαν	1	The person speaking with John assumes that he will understand that by **the holy city** he means Jerusalem. You could say that explicitly if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the city of Jerusalem”
 11:3	r367		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	δώσω	1	The person speaking with John is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “I will grant authority”
 11:3	r368		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	περιβεβλημένοι σάκκους	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “wearing sackcloth”
-11:3	h8vh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	σάκκους	1	See how you translated the word word **sackcloth** in [6:12](../06/12.md). These **witnesses** wore sackcloth while prophesying in order to show their sorrow and grief over the sins that people were committing against God. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “sackcloth to show their grief and sorrow over sin”
+11:3	h8vh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	σάκκους	1	See how you translated the word **sackcloth** in [6:12](../06/12.md). These **witnesses** wore sackcloth while prophesying in order to show their sorrow and grief over the sins that people were committing against God. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “sackcloth to show their grief and sorrow over sin”
 11:4	pa44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage	οὗτοί εἰσιν αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ ἐνώπιον τοῦ Κυρίου τῆς γῆς ἑστῶτες	1	The **two olive trees** and the **two lampstands** symbolize these witnesses, but they are not literally the witnesses. Alternate translation: “The two olive trees and the two lampstands that stood before the Lord of the earth represent these witnesses”
-11:4	p6mi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	οὗτοί εἰσιν αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ ἐνώπιον τοῦ Κυρίου τῆς γῆς ἑστῶτες	1	John assumes that his readers will understand that he is alluding to the vision the prophet Zechariah had of **two olive trees** and **two lampstands** in [Zechariah 4:2–6](../zec/04/02.md). In that vision, the trees and lampstands represent the governor Zerubbabel and the high priest Joshua who led the rebuilding of the temple despite opposition. In the same way, the two witnesses in John’s vision will faithfully call people to obey God despite opposition. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “These two witnesses will serve God faithfully despite opposition just as Zerubbabel and Joshua did, whom the prophet Zechariah saw depicted as two olive trees and two lampstands in a vision that God gave him”
+11:4	p6mi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	οὗτοί εἰσιν αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι, αἱ ἐνώπιον τοῦ Κυρίου τῆς γῆς ἑστῶτες	1	John assumes that his readers will understand that he is alluding to the vision had by the prophet Zechariah, who saw **two olive trees** and **two lampstands** in [Zechariah 4:2–6](../zec/04/02.md). In that vision, the trees and lampstands represented the governor, Zerubbabel, and the high priest, Joshua, who led the rebuilding of the temple despite opposition. In the same way, the two witnesses in John’s vision will faithfully call people to obey God despite opposition. You could indicate that explicitly in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “These two witnesses will serve God faithfully despite opposition just as Zerubbabel and Joshua did, whom the prophet Zechariah saw depicted as two olive trees and two lampstands in a vision that God gave him”
 11:4	r369		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αἱ ἐνώπιον & ἑστῶτες	1	In this context, the phrase **stand before** means to stay in the presence of another person in order to serve them whenever needed. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who faithfully serve”
-11:5	r370		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	πῦρ ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν	1	In a context such as this, your language might say “went” instead of **came**. Alternate translation: “fire goes out from their mouth”
-11:5	r371			τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν	1	Since John is referring to two people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **mouth**. Alternate translation: “their mouths”
-11:5	ab6b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν	1	John is speaking as if **fire** literally **devours** or eats up anyone who **wishes to harm** these witnesses. He means that the fire destroys them completely. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “destroys their enemies completely”
+11:5	r370		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go	πῦρ ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν	1	In a context such as this, your language might say “goes” instead of **comes**. Alternate translation: “fire goes out from their mouth”
+11:5	r371		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν	1	In this verse, the word **mouth** is singular in form, but it refers to all of their mouths as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Since John is referring to two people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **mouth**. Alternate translation: “their mouths”
+11:5	ab6b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν	1	John is speaking as if **fire** literally **devours** or eats up anyone who would **wish to harm** these witnesses. He means that the fire destroys them completely. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “destroys their enemies completely”
 11:5	r372		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	καὶ εἴ τις θελήσῃ αὐτοὺς ἀδικῆσαι, οὕτως δεῖ αὐτὸν ἀποκτανθῆναι	1	This clause is essentially a repetition of the first clause in the verse. John is speaking in something like Hebrew poetry, which was based on this kind of repetition. It would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if such repetition would not be natural in your language, you could connect the clauses with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Yes, if anyone should wish to harm them, he must be killed in this way”
 11:5	r373		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	δεῖ αὐτὸν ἀποκτανθῆναι	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he must die”
 11:6	cac1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κλεῖσαι τὸν οὐρανόν, ἵνα μὴ ὑετὸς βρέχῃ	1	John is speaking as if these witnesses could literally **close up** the sky. As he goes on to say, he means that they will be able to prevent it from raining. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to keep any rain from falling from the sky”
@@ -614,25 +614,25 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 11:7	r375		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo	τὸ θηρίον τὸ ἀναβαῖνον ἐκ τῆς Ἀβύσσου	1	John describes this **beast** starting in [13:1](../13/01.md), so you do not need to explain anything about it here.
 11:8	r376		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τῆς πόλεως τῆς μεγάλης	1	John assumes that his readers will understand that by **the great city** he means Jerusalem. You could say that explicitly if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem”
 11:8	r377		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἥτις καλεῖται πνευματικῶς	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which we may spiritually call”
-11:8	r378		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἥτις καλεῖται πνευματικῶς, Σόδομα καὶ Αἴγυπτος	1	The point of these comparisons is that God once destroyed Jerusalem because its people were so wicked, like **Sodom**, and that Jerusalem oppressed people who belonged to God, like **Egypt**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “which God destroyed for wickedness as he destroyed Sodom and which oppressed God’s people as Egypt did”
+11:8	r378		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἥτις καλεῖται πνευματικῶς, Σόδομα καὶ Αἴγυπτος	1	The point of these comparisons is that God once destroyed Jerusalem because its people were so wicked, like **Sodom**, and that Jerusalem oppressed people who belonged to God, like **Egypt**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “which God destroyed for wickedness as he destroyed Sodom and which oppressed God’s people as did Egypt”
 11:8	r379		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	ὁ Κύριος αὐτῶν	1	John is referring to Jesus by a respectful title. Use a form for addressing someone respectfully in your language. Alternate translation: “their Lord Jesus”
 11:8	r380		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐσταυρώθη	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “suffered crucifixion”
-11:9	r381		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	βλέπουσιν ἐκ τῶν λαῶν, καὶ φυλῶν, καὶ γλωσσῶν, καὶ ἐθνῶν	1	The terms **people**, **tribe**, **language**, and **nation** mean similar things. John is using the four terms together to make a comprehensive statement. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “those from many different people groups look at”
-11:9	r382		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy		1	John is referring to speakers of various languages by association with the **language** that each one speaks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those from different people groups and tribes, speakers of various languages, and those from other nations”
+11:9	r381		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	 βλέπουσιν ἐκ τῶν λαῶν, καὶ φυλῶν, καὶ γλωσσῶν, καὶ ἐθνῶν	1	The terms **people**, **tribe**, **language**, and **nation** mean similar things. John is using the four terms together to make a comprehensive statement. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “those from many different people groups look at”
+11:9	r382		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	 βλέπουσιν ἐκ τῶν λαῶν, καὶ φυλῶν, καὶ γλωσσῶν, καὶ ἐθνῶν	1	John is referring to speakers of various languages by association with the **language** that each one speaks. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “those from different people groups and tribes, speakers of various languages, and those from other nations look at”
 11:9	r383		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀφίουσιν τεθῆναι εἰς μνῆμα	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they do not permit anyone to place their corpses in a tomb”
 11:9	bp61		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀφίουσιν τεθῆναι εἰς μνῆμα	1	Leaving the **corpses** of the witnesses in the street, rather than burying them, is a symbolic action by which the people of Jerusalem show how much they hated the witnesses. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “out of hatred they do not permit anyone to place their corpses in a tomb”
 11:10	h4pq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	καὶ οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς χαίρουσιν ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς, καὶ εὐφραίνονται, καὶ δῶρα πέμψουσιν ἀλλήλοις, ὅτι οὗτοι οἱ δύο προφῆται ἐβασάνισαν τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.	1	If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because these two prophets tormented the ones living on the earth, the ones living on the earth rejoice over them and celebrate and send gifts to one another”
 11:10	r384		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	χαίρουσιν ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς, καὶ εὐφραίνονται	1	The implication is that people **rejoice over** these witnesses because they are dead. You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “rejoice that they are dead, and they celebrate”
 11:10	trs2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	δῶρα πέμψουσιν ἀλλήλοις	1	The people will **send gifts to one another** as a symbolic action to show how happy they are that the witnesses are dead. If this would not be clear to your readers, you could explain the significance of this action. Alternate translation: “send gifts to one another to show how happy they are that the witnesses are dead”
-11:11	al5w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτούς	1	John is speaking of this **breath** as if they were a living thing that **entered into** the bodies of these witnesses on its own. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God enabled them to live and breathe again”
+11:11	al5w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτούς	1	John is speaking of this **breath** as if it were a living thing that **entered into** the bodies of these witnesses on its own. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God enabled them to live and breathe again”
 11:11	r385		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo	ἔστησαν ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδας αὐτῶν	1	It might seem that this expression contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you could shorten it. Alternate translation: “they stood up”
 11:11	u265		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	φόβος μέγας ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τοὺς θεωροῦντας αὐτούς	1	John is speaking figuratively of **fear** as if it were a living thing that actively **fell** on people who saw the witnesses alive again. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones seeing them became greatly afraid”
 11:12	r386		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	ἤκουσαν & αὐτοῖς & ἀνέβησαν & αὐτῶν	1	The pronouns **they**, **their** and **them** all refer to the witnesses, not to the people who were seeing them alive again. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the witnesses … them … the witnesses … their … them”
 11:12	r387		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	ἀνάβατε ὧδε	1	Since the voice is speaking to two people, the implied “you” in the imperative **Come up** would be dual if your language uses that form. Otherwise, it would be plural.
