Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
front:intro syt5 0 # Introduction to Joshua\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of Joshua\n\n1. Conquest of the land of Canaan (1:1–12:24)\n * Preparation for conquest; spies; crossing the Jordan River (1:1–5:1)\n * Ceremonies at Gilgal; conquest of Jericho and Ai (5:2–8:29)\n * The covenant affirmed at Shechem (8:30–35)\n * Southern and central campaigns; northern campaigns (9:1–12:24)\n1. Settlement in the Promised Land; division of the land (13:1–22:34)\n1. Joshua’s final days (23:1–24:33)\n\n### What is the Book of Joshua about?\n\nThe Book of Joshua is about the Israelites entering and occupying the Promised Land. Joshua was the leader that replaced Moses. He led the Israelites as they fought the people living in the Promised Land. This book also tells how the Israelites divided the land among the twelve tribes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has the title “Joshua” because Joshua leads the people of Israel after Moses dies. Translators may create a title such as “The Book About When Joshua Led Israel.” Translators should avoid a title that suggests Joshua as the writer of the book.\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Joshua?\n\nThe book does not tell who wrote it. However, some verses in the book indicate that Joshua may have written at least part of it. Since ancient times, Jews have thought that Joshua wrote most of the book.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### How does the Book of Joshua present the cause of historical events?\n\nIn the ancient Near East, people assumed that gods caused world events to happen in a certain way. The Book of Joshua has some similarities with this view, but there are important differences. The events in the Book of Joshua occurred because Yahweh promised the Israelites that he would give them the Promised Land. What happened also depended on whether or not the Israelites obeyed Yahweh.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What does the phrase “to this day” mean?\n\nThis phrase was used by the writer to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression to readers that “to this day” means “to the present day.” The translator might decide to say “to this day, at the time when this was being written,” or “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Joshua 4:9; 6:25; 7:26; 8:28, 29; 10:27; 13:13; 14:14; 15:63; 16:10.\n\n### What does the phrase “all Israel” mean?\n\nThis phrase appears many times in the Book of Joshua, but it does not always mean every person in the nation of Israel. At times it means the Israelite army. At other times it means the representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel. In still other passages, it probably means a large number of the people in the nation of Israel.\n\n### When should Joshua be translated?\n\nThe Book of Joshua should probably not be translated before Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. This is because the historical events of Joshua will not be understood without the information in these previous books.
1:intro r7gc 0 # Joshua 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Be strong and Courageous\n\nJoshua is often told, “Be strong and courageous.” This repeated encouragement is on purpose and may indicate Joshua will need help in the future.\n\n### Crossing the Jordan River\n\nIn this chapter the words **crossing over** refer to going to the opposite bank of the Jordan River.\n\n### The settling of the the Promised Land by the people of Israel\n\nJoshua [1:12-15](../01/12.md) records that the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half of the tribe of Manasseh settled on the east side of the Jordan River but that God required the fighting men from these three tribes to accompany the rest of the Israelites to the west side of the Jordan River and help them fight against the people who lived in the land.
1:1 s8u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מ֥וֹת מֹשֶׁ֖ה עֶ֣בֶד יְהוָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s servant died”
1:1 eka2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֔וּן 1 The word **Nun** is the name of Joshua’s father.
1:2 le23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עֲבֹ֜ר אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַזֶּ֗ה 1 Here, the phrase **cross over this Jordan** means “go to the opposite bank of the Jordan River.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “travel from this side to the opposite side of the Jordan River”
1:2 xugz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָהֶ֖ם לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The phrase **the sons of Israel** is used with the phrase **to them** to add emphasis. It is not making a distinction between **the sons of Israel** and the word **them**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could combine these two phrase into one phrase as modeled by the UST.
1:2 o0hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the descendants of Israel”
1:2 ragw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Joshua is one of the **sons of Israel**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that Joshua is included in this promise. Alternate translation: “to you and the rest of the sons of Israel” or “to you and all the descendants of Israel”
1:3 t94e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כָּל־מָק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּדְרֹ֧ךְ כַּֽף־רַגְלְכֶ֛ם בּ֖וֹ 1 Yahweh is using **the sole of your foot** to represent the people of Israel themselves. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Every place that you will tread upon”
1:3 xjc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular רַגְלְכֶ֛ם…לָכֶ֣ם 1 Here, the words **your** and **you** are plural and refer to Joshua and all the other Israelite people.
1:3 v1l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture לָכֶ֣ם נְתַתִּ֑יו 1 Yahweh is using the past tense in order to refer to something that he will do in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “I will give it to you” or “I will certainly give it to you”
1:4 xqnb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish וְֽעַד־הַנָּהָ֧ר הַגָּד֣וֹל נְהַר־פְּרָ֗ת 1 The phrase **the great river** gives us further information about **the Euphrates River**. It is not making a distinction between a river that is great and one that is not great. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “the great Euphrates River”
1:4 nffx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיָּ֥ם הַגָּד֖וֹל 1 Here, the phrase **the great sea** refers to the Mediterranean Sea. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
1:4 nbe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular גְּבוּלְכֶֽם 1 Here, the word **your** is plural and refers to the tribes of Israel and includes Joshua.
1:5 l58e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא…אִישׁ֙ 1 Here, the phrase **No man** means “No people group” or “No nation.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “No nation”
1:5 rk2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יִתְיַצֵּ֥ב 1 The phrase **stand against** is a Hebrew expression that means “resist” or “withstand”. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “will be able to resist”
1:5 w48w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular לְפָנֶ֔יךָ…חַיֶּ֑יךָ…עִמָּ֔ךְ…אַרְפְּךָ֖…אֶעֶזְבֶֽךָּ 1 In this verse every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular and refer to Joshua.
1:5 iq2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לֹ֥א אַרְפְּךָ֖ וְלֹ֥א אֶעֶזְבֶֽךָּ 1 The words “abandon” and “leave” mean basically the same thing. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that he will not do these things. Alternate translation: “I will certainly stay with you always” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
1:6 a5yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲזַ֖ק וֶאֱמָ֑ץ 1 The phrases **Be strong** and **be courageous** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Be very courageous”
1:6 gn34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לַאֲבוֹתָ֖ם 1 Here, **fathers** means “ancestors” and refers specifically to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to their forefathers” or “to their forefathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob”
1:7 xle4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲזַ֨ק וֶֽאֱמַ֜ץ מְאֹ֗ד 1 These are the exact same phrases that occurred in the previous verse except here the word **very** is added for increased emphasis. See how you translated the words “Be strong and be courageous” in the previous verse.
1:7 vwe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal חֲזַ֨ק וֶֽאֱמַ֜ץ מְאֹ֗ד לִשְׁמֹ֤ר לַעֲשׂוֹת֙ 1 Here, the first use of the word **to** shows that **do according to all the law that Moses…commanded** is the goal or purpsoe of the command to **be strong and courageous**. Yahweh wanted Joshua to **be strong and be very courageous** so that he would obey the law of Moses. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. Alternate translation: “be strong and be very courageous, in order that you are careful to do” or “be strong and be very courageous, so that you can be careful to do”
1:7-9 k618 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular צִוְּךָ֙…תַּשְׂכִּ֔יל…תֵּלֵֽךְ…מִפִּ֗יךָ וְהָגִ֤יתָ…תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר…תַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖ךָ…תַּשְׂכִּֽיל…צִוִּיתִ֨יךָ֙…עִמְּךָ֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ בְּכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר תֵּלֵֽךְ 1 Every use of the words **your** and **you** in these three verses are singular and refer to Joshua.
1:7 fi6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַל־תָּס֥וּר מִמֶּ֖נּוּ 1 Here, to **turn aside from** is an idiom that means “stop obeying.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Do not stop obeying it”
1:7 db9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָמִ֣ין וּשְׂמֹ֑אול 1 The phrase **to the right or to the left** is an idiom that means that Joshua must not stop obeying any part of the law of Moses. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “follow it exactly” or “obey all of the law”
1:7 pust rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal אַל־תָּס֥וּר מִמֶּ֖נּוּ יָמִ֣ין וּשְׂמֹ֑אול לְמַ֣עַן תַּשְׂכִּ֔יל בְּכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר תֵּלֵֽךְ 1 Here, **so that** marks **you may succeed in every place where you go** as the goal or purpose of **Do not turn aside from it to the right or to the left**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
1:8 g4qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־יָמ֡וּשׁ סֵפֶר֩ הַתּוֹרָ֨ה הַזֶּ֜ה מִפִּ֗יךָ 1 The phrase **shall not depart from your mouth** means that Joshua must read the **book of the law**, both alone and to the people of Israel. Jewish people read out loud, even when reading alone, so the command that the **book of the law…not depart from your mouth** is a command to read the **book of the law**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that this command refers to reading the **book of the law**. Alternate translation: “You shall not stop reading this book of the law”
1:8 vu2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism יוֹמָ֣ם וָלַ֔יְלָה 1 Here, **day and night** is referring to all the time by naming major time components. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “round-the-clock” or “all the time”
1:8 m25g rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וְהָגִ֤יתָ בּוֹ֙ יוֹמָ֣ם וָלַ֔יְלָה לְמַ֨עַן֙ תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת כְּכָל־הַכָּת֖וּב בּ֑וֹ 1 Here, **so that** marks **be careful to do according to all that is written in it** as the goal or purpose of meditating on the **book of the law…day and night**. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose.
