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tn_RUT.tsv
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:1 nm13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בָּ⁠אָ֑רֶץ 1 This phrase, **in the land**, refers to the land of Israel. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel”
1:1 mmb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants אִ֜ישׁ 1 This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a new participant in a story.
1:2 e53a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶפְרָתִ֔ים 1 The term **Ephrathites** refers to the people from the clan of Ephrathah, people who lived in the area around Bethlehem. Alternate translation: “from the clan of Ephrathah”
1:3 rxb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵ֥ר הִ֖יא וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠הָ׃ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Naomi remained as a widow, only her two sons remaining with her”
1:3 rxb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵ֥ר הִ֖יא וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽי⁠הָ׃ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Naomi and her two sons remained in Moab without him”
1:4 pk7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּשְׂא֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ 1 The phrase **took wives for themselves** is an idiom that means that they married women. They did not take women by force or take women who were already married to other men.
1:4 aee6 שֵׁ֤ם הָֽ⁠אַחַת֙ עָרְפָּ֔ה וְ⁠שֵׁ֥ם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֖ית ר֑וּת 1 If your language must distinguish which woman married which son, you can say that Orpah married Kilion and that Ruth married Mahlon. Alternate translation: "the name of the woman who married Kilion was Orpah, and the name of the woman who married Mahlon was Ruth"
1:5 dbr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠תִּשָּׁאֵר֙ הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה מִ⁠שְּׁנֵ֥י יְלָדֶ֖י⁠הָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠אִישָֽׁ⁠הּ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and the woman was alone without her husband or her two sons” or "and Naomi remained widowed and childless"
@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:6 u9q2 וְ⁠כַלֹּתֶ֔י⁠הָ 1 Alternate translation: "and the women who had married her sons"
1:6 zo55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כִּ֤י שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב כִּֽי־פָקַ֤ד יְהוָה֙ אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ\nלָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם 1 Naomi first heard about Yahweh visiting his people and then decided to return to Bethlehem, so it might be more natural to put this information first, as in the UST.
1:6 sa4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּ⁠שְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב 1 It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “while she was in the region of Moab, she had heard from someone who came from Israel”
1:6 ser2 יְהוָה֙ 1 The word **Yahweh** is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
1:6 v86z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פָקַ֤ד & אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ 1 Here, **visited** is an idiom that means “taken care of.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “had relieved the hunger of his people” or “had come through for his people”
1:6 ab01 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ 1 Here, **bread** refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.”
1:7 w7ti וַ⁠תֵּלַ֣כְנָה בַ⁠דֶּ֔רֶךְ 1 Alternate translation: "And they walked along the road"
@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:12 abc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣⁠י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַ⁠לַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְ⁠אִ֔ישׁ וְ⁠גַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to emphasize that she cannot provide other sons for them to marry. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Even if it were possible that I could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away”
1:12 kh9g יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים 1 Alternate translation: "I were to bear sons" or "I were to deliver baby boys"
1:13 gmc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲ⁠לָהֵ֣ן ׀ תְּשַׂבֵּ֗רְנָה עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse and immediately asks another rhetorical question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would need to marry a husband before then.”
1:13 ab04 הֲ⁠לָהֵ֣ן ׀ תְּשַׂבֵּ֗רְנָה עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 This idea refers to the custom among the ancient Hebrews of levirate marriage, in which it was expected that, if a married man died, one of his brothers would marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation.
1:13 ab04 הֲ⁠לָהֵ֣ן ׀ תְּשַׂבֵּ֗רְנָה עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ 1 This idea refers to the custom among the ancient Hebrews that, if a married man died, one of his brothers would marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation. If it would be helpful, you could put some of this information in a footnote.
1:13 gh99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַר־לִ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙ 1 Here, bitterness is a metaphor for grief. Alternate translation: “it is a great grief for me”
1:13 z9u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **hand** represents the power of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me”
1:13 ab02 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה 1 The implication is that Yahweh caused the deaths of Naomi's family. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away our husbands”
@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
1:16 z5ug וּ⁠בַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּלִ֨ינִי֙ 1 Alternate translation: "and where you live"
1:16 wspu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְ⁠עָזְבֵ֖⁠ךְ לָ⁠שׁ֣וּב מֵ⁠אַחֲרָ֑יִ⁠ךְ 1 The phrase **turn back from behind you** further defines the phrase **forsake you**. Ruth is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a single phrase and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to forget my commitment to remain loyal to you”
1:16 b518 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַמֵּ֣⁠ךְ עַמִּ֔⁠י וֵ⁠אלֹהַ֖יִ⁠ךְ אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י 1 With these phrases, Ruth completely identifies herself with the culture and religion of Naomi, an Israelite. The original does not have any verbs, so if your language requires verbs here, choose the ones that best communicate this. Alternate translation: “Your people will be my people, and your God will be my God”
1:17 sje3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula כֹּה֩ יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף 1 Ruth uses this oath formula to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She calls down a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said she would do. In keeping with the custom, she did not express what that punishment would be. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh strike me dead, and may he do more”
1:17 sje3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula כֹּה֩ יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף 1 Ruth uses this oath formula to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She calls down a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said she would do. In keeping with the custom, she did not express what that punishment would be. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh strike me dead, and may he do more, and may he do even more”
1:17 abc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 This could mean: (1) even death cannot overcome Ruth's commitment to Naomi. This could be a form of hyperbole or simply a way to restate her commitment to be buried in the same place as Naomi is buried. Alternate translation: "if even death separates us from each other" (2) the only thing that can separate Ruth from Naomi would be the death of one of them. Alternate translation: "if anything other than death separates us from each other" or "if I leave you while you and I are both still alive"
1:17 ab05 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ 1 This phrase is an idiom that means “separates you and me.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “separates the two of us” or “comes between us”
1:18 rsq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ 1 This phrase expresses the result of the previous phrase. You may want to indicate this by using a connector that introduces a result. Alternate translation: "so she refrained from speaking to her further"
@ -225,8 +224,8 @@ front:intro f68r 0 # Introduction to Ruth\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\
4:1 m4by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠שַּׁעַר֮ 1 The original readers knew that **the gate** was the place inside the entrance to the town where community business was publicly conducted. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: "to the gathering place inside the gateway of the town"
4:1 jdr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה 1 The writer is using the term **behold** to focus our attention on the important event of Boaz seeing the exact person whom he wanted to see walking by. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: "And amazingly" or "To his delight"
4:1 kz1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֤ל 1 The term **kinsman-redeemer** specifically refers to the closest living male relative to Elimelek. If your language has a specific word for such a person, it would be appropriate to use it here. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
4:1 ab39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֛אמֶר ס֥וּרָ⁠ה שְׁבָ⁠ה־פֹּ֖ה פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י 1 In many languages, **a certain someone** is an awkward and unnatural way for someone to address another person. A way to make this more natural could be to turn this into an indirect quotation. A combination of indirect and direct quotation is also possible, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Boaz called him by name and asked him to turn aside and sit down there"