 11:13	r388		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ	1	John is using the term **hour** to refer to a specific time. He does not mean that the earthquake lasted for a full hour. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “at that time”
 11:13	r389		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	τὸ δέκατον τῆς πόλεως ἔπεσεν	1	John is not speaking of this **tenth of the city** as if it were a living thing that could fall down accidentally. He means that one **tenth** of the buildings in the city collapsed. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “one tenth of the buildings in the city collapsed”
-11:13	r390		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν τῷ σεισμῷ, ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων χιλιάδες ἑπτά	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the earthquake killed the names of 7,000 men”
-11:13	r391		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων χιλιάδες ἑπτά	1	Here, **names** represents people by association with the way that each person has a name. Alternate translation: “7,000 men”
+11:13	r390		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν τῷ σεισμῷ, ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων χιλιάδες ἑπτά	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the earthquake killed the names of seven thousand men”
+11:13	r391		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων χιλιάδες ἑπτά	1	Here, **names** represents people by association with the way that each person has a name. Alternate translation: “seven thousand men”
 11:13	r392		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	ἀνθρώπων	1	Although the term **men** is masculine, John is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people”
 11:13	f4r2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἔδωκαν δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	This expression does not imply that God lacks glory in any way or that people have glory that they can give to God. It means the people in the city honored God, acknowledging that God was just to punish them with the earthquake for killing the two witnesses. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “honored the God of heaven” or “acknowledged that the God of heaven had done the right thing”
 11:14	l7jp			ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ δευτέρα ἀπῆλθεν	1	See how you translated “The first woe is past” in [9:12](../09/12.md). Alternate translation: “The second terrible event is over”
@@ -644,26 +644,26 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 11:16	r505		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν	1	This expression means that the elders lay down facing the ground. See how you translated the similar expression in [7:11](../07/11.md). Alternate translation: “bowed down to the ground”
 11:17	r462		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants	ὁ ὢν, καὶ ὁ ἦν	1	Some ancient manuscripts read **the one being and the one having been**. ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts add “and who is to come.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT.
 11:18	r396		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰ ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the nations were furious”
-11:18	iv5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου	1	John is speaking of God’s **wrath** as if it were a living thing that **has come** to the **nations**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you have now decided to punish them”
+11:18	iv5k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου	1	John is speaking of God’s **wrath** as if it were a living thing that **has come** to the **nations**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “now is your time to punish sin"
 11:18	r397		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου, καὶ ὁ καιρὸς	1	John is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “your wrath has come and the time has come”
 11:18	h833		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “for you to judge the dead”
 11:18	zk1u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	τῶν νεκρῶν	1	John is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who have died”
-11:18	k3ba		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῖς φοβουμένοις τὸ ὄνομά σου	1	
+11:18	k3ba		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῖς φοβουμένοις τὸ ὄνομά σου	1	Here the phrase **the ones fearing your name** represents those who worship God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to all those who serve you, God”
 11:18	r398		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ τοὺς μεγάλους	1	The elders are speaking as if unimportant people were literally **small** and as if important people were literally large or **great**. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the unimportant and the important”
 11:18	r399		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ τοὺς μεγάλους	1	The elders are using the adjectives **small** and **great** as nouns to mean certain kinds of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “both unimportant people and important people”
 11:18	r400		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ τοὺς μεγάλους	1	The elders are using two extremes of people, **small** and **great**, to mean them and everyone in between. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “whatever their status”
 11:18	c7pd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἠνοίγη ὁ ναὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, καὶ ὤφθη ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης τοῦ Κυρίου ἐν τῷ ναῷ αὐτοῦ	1	If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God opened his temple in heaven and I could see the ark of the covenant of the Lord in his temple”
 11:18	r401		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἠνοίγη ὁ ναὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	By this expression, John likely means by association that in his vision, God created some opening that allowed him to see into **the temple of God in heaven**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God allowed me to look into his temple in heaven”
-12:intro	cq7x				0	# Revelation 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 10–12.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Serpent\n\nThe Book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. In this chapter, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+12:intro	cq7x				0	# Revelation 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 10–12.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Serpent\n\nThe book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. In this chapter, John refers to Satan as the serpent. This image comes from the account of the Garden of Eden when Satan tempted Eve. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 12:1	r040		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	σημεῖον μέγα ὤφθη ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people saw a great sign in heaven”
 12:1	j9yl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom the sun was clothing”
 12:2	r000		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσα	1	This expression means that the woman had a child in her **womb**, that is, she was pregnant. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being pregnant”
-12:2	r001			κράζει	1	To call attention to a development in the story, here John uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “she cried out”
+12:2	r001		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense	κράζει	1	To call attention to a development in the story, here John uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “she cried out”
 12:2	r002		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὠδίνουσα, καὶ βασανιζομένη τεκεῖν	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “suffering birth pains that tormented her as she gave birth”
 12:2	r003		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ὠδίνουσα, καὶ βασανιζομένη	1	These two phrases mean similar things. John is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “suffering terrible birth pains”
 12:3	r041		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὤφθη ἄλλο σημεῖον	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “people saw another sign”
 12:3	s1j6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	δράκων πυρρός μέγας	1	A **dragon** is a mythical monster that looks like a giant reptile. As [12:9](../12/09.md) explains, in this book the dragon represents the devil. If your readers would not be familiar with what a dragon is, you could use a general expression in your translation. Alternate translation: “a large red monster”
-12:4	r004			σύρει	1	To call attention to a development in the story, here John uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “swept”
+12:4	r004		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense	σύρει	1	To call attention to a development in the story, here John uses the present tense in past narration. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “swept”
 12:4	ii1k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction	τὸ τρίτον	1	See how you translated this in [8:7](../08/07.md). Alternate translation: “one third”
 12:5	r005		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	υἱόν ἄρρενα	1	The terms **son** and **male** mean similar things. John is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “a boy”
 12:5	r006		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	ἄρρενα	1	John is using the adjective **male** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “a male child”
@@ -682,23 +682,23 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 12:9	r038		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος	1	A **serpent** is the same animal that is also called a “snake.” It is a reptile that has no legs and so slithers along the ground. If your readers would not be familiar with what a serpent or snake is, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “that ancient slithering reptile”
 12:9	r009		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὁ καλούμενος	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom people call”
 12:9	r018		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Διάβολος	1	The word **Diabolos** is a name for the devil. Diabolos means “accuser” in Greek.
-12:9	r019		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate	ὁ Σατανᾶς	1	The word **Satan** is a Hebrew name that means “accuser.” John spells it out using Greek letters so his readers will know how it sounds after giving the Greek equivalent, **Diabolos**, so that his readers will know what it means. In your translation you could spell **Satan** the way it sounds in your language and use the word for “accuser” in your own language in place of **Diabolos** so that your readers will know what it means.
+12:9	r019		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate	ὁ Σατανᾶς	1	The word **Satan** is a Hebrew name that means “accuser.” So his readers will know how it sounds, John spells it out using Greek letters after giving the Greek equivalent, **Diabolos**, so that his readers will know what it means. In your translation you could spell **Satan** the way it sounds in your language and use the word for “accuser” in your own language in place of **Diabolos** so that your readers will know what it means.
 12:9	r020		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην	1	Here the term **world** refers to the people who live in the world. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “all the people of the world”
 12:9	v1tp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) that God threw the dragon down after his angels defeated him. Alternate translation: “God threw the dragon down to the earth and he threw his angels down with him” (2) that Michael threw the dragon and his angels down to earth after defeating them in the war that they fought. Alternate translation: “Michael threw the dragon down to the earth and he threw his angels down with him”
 12:10	i112		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἤκουσα φωνὴν μεγάλην ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ λέγουσαν	1	John is referring to someone speaking by association with the **voice** that the person is using to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I heard someone saying loudly from heaven”
 12:10	r021		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἄρτι ἐγένετο ἡ σωτηρία, καὶ ἡ δύναμις, καὶ ἡ Βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν, καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **salvation**, **power**, **kingdom**, and **authority**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. It may be helpful to make this more than one sentence. Alternate translation: “Now our God has begun to save people. He has acted powerfully to establish his reign. His Christ is reigning with him”
 12:10	r255		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive		1	This **voice** is addressing believers, since he refers to **our brothers**, so by **our** in each instance, the person speaking means himself and his addressees. So use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
 12:10	r022		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐβλήθη ὁ κατήγορος τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was God. Alternate translation: “God has thrown down the accuser of our brothers”
-12:10	a9wf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν	1	John is using the term **brothers** figuratively to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, as in UST: “our fellow believers”
+12:10	a9wf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν	1	John is using the term **brothers** figuratively to mean people who share the same faith. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation, as in UST: “of our fellow believers”
 12:10	r474		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν	1	Although the term **brothers** is masculine, here the word has a generic sense that includes both men and women. If you wish to retain the figurative expression in your translation, you could word it in a way that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “our brothers and sisters”
 12:10	jn6q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός	1	The voice is using the two parts of a full day, **day** and **night**, to mean all the time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “all the time”
 12:11	zt7v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸ αἷμα	1	This could mean: (1) the actual **blood** that Jesus offered as a sacrifice for sin. In that case, you could use the word for “blood” in your language with literal meaning. (2) the sacrificial death of Jesus by association with the **blood** that Jesus shed when he died. Alternate translation: “the sacrificial death”
 12:11	r024		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν	1	The voice is using the term **word** to indicate that these believers gave their **testimony** to Jesus by speaking words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the testimony that they spoke”
-12:11	lht6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **grace**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by what they said when they testified to others about Jesus”
+12:11	lht6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **word**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “by what they said when they testified to others about Jesus”
 12:11	n6wk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	οὐκ ἠγάπησαν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῶν ἄχρι θανάτου	1	This expression means that these believers did not **love their lives** all the way to the point where they would refuse **death** even if they needed to die in order to remain faithful to Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they did not love their lives so much that they would not die for Jesus”
 12:12	r023		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	εὐφραίνεσθε οὐρανοὶ, καὶ οἱ ἐν αὐτοῖς σκηνοῦντες	1	The voice is speaking of the **heavens** as if they were a living thing that could **rejoice**. This may be something that readers could understand literally within the world of this vision. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning differently. Alternate translation: “all of you who live in the heavens, rejoice in a way that can be heard throughout the heavens”