1:8 ennq rc://*/ta/man/translate/ grammar-connect-words-phrases תִּשְׁמֹ֣ר לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת כְּכָל־הַכָּת֖וּב בּ֑וֹ כִּי־אָ֛ז תַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖ךָ וְאָ֥ז תַּשְׂכִּֽיל 1 Here, the phrase **For then** introduces the result if Joshua and the Israelites are **careful to do according to all this is written in** the law of Moses. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is introducing the result of carefully obeying the law of Moses.
1:8 lcs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet תַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖ךָ וְאָ֥ז תַּשְׂכִּֽיל 1 The terms **prosperous** and **succeed** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “you will make your ways prosperous” or “you will succeed”
1:9 vt4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲל֤וֹא צִוִּיתִ֨יךָ֙ 1 The author is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate these words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way as modeled by the Alternate translation: “I have commanded you!” or “Surely I have commanded you!”
1:9 fnz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲזַ֣ק וֶאֱמָ֔ץ 1 See how you translated **Be strong and be courageous** in [1:6](../01/06.md).
1:9 f8qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יְהוָ֣ה 1 Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the first person as modeled by the UST.
1:11 ck8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים 1 Here Joshua was counting the current day as day one. This was the way that Jewish people counted days. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “in two days from now” or “on the day after tomorrow”
1:11 wg1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַזֶּ֔ה 1 Here, **cross over** refers to going to the opposite side of the river. Alternate translation: “will be about to travel to the other side of this Jordan”
1:11 f3rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes 1 Embedded quotes can be expressed as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “Go through the camp and command the people to prepare provisions for themselves. In three days they will cross over this Jordan and go in and possess the land that Yahweh their God is giving them to possess.”
1:13 dgxd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זָכוֹר֙ אֶת־הַדָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֨ר 1 Joshua did not think that the people from these three tribes had forgotten what Moses had instructed them. Rather, he is using the word **Remember** to cause them to pay attention to what he is going to say next. If you would not use the word **Remember** for this purpose you could use an equivalent expression or indicate the meaning explicitly. Alternate translation: “You know the word that” or “You remember the word that” or “Keep in mind the word that”
1:13 ylv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־הַדָּבָ֔ר 1 Here, **word** represents what Moses had said to Joshua using words. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the instructions” or “the words”
1:13 jquc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular אֶתְכֶ֛ם…אֱלֹהֵיכֶם֙…לָכֶ֔ם…לָכֶ֖ם 1 Every occurrence of the words **your** and **you** in this verse are plural and refer to Joshua and the Israelites.
1:13 l5qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מֵנִ֣יחַ לָכֶ֔ם 1 The phrase **give rest** is an idiom that refers to living peacefully and settling down in the land after Israel defeated its enemies. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “cause you to live peacefully”
1:14 vefn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּמִקְנֵיכֶם֒ 1 Here, the word translated as **livestock** refers to cows, sheep, and goats. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and your cows and sheep and goats”
1:14 d575 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽאֲחֵיכֶם֮ 1 Here, the word **brothers** means “fellow Israelites” and refers to the Israelites from the other tribes of Israel. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to your fellow Israelites”
1:14 rk3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בּוֹרֵ֣י הַחַ֔יִל 1 The phrase **the mighty men of valor** refers to the men who were fighting age, over 20 years old. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the men of fighting age”
1:15 b5yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲשֶׁר־יָנִ֨יחַ & לַֽאֲחֵיכֶם֮ 1 The phrase **gives rest** refers to living peacefully and settling down in the land after Israel defeated its enemies. It has the same meaning as the phrase **give rest** in [1:13](../01/13.md). See how you translated that phrase there.
1:15 f85b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽאֲחֵיכֶם֮ 1 See how you translated the word **brothers** in the previous verse where it is used with the same meaning.
1:18 zhz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כָּל־אִ֞ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh are using the word in a generic sense that includes both men and women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a phrase that makes this clear. Alternate translation: “Every person”
1:18 rel4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כָּל־אִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗יךָ וְלֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛יךָ לְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־תְּצַוֶּ֖נּוּ יוּמָ֑ת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished. The phrase **rebels against your mouth** and the phrase **will not hear your words** mean basically the same thing. The Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh are the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize that they will **put to death** anyone who rebels against what Joshua commands. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and show the emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “We will surely put to death every man who rebels against what you instruct us to do”
1:18 mxi0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗יךָ וְלֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛יךָ 1 The speakers are using the words **mouth** and **words** and associating them with the instructions or commands that Joshua would speak with his **mouth** using **words**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use equivalent expressions or use plain language. Alternate translation: “rebels against your commands and will not hear your instructions”
1:18 lbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive יוּמָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies indicates that the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh will do it. Alternate translation: “we will put to death”
1:18 m66s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns יוּמָ֑ת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the same idea with an active verb or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will kill”
1:18 zez7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲזַ֥ק וֶאֱמָֽץ 1 See how you translated the phrase **be strong and be courageous** in [1:6](../01/06.md).
2:intro vg4m 0 # Joshua 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Rahab’s faith\n\nRahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement “for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below” is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n### Crossing the Jordan River\n\nIn this chapter the words **crossing over** refer to going to the opposite bank of the Jordan River.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThe Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: “ … melting away because of us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
2:1 ig8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֠וּן 1 See how you translated this name in [1:1](../01/01.md).
2:1 w886 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַשִּׁטִּ֞ים 1 This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “acacia trees.”
2:1 z78b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רָחָ֖ב 1 **Rahab** is the name of a woman.
2:2 y177 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיֵּ֣אָמַ֔ר לְמֶ֥לֶךְ יְרִיח֖וֹ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context does not indicate who did it but it can be implied that it was a person. Alternate translation: “And someone said to the king of Jericho”
2:2 rlef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations מִבְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, the person speaking to the king is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. The word **sons** here, refers to both men and women who are descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “from the descendants of Israel”
2:3 apx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רָחָ֖ב 1 See how you translated the name **Rahab** in the previous verse.
2:3 xz7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הַבָּאִ֤ים אֵלַ֨יִךְ֙ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֣אוּ לְבֵיתֵ֔ךְ 1 Your language may say “going” and “went” rather than **coming** and **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “the ones going to you who went to your house”
2:5 ty4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיְהִ֨י הַשַּׁ֜עַר לִסְגּ֗וֹר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action you can indicate that “men” did it. Alternate translation: “And men shut the gate”
2:5 o0r3 תַשִּׂיגֽוּם 1 The word the ULT translates as **you may overtake them** could refer to an event that is: (1) a possibility. Alternate translation: “perhaps you can overtake them” (2) in the future. Alternate translation: “you will overtake them”
2:6 l5zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְהִ֖יא הֶעֱלָ֣תַם הַגָּ֑גָה וַֽתִּטְמְנֵם֙ בְּפִשְׁתֵּ֣י הָעֵ֔ץ הָעֲרֻכ֥וֹת לָ֖הּ עַל־הַגָּֽג 1 The author is providing this background information to explain how Rahab had hidden the men in [2:4](../02/04.md). Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information.
2:6 st56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַגָּ֑גָה 1 The **roof** was flat and strong, so people could walk around on it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly that the roof was flat as modeled by the UST.
2:6 b99c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּפִשְׁתֵּ֣י הָעֵ֔ץ 1 The word **flax** refers to a plant that is grown for its fibers, which is used in making cloth. It has tall, slender stalks that can tied into bundles. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of plant, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “in the long stalks of a plant”
2:7 p4sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽמַּעְבְּר֑וֹת 1 A **ford** is a place where a river or other body of water is shallow enough for people to get to the other side by walking through it. If you do not have a term to describe this type of place, you could use a more general term as modeled by the UST.
2:8 ds5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go עָלְתָ֥ה 1 Your language may say “came up” rather than **went up** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “came up”
2:9 t8zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you יָדַ֕עְתִּי כִּֽי־נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 Here, the word **you** is plural and refers to all the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “I know that Yahweh has given the land to you Israelites”
2:9 oa1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְכִֽי־נָפְלָ֤ה אֵֽימַתְכֶם֙ עָלֵ֔ינוּ וְכִ֥י נָמֹ֛גוּ כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֥י הָאָ֖רֶץ מִפְּנֵיכֶֽם 1 The phrase **dread of you has fallen** and the phrase **melted from before your face** mean basically the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “and we and all the other people who dwell in the land have become very afraid of you”
2:9 xr6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָפְלָ֤ה אֵֽימַתְכֶם֙ עָלֵ֔ינוּ 1 The phrase **the dread of you has fallen on us** is an idiom meaning that they “had become afraid.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “we have become afraid of you”
2:9 u74z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָמֹ֛גוּ & מִפְּנֵיכֶֽם 1 The phrase **melted from before your face** is an idiom meaning that the people who lived in the land of Canaan had become afraid of the Israelites. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “have become afraid before you” or “have become afraid in your presence”
2:10 y7a1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בְּצֵאתְכֶ֖ם 1 Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “when you came out”
2:10 c6i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְסִיחֹ֣ן וּלְע֔וֹג 1 **Sihon** and **Og** are the names of men who were Amorite kings.