4:1 ab38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י 1 Boaz did not actually say **a certain someone**; instead, he called the kinsman-redeemer by his name. This is an idiom that means a specific person, but the name is not given. The narrator has substituted this general term for the person’s name either because the specific name is not important for the story or because the man’s name had been forgotten. If your language has an idiom to refer to a specific person without using his name, use that here. Alternate translation: “so-and-so”
4:1 ab39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֛אמֶר ס֥וּרָ⁠ה שְׁבָ⁠ה־פֹּ֖ה פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י 1 In many languages, **a certain person** is an awkward and unnatural way for someone to address another person. A way to make this more natural could be to turn this into an indirect quotation. A combination of indirect and direct quotation is also possible, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Boaz called to this certain person and asked him to turn aside and sit down there"
4:1 ab38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י 1 Boaz did not actually say **a certain person**; instead, he called the kinsman-redeemer by his name. This is an idiom that means a specific person, but the name is not given. The narrator has substituted this general term for the person’s name either because he did not want to give the specific name or because the man’s name had been forgotten. If your language has an idiom to refer to a specific person without using his name, use that here. Alternate translation: “so-and-so” or “such a one”
4:2 ab40 וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח עֲשָׂרָ֧ה אֲנָשִׁ֛ים 1 Alternate translation: "Then he chose ten men"
4:3 es9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship לְ⁠אָחִ֖י⁠נוּ 1 Here the term **brother** is used in the broad sense to mean a male relative of an extended family. If your language has a word for this, it would be appropriate to use it here.
4:4 bvvo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אָמַ֜רְתִּי 1 Here, **said** refers to something that Boaz said to himself in his own mind. Alternate translation: “I said to myself that” or “I felt that”

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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
front:intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Titus\n\n1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders. (1:1–16)\n2. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives. (2:1–3:11)\n3. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers. (3:12–15)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Titus?\n\nPaul wrote the book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\n### What is the book of Titus about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Titus.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to Titus” or “A Letter to Titus.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### In what roles can people serve within the church?\n\nThere are some teachings in the book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural **you**\n\nIn this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### What is the meaning of **God our Savior**?\n\nThis is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ**.
1:intro c7me 0 # Titus 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul formally introduces this letter in verses 1–4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.\n\nIn verses 6–9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Elders\n\nThe church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Should, may, must\n\nThe ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.
1:1 rtc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ πίστιν 1 The word **faith** is an abstract noun. Here it refers to believing or trusting in Jesus. If it is more clear in your language, you could translate it with a verb such as these, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “to strengthen the faith” or “to help [God’s chosen people] to trust him more”
1:1 xyz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπίγνωσιν 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you can translate the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verb such as “to know,” as in the UST. Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God.
1:1 abc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἀληθείας 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you can translate the abstract noun **truth** with an adjective phrase such as “what is true” or “the true message.” Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God.
1:1 rtc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ πίστιν ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας 1 The words **faith**, **knowledge**, and **truth** are abstract nouns. If it would be more clear in your language, you could express those ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to help God’s chosen people to continue to trust him and to know every true thing”
1:1 xrtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “of the people whom God has chosen”
1:1 tn97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας 1 Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and for their knowledge of the truth” or “and so that the chosen people of God might know the truth”
1:1 fyf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν 1 Here, **godliness** is an abstract noun that refers to living in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: “that is suitable for honoring God”
1:2 xyz9 ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 Alternate translation: “that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life” or “based on our certain hope for everlasting life”
1:2 xyz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 Here **hope** could be connected to: (1) **godliness**, meaning that if we live to please God, we will have hope of eternal life. Alternate translation: “which gives us the certain hope of everlasting life” or (2) **knowledge of the truth**, meaning that this hope of eternal life is part of the truth, and that knowing the truth gives hope of eternal life. Alternate translation: “and that teaches us to expect eternal life”
1:2 u0gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “which leads us to confidently expect eternal life”
1:2 vyuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ὁ ἀψευδὴς Θεὸς 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression here instead of this double negative. Alternate translation: “God, who is completely trustworthy”
1:2 r2gj πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων 1 Alternate translation: “before time began”
1:3 b22h καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 Alternate translation: “at the proper time”
1:3 swi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐφανέρωσεν & τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ 1 Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “he caused me to understand his message”
1:3 abc9 ἐν κηρύγματι 1 Alternate translation: “through the proclamation of the message”
1:3 m41u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he entrusted to me” or “he gave me the responsibility to preach”
1:3 dpn4 τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “of God, who saves us”
1:3 xy18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
1:3 abc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν κηρύγματι 1 Paul assumes that his readers will understand that **the proclamation** refers to the message of the gospel of Jesus Christ. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by means of the proclamation of the message about Jesus”
1:3 m41u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the one that he entrusted to me” or “the one that he gave me the responsibility to preach”
1:3 xy18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
1:4 gu55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor γνησίῳ τέκνῳ 1 Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me”
1:4 wx6c κοινὴν πίστιν 1 Paul and Titus both share the same **faith** in Christ. Alternate translation: “our belief in Christ”
1:4 h93t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη 1 This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and inner peace”
1:4 wx6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν 1 Paul and Titus both share the same **faith** in Christ. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because we both trust in Jesus Christ”
1:4 h93t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη 1 This was a common greeting Paul used. He is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience grace and peace”
1:4 vft3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “May God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior be gracious to you and give you a peaceful spirit”
1:4 s3yr Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Alternate translation: “Christ Jesus who is our Savior”
1:4 xy17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
1:5 ew8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τούτου χάριν 1 The connecting phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Alternate translation: “This is the reason”
1:5 ew8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τούτου χάριν 1 The phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Use a phrase in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “This is why”
1:5 lh9b ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ 1 Alternate translation: “I told you to stay in Crete”
1:5 ga62 ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ 1 Alternate translation: “so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done”
1:5 b52u καταστήσῃς & πρεσβυτέρους 1 Alternate translation: “appoint elders” or “designate elders”
1:5 p56w πρεσβυτέρους 1 In the early Christian churches, Christian **elders** gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.