 12:12	r037		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	οὐαὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν	1	The voice is speaking of the **earth** and the **sea** as if they were living things that could suffer **Woe**. This may be something that readers could understand literally within the world of this vision. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning differently. Alternate translation: “Woe to all the creatures who live on the earth and in the sea”
-12:12	r025		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὀλίγον καιρὸν ἔχει	1	The voice implicitly means that the devil knows that God will soon judge and punish him and so he has **little time** left in which to resist God and try to turn people away from God. You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “he has little time left to keep resisting God”
+12:12	r025		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὀλίγον καιρὸν ἔχει	1	The voice implicitly means that the devil knows that God will soon judge and punish him, and so he has **little time** left in which to resist God and try to turn people away from God. You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “he has little time left in which to keep resisting God”
 12:13	x7st		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐβλήθη	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was God. Alternate translation: “God had thrown him down”
 12:13	r026		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	τὸν ἄρσενα	1	John is using the adjective **male** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the male child”
 12:14	r027		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθησαν τῇ γυναικὶ δύο πτέρυγες τοῦ ἀετοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was God. Alternate translation: “God gave two wings of a great eagle to the woman”
@@ -706,17 +706,17 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 12:14	r029		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	καιρὸν, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἥμισυ καιροῦ	1	Since the vision describes the approximate number of days in three and a half years (1,260) in [12:6](../12/06.md) and the number of months in three and a half years (42) in [13:5](../13/05.md), it is probable that this number is also three and a half, so **times** means “two times.” If your language uses the dual, you could put the word **times** in the dual. Otherwise, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for a time and two times and half a time”
 12:14	r030		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	καιρὸν, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἥμισυ καιροῦ	1	Since this length of time during which the woman is **nourished** seems to be the same as in [12:6](../12/06.md), it seems that three and a half years is intended. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “for a year and two years and half a year” or “for three and a half years”
 12:14	r031		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	προσώπου τοῦ ὄφεως	1	Here the word **face** represents the presence of a person by association with the way people can see the face of someone who is present. Alternate translation: “the presence of the serpent”
-12:15	y5ml		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὕδωρ ὡς ποταμόν	1	John says that this **water** was **like a river** to emphasize how much water there was. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a large volume of water”
+12:15	y5ml		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὕδωρ ὡς ποταμόν	1	John says that this **water** was **like a river** to emphasize how much water there was. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a very large volume of water”
 12:15	r032			ἵνα αὐτὴν ποταμοφόρητον ποιήσῃ	1	Alternate translation: “in order to create a flood that would carry her away”
 12:16	i4u5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἐβοήθησεν ἡ γῆ τῇ γυναικί	1	John is speaking of **the earth** as if it were a living thing that **helped** this **woman**. This may be something that readers could understand literally within the world of this vision. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning differently. Alternate translation: “something happened on the earth that helped the woman”
 12:16	r033		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἤνοιξεν ἡ γῆ τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς	1	John is speaking as if the earth literally had a **mouth** and **swallowed** this **river**. He means that some kind of chasm opened up in the earth and the river flowed down into it. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a chasm opened up in the earth and the river flowed down into it”
 12:17	r034		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὠργίσθη ὁ δράκων	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “this put the dragon in a rage”
-12:17	r035		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τοῦ σπέρματος	1	Here term **seed** means “offspring.” It is a word picture. Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “descendants”
+12:17	r035		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τοῦ σπέρματος	1	Here the term **seed** means offspring. It is a word picture. Just as plants produce seeds that grow into many more plants, so people can have many offspring. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “descendants”
 12:17	f754		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	τηρούντων	1	See how you translated the word **keeping** in [1:3](../01/03.md) and in [2:26](../02/26.md). Alternate translation: “obeying”
 12:17	t6jf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **testimony**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “testifying to their faith in Jesus”
 12:17	r036		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὴν ἄμμον τῆς θαλάσσης	1	John is referring to the shore of the sea by association with the sand that is along the shore on the beach. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the shore of the sea”
-13:intro	c9mw				0	# Revelation 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 10, which are from the Old Testament.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Similes\n\nJohn uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Leopard, bear, and lion\n\nThe book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. In this chapter, John describes a beast that looked like a leopard, a bear, and a lion. This image comes from the book of Daniel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Unknown animals\n\nJohn uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-13:2	r039		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	παρδάλει & ἄρκου & λέοντος	1	A **leopard** is a large, fierce cat that lives in the forest. A **bear** is a large, heavy, powerful mammal that can be very dangerous if it feels threatened. A **lion** is a large, fierce cat that often lives on the plains. If your readers would not be familiar with these animals, in your translation you could the names of comparable animals that they would recognize, or you could use general descriptions.
+13:intro	c9mw				0	# Revelation 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 10, which are from the Old Testament.\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Similes\n\nJohn uses many similes in this chapter. They help to describe the images that he sees in his vision. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Leopard, bear, and lion\n\nThe book of Revelation uses imagery from the Old Testament. In this chapter, John describes a beast that looked like a leopard, a bear, and a lion. This image comes from the book of Daniel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Unknown animals\n\nJohn uses different animals to try to describe what he saw. Some of these animals may not be known in the target language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+13:2	r039		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	παρδάλει & ἄρκου & λέοντος	1	A **leopard** is a large, fierce cat that lives in the jungle. A **bear** is a large, heavy, powerful mammal that can be very dangerous if it feels threatened. A **lion** is a large, fierce cat that often lives on the plains. If your readers would not be familiar with these animals, in your translation you could the names of comparable animals that they would recognize, or you could use general descriptions.
 13:2	gyv9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ	1	John is referring to the dragon’s right to rule by association with the **throne** on which a ruler would sit. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his power and his right to rule”
 13:2	c4wx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ	1	This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **throne** tells what kind of **power** the dragon gave to this beast. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “his ruling power” or “his power to rule”
 13:3	r042		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo	ἐσφαγμένην εἰς θάνατον	1	It might seem that the expression **slain unto death** contains extra information that would be unnatural to express in your language. If so, you could shorten it. Alternate translation: “it had been slain”
@@ -739,8 +739,8 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 13:7	fyp6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ἐξουσία	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was the dragon. Alternate translation: “the dragon gave it authority”
 13:7	f5rl		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	πᾶσαν φυλὴν, καὶ λαὸν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ ἔθνος	1	The terms **tribe**, **people**, **language**, and **nation** mean similar things. John is using the four terms together to make a comprehensive statement. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “every different people group”
 13:7	r165		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	πᾶσαν φυλὴν, καὶ λαὸν, καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ ἔθνος	1	John is referring to speakers of various languages by association with the **languages** themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “every tribe and people and speakers of every language and every nation”
-13:8	r052		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου, τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου	1	
-13:8	r053			ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ	1	Since John is referring to a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **name**. Alternate translation: “those whose names have not been written”
+13:8	r052		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Ἀρνίου, τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου	1	This could mean implicitly: (1) that the Lamb was slain from the foundation of the world, that is, God’s purpose from before all time was for Jesus to give his life as a sacrifice. Alternate translation: “all whose names are not written in the Book of Life that belongs to the Lamb whom God appointed from the foundation of the world to die as a sacrifice” (2) that if a person worships the beast, this means that his name was not written in the Book of Life … from the foundation of the world. Alternate translation: “all whose names have not been written in the Book of Life of the Lamb having been slain from the foundation of the world”
+13:8	r053		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ	1	Since John is referring to a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **name**. Alternate translation: “those whose names have not been written”
 13:8	vyy8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὧν οὐ γέγραπται τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was God. Alternate translation: “those whose names God has not written”
 13:8	bcu5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τοῦ ἐσφαγμένου	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “whom God appointed to die as a sacrifice”
 13:8	r164		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **foundation**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “since God founded the world”
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 13:13	r124		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	σημεῖα	1	John is not using the word **signs** here and in the next verse to mean the same thing that he does when he speaks of signs in [12:1](../12/01.md) and [12:3](../12/03.md). Here he does not mean significant sights, but miracles. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “miracles”
 13:13	r057		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀνθρώπων	1	The term **before** here means “in front of.” Alternate translation: “in front of men” or “where men could see them”
 13:13	r058		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	τῶν ἀνθρώπων	1	Although the term **man** is masculine, John is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people”
-13:14	r059		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	the signs that have been granted to it to do	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was the dragon. Alternate translation: “the signs that the dragon has granted it to do”
+13:14	r059		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὰ σημεῖα ἃ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ ποιῆσαι	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was the dragon. Alternate translation: “the signs that the dragon has granted it to do”
 13:14	r060		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐνώπιον τοῦ θηρίου	1	Here the word **before** means “in front of” or “in the presence of” another person. Alternate translation: “in the presence of the beast”
 13:14	r061		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τῷ θηρίῳ	1	While John says in the next verse that this was an image “of the beast,” that is, an image that looked like the beast, here the expression **to the beast** means “in honor of the beast.” You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in honor of the beast”
 13:15	dl87		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was the dragon. Alternate translation: “the dragon enabled it”
@@ -775,15 +775,15 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 13:18	uk74		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ὧδε ἡ σοφία ἐστίν	1	The expression **Here is** introduces something that the speaker is calling for. Alternate translation: “This calls for wisdom”
 13:18	ri1y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative3p	ψηφισάτω	1	If your language does not use the third-person imperative in this way, you could state this in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “may he calculate” or “he should calculate”
 13:18	bbn2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τὸν ἀριθμὸν τοῦ θηρίου	1	See the note about “the number of its name” in [13:17](../13/17.md). Here John means implicitly that this number is the sum of the numerical values of the letters in the name of a certain man. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the sum of the numerical values of the letters in the name of a certain man”
-14:intro	q71v				0	# Revelation 14 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Harvest\n\nHarvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God’s kingdom. This chapter speaks symbolically of two harvests. The first is a harvest of grain. This may mean the time when Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. The second harvest is of grapes. This may mean the time when God gathers in wicked people to punish them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
+14:intro	q71v				0	# Revelation 14 General Notes\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Harvest\n\nHarvest is when people go out to gather ripe food from plants. Jesus used this as a metaphor to teach his followers that they need to go and tell other people about him so those people can be part of God’s kingdom. This chapter speaks symbolically of two harvests. The first is a harvest of grain. This may mean the time when Jesus gathers in his people from the whole earth. The second harvest is of grapes. This may mean the time when God gathers in wicked people to punish them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
 14:1	r068		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	τὸ Ὄρος Σιών	1	The word **Zion** is the name of the mountain on which the city of Jerusalem is located.