2:11 qx6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבֵ֔נוּ וְלֹא־קָ֨מָה ע֥וֹד ר֛וּחַ בְּאִ֖ישׁ מִפְּנֵיכֶ֑ם 1 The phrases **our hearts have melted** and **the spirit in a man no longer stands from your face** are both idioms that mean that the people who lived in Canaan were very afraid of the Israelites. If your readers would not understand this, you could use equivalent idioms or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and we are afraid and the people in the land are afraid of your presence”
2:11 sdem rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבֵ֔נוּ וְלֹא־קָ֨מָה ע֥וֹד ר֛וּחַ בְּאִ֖ישׁ מִפְּנֵיכֶ֑ם 1 The phrases **our hearts have melted** and **the spirit in a man no longer stands from your face** mean basically the same thing. Rahab says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “and we have become very afraid of you” or “and we have become very afraid of your presence”
2:11 agqj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּאִ֖ישׁ 1 Although the term **man** is masculine, Rahab is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “in a person”
2:12 nmi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָשִׂ֥יתִי עִמָּכֶ֖ם חָ֑סֶד וַעֲשִׂיתֶ֨ם גַּם־אַתֶּ֜ם עִם־בֵּ֤ית אָבִי֙ חֶ֔סֶד וּנְתַתֶּ֥ם לִ֖י א֥וֹת אֱמֶֽת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **kindness** and **truth**, you could express the same ideas with adverbs or non-abstract nouns or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have acted kindly with you, swear to me that you also will act kindly toward the house of my father and give me a sure token that you will do this”
2:12 iw4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֤ית אָבִי֙ 1 Rahab is speaking of her family as if they were her father’s **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with a similar expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the household of my father” or “my family”
2:13 m6i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הִצַּלְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖ינוּ מִמָּֽוֶת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **death** and **lives**, you could express the same ideas with a verb or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And you will save us from being killed”
2:14 ji8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular תַחְתֵּיכֶם֙ 1 Here, the word **your** is plural and refers to Rahab and her family.
2:14 yb7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula נַפְשֵׁ֤נוּ תַחְתֵּיכֶם֙ לָמ֔וּת 1 This is an oath formula in which the two spies are promising to give their lives (allow themselves to be killed) if they do not keep their promise and spare Rahab and her families lives when the Israelites conquer Jericho and kill its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “If we do not do what we promise, may Yahweh take our lives” or "If you and your family are killed when we conquer Jericho may Yahweh kill us as well"
2:14 ja4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְעָשִׂ֥ינוּ עִמָּ֖ךְ חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶֽת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **kindness** and **faithfulness**, you could express the same ideas with adjectives or in some other way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that we will act kindly and faithfully with you”
2:14 af54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְעָשִׂ֥ינוּ עִמָּ֖ךְ חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶֽת 1 The terms **kindness** and **faithfulness** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “we will surely deal kindly with you” or “we will surely act faithfully toward you”
2:17 dmh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo נְקִיִּ֣ם אֲנַ֔חְנוּ מִשְּׁבֻעָתֵ֥ךְ הַזֶּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הִשְׁבַּעְתָּֽנוּ 1 This expresses a condition for the promise the spies had made to Rahab. The word, “this,” refers to “tie this scarlet rope in the window” in [Joshua 2:18](../02/18.md).
2:18 z8uo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations הִנֵּ֛ה 1 The author is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation.
2:18 giu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go אֲנַ֥חְנוּ בָאִ֖ים 1 Your language may say “go” rather than **come** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “we are about to go”
2:18 e4iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַשָּׁנִ֨י 1 The word **scarlet** refers to a bright red color. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the bright red material” or “the crimson material”
2:18 yscl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֔יךְ 1 The two men are speaking of Rahab’s family as if they were her father’s **house**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning with a similar expression or express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the household of your father” or “of your family”
2:19 vdc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical כֹּ֣ל אֲשֶׁר־יֵצֵא֩ מִדַּלְתֵ֨י בֵיתֵ֧ךְ ׀ הַח֛וּצָה דָּמ֥וֹ בְרֹאשׁ֖וֹ וַאֲנַ֣חְנוּ נְקִיִּ֑ם וְ֠כֹל אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִֽהְיֶ֤ה אִתָּךְ֙ בַּבַּ֔יִת דָּמ֣וֹ בְרֹאשֵׁ֔נוּ אִם־יָ֖ד תִּֽהְיֶה־בּֽוֹ 1 This part of the verse expresses two possible situations and then gives the outcome of what will happen if the condition is met in each. (1) If Rahab or any person in her family goes outside the doors of her house then their blood will be on their own head (they will be responsible for their own death) (2) If any one who stays inside Rahab’s house is harmed then their blood will be on the spies heads (the two men will be responsible). Express these conditions in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “if anyone goes outside your house then it is that person’s own fault and we will be innocent. But if our army harms anyone who remains in your house then we will be responsible for that person’s death”
2:19 k27w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דָּמ֥וֹ בְרֹאשׁ֖וֹ…דָּמ֣וֹ בְרֹאשֵׁ֔נוּ 1 Here **blood** death. To be responsible for a persons death is spoken of as if the blood would be on thei responsible person’s head. Alternate translation: “their death will be their own fault” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2:19 yrzq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche דָּמ֥וֹ בְרֹאשׁ֖וֹ…דָּמ֣וֹ בְרֹאשֵׁ֔נוּ 1 The two men are using one part of a person, the **head**, to represent all of a person who is guilty or responsible, specifically a person who is responsible for a death. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “his blood will be his own responsibility...his blood will be our responsibility” or “his blood will be his own fault...his blood will be our fault”
2:19 m728 וַאֲנַ֣חְנוּ נְקִיִּ֑ם 1 Alternate translation: “and we will be without fault”
2:19 qg47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יָ֖ד תִּֽהְיֶה־בּֽוֹ 1 The phrase **a hand is laid upon** is an idiom meaning someone is injured or harmed. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “that person is injured” or “if that person is harmed”
2:20 e659 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person תַּגִּ֖ידִי 1 Here, **you** is singular and refers to Rahab.
2:21 uxw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כְּדִבְרֵיכֶ֣ם כֶּן־ה֔וּא 1 This expression indicates that Rahab agreed to the men’s terms of the oath. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I agree with these conditions”
2:21 kdr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַשָּׁנִ֖י 1 See how you translated the phrase **red material** in [2:18](../02/18.md).
2:22 gjr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַיָּבֹ֣אוּ 1 Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “and went”
2:23 cv1w אֵ֥ת כָּל־הַמֹּצְא֖וֹת אוֹתָֽם 1 Alternate translation: “all that they had experienced and seen”
2:23 hegq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נ֑וּן 1 See how you translated the name **Nun** in [1:1](../01/01.md).
2:24 avki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה בְּיָדֵ֖נוּ 1 The two spies are using the past tense in order to refer to something that will happen in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give into our hand”
2:24 tsz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה בְּיָדֵ֖נוּ אֶת־כָּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 The phrase **has given into our hand** is an idiom meaning “has delivered to our control.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “has delivered all the land to our control” or “has allowed us to conquer all the land”
2:24 eh7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָמֹ֛גוּ כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֥י הָאָ֖רֶץ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “have melted from before your face” in [2:9](../02/09.md).
3:intro qs85 0 # Joshua 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God dries the Jordan River\n\nJoshua told the people “Dedicate yourselves to Yahweh tomorrow, for Yahweh will do wonders among you.” The conquest of the Promised Land is accomplished through the supernatural power of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### Crossing the Jordan River\n\nIn this chapter the words **crossing over** refer to going to the opposite bank of the Jordan River.
3:4 tn3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance כְּאַלְפַּ֥יִם אַמָּ֖ה 1 The word **cubit** is a measurement equaling the distance from the elbow to the end of the the middle finger tip. If it would help your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. Alternate translation: “of about 900 meters” or “of about 1,000 yards”
3:4 whh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַֽל־תִּקְרְב֣וּ אֵלָ֗יו לְמַ֤עַן אֲשֶׁר־תֵּֽדְעוּ֙ אֶת־הַדֶּ֨רֶךְ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֵּֽלְכוּ־בָ֔הּ כִּ֣י לֹ֧א עֲבַרְתֶּ֛ם בַּדֶּ֖רֶךְ מִתְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases so that the reason for the command is placed before the result. Alternate translation: “Since you have not passed over by the way from yesterday or before, do not come near to it, so that you will know the way in which you should go.”
3:4 i5vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֤עַן אֲשֶׁר 1 The phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause. The officers are stating the purpose for which they were to stay **2,000 cubits** behind the Box of the Covenant. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a purpose clause.