1:6 wja4 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nHaving told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders.
1:6 jen8 εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος 1 This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Titus is to choose men who fit the following description. To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “an elder must be without blame” or “an elder must not have a bad reputation”
1:6 ab70 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἀνέγκλητος 1 To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “without blame” You can state this positively: “a person who has a good reputation”
1:6 jen8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος 1 This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Paul assumes that Titus understands that he is to choose men who fit the following description. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an elder must be blameless” or “any man you choose to be an elder must be without blame”
1:6 ab70 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἀνέγκλητος 1 To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this positively. Alternate translation: “a person who has a good reputation”
1:6 q6uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ 1 This means that he has only **one wife**; that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife”
1:6 wd6q τέκνα & πιστά 1 This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus. (2) children who are trustworthy.
1:7 lz7x τὸν ἐπίσκοπον 1 The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as **elder** in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
1:7 g2zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s **household**, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household.
1:6 wd6q τέκνα & πιστά 1 This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus or (2) children who are trustworthy.
1:7 lz7x τὸν ἐπίσκοπον 1 The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as “elder” in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
1:7 g2zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s **household**, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person in charge of taking care of God's church”
1:7 d6l1 μὴ πάροινον 1 Alternate translation: “not an alcoholic” or “not one who drinks much wine”
1:7 j1qq μὴ πλήκτην 1 Alternate translation: “not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight”
1:8 i549 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things an elder is to be (which Paul is about to state).
1:8 vkq1 φιλάγαθον 1 Alternate translation: “a person who loves to do good”
1:8 i549 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things that an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things that an elder is to be (that Paul is about to state). Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “In contrast”
1:8 vkq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor φιλάγαθον 1 Here Paul is speaking of **what is good** as if it were a person who could be someone's **friend**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person who loves to do good things”
1:8 xy11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet σώφρονα & ἐγκρατῆ 1 The terms **sensible** and **self-controlled** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
1:8 xy12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet δίκαιον, ὅσιον 1 The terms **righteous** and **holy** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
1:9 xwy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀντεχόμενον 1 Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: “He must be devoted to” or “He should know well”
1:9 xwy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀντεχόμενον 1 Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different metaphor or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He must carefully follow” or “He must be devoted to”
1:9 xy10 κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν 1 Alternate translation: “that agrees with the things that we taught him”
1:9 abcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
1:9 pzi1 τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ 1 The Greek word rendered at **sound** normally refers to physical health. Paul speaks of this teaching as if it would cause those who believe it to be spiritually healthy, rather than spiritually sick.
1:10 xsq9 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nBecause of those that would oppose God’s word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach God’s word and warns him about false teachers.
1:10 w9kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι 1 These are **rebellious** people who do not obey the gospel message. Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “who refuse to obey and who say useless things”
1:10 ga6n φρεναπάται 1 The word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who persuade others to believe things that are not true”
1:10 abcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται 1 Both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them.
1:10 pu74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς 1 This refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false.
1:11 f4iy οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν 1 Alternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their teachings” or “Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words”
1:11 aqi5 ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. Alternate translation: “are ruining entire families”
1:11 tw4e διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ 1 These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the law because they are not true.
1:11 at7c αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 This refers to **profit** that people make by doing things that are not honorable.
1:9 abcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose. Alternate translation: “because in this way”
1:9 pzi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ 1 The word translated here as **sound** normally refers to being physically healthy. Paul is speaking of this **teaching** as if it were a living thing that could be healthy or sick. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “correct teaching”
1:10 w9kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ματαιολόγοι 1 Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “people who say useless things”
1:10 ga6n φρεναπάται 1 The word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who convince others to believe things that are not true”
1:10 abcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται 1 Both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people who are also **rebellious**. These people taught false, worthless things and wanted other people to believe them. Alternate translation: “people who say wrong things so that others will believe things that are not true”
1:10 pu74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς 1 Here, **circumcision** represents the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to please God. This teaching is false. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones who teach that men must be circumcised in order to please God”
1:11 f4iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν 1 The implication is that these people must be stopped from teaching. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their false teachings” or “Someone must stop them from deceiving others by their words”
1:11 aqi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “are ruining the faith of entire families”
1:11 at7c αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 Here, **shameful profit** refers to money that people are paid for doing things that are not honorable. Consider how to express this in your language.