 14:1	r069		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες	1	See how you translated this in Revelation 7:4. Alternate translation: “one hundred forty-four thousand”
 14:1	z963		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἔχουσαι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, γεγραμμένον ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “His name and the name of his Father appeared in writing on their foreheads”
 14:1	rf47		rc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	τοῦ Πατρὸς	1	**Father** is an important title that describes the relationship between God and Jesus. Be sure to retain this title in your translation.
 14:2	r070		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς φωνὴν ὑδάτων πολλῶν, καὶ ὡς φωνὴν βροντῆς μεγάλης	1	The point of these comparisons is that the **sound** John **heard** was loud and powerful. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “that was loud and powerful, like the sound of many waters and like the sound of booming thunder”
-14:2	r071		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ὑδάτων πολλῶν	1	By **many waters**, John could mean a loud waterfall or raging floodwaters. See how you translated the similar expression in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “of a waterfall” or “of raging floodwaters”
+14:2	r071		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ὑδάτων πολλῶν	1	By **sound of many waters**, John could mean a loud waterfall or raging floodwaters. See how you translated the similar expression in [1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “of a waterfall” or “of raging floodwaters”
 14:2	r072		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς κιθαρῳδῶν κιθαριζόντων ἐν ταῖς κιθάραις αὐτῶν	1	The point of this comparison is that the **sound** that John **heard** was also beautiful and melodious. (John explains in the next verse that it was the sound of a great number of people singing.) If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “beautiful and melodious, like harpists harping on their harps”
-14:2	r073			ὡς κιθαρῳδῶν κιθαριζόντων ἐν ταῖς κιθάραις αὐτῶν	1	John’s repetitive use of three words with the root “harp” seems to imitate the sound of music. You may wish to use three similar words in your translation if that is possible in your language.
+14:2	r073		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry	ὡς κιθαρῳδῶν κιθαριζόντων ἐν ταῖς κιθάραις αὐτῶν	1	John’s repetitive use of three words with the root “harp” seems to imitate the sound of music. You may wish to use three similar words in your translation if that is possible in your language.
 14:3	sz1f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	ᾄδουσιν	1	The pronoun **they** refers to the **144 thousands** whom John describes in [14:1](../14/01.md) and later in this verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the 144 thousands sing” or "the 144,000 people sing"
 14:3	r074		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions	οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο μαθεῖν τὴν ᾠδὴν, εἰ μὴ αἱ ἑκατὸν τεσσεράκοντα τέσσαρες χιλιάδες	1	If it would appear in your language that John was contradicting himself by saying that **no one** could learn the song and then naming people who could learn the song, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. Alternate translation: “the only ones who were able to learn the song were the 144 thousands”
 14:3	r075		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἱ ἠγορασμένοι	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, [5:9](../05/09.md) indicates that it was the Lamb. Alternate translation: “whom the Lamb bought”
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 14:4	r104		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	οἱ ἠγορασμένοι	1	See how you translated this in [14:3](../14/03.md). Alternate translation: “whom the Lamb redeemed”
 14:4	r080		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων	1	Although the term **man** is masculine, John is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “from among humanity”
 14:4	mlw3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀπαρχὴ τῷ Θεῷ καὶ τῷ Ἀρνίῳ	1	John is speaking as if these people were literally the **first fruits** of a harvest. He means that they are the first of many people who will eventually believe in Jesus. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as the first of many people who will believe in God and Jesus”
-14:5	r081			ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος	1	Since John is referring to a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **mouth**. Alternate translation: “no lie has been found in their mouths”
+14:5	r081		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος	1	Since John is referring to a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **mouth**. Alternate translation: “no lie has been found in their mouths”
 14:5	r082		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος	1	Here the expression **has been found** means “could be found” or “was there.” Alternate translation: “there was no lie in their mouths”
 14:5	ga8p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος	1	John is referring to people speaking by association with the way that a person speaks with his **mouth**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “they have told no lies”
 14:5	r083		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτῶν οὐχ εὑρέθη ψεῦδος	1	If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **no** and the negative word **lies**. Alternate translation: “they have always told the truth”
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 14:10	r087		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	βασανισθήσεται	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will torment him”
 14:10	r088		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ	1	This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **fire** describes the state of the **sulfur**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “fiery sulfur”
 14:10	r089		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐνώπιον ἀγγέλων ἁγίων καὶ ἐνώπιον τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	Here the word **before** means “in front of” or “in the presence of” another person. Alternate translation: “in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb”
-14:11	dds6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῶν	1	The third angel is referring to the burning sulfur with which God is tormenting these people by association with the **torment** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the burning sulfur with which God is tormenting them”
+14:11	dds6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῦ βασανισμοῦ αὐτῶν	1	The third angel is referring to the burning sulfur with which God is tormenting these people by association with the **torment** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “of the burning sulfur with which God is tormenting them”
 14:11	r090		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	εἰς αἰῶνας αἰώνων	1	This expression refers to endless future time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for all eternity”
 14:11	r091		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism	ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός	1	The angel is using the two parts of a full day, **day** and **night**, to mean all the time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “at any time”
 14:11	r092		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	εἴ τις λαμβάνει	1	The angel is using a characteristic expression of the Greek language. Alternate translation: “anyone who receives”
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 14:13	x62q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	οἱ νεκροὶ & ἀποθνῄσκοντες	1	The person speaking is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who die if they die”
 14:13	hy1a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	οἱ ἐν Κυρίῳ ἀποθνῄσκοντες ἀπ’ ἄρτι	1	The expression **dying in the Lord** means to die while still maintaining faith in Jesus. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who die from now on while still maintaining their faith in Jesus”
 14:13	r096		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness	ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	The person speaking is referring to Jesus by a respectful title. Use a form for addressing someone respectfully in your language. Alternate translation: “in the Lord Jesus”
-14:13	r097		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	ἵνα	1	The word translated **so** introduces a result of the action that the previous sentence describes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer back to that action. Alternate translation: “they are blessed because as a result of dying in the Lord,”
+14:13	r097		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result	ἵνα	1	The word translated **so** introduces a result of the action that the previous sentence describes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could refer back to that action. Alternate translation: “because they are blessed as a result of dying in the Lord,”
 14:13	v4xz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	τὰ & ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ’ αὐτῶν	1	John is speaking of the **deeds** of these people who have died **in the Lord** as if those deeds could **follow** the people as they come into the presence of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “God will acknowledge as they come into his presence that they have served him diligently”
 14:14	r098		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	ὅμοιον	1	John is using the adjective **like** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. ULT adds the word **one** to show that.  Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “a person who looked like a son of man”
 14:14	gvw8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	Υἱὸν Ἀνθρώπου	1	This could mean: (1) a human being, in a characteristic Hebrew expression that John would be borrowing. Alternate translation, as in UST: “a human being” (2) the Messiah, since “the Son of Man” is a title for the Messiah. Alternate translation: “the Messiah, the Son of Man”
@@ -838,13 +838,13 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 14:15	r099		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐξηράνθη	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “has ripened”
 14:16	nt7k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐθερίσθη ἡ γῆ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “he harvested the earth”
 14:18	jp7l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός	1	John is referring implicitly to the **fire** that burned up sacrifices on the altar. You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the one responsible for maintaining the altar fire”
-14:19	r100		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ληνὸν	1	A **winepress** a large basin made of stone or wood. Workers put grapes in this basin and trample on the grapes to extract their juice. If your readers would not be familiar with what a **winepress** is, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “large basin”
+14:19	r100		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ληνὸν	1	A **winepress** a large basin made of stone or wood. Workers put grapes in this basin and, with bare feet, trample on the grapes to extract their juice. If your readers would not be familiar with what a **winepress** is, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “large basin”
 14:20	r101		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐπατήθη ἡ ληνὸς	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “workers trampled the winepress”
 14:20	r102		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐπατήθη ἡ ληνὸς	1	John is referring to the grapes in the winepress by association with the **winepress** itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “workers trampled the grapes in the winepress”
-14:20	r103		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	αἷμα	1	John is referring to a stream of blood by association with the **blood** that made up the stream. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a stream of blood”
+14:20	r103		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	αἷμα	1	John is referring to a stream of blood by association with the **blood** that ran out of the winepress. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a stream of blood”
 14:20	m2i9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ἄχρι τῶν χαλινῶν τῶν ἵππων	1	The word **bridles** describes sets of headgear that riders use to control horses. If your readers would not be familiar with what **bridles** are, you could use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “as high as horses’ heads”
 14:20	dbz1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance	σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων	1	The word **stadia** is the plural form of “stadium,” which was a distance of about 185 meters. If it would be helpful in your language, you could give the equivalent in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “about 300 kilometers” or “about 200 miles”
-15:intro	zxt7				0	# Revelation 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nIn this chapter, John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 3–4.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “Victorious over the beast”\n\nThese people are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as occurring openly. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalyptic]])\n\n### “The temple having the tent of witness, was open in heaven”\n\nScripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God’s perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God’s heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalyptic]])\n\n### Songs\n\nThe book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. People there worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.
+15:intro	zxt7				0	# Revelation 15 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nIn this chapter, John describes events and pictures that occur in heaven.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 3–4.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### “Victorious over the beast”\n\nThese people are spiritually victorious. While most spiritual battles cannot be seen, the book of Revelation pictures spiritual battles as occurring openly. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalyptic]])\n\n### “The temple having the tent of witness was open in heaven”\n\nScripture elsewhere indicates the earthly temple copied God’s perfect dwelling place in heaven. Here John seems to refer to God’s heavenly dwelling place or temple. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalyptic]])\n\n### Songs\n\nThe book of Revelation often describes heaven as a place where people sing. People there worship God with songs. This illustrates that heaven is a place where God is always worshiped.