3:7 q8ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָחֵל֙ גַּדֶּלְךָ֔ בְּעֵינֵ֖י כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 Here, **eyes** represent seeing, and seeing represents people’s evaluation and esteem. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “I will begin to cause the Israelite people to realize that I have made you a great leader”
3:9 pd66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
3:13 wfhv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּנ֣וֹחַ כַּפּ֣וֹת רַגְלֵ֣י הַכֹּהֲנִ֡ים נֹשְׂאֵי֩ אֲר֨וֹן יְהוָ֜ה\nאֲד֤וֹן כָּל־הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ 1 Here, the word **rest** means “stand” or “step into.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “as soon as the soles of the feet of the priests who lift the Box of Yahweh, the Lord of all the earth, stand” or “as soon as the soles of the feet of the priests who lift the Box of Yahweh, the Lord of all the earth, step into”
3:13 fuma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֵ֤י הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ יִכָּ֣רֵת֔וּן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that “Yahweh” will do it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off the waters of the Jordan”
3:13 s6ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הַמַּ֥יִם הַיֹּרְדִ֖ים מִלְמָ֑עְלָה 1 Your language may say “coming” rather than **going** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “the waters coming down from above”
3:15 gv1e וּכְב֞וֹא נֹשְׂאֵ֤י הָֽאָרוֹן֙ עַד־הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן וְרַגְלֵ֤י הַכֹּֽהֲנִים֙ נֹשְׂאֵ֣י הָֽאָר֔וֹן נִטְבְּל֖וּ בִּקְצֵ֣ה הַמָּ֑יִם וְהַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן מָלֵא֙ עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָ֔יו כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י קָצִֽיר 1 The first sentence in this verse contains the part of the events of this storyand the second sentence in this verse is background information. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these sentences so that the background information is placed first. Alternate translation: “(Now the Jordan was full over all its banks all the days of the harvest.) And as soon as those lifting the Box came as far as the Jordan then the feet of the priests lifting the Box were dipped in the edge of the water”
3:15 mx3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וּכְב֞וֹא נֹשְׂאֵ֤י הָֽאָרוֹן֙ 1 Your language may say “went” rather than **came** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “And as soon as those lifting the Box went”
3:16 gx0y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הַיֹּרְדִ֨ים מִלְמַ֜עְלָה 1 See how you translated the phrase **going down from above** in [3:]13(../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “coming down from above”
3:16 bbru rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צָֽרְתָ֔ן 1 **Zarethan** is the name of a city in the Jordan Valley.
3:16 krqs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish יָ֧ם הָעֲרָבָ֛ה יָם־הַמֶּ֖לַח 1 The phrase **the sea of the Arabah** and the phrase **the Sea of Salt** refer to the same sea. The phrase **the sea of the Arabah** gives the location of the sea and the phrase **the Sea of Salt** gives the name of the sea. The phrase **the Sea of Salt** is not making a distinction. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make the relationship between these phrases clearer. Alternate translation: “the sea located near the Arabah, called the Sea of Salt.”
3:16 smkr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תַּ֣מּוּ נִכְרָ֑תוּ 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh completely cut off” or “were completely stopped”
3:15 mu2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְהַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן מָלֵא֙ עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָ֔יו כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י קָצִֽיר 1 The author is providing this background information to emphasize the greatness of what Yahweh is about to do. Use a natural way in your language for introducing background information.
3:17 tg4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:intro eh7p 0 # Joshua 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s war\nThe conquering of the Promised Land was a special war. It was God’s war against the people of Canaan and Joshua recognized that they would only be victorious through Yahweh’s power. This is why their first act after crossing the Jordan River was to build an altar. This war was a witness to Yahweh’s power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### Crossing the Jordan River\n\nIn this chapter the words **crossing over** refer to going to the opposite bank of the Jordan River.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Chiasm\n\nHebrew poetry sometimes uses a literary a device called a “chiasm” (sometimes called “chiasmus”). A chiasm is when words or phrases are ordered in a AB-BA sequence. In [Joshua 4:7](../04/07.md) Joshua uses a chiasm. The ULT follows the Hebrew order and translates the part of this verse that contains a chiasm as “Because **the waters of the Jordan were cut off from the face of the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh** when **it crossed over in the Jordan**, **the waters of the Jordan were cut off**. (The repeated phrases are highlighted for the purpose of illustration). Notice that the identical phrase “the waters of the Jordan were cut off” is repeated and the phrase “it crossed over in the Jordan” refers to the same thing as the phrase “from the face of the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh” because the word “it” refers to “the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh.” These phrase are repeated in an AB-BA sequence: “the waters of the Jordan were cut off-from the face of the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh...it crossed over in the Jordan-the waters of the Jordan were cut off.”
4:1 yem9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in the previous verse. See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:3 g6yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְצַוּ֣וּ אוֹתָם֮ לֵאמֹר֒ שְׂאֽוּ־לָכֶ֨ם מִזֶּ֜ה מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן מִמַּצַּב֙ רַגְלֵ֣י הַכֹּהֲנִ֔ים הָכִ֖ין שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֣ה אֲבָנִ֑ים וְהַעֲבַרְתֶּ֤ם אוֹתָם֙ עִמָּכֶ֔ם וְהִנַּחְתֶּ֣ם אוֹתָ֔ם בַּמָּל֕וֹן אֲשֶׁר־תָּלִ֥ינוּ ב֖וֹ הַלָּֽיְלָה 1 If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And command them to lift up for themselves 12 stones from the midst of the Jordan, from the firm standing place of the feet of the priests. And tell them to bring those stones over with them and shall leave them in the lodging place in which you will lodge tonight”
4:3 cs2k מִמַּצַּב֙ רַגְלֵ֣י הַכֹּהֲנִ֔ים הָכִ֖ין 1 Alternate translation: “from the place where the priests are standing right now”
4:3 buys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:4 tenj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיִּקְרָ֣א יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ אֶל־שְׁנֵ֤ים הֶֽעָשָׂר֙ אִ֔ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֵכִ֖ין מִבְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל אִישׁ־אֶחָ֥ד אִישׁ־אֶחָ֖ד מִשָּֽׁבֶט 1 The author assumes that his readers will know that **Joshua** obeyed Yahweh’s command to him in [4:2](../04/02.md) and chose 12 men. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
4:4 r99r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִבְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
4:4 a96j אִישׁ־אֶחָ֥ד אִישׁ־אֶחָ֖ד מִשָּֽׁבֶט 1 See how you translated the phrase **one man, one man from a tribe** in [4:2](../04/02.md).
4:5 gldr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:5 giom rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 See how you translated the phrase **the sons of Israel** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
4:6 v6tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵיכֶ֤ם 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Joshua is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both male and female descendants. Alternate translation: “your children”
4:7 bq5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁ֨ר נִכְרְת֜וּ מֵימֵ֤י הַיַּרְדֵּן֙…נִכְרְת֖וּ מֵ֣י הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh cut off the waters of the Jordan…Yahweh cut off the waters of the Jordan”
4:7 ku21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry אֲשֶׁ֨ר נִכְרְת֜וּ מֵימֵ֤י הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ מִפְּנֵי֙ אֲר֣וֹן בְּרִית־יְהוָ֔ה בְּעָבְרוֹ֙ בַּיַּרְדֵּ֔ן נִכְרְת֖וּ מֵ֣י הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 Here two ideas are presented and then they are further explained in reverse order. This is called a chiasm. Biblical Hebrew sometimes uses this literary device. If possible, try to follow this AB-BA sequence of presenting the information here. If it is not possible you can state the information one time and show the emphasis in another ways. See the chapter introduction for more information regarding chiasms. Alternate translation: “Because the waters of the Jordan were cut when the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh crossed over in the Jordan!”
4:7 ww74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּעָבְרוֹ֙ 1 It is implied from the context that **the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh** was carried over **the Jordan** River by the Israelite priests and that it did not cross over on its own. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “when the priests carried it over”
4:7 k8ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:9 igh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּשְׁתֵּ֧ים עֶשְׂרֵ֣ה אֲבָנִ֗ים הֵקִ֣ים יְהוֹשֻׁעַ֮ בְּת֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּן֒ 1 These were twelve additional stones, not the stones that the twelve men carried from the riverbed in [4:8](../04/08.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST which adds the word “other” to the phrase “large stones” in order to make it clear that these were a different set of **12 stones** than those carried from the riverbed in the previous verse.