1:12 tr1j τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης 1 Alternate translation: “A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet”
1:12 y3zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 This is an exaggeration that means that **Cretans** had a reputation to be **liars**. Alternate translation: “Cretans lie all the time”
1:12 h3jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κακὰ θηρία 1 This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals”
1:12 xyz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche γαστέρες ἀργαί 1 The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons”
1:12 y3zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 The word **always** here is an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Cretans have a reputation to be liars” or “Cretans tend to be liars”
1:12 h3jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κακὰ θηρία 1 This metaphor is speaking of **Cretans** as if they were **evil beasts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals”
1:12 xyz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche γαστέρες ἀργαί 1 Here the part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” or “lazy people who just want to eat”
1:13 fif8 δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως 1 Alternate translation: “For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them”
1:13 abck rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν 1 The connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his people is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely.
1:13 abck rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν 1 The connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his people is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely for behaving that way. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Therefore”
1:13 dlgr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοὺς 1 Here the pronoun **them** could refer to: (1) the Cretan believers in general. This seems likely since the **testimony** is about all Cretans, and verse 14 says that they should not pay attention to “commands of people turning away from the truth.” In other words, they should not pay attention to the false teachers. Alternate translation: “the Cretan believers” or (2) the Cretan false teachers. In this case, verse 14 would be telling the false teachers not to pay attention to other false teachers. Alternate translation: “the false teachers”
1:13 je3r ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
1:13 abcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce an action-purpose relationship. The action is the elder rebukes the Cretans severely, and the purpose is the Cretans become sound in the faith.
1:13 abcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** marks being **sound in the faith**, as well as what follows in verse 14, as the goal or purpose of rebuking the Cretans. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
1:13 xyz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 Here the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: “in what they believe about God”
1:14 abcm rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast μὴ 1 The connecting word **not** introduces a contrast to being “sound in the faith” in the previous verse. In order to be sound in the faith, the people must not pay any attention to the Jewish myths or the commands of people who do not follow the truth.
1:14 p28i Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις 1 This refers to the false teaching of the Jews.
1:14 p28i Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις 1 Alternate translation: “false teaching of the Jews”
1:14 m4a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “who reject the truth”
1:15 qtb9 πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 Alternate translation: “If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure” or “When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God”
1:15 qtb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 Here, Paul uses or invents a proverb in order to teach that being pure or pleasing to God is a matter of a person's inward thoughts, not a matter of outward actions or rituals. Translate this proverb in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. Alternate translation: “If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure” or “When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God”
1:15 nx42 τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 Alternate translation: “to those who are acceptable to God”
1:15 abcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving.
1:15 n3wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῖς & μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν 2 Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God”
1:16 abco rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God).
1:15 abcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving. Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “However,”
1:15 n3wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῖς δὲ μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν 1 Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically corrupted or dirty. Alternate translation: “But if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “But when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God”
1:16 abco rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God). Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nevertheless”
1:16 i3l2 τοῖς & ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται 1 Alternate translation: “how they live proves that they do not know him”
1:16 ja47 βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες 1 Alternate translation: “They are disgusting”
2:intro h3il 0 # Titus 2 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gender roles\n\nScholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.\n\n### Slavery\n\nPaul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
2:1 lfu1 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.
2:intro h3il 0 # Titus 2 General Notes\n\nPaul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gender roles\n\nScholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.\n\n### Slavery\n\nPaul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
2:1 tpi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σὺ δὲ 1 Here, **you** is singular and refers to Titus. If it is helpful, you could include the name “Titus” here, as in the UST.
2:1 ph2j τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 See the note about **sound teaching** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
2:2 xyz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτας & εἶναι 1 The Greek does not have **are**, but only “Older men to be.” We could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be”
2:2 xyz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτας & εἶναι 1 A verb is lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of “speak” in the previous verse, such as “teach” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be”
2:2 xy13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet νηφαλίους & σεμνούς, σώφρονας 1 These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms.
2:2 xc6t νηφαλίους 1 Alternate translation: “sober-minded” or “self-controlled”
2:2 y3j2 σώφρονας 1 Alternate translation: “in control of their desires”
2:2 abc1 ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει 1 Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r).
2:2 m14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει 1 You can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “firmly believe the true teachings about God”
2:2 z14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 You can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “truly love others”
2:2 a14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 You can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and continually serve God even when things are difficult”
2:3 gl8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως 1 The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only “older women likewise.” We could continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women to be” or “Also teach older women to be”
2:3 v9cp διαβόλους 1 The word **slanderers** refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.
2:3 g9re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “controlled by their desire for wine” or “addicted to wine”
2:3 xyz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “drinking too much wine” or “addicted to wine”
2:3 abc4 καλοδιδασκάλους 1 The Greek word used here means “a teacher of what is good.” The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.
2:2 abc1 ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. It applies to **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance**. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r). Alternate translation: “unwavering in faith, in loving others, and in continuing to persevere”
2:2 m14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει 1 You can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to firmly believe the true teachings about God”
2:2 z14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 You can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to love others well”
2:2 a14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 You can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and to continually serve God in all circumstances”
2:3 gl8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως 1 Some verbs are lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could continue the verbal ideas from the previous two verses and apply them here, as well, such as “teach … to be” or “exhort … to be.” Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women to be” or “Also teach older women to be”
2:3 g9re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of here as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “controlled by their desire for wine”
2:3 xyz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “drinking too much wine”
2:3 abc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast καλοδιδασκάλους 1 If it is helpful in your language, you can indicate the contrast between this good quality and the two preceding bad qualities. Alternate translation: “but rather teachers of what is good”
2:4 unh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** marks training **the younger women** as the goal or purpose of being “teachers of what is good” in verse 3. Of course, living in a good way, as verse 3 describes, helps the older women to be teachers of what is good. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is the purpose.