 15:1	l345		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	μέγα καὶ θαυμαστόν	1	The terms **great** and **marvelous** mean similar things. John is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “amazing”
 15:1	w6lf		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἔχοντας πληγὰς ἑπτὰ τὰς ἐσχάτας	1	John is speaking of these **plagues** as if they were something that the **seven angels** had in their possession. He means that God had made these angels responsible for administering the plagues. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who would be responsible for administering seven final plagues”
 15:1	r122		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐτελέσθη ὁ θυμὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	John is referring to God’s punishments for sin by association with the **wrath** that God feels because of sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the punishments of God were finished”
@@ -852,10 +852,10 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 15:2	n9yj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς θάλασσαν ὑαλίνην	1	The point of this comparison is that the large object made of **glass** looked like a **sea**. That is, it was wide and spacious and level. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. See how you translated the similar expression in [4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: “a large glass surface”
 15:2	r105		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	μεμιγμένην πυρί	1	The point of this further comparison seems to be that the glass sea was sparkling with light or reflecting the flashes of light that came from the nearby throne, as John describes in [4:5](../04/05.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “that looked as if it was flashing with fire”
 15:2	pt8v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	τοὺς νικῶντας ἐκ τοῦ θηρίου, καὶ ἐκ τῆς εἰκόνος αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτοῦ	1	John means implicitly that these people were **victorious** because they did not worship **the beast and his image** and did not accept **the number of his name** on their right hands or foreheads. You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “who had not worshiped the beast or his image and who had not accepted the number of his name as a mark on their right hands or foreheads”
-15:3	r194		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ᾄδουσιν τὴν ᾠδὴν Μωϋσέως, τοῦ δούλου τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ τὴν ᾠδὴν τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	This could mean implicitly: (1) that these victorious believers sing one song. Alternate translation: “they sing a song that Moses the servant of God sang and that the Lamb now sings” (2) that these victorious believers sing two songs. Alternate translation: “they sing the song of Moses the servant of God and they also sing the song of the Lamb”
+15:3	r194		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	ᾄδουσιν τὴν ᾠδὴν Μωϋσέως, τοῦ δούλου τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ τὴν ᾠδὴν τοῦ Ἀρνίου	1	This could mean implicitly: (1) that these victorious believers sing one song. Alternate translation: “they sing a song that Moses, the servant of God, sang and that the Lamb now sings” (2) that these victorious believers sing two songs. Alternate translation: “they sing the song of Moses, the servant of God, and they also sing the song of the Lamb”
 15:3	r107		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	μεγάλα καὶ θαυμαστὰ τὰ ἔργα σου	1	The terms **Great** and **marvelous** mean similar things. The victorious believers are using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Your deeds are amazing”
 15:3	r108		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	δίκαιαι καὶ ἀληθιναὶ αἱ ὁδοί σου	1	The terms **Righteous** and **true** mean similar things. The victorious believers are using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Your ways are completely righteous”
-15:3	r109		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αἱ ὁδοί σου	1	The victorious believers are singing about God’s actions as if they were **ways** or paths that God was walking on. Alternate translation: “your actions”
+15:3	r109		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αἱ ὁδοί σου	1	The victorious believers are singing about God’s actions as if they were **ways** or paths that God was walking on. Alternate translation: “are your actions”
 15:3	r110		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν αἰώνων	1	The believers are using a possessive form to describe not what God rules over but for how long God will rule. Alternate translation: “you who will be king for all eternity”
 15:3	r464		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants	ὁ Βασιλεὺς τῶν αἰώνων	1	Some ancient manuscripts read **King of the Ages**. ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “King of the Nations.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT.
 15:4	hh87		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς οὐ μὴ φοβηθῇ, Κύριε, καὶ δοξάσει τὸ ὄνομά σου & ?	1	The victorious believers are using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Everyone should fear you, Lord, and glorify your name”
@@ -865,22 +865,22 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 15:5	r113		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἠνοίγη ὁ ναὸς τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was God. Alternate translation: “God had opened the temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven”
 15:5	r114		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ναὸς 	1	When John says that the **temple** had been opened, he means by association that the doors of the temple had been opened and he could see inside. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the doors of the temple”
 15:5	r115		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	ὁ ναὸς τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ	1	John seems to be using this possessive form to indicate that this **temple** was the equivalent **in heaven** of the **tabernacle of the testimony** on earth. Alternate translation: “the temple, that is, the tabernacle of the testimony, in heaven”
-15:5	r116		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ὁ ναὸς τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **testimony**, you could express the same idea in another way. The phrase “the tabernacle of the testimony” is a common Old Testament description of the tent that held the ark of the covenant. John describes in [11:19](../11/19.md) how the ark was now in the temple in heaven Alternate translation: “the temple, that is, the tent holding the ark of the covenant”
-15:6	f9gq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οἱ ἔχοντες τὰς ἑπτὰ πληγὰς	1	See how you translated the similar expression in [15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “who would be responsible for administering the seven plagues”
+15:5	r116		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ὁ ναὸς τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **testimony**, you could express the same idea in another way. The phrase “the tabernacle of the testimony” is a common Old Testament description of the tent that held the ark of the covenant. John describes in [11:19](../11/19.md) how the ark was now in the temple in heaven. Alternate translation: “the temple, that is, the tent holding the ark of the covenant”
+15:6	f9gq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	 οἱ ἔχοντες τὰς ἑπτὰ πληγὰς	1	See how you translated the similar expression in [15:1](../15/01.md). Alternate translation: “who would be responsible for administering the seven plagues”
 15:6	r117		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐνδεδυμένοι λίθον καθαρὸν λαμπρὸν, καὶ περιεζωσμένοι περὶ τὰ στήθη ζώνας χρυσᾶς	1	If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They were wearing clean, bright linen clothes and they had wrapped golden sashes around their chests”
 15:6	r118		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	λίθον	1	John is referring to linen clothes by association with the **linen** from which this clothing is made. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “linen clothes”
-15:6	nei2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	λίθον	1	The word **linen** is the name for a fine, expensive cloth that people make from flax. If your readers would not be familiar with what linen is, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “clothes made from fine, expensive fabric”
+15:6	nei2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	λίθον	1	The word **linen** is the name for a fine, expensive cloth that people make from the strong fibers of the inner bark of the flax plant. If your readers would not be familiar with what linen is, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “clothes made from fine, expensive fabric”
 15:7	r123		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	γεμούσας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	John is referring to God’s punishments for sin by association with the **wrath** that God feels because of sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “being full of punishments from God”
 15:7	r119		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	τοῦ ζῶντος εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων	1	This expression refers to endless future time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who lives for all eternity”
 15:8	r120		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐγεμίσθη ὁ ναὸς καπνοῦ ἐκ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “smoke from the glory of God and from his power filled the temple”
-15:8	r121		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐκ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ	1	If your language does not use an abstract nouns for the ideas of **glory** and **power**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “because God was so glorious and powerful”
+15:8	r121		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐκ τῆς δόξης τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ	1	If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **glory** and **power**, you could express the same ideas in other ways. Alternate translation: “because God was so glorious and powerful”
 15:8	s67r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τελεσθῶσιν αἱ ἑπτὰ πληγαὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the seven angels had completed their seven plagues”
-16:intro	v1cm				0	# Revelation 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the vision that John began to describe in chapter 15. Together these two chapters describe the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5–7.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Seven bowls of God’s wrath\n\nThis chapter reveals severe judgments. John pictures the execution of these judgments as angels pouring out seven bowls of God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Possible translation issues in this chapter\n\n- When John says that an angel “poured out his bowl,” he means that the angel poured out what was in his bowl. You can say that in your translation each time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n- In this chapter, John uses adjectives “first” through “seventh” as nouns to identify the angels who pour out the bowls of God’s wrath. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with equivalent phrases, for example, “the first angel,” “the second angel,” and so forth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])\n\n- If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers for these angels, for example, “angel number one,” “angel number two,” and so forth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
+16:intro	v1cm				0	# Revelation 16 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the vision that John began to describe in chapter 15. Together these two chapters describe the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5–7.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Seven bowls of God’s wrath\n\nThis chapter reveals severe judgments. John pictures the execution of these judgments as angels pouring out seven bowls of God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Possible Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n- When John says that an angel “poured out his bowl,” he means that the angel poured out what was in his bowl. You can say that in your translation each time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])\n\n- In this chapter, John uses adjectives “first” through “seventh” as nouns to identify the angels who pour out the bowls of God’s wrath. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate these words with equivalent phrases, for example, “the first angel,” “the second angel,” and so forth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])\n\n- If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use cardinal numbers for these angels, for example, “angel number one,” “angel number two,” and so forth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
 16:1	r125		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	μεγάλης φωνῆς ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ, λεγούσης	1	John is referring to someone speaking by association with the **voice** that the person is using to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “someone speaking loudly from the temple and saying”
 16:1	k2nq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	John is referring to God’s punishments for sin by association with the **wrath** that God feels because of sin. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that hold the punishments from God”
 16:2	r126		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	ὁ πρῶτος	1	As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, John is using the adjective **first** as a noun to identify this particular angel. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase, and you could do the same with the similar expressions that describe the other six angels. Alternate translation: “the first angel”
-16:2	r127		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	ὁ πρῶτος	1	As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, if your language does not use ordinal numbers, here and for the other six angels you can use a cardinal number or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “angel number one”
-16:2	r128			ἕλκος κακὸν καὶ πονηρὸν	1	Since John is referring to what happened to each person in a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **sore**. Alternate translation: “bad and harmful sores”
+16:2	r127		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	ὁ πρῶτος	1	As the General Notes to this chapter discuss, if your language does not use ordinal numbers, here and for the other six angels you could use a cardinal number or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “angel number one”
+16:2	r128		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	ἕλκος κακὸν καὶ πονηρὸν	1	Since John is referring to what happened to each person in a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **sore**. Alternate translation: “bad and harmful sores”
 16:2	r129		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	κακὸν καὶ πονηρὸν	1	The terms **bad** and **harmful** mean similar things. John is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “very severe”
 16:2	r130		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	Although the term **men** is masculine, John is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “the people”
 16:3	r131		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς νεκροῦ	1	The point of this comparison is that the sea turned into **blood** that was foul and smelled bad, like the blood of a **corpse**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “that was foul and smelled bad”
@@ -896,33 +896,33 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 16:7	p4c5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἤκουσα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου λέγοντος	1	John is describing the **altar** as a living thing that can speak. As the General Introduction to Revelation discusses, within the world of this vision, this is not a figure of speech and so you can translate it literally even if your language does not use figures of speech.