4:9 fumr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּן֒ 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:10 reg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּן֒ 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:11 vff8 וַיַּעֲבֹ֧ר אֲרוֹן־יְהוָ֛ה\nוְהַכֹּהֲנִ֖ים לִפְנֵ֥י הָעָֽם 1 Alternate translation: “that the priests, who were carrying the Box of Yahweh, crossed the Jordan in front of the people”
4:12 y1qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ֠יַּעַבְרוּ בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֨ן וּבְנֵי־גָ֜ד וַחֲצִ֨י שֵׁ֤בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּׁה֙ חֲמֻשִׁ֔ים לִפְנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר אֲלֵיהֶ֖ם מֹשֶֽׁה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could place the words **just as Moses had spoken to them** at the beginning of this verse instead of at the end because the words **as Moses had spoken to them** gives the reason for the result that the first part of this verse describes. Alternate translation: “Just as Moses had spoken to them, the sons of Reuben, and the sons of Gad, and the half of the tribe of Manasseh, armed men, crossed over before the face of the sons of Israel”
4:12 gp7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֨ן וּבְנֵי־גָ֜ד…בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 Here, **sons** means “descendants” and the phrases **the sons of Reuben, and the sons of Gad** specifically refer to the male descendants of **Reuben** and **Gad** who were fighting age. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Reuben, and the descendants Gad…the descendants of Israel” or “the warriors from the tribe of Reuben, and the warriors from the tribe of Gad…the descendants of Israel”
4:14 b6u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גִּדַּ֤ל יְהוָה֙ אֶת־יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ בְּעֵינֵ֖י כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “I will make you great in the eyes of all Israel” in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused the Israelite people to realize that he had made Joshua a great leader” or “Yahweh caused the Israelite people to greatly respect Joshua”
4:18 m5z1 וַיָּשֻׁ֤בוּ מֵֽי־הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ לִמְקוֹמָ֔ם וַיֵּלְכ֥וּ כִתְמוֹל־שִׁלְשׁ֖וֹם עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָֽיו 1 Alternate translation: “then the waters of the Jordan returned to where they had been, and flooded over all its banks, as it had done four days ago”
4:18 ba2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִתְּק֗וּ כַּפּוֹת֙ רַגְלֵ֣י הַכֹּהֲנִ֔ים אֶ֖ל הֶחָרָבָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the priests lifted out the soles of their feet to dry ground”
4:19 bf72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go עָלוּ֙ 1 Your language may say “went up” rather than **came up** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “went up”
4:19 zy5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths בֶּעָשׂ֖וֹר לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן 1 This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. You could convert the Hebrew day and month into an approximate date on the calendar that your culture uses. However, the Jews used a lunar calendar, so if you use a solar calendar, the date will be different every year and the translation will not be entirely accurate. So you may just want to give the number of the day and the name of the month on the Hebrew calendar, and say approximately what time of year that is on your calendar in a footnote. Suggested footnote: “The month of Aviv was in the March—April time of the year.” Alternate translation: “on the tenth day of the month of Aviv”
4:21 m1tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵיכֶ֤ם 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Joshua is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both male and female descendants. Alternate translation: “your children”
4:21 flgy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֲשֶׁר֩ יִשְׁאָל֨וּן בְּנֵיכֶ֤ם מָחָר֙ אֶת־אֲבוֹתָ֣ם לֵאמֹ֔ר מָ֖ה הָאֲבָנִ֥ים הָאֵֽלֶּה 1 If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “When your sons ask their fathers in the future what the meaning of these stones are” or “In the future, when your sons ask their fathers what the meaning of these stone are”
4:22 p6nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אֶת־בְּנֵיכֶ֣ם 1 Although the term **sons** is masculine, Joshua is using the word here in a generic sense that includes both male and female descendants. Alternate translation: “your children”
4:22 gt6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְהוֹדַעְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּנֵיכֶ֣ם 1 Joshua is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “then you shall cause your sons to know the meaning of these stones” or “then you shall cause your sons to know why these stones are here”
4:22 bwj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וְהוֹדַעְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּנֵיכֶ֣ם לֵאמֹ֑ר בַּיַּבָּשָׁה֙ עָבַ֣ר יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן הַזֶּֽה 1 If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate the second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “then you shall cause your sons to know by telling them that Israel crossed over this Jordan on dry ground” or “then you shall cause your sons to know by replying to them that Israel crossed over this Jordan on dry ground”
4:24 aiev rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ֠מַעַן דַּ֜עַת כָּל־עַמֵּ֤י הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ אֶת־יַ֣ד יְהוָ֔ה כִּ֥י חֲזָקָ֖ה הִ֑יא לְמַ֧עַן יְרָאתֶ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם כָּל־הַיָּמִֽים 1 In the previous verse Joshua states that Yahweh “dried up the the waters of the Jordan” and the waters of “the Sea of Reeds” for the Israelites. In this verse, each occurrence of the phrase **so that** introduces a purpose clause that gives one of the two purposes for which Yahweh dried up the Jordan River and the Sea of Reeds. Use a natural way in your language for introducing purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “in order that all the peoples of the earth may know the hand Yahweh, that it is mighty, and in order that you will fear Yahweh your God all the days”
4:24 qe29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־יַ֣ד יְהוָ֔ה כִּ֥י חֲזָקָ֖ה הִ֑יא 1 Here, **hand** represents the power and control that someone has. The expression **the hand of Yahweh, that it is mighty** means “the power of Yahweh is mighty.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or state the meaning plainly. “Yahweh is mighty”
4:24 glk7 לְמַ֧עַן יְרָאתֶ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם כָּל־הַיָּמִֽים 1 Alternate translation: “so that you will always give Yahweh your God the honor he deserves”
5:intro dv8f 0 # Joshua 5 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Circumcision\n\nIt would have been very unusual to be circumcised in a time of war. When men are circumcised they are unable to move without pain or to defend themselves in battle for several days. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])\n\n### Manna\n\nYahweh stops providing manna in this chapter and will no longer provide them with their daily allotment of food. This does not mean Yahweh’s care and provision will stop.
5:1 wpev כִשְׁמֹ֣עַ כָּל־מַלְכֵ֣י הָאֱמֹרִ֡י אֲשֶׁר֩ בְּעֵ֨בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֜ן יָ֗מָּה וְכָל־מַלְכֵ֤י הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל־הַיָּ֔ם אֵ֠ת אֲשֶׁר־הוֹבִ֨ישׁ יְהוָ֜ה אֶת־מֵ֧י הַיַּרְדֵּ֛ן מִפְּנֵ֥י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל עַד־עָבְרָ֑ם fn וַיִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗ם וְלֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Alternate translation: “when all the Amorite kings who were on the other side of the Jordan toward the sea, and all the Canaanite kings who were beside the sea, heard that Yahweh had dried up the waters of the Jordan before the Israelites until they had finished crossing it, then their heart melted, and there was no longer a spirit in them because of the sons of Israel”
5:1 el1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗ם וְלֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ 1 The phrase **their heart melted** and the phrase **there was no longer a spirit in them** have very similar meanings. The author says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to emphasize the intensity of the fear that these kings felt when they heard what Yahweh had done. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “then their heart melted” or “they became so afraid that they no longer had any courage to fight”
5:1 iokv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗ם וְלֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ 1 The phrases **their heart melted** and **there was no longer a spirit in them** are both idioms. Here, **hearts** refers to courage.The **kings** were so afraid that it was as if their courage melted away like wax in a fire. Here, the word **spirit** refers to the **kings** will to fight. If your readers would not understand this, you could use equivalent idioms or use plain language. See how you translated “our hearts have melted and the spirit in a man no longer stands before your face” in [2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “then they became very afraid and no longer had the courage to fight” or “then they lost all their courage, an no longer had any will to fight”
5:1 uwpn מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Here, the phrase **from the face of** means "because of." For more information on this phrase see the section in the book introduction that discusses it. Alternate translation: “because of the sons of Israel”
5:2 nc87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חַֽרְב֣וֹת צֻרִ֑ים 1 **Flint** is a type of stone. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of stone, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “knives of sharpened stone” or “knives with blades made of stone”
5:2 d7tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וְשׁ֛וּב מֹ֥ל אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל שֵׁנִֽית 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you could indicate the meaning of this part of the verse without using an ordinal number. This section of the verse means that Yahweh wanted the current generation of male Israelites to be circumcised. The previous generation of male Israelites had been circumcised but they had died in the wilderness as [5:4](../05/04.md) states. The current generation of Israelite males had not yet been circumcised. Alternate translation: “and circumcise this generation of male Israelites” or “and again, circumcise the sons of Israel”
5:3 m1u7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיַּעַשׂ־ל֥וֹ יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ חַֽרְב֣וֹת צֻרִ֑ים וַיָּ֨מָל֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 There were over 600,000 males, so it is understood that while Joshua was in charge of this task, many other people helped him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “So Joshua and the Israelites made themselves knives of flint. And they circumcised all the sons of Israel” or “So Joshua and the Israelites made themselves knives of flint. And they circumcised all the Israelite males”
5:3 d0fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חַֽרְב֣וֹת צֻרִ֑ים 1 See how you translated the phrase **knives of flint** in the previous verse.
5:3 jin6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גִּבְעַ֖ת הָעֲרָלֽוֹת 1 This is the name of a place which commemorates the Israelites rededicating themselves to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “a place called ‘Hill of the Foreskins’”
5:4 i17c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הַיֹּצֵא֩…בְּצֵאתָ֖ם 1 Your language may say “came” and “come” rather than **gone** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “who had came out…when they had come out”
5:5 mhgs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הַיֹּֽצְאִ֑ים…בְּצֵאתָ֥ם 1 Your language may say “came” rather than **went** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “who came out…as they came out”
5:5 b06g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֻלִ֣ים הָי֔וּ כָּל־הָעָ֖ם הַיֹּֽצְאִ֑ים…לֹא־מָֽלוּ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “someone had circumcised each male who had left Egypt…were uncircumcised”
5:5 u9fk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְכָל 1 What follows the word **but** here is in contrast to what precedes it. The information that the men who left Egypt **were circumcised** is in contrast to the men **who were born in the wilderness** who **had not been circumcised**. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast.