2:4 abc5 φιλάνδρους 1 Alternate translation: “lovers of their own husbands”
2:4 abca φιλοτέκνους 1 Alternate translation: “and lovers of their own children”
2:5 abcb ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν 1 Alternate translation: “and to obey their own husbands”
2:5 t5v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται 1 Here, **word** is a metonym for “message.” which in turn is a metonym for God himself.
2:5 papr rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** marks not insulting **the word of God** as a goal or purpose of the good behavior described in verses 4 and 5. This is not the only purpose of living well, but if the young women of the church do not do these things, people will consider God's message to be worthless. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a purpose of what came before.
2:5 abcq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message”
2:6 i3hv ὡσαύτως 1 Titus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people.
2:7 x73u σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος 1 Alternate translation: “show yourself to be” or “you yourself must serve”
2:5 t5v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Here, **word** stands for “message.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message from God”
2:6 i3hv ὡσαύτως 1 Paul's instructions for the different groups of believers are similar. See how you translated this phrase in verse 3.
2:7 tn76 περὶ πάντα 1 It is possible that this phrase is part of the previous sentence instead of this one. If the Bible used in your area uses this phrase to end the previous sentence, you may choose to do the same.
2:7 x73u σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος 1 Alternate translation: “show yourself to be” or “you yourself must serve as”
2:7 ym6x τύπον καλῶν ἔργων 1 Alternate translation: “as an example of one who does right and proper things”
2:8 xy14 ὑγιῆ 1 This word **sound** has the same basic meaning as “uncorrupted” in 2:7. In 2:7, Paul states the meaning negatively: “uncorrupted,” meaning, “without error,” and in 2:8 he states the meaning positively: **sound**, meaning “correct.” Both terms refer to Titus’ teaching. Use either positive or negative terms in the target language, or use one term with this meaning in both places if it is difficult to use two terms.
2:7 cp3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ ἀφθορίαν, σεμνότητα 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **incorruption** and **dignity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “In your teaching, be honest and serious”
2:8 xy14 ὑγιῆ 1 Here the word **sound** applies to Titus's **message** and means “accurate” or “correct,” as it does in [Titus 1:9](../01/09) and [2:1](../02/01) where it also applies to teaching. Alternate translation: “correct” or “true”
2:8 qe1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is a result of what came before. Having a sound message will make any opponent ashamed of opposing such a message. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “with the result that”
2:8 xt6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ 1 This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed”
2:8 xy15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
2:9 xyz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 The Greek does not have **are**, but only “slaves to be subject to their masters.” We could apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is “urge” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters”
2:9 abcc ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Alternate translation: “must obey”
2:8 xy15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
2:9 xyz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 As in 2:2 and 2:3, Paul is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is “urge” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their own masters” or “Exhort slaves to obey their own masters”
2:9 if6v ἐν πᾶσιν 1 Alternate translation: “in every situation” or “always”
2:9 id15 εὐαρέστους εἶναι 1 Alternate translation: “to please their masters” or “to satisfy their masters”
2:10 abc6 μὴ νοσφιζομένους 1 Alternate translation: “not to steal from their masters”
2:10 abc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ νοσφιζομένους 1 The implication is that they would be tempted to steal from their masters. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “not to steal from their masters”
2:10 fhwk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here the phrase **but instead** indicates a strong contrast between stealing and demonstrating good faith. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but rather”
2:10 t87j πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν 1 Alternate translation: “to show that they are worthy of their masters’ trust”
2:10 s1ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** marks bringing **credit to the teaching about God** as a goal or purpose of slaves demonstrating **all good faith** with their masters. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose.
2:10 h2n6 ἐν πᾶσιν 1 Alternate translation: “in everything they do”
2:10 f8jy τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ, κοσμῶσιν 1 Alternate translation: “they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive” or “they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good”
2:10 pn93 Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “our God who saves us”

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
2 front:intro m2jl 0 # Introduction to Titus\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of Titus\n\n1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders. (1:1–16)\n2. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives. (2:1–3:11)\n3. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers. (3:12–15)\n\n### Who wrote the book of Titus?\n\nPaul wrote the book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\n### What is the book of Titus about?\n\nPaul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Titus.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to Titus” or “A Letter to Titus.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### In what roles can people serve within the church?\n\nThere are some teachings in the book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural **you**\n\nIn this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### What is the meaning of **God our Savior**?\n\nThis is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ**.
3 1:intro c7me 0 # Titus 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul formally introduces this letter in verses 1–4. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.\n\nIn verses 6–9, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Elders\n\nThe church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Should, may, must\n\nThe ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.