 16:7	r138		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ἀληθιναὶ καὶ δίκαιαι	1	The terms **true** and **righteous** mean similar things. The altar is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “entirely righteous”
 16:8	jf31		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was God. Alternate translation: “God permitted it”
-16:8	l6n2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	John is speaking of the **sun** as if it were a living thing that could receive permission to do something. As the General Introduction to Revelation discusses, within the world of this vision, this may not be a figure of speech and so you could translate it literally even if your language does not use figures of speech. However, if it would be clearer in your language, you could consider it a figure of speech and provide an equivalent translation. Alternate translation: “God caused it”
+16:8	l6n2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἐδόθη αὐτῷ	1	John is speaking of the **sun** as if it were a living thing that could receive permission to do something. As the General Introduction to Revelation discusses, within the world of this vision, this may not be a figure of speech, and so you could translate it literally even if your language does not use figures of speech. However, if it would be clearer in your language, you could consider it a figure of speech and provide an equivalent translation. Alternate translation: “God caused it”
 16:8	r139		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	Although the term **men** is masculine, John is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people”
 16:8	r140		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πυρί	1	John is speaking as if the sun were literally scorching people with **fire**. He means that the sun’s rays became so hot that they burned people just as badly as fire burns people. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the heat of its rays”
 16:8	r141		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	οἱ ἄνθρωποι	1	Although the term **men** is masculine, John is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people”
 16:9	i2du		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐκαυματίσθησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καῦμα μέγα	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the sun scorched men greatly”
 16:9	pr4e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐβλασφήμησαν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Here, **name** represents the character and reputation of person by association with the way that each person has a name. Alternate translation: “they maligned the character of the God”
-16:9	r142		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	μετενόησαν δοῦναι αὐτῷ δόξαν	1	In the Bible, a person giving God glory often means that person acknowledging that he has sinned and that God is justly punishing him. Alternate translation: “repent of their sin and acknowledge that God was punishing them for it justly”
+16:9	r142		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	οὐ μετενόησαν δοῦναι αὐτῷ δόξαν	1	In the Bible, a person giving God **glory** often means that person acknowledging that he has sinned and that God is justly punishing him. Alternate translation: “they did not repent of their sin and acknowledge that God was punishing them for it justly”
 16:9	r143		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	δοῦναι αὐτῷ δόξαν	1	If you wish to retain the biblical idiom in your translation but your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and glorify him”
 16:10	hit6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ ἐσκοτωμένη	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was God. Alternate translation: “God darkened its kingdom”
 16:10	r144		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ ἐσκοτωμένη	1	John does not say specifically how God **darkened** the entire area where the beast ruled and so you may not wish to offer any explicit explanation in your translation. However, if your language would not describe something like this without saying how it happened, you could suggest an explanation. Alternate translation: “God made thick clouds cover the sun in order to darken its kingdom” or “God caused an eclipse of the sun in order to darken its kingdom”
 16:10	r145		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of a **kingdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the area that the beast ruled as king”
-16:10	pb1u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	ἐμασῶντο τὰς γλώσσας αὐτῶν	1	The pronoun **they** refers to the people whom God afflicted with painful sores, as John describes in [16:2](../16/02.md) and as he makes clear in the next verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the people whom God had punished with sores”
+16:10	pb1u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	ἐμασῶντο τὰς γλώσσας αὐτῶν	1	The pronoun **they** refers to the people whom God afflicted with painful sores, as John describes in [16:2](../16/02.md) and as he makes clear in the next verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the people whom God had punished with sores were chewing their tongues”
 16:11	r146		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	ἐκ τῶν πόνων αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἑλκῶν αὐτῶν	1	This phrase expresses a single idea by using two words connected with **and**. The word **pain** tells what kind of **sores** these were. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “because of their painful sores”
 16:12	r147		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	τὸν Εὐφράτην	1	The word **Euphrates** is the name of a river. See how you translated it in [9:14](../09/14.md).
-16:12	amf1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐξηράνθη τὸ ὕδωρ αὐτοῦ, ἵνα ἑτοιμασθῇ ἡ ὁδὸς τῶν βασιλέων τῶν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου its water was dried up so that the way of the kings from the rising of the sun might be prepared	1	
+16:12	amf1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐξηράνθη τὸ ὕδωρ αὐτοῦ, ἵνα ἑτοιμασθῇ ἡ ὁδὸς τῶν βασιλέων τῶν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου 	1	If your language does not use these passive forms, you could express the ideas in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was God. Alternate translation: “God dried up its water in order to prepare the way for the kings from the rising of the sun”
 16:12	r148		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	τῶν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου	1	This expression refers to a particular direction from the perspective of the speaker. Your language may have its own way of referring to this direction. Alternate translation: “from the east”
 16:13	bb6d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς βάτραχοι	1	John does not seem to be drawing a comparison between these **unclean spirits** and **frogs** in order to indicate something about the character of the spirits. Rather, he seems to be describing the appearance of the spirits. This appearance may have some symbolic significance, but that is a matter of interpretation rather than translation. Alternate translation: “that looked like frogs”
 16:14	r149		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	σημεῖα	1	John is using the word **signs** here in the same sense as in [13:13](../13/13.md). See how you translated the word there. Alternate translation: “miracles”
 16:15	l16g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit		0	In this verse, Jesus breaks into John’s narrative of his vision to address the believers who are listening to it or reading it. ULT puts the verse in parentheses to show this. There may be a comparable convention in your language that you can use in your translation. You can also state explicitly that the Lord Jesus said this, as UST does.
 16:15	lgi6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ἔρχομαι ὡς κλέπτης	1	The point of this comparison is that Jesus **is coming** at a time when people will not be expecting him, just as a **thief** comes when people are not expecting him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make this point explicitly. Alternate translation: “I am coming at a time when you are not expecting me”
-16:15	an84		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ, ἵνα μὴ γυμνὸς περιπατῇ, καὶ βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ	1	As the General Introduction to Revelation discusses, Jesus here the term “keeping” means “preserving,” that is, maintaining the **garments** in good repair. This represents living in a way that pleases God. Walking around **naked** similarly stands for living in a way that displeases God, that is, committing sins. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “continuing to live in a way that pleases God and not committing sins that others can see”
+16:15	an84		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ, ἵνα μὴ γυμνὸς περιπατῇ, καὶ βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ	1	As the General Introduction to Revelation discusses, here the term “keeping” means “preserving,” that is, maintaining the **garments** in good repair. This represents living in a way that pleases God. Walking around **naked** similarly stands for living in a way that displeases God, that is, committing sins. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “continuing to live in a way that pleases God and not committing sins that others can see”
 16:15	b6f4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ	1	This expression means to keep one’s **garments** on, that is, to continue to wear clothes. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “continuing to wear clothes”
 16:15	qwa2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	καὶ βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ	1	The pronoun **they** is an indefinite pronoun that does not refer to anyone in the immediate context. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate this with a different expression that does not use an indefinite pronoun. Alternate translation: “so that people can see his indecency”
 16:15	r150		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **indecency**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “indecent behavior”
 16:16	m2v7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns	συνήγαγεν αὐτοὺς	1	The pronoun **they** refers to the spirits of demons that John describes in [16:14](../16/14.md) and the pronoun **them** refer to the kings John describes in that same verse. It may be helpful to clarify this for your readers. Alternate translation: “the spirits of demons brought the kings together”
 16:16	r151		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τὸν καλούμενον	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that people call”
-16:16	r152		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate	Ἁρμαγεδών	1	The word **Armageddon** is a Hebrew word that John spells it out using Greek letters so his readers will know how it sounds. In your translation you can spell it the way it sounds in your language.
+16:16	r152		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate	Ἁρμαγεδών	1	The word **Armageddon** is a Hebrew word that John spells out using Greek letters so his readers will know how it sounds. In your translation you can spell it the way it sounds in your language.
 16:16	x6ff		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ἁρμαγεδών	1	The word **Armageddon** is the name of a valley.
 16:17	a15p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐξῆλθεν φωνὴ μεγάλη ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου λέγουσα	1	John is referring to someone speaking by association with the **voice** that the person is using to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I heard the one who was sitting on the throne in the temple say loudly”
 16:17	r153		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	γέγονεν	1	This expression means that the speaker has accomplished what he intended to do. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, indicating that God is the one sitting on the **throne** in the **temple**. Alternate translation: “I, God, have accomplished what I intended to do”
@@ -936,16 +936,16 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 16:19	r507		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1	John is referring to the people who live in the city of **Babylon** by association with that city itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the people who lived in the great city of Babylon”
 16:19	g6s8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	δοῦναι αὐτῇ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ	1	John is alluding to what the angel said in [14:10](../14/10.md) about the “wine of the wrath” of God’s “anger” that was in his “cup.” It is likely that he is therefore referring symbolically, as the angel was, to God making people and entities experience the just consequences of their actions. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to make her experience the just consequences of her actions that have made God so angry”
 16:20	r160		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	καὶ πᾶσα νῆσος ἔφυγεν, καὶ ὄρη οὐχ εὑρέθησαν	1	John means implicitly that these things also happened as a result of the earthquake. You can provide this information in your translation if that would be helpful to your readers. UST models one way to do that.
-16:20	r161		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἔφυγεν	1	John is speaking of each **island** as if it were a living thing that **fled**. He means that the islands disappeared beneath the ocean surface. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sank into the ocean”
-16:20	byn4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ὄρη οὐχ εὑρέθησαν	1	Here the expression **were not found** means “could not be found” or “were not there.” Alternate translation: “there were no mountains any more”
+16:20	r161		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἔφυγεν	1	John is speaking of each **island** as if it were a living thing that **fled**. He means that the islands disappeared beneath the surface of the ocean. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sank into the ocean”
+16:20	byn4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ὄρη οὐχ εὑρέθησαν	1	Here the expression **were not found** means “could not be found” or “were not there.” Alternate translation: “there were no mountains anymore”
 16:21	r162		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	χάλαζα μεγάλη, ὡς ταλαντιαία	1	John is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You can supply these words from the context if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “great hail, in hailstones weighing about a talent each”
 16:21	i43r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight	ὡς ταλαντιαία	1	A talent was a weight of about 33 kilograms or about 70 pounds. If it would be helpful in your language, you could give the equivalent in modern measurements. Alternate translation: “in hailstones weighing about 33 kilograms each” or “in hailstones weighing about 70 pounds each”
 16:21	r163		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	τοὺς ἀνθρώπους & οἱ ἄνθρωποι	1	Although the term **men** is masculine, John is using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a term in your language that is clearly inclusive of both men and women. Alternate translation: “people”
-17:intro	ysn1				0	# Revelation 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins to describe how God will destroy the entity that the book of Revelation calls Babylon.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The great prostitute\n\nThose who have sex with prostitutes are unfaithful to God’s purposes for sexual relations to take place within marriage. The “great prostitute” in this chapter may therefore represent some person or entity that leads people to be unfaithful to God spiritually. But it is not necessary to try to identify this person or entity in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalyptic]])\n\n### Seven hills\n\nAn angel tells John in 17:9, “The seven heads are seven hills where the woman is sitting.” This could mean that the woman represents the city of Rome, which is known as the City of Seven Hills. However, since this is a matter of interpretation rather than translation, it would not be appropriate to say explicitly in your translation that the seven hills indicate the city of Rome. br>\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nJohn uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should do the same. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “The beast that you saw was and is not but is about to come up”\n\nThis and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called “the one who is and who was and who is to come” elsewhere in the book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Paradox\n\nA paradox is a statement that asserts as true two things that seemingly cannot both be true at the same time. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: “the beast … is itself also an eighth, but it is from the seven.” The translator should not attempt to explain how both of these things can be true; that should remain a paradox.