5:5 mqv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָעָ֖ם…הָ֠עָם 1 In this verse the phrase **the people** means “the males.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the males…the males”
5:6 e12p עַד־תֹּ֨ם כָּל־הַגּ֜וֹי אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַמִּלְחָמָה֙ הַיֹּצְאִ֣ים מִמִּצְרַ֔יִם 1 Alternate translation: “until all the Israelite men of war, who had gone out from Egypt, had died”
5:6 qbbd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הַיֹּצְאִ֣ים 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **gone** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “who had come out”
5:6 u9iz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֖וּ בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, the word **listened** means “obeyed.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “had not obeyed the voice of Yahweh”
5:6 k8wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֖וּ בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה 1 The author is describing the things Yahweh spoke by association with his **voice**. If your readers would not understand this, you could use plain language as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “had not listened to the things Yahweh commanded them” or “had not listened to the things Yahweh told them”
5:6 jre1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י ׀ אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֗ה הָלְכ֣וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֮ בַּמִּדְבָּר֒ עַד־תֹּ֨ם כָּל־הַגּ֜וֹי אַנְשֵׁ֤י הַמִּלְחָמָה֙ הַיֹּצְאִ֣ים מִמִּצְרַ֔יִם אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֖וּ בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר נִשְׁבַּ֤ע יְהוָה֙ לָהֶ֔ם לְבִלְתִּ֞י הַרְאוֹתָ֣ם אֶת־הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֩ נִשְׁבַּ֨ע יְהוָ֤ה לַֽאֲבוֹתָם֙ לָ֣תֶת לָ֔נוּ אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 Here, the word **because** introduces the reason (**they had not listened to Yahweh**) that **the sons of Israel walked in the wilderness 40 years**. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of the information in this verse, since the phrase **they had not listened to Yahweh** gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because the sons of Israel had not listened to the voice of Yahweh, to whom Yahweh had sworn to not let them see the land that Yahweh had sworn to their fathers to give to us, a land flowing with milk and honey, they walked in the wilderness 40 years, until the finishing of all the nation of the men of war who had gone out from Egypt”
5:6 mu8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לַֽאֲבוֹתָם֙ 1 Here, the word **fathers** refers to and includes both their actual fathers and their ancestors. God had made the promise to their ancestors Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and also to their actual fathers. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “to their fathers and ancestors”
5:6 o55f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive לָ֔נוּ 1 When the author says **us**, he is including the Israelites he is addressing, so **us** would be inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
5:6 jrp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּדְבָֽשׁ 1 The phrase **a land flowing with milk and honey** is an idiom that means that the land was fertile and produced many natural resources and was therefore good for growing crops and harvesting things that it produced on its own. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “a fertile and rich land” or “a fertile land that produces many good things”
5:7 p9pz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בְּנֵיהֶם֙ הֵקִ֣ים תַּחְתָּ֔ם אֹתָ֖ם מָ֣ל יְהוֹשֻׁ֑עַ כִּי־עֲרֵלִ֣ים הָי֔וּ כִּ֛י לֹא־מָ֥לוּ אוֹתָ֖ם בַּדָּֽרֶךְ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could change the order of these phrases so that the reason Joshua circumcised the Israelite males is placed first. Alternate translation: “he raised up their sons instead of them. They were uncircumcised because they had not circumcised them on the way, so Joshua circumcised them”
5:8 gl0s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַגּ֖וֹי 1 Here, the phrase **the nation** refers specifically to the males from the **nation** of Israel. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Israelite males”
5:9 x1q8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַיּ֗וֹם גַּלּ֛וֹתִי אֶת־חֶרְפַּ֥ת מִצְרַ֖יִם מֵעֲלֵיכֶ֑ם 1 The phrase **rolled away** is an idiom meaning “taken away.” If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Today I have removed the disgrace of Egypt from on you” or “Today I have removed the disgrace of Egypt from on you”
5:9 sgya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֶת־חֶרְפַּ֥ת 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the idea of **disgrace**, you could express the same idea with an adjective, as modeled by the UST, or in some other way that is natural in your language.
5:10 tdl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths בְּאַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֥וֹם לַחֹ֛דֶשׁ 1 Here, the phrase **the month** is referring to the Hebrew month Aviv. See the note on the phrase “the first month” in [4:19](../04/19.md). Alternate translation: “on the fourteenth day of the month of Aviv”
5:11 g1ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְקָל֑וּי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that “the Israelites” did it. Alternate translation: “and grain that they had roasted”
5:12 ced7 וַיִּשְׁבֹּ֨ת הַמָּ֜ן מִֽמָּחֳרָ֗ת בְּאָכְלָם֙ מֵעֲב֣וּר הָאָ֔רֶץ וְלֹא־הָ֥יָה ע֛וֹד לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מָ֑ן 1 Alternate translation: “And the day after the sons of Israel ate from the yield of the land, the manna stopped”
5:13 x26s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations וְהִנֵּה 1 The author is using the term **behold** to focus attention on what happens next in this story. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation.
5:13 dztr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo אִישׁ֙ 1 Although the author uses the term **a man** here, the next verse explains that this being was “the leader of the army of Yahweh.” The being, referred to here as **a man**, was not a human but was either an angel of Yahweh sent to represent Yahweh, or Yahweh himself. The author uses the phrase “a man” because this what Joshua thought he was before he was told the beings identity in the next verse. Since the identity of the being is given in the next verse, you do not need to explain the meaning of the phrase **a man** here.
5:14 ds5l לֹ֗א 1 Alternate translation: “I am neither for you nor for your enemies”
5:14 r42a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיִּפֹּל֩ יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ אֶל־פָּנָ֥יו אַ֨רְצָה֙ וַיִּשְׁתָּ֔חוּ 1 In that culture, this action was an expression of reverence and/or worship. It was a way that a person showed great respect and reverence for someone else. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation.
5:15 ge5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction שַׁל־נַֽעַלְךָ֙ מֵעַ֣ל רַגְלֶ֔ךָ 1 In that culture, the action of taking of ones sandals expressed that the person who took off their sandals was showing great respect and reverence towards someone superior to them and acknowledging their willingness to obey them. If there is a gesture with similar meaning in your culture, you could consider using it here in your translation.
5:15 qu3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שַׁל־נַֽעַלְךָ֙ מֵעַ֣ל רַגְלֶ֔ךָ כִּ֣י הַמָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֛ה עֹמֵ֥ד עָלָ֖יו קֹ֣דֶשׁ ה֑וּא 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because the place on which you are standing is holy, you must slip off your sandal from your foot.”
6:intro uie9 0 # Joshua 6 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh conquers\n\nIt was God, not the army, who gave them victory. It is said, “Shout! For Yahweh has given you the city.” The circumstances of Israel’s victory in the battle for Jericho were very unusual. It was never common to march around a city or to shout in order to win a military battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6:1 gbz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וִֽירִיחוֹ֙ סֹגֶ֣רֶת וּמְסֻגֶּ֔רֶת מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל אֵ֥ין יוֹצֵ֖א וְאֵ֥ין בָּֽא 1 This entire verse is background information. The author provides this background information about **the city of Jericho** to help readers understand Yahweh’s instructions to Joshua regarding conquering Jericho. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information
6:1 aozr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וִֽירִיחוֹ֙ סֹגֶ֣רֶת וּמְסֻגֶּ֔רֶת 1 The phrase **was shutting and was shut up** is an idiom meaning the gates of the city were tightly shut. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Now the gates of Jericho were tightly shut”
6:1 jq71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וִֽירִיחוֹ֙ סֹגֶ֣רֶת וּמְסֻגֶּ֔רֶת מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you must state who did the action, the context implies that people from the city of Jericho did it. Alternate translation: “And men from the city of Jericho shut it up from the face of the sons of Israel” or “And men from the city of Jericho shut up its gates from the face of the sons of Israel”
6:1 qfoa מִפְּנֵ֖י 1 Here, the phrase **from the face of** means "because of." For more information on this phrase see the section in the book introduction that discusses it. Alternate translation: “because of”
6:2 j65i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture נָתַ֣תִּי בְיָֽדְךָ֔ אֶת־יְרִיח֖וֹ וְאֶת־מַלְכָּ֑הּ גִּבּוֹרֵ֖י הֶחָֽיִל 1 Yahweh is using the past tense in order to refer to something that he will do in the future. He is doing this to show that the event will certainly happen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the future tense. Alternate translation: “I will give Jericho into your hand, and its king, the mighty ones of the army” or “I will certainly give Jericho into your hand, and its king, the mighty ones of the army”
6:2 v4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom נָתַ֣תִּי בְיָֽדְךָ֔ אֶת־יְרִיח֖וֹ 1 The phrase **into your hand** is an idiom meaning “has delivered to your control.” See how you translated the phrase “into our hand” in [2:24](../02/24.md). Alternate translation: “I have delivered Jericho to your control” or “I have allowed you to conquer Jericho”\n\n
6:2 djup rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis גִּבּוֹרֵ֖י הֶחָֽיִל 1 The author is leaving out a word that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply the word from the context. Alternate translation: “and the mighty men of valor”
6:2 km13 גִּבּוֹרֵ֖י הֶחָֽיִל 1 See how you translated the identical phrase in [1:14](../01/14.md).