4 1:1 rtc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κατὰ πίστιν κατὰ πίστιν ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας 1 The word **faith** is an abstract noun. Here it refers to believing or trusting in Jesus. If it is more clear in your language, you could translate it with a verb such as these, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “to strengthen the faith” or “to help [God’s chosen people] to trust him more” The words **faith**, **knowledge**, and **truth** are abstract nouns. If it would be more clear in your language, you could express those ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “to help God’s chosen people to continue to trust him and to know every true thing”
5 1:1 xyz8 xrtm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἐπίγνωσιν ἐκλεκτῶν Θεοῦ 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you can translate the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verb such as “to know,” as in the UST. Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God. If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “of the people whom God has chosen”
6 1:1 abc8 tn97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis ἀληθείας καὶ ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας 1 If it would be helpful in your language, you can translate the abstract noun **truth** with an adjective phrase such as “what is true” or “the true message.” Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God. Paul is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and for their knowledge of the truth” or “and so that the chosen people of God might know the truth”
7 1:1 fyf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν 1 Here, **godliness** is an abstract noun that refers to living in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: “that is suitable for honoring God”
8 1:2 xyz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 Alternate translation: “that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life” or “based on our certain hope for everlasting life” Here **hope** could be connected to: (1) **godliness**, meaning that if we live to please God, we will have hope of eternal life. Alternate translation: “which gives us the certain hope of everlasting life” or (2) **knowledge of the truth**, meaning that this hope of eternal life is part of the truth, and that knowing the truth gives hope of eternal life. Alternate translation: “and that teaches us to expect eternal life”
9 1:2 u0gk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **hope**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “which leads us to confidently expect eternal life”
10 1:2 vyuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ὁ ἀψευδὴς Θεὸς 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression here instead of this double negative. Alternate translation: “God, who is completely trustworthy”
11 1:2 r2gj πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων 1 Alternate translation: “before time began”
12 1:3 b22h καιροῖς ἰδίοις 1 Alternate translation: “at the proper time”
13 1:3 swi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἐφανέρωσεν & τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ 1 Paul speaks of God’s word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “he caused me to understand his message”
14 1:3 abc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ἐν κηρύγματι 1 Alternate translation: “through the proclamation of the message” Paul assumes that his readers will understand that **the proclamation** refers to the message of the gospel of Jesus Christ. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “by means of the proclamation of the message about Jesus”
15 1:3 m41u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he entrusted to me” or “he gave me the responsibility to preach” If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “the one that he entrusted to me” or “the one that he gave me the responsibility to preach”
16 1:3 dpn4 xy18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ ἡμῶν 1 Alternate translation: “of God, who saves us” Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
1:3 xy18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
17 1:4 gu55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor γνησίῳ τέκνῳ 1 Though Titus was not Paul’s biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me”
18 1:4 wx6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns κοινὴν πίστιν κατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν 1 Paul and Titus both share the same **faith** in Christ. Alternate translation: “our belief in Christ” Paul and Titus both share the same **faith** in Christ. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “because we both trust in Jesus Christ”
19 1:4 h93t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη 1 This was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and inner peace” This was a common greeting Paul used. He is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “May you experience grace and peace”
20 1:4 vft3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **Grace** and **peace**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “May God the Father and Christ Jesus our Savior be gracious to you and give you a peaceful spirit”
21 1:4 s3yr Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν 1 Alternate translation: “Christ Jesus who is our Savior”
22 1:4 xy17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians.
23 1:5 ew8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal τούτου χάριν 1 The connecting phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Alternate translation: “This is the reason” The phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Use a phrase in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “This is why”
24 1:5 lh9b ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ 1 Alternate translation: “I told you to stay in Crete”
25 1:5 ga62 ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ 1 Alternate translation: “so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done”
26 1:5 b52u καταστήσῃς & πρεσβυτέρους 1 Alternate translation: “appoint elders” or “designate elders”
27 1:5 p56w πρεσβυτέρους 1 In the early Christian churches, Christian **elders** gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.
28 1:6 wja4 jen8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Connecting Statement: εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος 0 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nHaving told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders. This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Paul assumes that Titus understands that he is to choose men who fit the following description. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “an elder must be blameless” or “any man you choose to be an elder must be without blame”
29 1:6 jen8 ab70 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος ἀνέγκλητος 1 This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Titus is to choose men who fit the following description. To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “an elder must be without blame” or “an elder must not have a bad reputation” To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this positively. Alternate translation: “a person who has a good reputation”
1:6 ab70 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives ἀνέγκλητος 1 To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “without blame” You can state this positively: “a person who has a good reputation”
30 1:6 q6uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ 1 This means that he has only **one wife**; that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife”
31 1:6 wd6q τέκνα & πιστά 1 This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus. (2) children who are trustworthy. This could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus or (2) children who are trustworthy.
32 1:7 lz7x τὸν ἐπίσκοπον 1 The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as **elder** in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church. The word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as “elder” in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
33 1:7 g2zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Θεοῦ οἰκονόμον 1 Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s **household**, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. Paul speaks of the church as if it were God’s **household**, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person in charge of taking care of God's church”
34 1:7 d6l1 μὴ πάροινον 1 Alternate translation: “not an alcoholic” or “not one who drinks much wine”
35 1:7 j1qq μὴ πλήκτην 1 Alternate translation: “not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight”
36 1:8 i549 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things an elder is to be (which Paul is about to state). The connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things that an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things that an elder is to be (that Paul is about to state). Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “In contrast”
37 1:8 vkq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor φιλάγαθον 1 Alternate translation: “a person who loves to do good” Here Paul is speaking of **what is good** as if it were a person who could be someone's **friend**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “a person who loves to do good things”
38 1:8 xy11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet σώφρονα & ἐγκρατῆ 1 The terms **sensible** and **self-controlled** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
39 1:8 xy12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet δίκαιον, ὅσιον 1 The terms **righteous** and **holy** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms.