+17:intro	ysn1				0	# Revelation 17 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nThis chapter begins to describe how God will destroy the entity that the book of Revelation calls Babylon.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### The great prostitute\n\nThose who have sex with prostitutes are unfaithful to God’s purposes for sexual relations to take place within marriage. The “great prostitute” in this chapter may therefore represent some person or entity that leads people to be unfaithful to God spiritually. But it is not necessary to try to identify this person or entity in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalyptic]])\n\n### Seven hills\n\nAn angel tells John in 17:9, “The seven heads are seven hills where the woman is sitting.” This could mean that the woman represents the city of Rome, which is known as the City of Seven Hills. However, since this is a matter of interpretation rather than translation, it would not be appropriate to say explicitly in your translation that the seven hills indicate the city of Rome. br>\n\n\n## Important Figures of Speech in this Chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nJohn uses many different metaphors in this chapter. He explains some of their meanings, but allows them to remain relatively unclear. The translator should do the same. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### “The beast that you saw was and is not but is about to come up”\n\nThis and similar phrases in this chapter contrast the beast with Jesus. Jesus is called “the one who is and who was and who is to come” elsewhere in the book of Revelation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Paradox\n\nA paradox is a statement that asserts as true two things that seemingly cannot both be true at the same time. This sentence in 17:11 is a paradox: “the beast … is itself also an eighth, but it is from the seven.” The translator should not attempt to explain how both of these things can be true; that should remain a paradox.
 17:1	c6f4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὸ κρίμα	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **judgment**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “how God will judge”
-17:1	f7ry		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo	of the great prostitute sitting on many waters	1	Since the angel explains the meaning of the **great prostitute** in verse 18 and the meaning of the **waters** in verse 15, you do not need to say anything in your translation about their meaning here.
+17:1	f7ry		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo	τῆς πόρνης τῆς μεγάλης τῆς καθημένης ἐπὶ ὑδάτων πολλῶν,	1	Since the angel explains the meaning of the **great prostitute** in verse 18 and the meaning of the **waters** in verse 15, you do not need to say anything in your translation about their meaning here.
 17:1	crs4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τῆς καθημένης ἐπὶ ὑδάτων πολλῶν	1	The angel is using the word **waters** to mean a specific body of water by association. The phrase **sitting on many waters** is an allusion to [Jeremiah 51:13](../jer/51/13.md), where the same phrase describes the ancient city of Babylon and its location on the great Euphrates River. (The Hebrew word that Jeremiah uses can mean both “sit” and “dwell.”) If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who stays next to a great river”
-17:2	r166		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μεθ’ ἧς ἐπόρνευσαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς	1	The angel is speaking as the **kings of the earth** had literally **committed sexual immorality** with this prostitute. But that is not literally the case even within the world of this vision, since the angel explains in verse 18 that the prostitute symbolizes a city. So the sexual immorality likely symbolizes idolatry and, in light of chapter 18, greed. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The kings of the earth joined her in being idolatrous and greedy”
+17:2	r166		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μεθ’ ἧς ἐπόρνευσαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς	1	The angel is speaking as if the **kings of the earth** had literally **committed sexual immorality** with this prostitute. But that is not literally the case even within the world of this vision, since the angel explains in verse 18 that the prostitute symbolizes a city. So the sexual immorality likely symbolizes idolatry and, in light of chapter 18, greed. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “The kings of the earth joined her in being idolatrous and greedy”
 17:2	paa4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐμεθύσθησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1	The angel is speaking as if the **sexual immorality** of the prostitute had been **wine** and that the **ones inhabiting the earth** had literally been **intoxicated** by that wine. But once again these things are not literally the case even within the world of this vision. The sexual immorality likely represents idolatry and greed and the intoxication likely represents deception. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she deceived the ones inhabiting the earth to make them indulge in idolatry and greed”
 17:2	r167		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐμεθύσθησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν γῆν ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the wine of her sexual immorality intoxicated the ones inhabiting the earth”
 17:3	hf43		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἀπήνεγκέν με εἰς ἔρημον ἐν Πνεύματι	1	See how you translated the expression **in the Spirit** in [1:10](../01/10.md) and [4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “as he carried me away to a wilderness, the Holy Spirit inspired me so that I could receive further revelation”
@@ -961,7 +961,7 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 17:6	r174		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν ἁγίων, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ αἵματος τῶν μαρτύρων Ἰησοῦ	1	These two phrases mean similar things. John is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “from the blood of the saints who had borne witness to Jesus”
 17:6	ydi9			ἐθαύμασα & θαῦμα μέγα	1	John is using a construction in which a verb and its object come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have its own way of expressing the same meaning. Alternate translation: “I wondered greatly”
 17:7	j412		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	διὰ τί ἐθαύμασας?	1	The angel is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You do not need to wonder!”
-17:8	usl4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God is going to destroy it”
+17:8	usl4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is going to be destroyed”
 17:8	r6h4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οὐ γέγραπται	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, the context suggests that it was God. Alternate translation: “God has not written”
 17:8	r175		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου	1	See how you translated this expression in [13:8](../13/08.md). Alternate translation: “since God founded the world”
 17:9	r176		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ὧδε ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἔχων σοφίαν	1	The expression **Here is** introduces something that the speaker is calling for. Alternate translation: “This calls for a mind that has wisdom”
@@ -972,12 +972,12 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 17:10	r179		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	ὀλίγον	1	The angel is using the adjective **little** as a noun to mean a certain length of time. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “for a little while”
 17:11	r180		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	ὄγδοός & τῶν ἑπτά	1	The angel is using the adjectives **eighth** and **seven** as nouns to mean these kings. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “an eighth king … the seven kings”
 17:11	r181		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal	ὄγδοός	1	If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could use a cardinal number here or an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “king number eight”
-17:11	r182		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “God is going to destroy it”
+17:11	r182		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	εἰς ἀπώλειαν ὑπάγει	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “is going to be destroyed”
 17:12	r183		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	βασιλείαν	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of a **kingdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “authority to rule as kings”
-17:12	n2rd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	μίαν ὥραν	1	In the ancient world, an **hour** was the shortest time span that people envisioned. In this context, the term does not mean a literal hour of sixty minutes. It means the shortest time imaginable. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for just a little while”
+17:12	n2rd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	μίαν ὥραν	1	In the ancient world, an **hour** was the shortest time span that people envisioned. In this context, the term does not mean a literal hour of 60 minutes. It means the shortest time imaginable. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for just a little while”
 17:13	w7jb		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	οὗτοι μίαν γνώμην ἔχουσιν	1	This expression means to be in complete agreement. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “These kings are in complete agreement”
 17:13	r184		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	τὴν δύναμιν καὶ τὴν ἐξουσίαν αὐτῶν	1	The terms **power** and **authority** mean similar things. The angel is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “all of their authority”
-17:14	abb5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἱ μετ’ αὐτοῦ, κλητοὶ, καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ, καὶ πιστοί	1	The words **called** and **chosen** are not passive verbal forms, they are adjectives. However, if your language does not use passive forms, it might be clearer for your readers to use expressios that do not seem to be passive verbal forms. Alternate translation: “God has called and chosen the ones with him and they are faithful”
+17:14	abb5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οἱ μετ’ αὐτοῦ, κλητοὶ, καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ, καὶ πιστοί	1	The words **called** and **chosen** are not passive verbal forms, they are adjectives. However, if your language does not use passive forms, it might be clearer for your readers to use expressions that do not seem to be passive verbal forms. Alternate translation: “God has called and chosen the ones with him and they are faithful”
 17:15	r185		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	λαοὶ καὶ ὄχλοι εἰσὶν, καὶ ἔθνη καὶ γλῶσσαι	1	The terms **peoples**, **multitudes**, **nations**, and **languages** mean similar things. John is using the four terms together to make a comprehensive statement. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “every different people group”
 17:15	r186		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	γλῶσσαι	1	The angel is referring to speakers of various languages by association with the **languages** themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “speakers of various languages”
 17:16	j157		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ἠρημωμένην ποιήσουσιν αὐτὴν καὶ γυμνήν	1	The terms **desolated** and **naked** mean similar things. John is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “they will take away everything she has”
@@ -989,12 +989,12 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 17:17	r189		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys	ποιῆσαι τὴν γνώμην αὐτοῦ, καὶ ποιῆσαι μίαν γνώμην, καὶ	1	This phrase expresses a single idea by using two shorter phrases connected with **and**. The phrase **to do one purpose** tells how the kings will **do his purpose**, that is, God’s purpose. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this meaning with an equivalent phrase that does not use “and.” Alternate translation: “to do God’s purpose by agreeing”
 17:17	r190		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ποιῆσαι μίαν γνώμην	1	This expression means to be in complete agreement. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to be in complete agreement”
 17:17	ku6m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of a **kingdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “their authority to rule as kings”
-17:17	r191			τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν	1	Since the angel is referring to things that belong to several people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **kingdom**. Alternate translation: “their kingdoms”
+17:17	r191		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτῶν	1	Since the angel is referring to things that belong to several people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **kingdom**. Alternate translation: “their kingdoms”
 17:17	el9y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “until God has fulfilled his words”
 17:17	r192		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἄχρι τελεσθήσονται οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	The angel is using the term **words** to mean things that God has spoken by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “until God has fulfilled what he has spoken”
 17:18	uy1m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ ἔχουσα βασιλείαν ἐπὶ	1	The angel is referring to the king who rules from the **great city** by association with that city itself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the great city whose king has a kingdom over”