6:3 fu9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַקֵּ֥יף אֶת־הָעִ֖יר פַּ֣עַם אֶחָ֑ת 1 The context implies that they were to walk **around the city one time** each day. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “going around the city one time each day”
6:5 oe7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָעָ֖ם…הָעָ֖ם 1 In this verse, the phrase **the people** refers to Joshua and the Israelite soldiers. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the soldiers…the soldiers”
6:5 zdc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְעָל֥וּ הָעָ֖ם 1 Here, the phrase **go up** refers to walking or climbing up over the collapsed pieces of the city walls. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and the people will walk up over the rubble from the city walls” or “and the people will climb up over the collapsed city walls”
6:5 ukux אִ֥ישׁ נֶגְדּֽוֹ 1 Alternate translation: “every man going straight in front of him”
6:6 h9cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נוּן֙ 1 See how you translated the name **Nun** in [1:1](../01/01.md).
6:7 jf9o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עִבְר֖וּ…יַעֲבֹ֕ר 1 The phrase **pass over** is an idiom that indicates walking or moving forward. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Start walking…will walk”
6:8 y78m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עָבְר֕וּ 1 See how you translated this idiom in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “went forward” or “advanced”
6:8 l35d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה 1 Here, the author is describing **the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh** by association with **Yahweh**. The author associates **Yahweh** with **the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh** because **the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh** represents Yahweh’s presence with the people of Israel. If your readers would not understand this, you could use plain language. Alternate translation: “in front of the Box of the Covenant” or “before the face of Yahweh’s Box of the Covenant”
6:8 ayf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַֽאֲרוֹן֙ בְּרִ֣ית יְהוָ֔ה הֹלֵ֖ךְ אַחֲרֵיהֶֽם 1 Four priests were carrying **the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And the priests were carrying the Box of the Covenant of Yahweh behind them”
6:9 gch6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אַחֲרֵ֣י הָאָר֔וֹן 1 Here, it is implied that four priests were carrying **the Box**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “behind the four priests who were carrying the Box” or “behind the Box which was being carried by four priests”
6:10 v7ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָעָם֩ 1 Here, the phrase **the people** refers to the Israelite soldiers and priests. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the Israelite soldiers and priests”
6:10 ar1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לֹ֤א תָרִ֨יעוּ֙ וְלֹֽא־תַשְׁמִ֣יעוּ אֶת־קוֹלְכֶ֔ם וְלֹא־יֵצֵ֥א מִפִּיכֶ֖ם דָּבָ֑ר עַ֠ד י֣וֹם אָמְרִ֧י אֲלֵיכֶ֛ם 1 The phrase **You shall not shout** and the phrase **You shall not make your voice heard** and the phrase **a word shall not go out from your mouth** mean very similar things. Joshua says the same thing three times, in slightly different ways, to emphasize to the Israelite soldiers and priests that they must remain silent until Joshua gives them the command to **shout**. If saying similar things three different times might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and show the emphasis another way. Alternate translation: “You must remain totally quiet until I say to you” or “You must remain completely silent until I tell you”
6:10 tc4f וְלֹא־יֵצֵ֥א מִפִּיכֶ֖ם דָּבָ֑ר 1 Alternate translation: “and you shall not say anything”
6:11 xxfc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַיַּסֵּ֤ב 1 Here, the word **And** introduces what happens next as a result of Joshua’s command in the previous verse. You can make this clear in your translation with an appropriate connecting word or phrase.
6:11 hf4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַיַּסֵּ֤ב אֲרוֹן־יְהוָה֙ אֶת־הָעִ֔יר 1 Here, the word **he** refers to Joshua. It is implied that Joshua did not carry the **Box of Yahweh** around Jericho himself but rather instructed the priests do it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And the priests brought the box of Yahweh around the city”
6:13 lxf4 וְשִׁבְעָ֣ה הַכֹּהֲנִ֡ים נֹשְׂאִים֩ שִׁבְעָ֨ה שׁוֹפְר֜וֹת הַיֹּבְלִ֗ים 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “the seven priests carrying seven horns of rams” in [6:8](../06/06.md).
6:13 wjy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis הָל֖וֹךְ וְתָק֥וֹעַ בַּשּׁוֹפָרֽוֹת 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “while the priests were continually blowing with the horns”
6:16 fj73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה לָכֶ֖ם 1 Joshua is saying that Yahweh will definitely give them the city by saying that he has already given it to them.
6:16 wdh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you נָתַ֧ן & לָכֶ֖ם 1 The word “you” refers to the entire nation of Israel.
6:17 w1sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְהָיְתָ֨ה הָעִ֥יר חֵ֛רֶם הִ֥יא וְכָל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖הּ לַֽיהוָ֑ה 1 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “You must set apart to Yahweh the city and all that is in it for destruction” or “You must set apart to Yahweh the city and all that is in it by destroying it”
6:18 ypv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁמְר֣וּ מִן־הַחֵ֔רֶם 1 Being careful is spoken of as if they are to guard themselves. “Be careful that you do not take the things”
6:18 p8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַעֲכַרְתֶּ֖ם אוֹתֽוֹ 1 Doing something that makes bad things to happen to the city is spoken of as bringing trouble on it. Alternate translation: “you will cause bad things to happen to it”
6:19 bz6i אוֹצַ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה 1 a collection of things set apart for the worship of Yahweh
6:20 fm69 וַיָּרִ֤יעוּ הָעָם֙ תְּרוּעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “the people of Israel shouted”
6:20 v2v6 וַֽיִּתְקְע֖וּ בַּשֹּֽׁפָר֑וֹת 1 Alternate translation: “sounded the trumpets loudly” or “blew into the ram’s horn trumpets”
6:24 ny39 וְהָעִ֛יר שָׂרְפ֥וּ 1 The word “they” refers to the Israelite soldiers. It does not refer only to the two young men who brought Rahab and her family out of the city.
6:25 w9ik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַתֵּ֨שֶׁב֙ בְּקֶ֣רֶב יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 The word “She” refers to Rahab and represents her descendants. Alternate translation: “Her descendants live in Israel”
6:26 cq3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָר֨וּר הָאִ֜ישׁ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר יָקוּם֙ וּבָנָ֞ה 1 Being cursed in Yahweh’s sight represents being cursed by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man who rebuilds”
6:26 len7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בִּבְכֹר֣וֹ יְיַסְּדֶ֔נָּה 1 The consequence of a man laying a new foundation for Jericho is that his firstborn son would die. This is spoken of as if it were a cost that the man would pay. Alternate translation: “If he lays the foundation, he will lose his firstborn son” or “If he lays the foundation, his firstborn son will die”
6:26 anp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּבִצְעִיר֖וֹ יַצִּ֥יב דְּלָתֶֽיהָ 1 The consequence of a man setting up new gates for Jericho is that his youngest son would die. This is spoken of as if it were a cost that the man would pay. Alternate translation: “If he sets up its gates, he will lose his youngest son” or “If he sets up it gates, his youngest son will die”
6:27 brx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיְהִ֥י שָׁמְע֖וֹ בְּכָל־הָאָֽרֶץ 1 This refers to Joshua’s fame, not Yahweh’s. Becoming known among the people throughout the land is spoken of as if his fame spread. Alternate translation: “Joshua became famous throughout the land” or “people throughout the land learned about Joshua”
7:intro uv41 0 # Joshua 7 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sin brought defeat\n\nIt was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
7:1 mtm4 בַּחֵ֑רֶם 1 Alternate translation: “the things that God had said they must set apart to him by destroying them”
7:1 z3zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָכָ֣ן & כַּרְמִי֩ & זַבְדִּ֨י & זֶ֜רַח 1 These are names of men.
7:1 li2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּֽחַר־אַ֥ף יְהוָ֖ה 1 “anger” and “burned” indicates intensity, not that fire is present. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s anger burned like a fire” or “Yahweh was very angry”
7:3 ui7f כָּל־הָעָם֒ 1 This refers to the army of Israel.
7:3 z2xr מְעַ֖ט הֵֽמָּה 1 The word “they” refers to the people of Ai.
7:4 i5e8 וַיַּעֲל֤וּ מִן־הָעָם֙ שָׁ֔מָּה כִּשְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִ֑ישׁ 1 These men were part of the army. Alternate translation: “three thousand men belonging to the army went up”
7:5 zcr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיִּמַּ֥ס לְבַב־הָעָ֖ם וַיְהִ֥י לְמָֽיִם 1 These phrases “melted” and “became like water” share similar meanings and are combined to emphasize that the people were extremely afraid.
7:5 j2v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַיִּמַּ֥ס לְבַב־הָעָ֖ם 1 Here the people are represented by their “hearts” to emphasize their emotions. Alternate translation: “The people were very afraid”
7:6 ty1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַיִּקְרַ֨ע יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ שִׂמְלֹתָ֗יו וַיִּפֹּל֩ עַל־פָּנָ֨יו אַ֜רְצָה לִפְנֵ֨י אֲר֤וֹן יְהוָה֙ 1 They did these things to show God how sad and distressed they were.