40 1:9 xwy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀντεχόμενον 1 Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. Alternate translation: “He must be devoted to” or “He should know well” Paul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with one’s hands. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different metaphor or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He must carefully follow” or “He must be devoted to”
41 1:9 xy10 κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν 1 Alternate translation: “that agrees with the things that we taught him”
42 1:9 abcj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. The connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose. Alternate translation: “because in this way”
43 1:9 pzi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ 1 The Greek word rendered at **sound** normally refers to physical health. Paul speaks of this teaching as if it would cause those who believe it to be spiritually healthy, rather than spiritually sick. The word translated here as **sound** normally refers to being physically healthy. Paul is speaking of this **teaching** as if it were a living thing that could be healthy or sick. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “correct teaching”
44 1:10 xsq9 w9kk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Connecting Statement: ματαιολόγοι 0 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nBecause of those that would oppose God’s word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach God’s word and warns him about false teachers. Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “people who say useless things”
45 1:10 w9kk ga6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι φρεναπάται 1 These are **rebellious** people who do not obey the gospel message. Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “who refuse to obey and who say useless things” The word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who convince others to believe things that are not true”
46 1:10 ga6n abcd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys φρεναπάται ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται 1 The word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who persuade others to believe things that are not true” Both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people who are also **rebellious**. These people taught false, worthless things and wanted other people to believe them. Alternate translation: “people who say wrong things so that others will believe things that are not true”
47 1:10 abcd pu74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς 1 Both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. Here, **circumcision** represents the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to please God. This teaching is false. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones who teach that men must be circumcised in order to please God”
48 1:10 1:11 pu74 f4iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν 1 This refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false. The implication is that these people must be stopped from teaching. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their false teachings” or “Someone must stop them from deceiving others by their words”
49 1:11 f4iy aqi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν 1 Alternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their teachings” or “Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words” The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “are ruining the faith of entire families”
50 1:11 aqi5 at7c ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. Alternate translation: “are ruining entire families” Here, **shameful profit** refers to money that people are paid for doing things that are not honorable. Consider how to express this in your language.
1:11 tw4e διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ 1 These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the law because they are not true.
1:11 at7c αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν 1 This refers to **profit** that people make by doing things that are not honorable.
51 1:12 tr1j τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης 1 Alternate translation: “A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet”
52 1:12 y3zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Κρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται 1 This is an exaggeration that means that **Cretans** had a reputation to be **liars**. Alternate translation: “Cretans lie all the time” The word **always** here is an overstatement for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. Alternate translation: “Cretans have a reputation to be liars” or “Cretans tend to be liars”
53 1:12 h3jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor κακὰ θηρία 1 This metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals” This metaphor is speaking of **Cretans** as if they were **evil beasts**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals”
54 1:12 xyz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche γαστέρες ἀργαί 1 The part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” Here the part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” or “lazy people who just want to eat”
55 1:13 fif8 δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως 1 Alternate translation: “For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them”
56 1:13 abck rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν 1 The connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his people is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely. The connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his people is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely for behaving that way. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “Therefore”
57 1:13 dlgr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns αὐτοὺς 1 Here the pronoun **them** could refer to: (1) the Cretan believers in general. This seems likely since the **testimony** is about all Cretans, and verse 14 says that they should not pay attention to “commands of people turning away from the truth.” In other words, they should not pay attention to the false teachers. Alternate translation: “the Cretan believers” or (2) the Cretan false teachers. In this case, verse 14 would be telling the false teachers not to pay attention to other false teachers. Alternate translation: “the false teachers”
58 1:13 je3r ἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 See note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
59 1:13 abcl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 The connecting words **so that** introduce an action-purpose relationship. The action is the elder rebukes the Cretans severely, and the purpose is the Cretans become sound in the faith. Here, **so that** marks being **sound in the faith**, as well as what follows in verse 14, as the goal or purpose of rebuking the Cretans. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
60 1:13 xyz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ἐν τῇ πίστει 1 Here the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: “in what they believe about God”
61 1:14 abcm p28i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast μὴ Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις 1 The connecting word **not** introduces a contrast to being “sound in the faith” in the previous verse. In order to be sound in the faith, the people must not pay any attention to the Jewish myths or the commands of people who do not follow the truth. Alternate translation: “false teaching of the Jews”
1:14 p28i Ἰουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις 1 This refers to the false teaching of the Jews.
62 1:14 m4a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν 1 Paul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “who reject the truth”
63 1:15 qtb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 Alternate translation: “If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure” or “When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God” Here, Paul uses or invents a proverb in order to teach that being pure or pleasing to God is a matter of a person's inward thoughts, not a matter of outward actions or rituals. Translate this proverb in a way that will be recognized as a proverb and be meaningful in your language and culture. Alternate translation: “If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure” or “When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God”
64 1:15 nx42 τοῖς καθαροῖς 1 Alternate translation: “to those who are acceptable to God”
65 1:15 abcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving. The connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving. Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “However,”
66 1:15 n3wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor τοῖς & μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν τοῖς δὲ μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν 2 1 Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God” Paul speaks of sinners as if they were physically corrupted or dirty. Alternate translation: “But if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “But when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God”
67 1:16 abco rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast δὲ 1 The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God). The connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God). Indicate this contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “nevertheless”
68 1:16 i3l2 τοῖς & ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται 1 Alternate translation: “how they live proves that they do not know him”
69 1:16 2:intro ja47 h3il βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες 1 0 Alternate translation: “They are disgusting” # Titus 2 General Notes\n\nPaul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gender roles\n\nScholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.\n\n### Slavery\n\nPaul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
2:intro h3il 0 # Titus 2 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Gender roles\n\nScholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.\n\n### Slavery\n\nPaul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
2:1 lfu1 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nPaul continues giving Titus reasons to preach God’s word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.
70 2:1 tpi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit σὺ δὲ 1 Here, **you** is singular and refers to Titus. If it is helpful, you could include the name “Titus” here, as in the UST.
71 2:1 ph2j τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ 1 See the note about **sound teaching** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
72 2:2 xyz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτας & εἶναι 1 The Greek does not have **are**, but only “Older men to be.” We could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be” A verb is lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of “speak” in the previous verse, such as “teach” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be”
73 2:2 xy13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet νηφαλίους & σεμνούς, σώφρονας 1 These three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms.