 17:18	r193		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ ἔχουσα βασιλείαν ἐπὶ	1	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **kingdom**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the great city that rules over” or “the great city whose king rules over”
-18:intro	j5qc				0	# Revelation 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with all or part of verses 1–8, 10, 16–17, and 19–24.\n\n## Translation issues in this chapter\n\n ### “in one hour”\n\nCharacters in the narrative use the expression “in one hour” in verses 10, 17, 19. In the ancient world, an “hour” was the shortest time span that people envisioned. In this context, the term does not mean a literal hour of sixty minutes. It means the shortest time imaginable. You may wish to translate this phrase with a comparable phrase in your language such as “in such a short time.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “woe, woe”\n\nIn verses 10, 16, and 19, kings and merchants repeat the word “woe” for emphasis. If it would not be natural in your language to repeat a word like that, you could express the emphasis in another way, for example, by using a different expression and including the word “very,” as the UST does.\n\n### “she,” “her”\n\nPeople in this culture conventionally referred to cities by using feminine pronouns. Accordingly, throughout this chapter, various speakers refer to the city of Babylon as “she” and “her.” Your language may use a different gender, so you might say “it” and “its” in your translation. You could also use a noun and say “that city.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n\n### “will not be see/heard/found anymore”\n\nIn verses 21, 22, and 23, an angel speaks a series of similar phrases describing what will not be “found” or “heard” or “seen” in Babylon “anymore.” The repetition of such phrases is a figure of speech for emphasis. The angel is emphasizing how thoroughly God will destroy Babylon. If possible, use similar statements in your own translation. You may also wish to make each of these verses a separate paragraph, as ULT does, or use formatting in some other way to highlight the repeated phrases. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
+18:intro	j5qc				0	# Revelation 18 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with all or part of verses 1–8, 10, 16–17, and 19–24.\n\n## Translation Issues in this Chapter\n\n ### “in one hour”\n\nCharacters in the narrative use the expression “in one hour” in verses 10, 17, 19. In the ancient world, an “hour” was the shortest time span that people envisioned. In this context, the term does not mean a literal hour of 60 minutes. It means the shortest time imaginable. You may wish to translate this phrase with a comparable phrase in your language such as “in such a short time.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])\n\n### “woe, woe”\n\nIn verses 10, 16, and 19, kings and merchants repeat the word “woe” for emphasis. If it would not be natural in your language to repeat a word like that, you could express the emphasis in another way, for example, by using a different expression and including the word “very,” as the UST does.\n\n### “she,” “her”\n\nPeople in this culture conventionally referred to cities by using feminine pronouns. Accordingly, throughout this chapter, various speakers refer to the city of Babylon as “she” and “her.” Your language may use a different gender, so you might say “it” and “its” in your translation. You could also use a noun and say “that city.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])\n\n### “will not be see/heard/found anymore”\n\nIn verses 21, 22, and 23, an angel speaks a series of similar phrases describing what will not be “found” or “heard” or “seen” in Babylon “anymore.” The repetition of such phrases is a figure of speech for emphasis. The angel is emphasizing how thoroughly God will destroy Babylon. If possible, use similar statements in your own translation. You may also wish to make each of these verses a separate paragraph, as ULT does, or use formatting in some other way to highlight the repeated phrases. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
 18:1	r195		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἡ γῆ ἐφωτίσθη ἐκ τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “his glory illuminated the earth”
 18:2	a2f5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1	See how you translated the similar expression in [14:8](../14/08.md). Alternate translation: “Babylon the Great has been destroyed” or “God has destroyed Babylon the Great”
 18:2	r466		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants	ἔπεσεν, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη	1	Some ancient manuscripts read, **Babylon the Great has fallen**. ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read, “Fallen, fallen is Babylon the Great.” If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of ULT.
@@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 18:5	r203		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐκολλήθησαν αὐτῆς αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἄχρι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “the heap of her sins is as high as heaven” (2) Alternate translation: “the heap of her sins is as high as the sky”
 18:5	e32w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐκολλήθησαν αὐτῆς αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἄχρι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ	1	The voice is speaking as if the **sins** of Babylon were literally in a very high pile. He means that Babylon has committed very many sins. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “she has committed very many sins”
 18:5	u2yu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἐμνημόνευσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὰ ἀδικήματα αὐτῆς	1	The voice is not suggesting that God had forgotten about Babylon but has now **remembered** the city’s **offenses**. The angel is using a common biblical expression that means that God has taken action with regard to a person or entity of which he was already aware, either to help or to punish. See how you translated the similar expression in [16:19](../16/19.md). Alternate translation: “God has punished her for her offenses”
-18:6	r204			ἀπόδοτε αὐτῇ ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπέδωκεν, καὶ διπλώσατε τὰ διπλᾶ, κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῆς	1	The voice from heaven is using a characteristic form of Hebrew speech. The voice is naming a number and then, for emphasis, naming the next higher number. An example of this is in [Amos 1:3](../amo/01/03.md), “For three sins of Damascus, even for four, I will not turn away punishment.” If it might seem to your readers that the voice from heaven was contradicting itself, first saying to punish Babylon one way (just as much as the city hurt others) and then saying to punish Babylon a different way (twice as much as the city hurt others), you could show in your translation that this is actually a progression for emphasis. UST models one way to do this.
+18:6	r204		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	ἀπόδοτε αὐτῇ ὡς καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπέδωκεν, καὶ διπλώσατε τὰ διπλᾶ, κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῆς	1	The voice from heaven is using a characteristic form of Hebrew speech. The voice is naming a number and then, for emphasis, naming the next higher number. An example of this is in [Amos 1:3](../amo/01/03.md), “For three sins of Damascus, even for four, I will not turn away punishment.” If it might seem to your readers that the voice from heaven was contradicting itself, first saying to punish Babylon one way (just as much as the city hurt others) and then saying to punish Babylon a different way (twice as much as the city hurt others), you could show in your translation that this is actually a progression for emphasis. UST models one way to do this.
 18:6	r205		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular	ἀπόδοτε & διπλώσατε & κεράσατε	1	All of these imperatives are plural. (They seem to address the angels whom God has appointed to punish Babylon, as UST indicates.) So use plural imperatives in your translation if your language marks that distinction.
 18:6	r206		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	διπλώσατε τὰ διπλᾶ, κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῆς; ἐν τῷ ποτηρίῳ ᾧ ἐκέρασεν, κεράσατε αὐτῇ διπλοῦν,	1	These two phrases mean similar things. The voice from heaven is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. The first phrase expresses it literally and the second phrase expresses it figuratively. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the two phrases. UST models one way of doing this.
 18:6	r207			διπλώσατε τὰ διπλᾶ	1	The voice is using a construction in which a verb and its object come from the same root. You may be able to use the same construction in your language to express the meaning here. Alternatively, your language may have its own way of expressing the same meaning. Alternate translation: “repay her double”
@@ -1091,7 +1091,7 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 18:22	r247		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	φωνὴ μύλου οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one at will will hear the sound of a mill”
 18:23	r248		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	ἐν σοὶ & ἐν σοὶ	1	As in verse 22, for emphasis the angel is speaking directly to the city of Babylon even though he knows that the city cannot hear him. If someone speaking your language would not do this, you could translate this as the angel speaking about Babylon rather than to Babylon. Alternate translation: “in her … in her”
 18:23	d67i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	φωνὴ νυμφίου καὶ νύμφης οὐ μὴ ἀκουσθῇ	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “no one at all will hear the voice of a bridegroom and a bride”
-18:23	r508		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual	φωνὴ	1	Since the angel is referring to two people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **voice** or the dual form if your language marks that distinction. Alternate translation: “the voices”
+18:23	r508		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	φωνὴ	1	Since the angel is referring to two people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **voice** or the dual form if your language marks that distinction. Alternate translation: “the voices”
 18:23	j3iy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐν τῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἐπλανήθησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you deceived all the nations by your sorcery”
 18:23	r249		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν τῇ φαρμακείᾳ σου ἐπλανήθησαν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	The angel is speaking as if these Babylon had literally used **sorcery** to deceive the nations. He likely means that Babylon made living in excessive luxury seem attractive and acceptable. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you influenced all the nations to try to live in luxury”
 18:23	r250		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	πάντα τὰ ἔθνη	1	The angel says **all** here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “nations throughout the world”
@@ -1183,7 +1183,7 @@ front:intro	xx8l				0	# Introduction to Revelation\n\n## Part 1: General Introdu
 20:4	tut2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ, καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	These two phrases mean similar things. John is using repetition to emphasize the idea that the phrases express. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “for proclaiming the message from God about Jesus”
 20:4	r275		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession	τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ	1	In this possessive form, **Jesus** is the object rather than the subject of **testimony**. That is, this does not mean testimony that Jesus gives, it means testimony that people give about their faith in Jesus. Alternate translation: “testifying to Jesus”
 20:4	xz5l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	John is using the term **word** to mean the message that these believers had shared by using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “sharing the message from God”
-20:4	r276			ἐπὶ τὸ μέτωπον, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν χεῖρα αὐτῶν	1	Since John is referring to a group of people, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural forms of **forehead** and **hand**. Alternate translation: “on their foreheads or on their hands”
+20:4	r276		rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns	ἐπὶ τὸ μέτωπον, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν χεῖρα αὐτῶν	1	In this verse, the words **forehead** and **hand** are singular in form, but it refers to all of them as a group. If it would be helpful in your language, you could say this plainly. Alternate translation: “on their foreheads or on their hands”
 20:5	r277		rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background	οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔζησαν, ἄχρι τελεσθῇ τὰ χίλια ἔτη	1	With this sentence, John is providing background information that will help readers understand what happens next in the story. ULT puts the sentence in parentheses to show that. In your translation, present this information in a way that would be natural in your own language and culture.
 20:5	r278			οἱ λοιποὶ τῶν νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔζησαν, ἄχρι τελεσθῇ τὰ χίλια ἔτη	1	It may be more natural in your language to state this positively. Alternate translation: “The rest of the dead only lived again once the 1,000 years had ended”
 20:5	cw4j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	τῶν νεκρῶν	1	John is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean a certain kind of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the people who had died”