74 2:2 xc6t νηφαλίους 1 Alternate translation: “sober-minded” or “self-controlled”
75 2:2 y3j2 σώφρονας 1 Alternate translation: “in control of their desires”
76 2:2 abc1 ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r). Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. It applies to **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance**. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r). Alternate translation: “unwavering in faith, in loving others, and in continuing to persevere”
77 2:2 m14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει 1 You can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “firmly believe the true teachings about God” You can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to firmly believe the true teachings about God”
78 2:2 z14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ἀγάπῃ 1 You can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “truly love others” You can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “to love others well”
79 2:2 a14y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns τῇ ὑπομονῇ 1 You can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and continually serve God even when things are difficult” You can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and to continually serve God in all circumstances”
80 2:3 gl8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως 1 The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only “older women likewise.” We could continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women to be” or “Also teach older women to be” Some verbs are lacking here that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could continue the verbal ideas from the previous two verses and apply them here, as well, such as “teach … to be” or “exhort … to be.” Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women to be” or “Also teach older women to be”
81 2:3 v9cp g9re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor διαβόλους οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 The word **slanderers** refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not. People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of here as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “controlled by their desire for wine”
82 2:3 g9re xyz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας 1 People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “controlled by their desire for wine” or “addicted to wine” If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “drinking too much wine”
83 2:3 xyz4 abc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας καλοδιδασκάλους 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “drinking too much wine” or “addicted to wine” If it is helpful in your language, you can indicate the contrast between this good quality and the two preceding bad qualities. Alternate translation: “but rather teachers of what is good”
84 2:3 2:4 abc4 unh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal καλοδιδασκάλους ἵνα 1 The Greek word used here means “a teacher of what is good.” The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities. Here, **so that** marks training **the younger women** as the goal or purpose of being “teachers of what is good” in verse 3. Of course, living in a good way, as verse 3 describes, helps the older women to be teachers of what is good. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is the purpose.
85 2:4 abc5 φιλάνδρους 1 Alternate translation: “lovers of their own husbands”
86 2:4 abca φιλοτέκνους 1 Alternate translation: “and lovers of their own children”
87 2:5 abcb ὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν 1 Alternate translation: “and to obey their own husbands”
88 2:5 t5v6 papr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται ἵνα 1 Here, **word** is a metonym for “message.” which in turn is a metonym for God himself. Here, **so that** marks not insulting **the word of God** as a goal or purpose of the good behavior described in verses 4 and 5. This is not the only purpose of living well, but if the young women of the church do not do these things, people will consider God's message to be worthless. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a purpose of what came before.
89 2:5 abcq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive ἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message”
90 2:6 2:5 i3hv t5v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ὡσαύτως ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ 1 Titus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people. Here, **word** stands for “message.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the message from God”
91 2:7 2:6 x73u i3hv σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος ὡσαύτως 1 Alternate translation: “show yourself to be” or “you yourself must serve” Paul's instructions for the different groups of believers are similar. See how you translated this phrase in verse 3.
92 2:7 tn76 περὶ πάντα 1 It is possible that this phrase is part of the previous sentence instead of this one. If the Bible used in your area uses this phrase to end the previous sentence, you may choose to do the same.
93 2:7 x73u σεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος 1 Alternate translation: “show yourself to be” or “you yourself must serve as”
94 2:7 ym6x τύπον καλῶν ἔργων 1 Alternate translation: “as an example of one who does right and proper things”
95 2:8 2:7 xy14 cp3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns ὑγιῆ ἐν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ ἀφθορίαν, σεμνότητα 1 This word **sound** has the same basic meaning as “uncorrupted” in 2:7. In 2:7, Paul states the meaning negatively: “uncorrupted,” meaning, “without error,” and in 2:8 he states the meaning positively: **sound**, meaning “correct.” Both terms refer to Titus’ teaching. Use either positive or negative terms in the target language, or use one term with this meaning in both places if it is difficult to use two terms. If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **incorruption** and **dignity**, you could express the same ideas in another way. Alternate translation: “In your teaching, be honest and serious”
96 2:8 xy14 ὑγιῆ 1 Here the word **sound** applies to Titus's **message** and means “accurate” or “correct,” as it does in [Titus 1:9](../01/09) and [2:1](../02/01) where it also applies to teaching. Alternate translation: “correct” or “true”
97 2:8 qe1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** indicates that what follows is a result of what came before. Having a sound message will make any opponent ashamed of opposing such a message. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “with the result that”
98 2:8 xt6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo ἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ 1 This presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed”
99 2:8 xy15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive ἡμῶν 1 Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. Here, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all believers.
100 2:9 xyz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis δούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 The Greek does not have **are**, but only “slaves to be subject to their masters.” We could apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is “urge” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters” As in 2:2 and 2:3, Paul is leaving out a word that in many languages a sentence would need in order to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is “urge” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their own masters” or “Exhort slaves to obey their own masters”
2:9 abcc ὑποτάσσεσθαι 1 Alternate translation: “must obey”
101 2:9 if6v ἐν πᾶσιν 1 Alternate translation: “in every situation” or “always”
102 2:9 id15 εὐαρέστους εἶναι 1 Alternate translation: “to please their masters” or “to satisfy their masters”
103 2:10 abc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit μὴ νοσφιζομένους 1 Alternate translation: “not to steal from their masters” The implication is that they would be tempted to steal from their masters. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “not to steal from their masters”
104 2:10 fhwk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast ἀλλὰ 1 Here the phrase **but instead** indicates a strong contrast between stealing and demonstrating good faith. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but rather”
105 2:10 t87j πᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν 1 Alternate translation: “to show that they are worthy of their masters’ trust”
106 2:10 s1ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal ἵνα 1 Here, **so that** marks bringing **credit to the teaching about God** as a goal or purpose of slaves demonstrating **all good faith** with their masters. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is a purpose.
107 2:10 h2n6 ἐν πᾶσιν 1 Alternate translation: “in everything they do”
108 2:10 f8jy τὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ, κοσμῶσιν 1 Alternate translation: “they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive” or “they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good”
109 2:10 pn93 Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ 1 Alternate translation: “our God who saves us”