7:7 jb6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לָ֠מָה הֵעֲבַ֨רְתָּ הַעֲבִ֜יר אֶת־הָעָ֤ם הַזֶּה֙ אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן לָתֵ֥ת אֹתָ֛נוּ בְּיַ֥ד הָאֱמֹרִ֖י לְהַאֲבִידֵ֑נוּ 1 Joshua was asking if this is the reason God had brought them across the Jordan. Alternate translation: “Did you do it in order to give us into the hands of the Amorites to destroy us?”
7:7 run5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיַ֥ד הָאֱמֹרִ֖י 1 The hands of the Amorites represents their control and power. Giving the Israelites into their hands to destroy them represents allowing the Amorites to have control of the Israelites and destroy them. Alternate translation: “To allow the Amorites to destroy us?
7:7 aq5b וְלוּ֙ הוֹאַ֣לְנוּ 1 The words “If only” show that this is a wish for something that had not happened. Alternate translation: “I wish we had made a different decision”
7:8 ke9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion בִּ֖י אֲדֹנָ֑י מָ֣ה אֹמַ֔ר אַ֠חֲרֵי אֲשֶׁ֨ר הָפַ֧ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל עֹ֖רֶף לִפְנֵ֥י אֹיְבָֽיו 1 Joshua said this to show how upset he was that he did not even know what to say. Alternate translation: “I do not know what to say. Israel has turned their backs before their enemies!”
7:8 s4eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָפַ֧ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל עֹ֖רֶף לִפְנֵ֥י אֹיְבָֽיו 1 Doing this represents running away from their enemies. Alternate translation: “Israel has run away from their enemies”
7:9 n2kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְנָסַ֣בּוּ עָלֵ֔ינוּ וְהִכְרִ֥יתוּ אֶת־שְׁמֵ֖נוּ מִן־הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 Making people forget the name of the Israelites represents making them forget the Israelites. In this case they would do it by killing the Israelites. Alternate translation: “They will surround us and kill us, and the people of the earth will forget about us” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:9 r713 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְשִׁמְךָ֥ הַגָּדֽוֹל 1 The phrase “your great name” here represents God’s reputation and power. Alternate translation: “And so what will you do so that people will know that you are great”
7:9 vd3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion וּמַֽה־תַּעֲשֵׂ֖ה לְשִׁמְךָ֥ הַגָּדֽוֹל 1 Joshua uses this question to warn God that if the Israelites are destroyed, then the other people will think that God is not great. Alternate translation: “Then there will be nothing you can do for your great name.” or “Then people will not know that you are great.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:10 hqu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion לָ֑ךְ לָ֣מָּה זֶּ֔ה אַתָּ֖ה נֹפֵ֥ל עַל־פָּנֶֽיךָ 1 God used this question to rebuke Joshua for lying there on his face. Alternate translation: “Stop lying there with your face in the dirt!”
7:11 lc29 הַחֵ֔רֶם 1 These are the things “marked for destruction” from [Joshua 6:18–19](../06/18.md). Alternate translation: “the cursed things” or “those things which God has cursed”
7:11 dd18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גָּֽנְבוּ֙ וְגַ֣ם כִּֽחֲשׁ֔וּ 1 Hiding their sin represents trying to keep others from knowing that they have sinned. Alternate translation: “They have stolen those things, and then they tried to keep people from knowing that they sinned”
7:12 yzi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֹ֨א יֻכְל֜וּ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל לָקוּם֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אֹיְבֵיהֶ֔ם 1 Standing before their enemies represents fighting successfully against their enemies. Alternate translation: “cannot fight successfully against their enemies” or “cannot defeat their enemies”
7:12 xix1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֹ֗רֶף יִפְנוּ֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אֹֽיְבֵיהֶ֔ם 1 Doing this represents running away from their enemies. Alternate translation: “They ran away from their enemies”
7:12 fs9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֤א אוֹסִיף֙ לִֽהְי֣וֹת עִמָּכֶ֔ם 1 Being with Israel represents helping Israel. Alternate translation: “I will not help you any more”
7:13 j4ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֣א תוּכַ֗ל לָקוּם֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אֹיְבֶ֔יךָ 1 Standing before their enemies represents fighting successfully against them. Alternate translation: “You cannot fight successfully against your enemies” or “You cannot defeat your enemies”
7:14 dp8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְנִקְרַבְתֶּ֥ם בַּבֹּ֖קֶר לְשִׁבְטֵיכֶ֑ם 1 There were twelve tribes that made up the people of Israel. The phrase “by your tribes” means “each tribe.” Alternate translation: “each of your tribes must present themselves to Yahweh”
7:14 scj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַשֵּׁבֶט֩ אֲשֶׁר־יִלְכְּדֶ֨נּוּ יְהוָ֜ה יִקְרַ֣ב לַמִּשְׁפָּח֗וֹת 1 The tribe was made up of multiple clans. Alternate translation: “From the tribe that Yahweh selects, each clan will come near”
7:14 crt9 הַשֵּׁבֶט֩ אֲשֶׁר־יִלְכְּדֶ֨נּוּ יְהוָ֜ה 1 The leaders of Israel would toss lots, and by doing this, they would learn which tribe Yahweh had selected. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The tribe that Yahweh selects by lot” or “The tribe that Yahweh selects when we toss lots”
7:14 xl85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְהַמִּשְׁפָּחָ֞ה אֲשֶֽׁר־יִלְכְּדֶ֤נָּה יְהוָה֙ תִּקְרַ֣ב לַבָּתִּ֔ים 1 The clan was made up of multiple households. Alternate translation: “From the clan that Yahweh selects, each household must come near”
7:14 q8me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְהַבַּ֨יִת֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִלְכְּדֶ֣נּוּ יְהוָ֔ה יִקְרַ֖ב לַגְּבָרִֽים 1 The household was made up of multiple people. Alternate translation: “From the household that Yahweh selects, each person must come near”
7:15 d5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הַנִּלְכָּ֣ד 1 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “the one whom Yahweh selects”
7:15 g1vn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עָבַר֙ אֶת־בְּרִ֣ית יְהוָ֔ה 1 Breaking the covenant represents disobeying it. Alternate translation: “he has disobeyed the covenant of Yahweh”
7:16 lzb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיַּקְרֵ֥ב אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לִשְׁבָטָ֑יו 1 The phrase “tribe by tribe” means each tribe. Alternate translation: “brought each tribe of Israel near”
7:16 g7qp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיִּלָּכֵ֖ד שֵׁ֥בֶט יְהוּדָֽה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh selected the tribe of Judah”
7:17 br4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיַּקְרֵ֞ב אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֤חַת הַזַּרְחִי֙ לַגְּבָרִ֔ים 1 The phrase “person by person” is an idiom meaning each person. The persons in this sentence were the leaders of their households. Alternate translation: “He brought near each person of the clan of the Zerahites” or “From the clan of the Zerahites, he brought near each man who was the leader of his household” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
7:17 ha7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names זַבְדִּֽי 1 This is a man’s name. Translate as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md).
7:18 u41u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָכָ֞ן & כַּרְמִ֧י & זַבְדִּ֛י & זֶ֖רַח 1 These are men’s names. Translate them as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md).
7:19 k521 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְתֶן־ל֣וֹ תוֹדָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **confession, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “confess.” Alternate translation: “confess to him”
7:19 fv9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַל־תְּכַחֵ֖ד מִמֶּֽנִּי 1 Hiding information represents trying to keep someone from knowing it. Alternate translation: “Do not try to prevent me from knowing what you have done”
7:21 b9nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight וּמָאתַ֧יִם שְׁקָלִ֣ים 1 This is over two kilograms.
7:21 y7vj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight חֲמִשִּׁ֤ים שְׁקָלִים֙ 1 This is over 500 grams.
7:21 xw3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive טְמוּנִ֥ים בָּאָ֛רֶץ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I hid them in the ground”
7:24 ta3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֵ֥מֶק עָכֽוֹר 1 The name means “Valley of Trouble,” but it is best to translate Achor the way it sounds.
7:25 vd6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מֶ֣ה עֲכַרְתָּ֔נוּ 1 Joshua uses this question to rebuke Achan. Alternate translation: “You have troubled us”
7:25 i3rq וַיִּשְׂרְפ֤וּ אֹתָם֙ בָּאֵ֔שׁ וַיִּסְקְל֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם בָּאֲבָנִֽים 1 This could mean: (1) the Israelites burned Achan’s family to death and then covered them with stones or (2) the Israelites stoned Achan’s family to death and then burned the dead bodies or (3) that Achan and his possessions were stoned and then burned.
7:26 hfq5 עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 It was still called the valley of Achor at the time the author wrote this. Alternate translation: “even today” or “even now”
8:intro f3jc 0 # Joshua 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sin brought defeat\n\nIt was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])\n\n### Built an altar\n\nAltars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua.
8:1 l4p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אַל־תִּירָ֣א וְאַל־תֵּחָ֔ת 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that there is no reason to be afraid.
8:1 den6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נָתַ֣תִּי בְיָדְךָ֗ אֶת־מֶ֤לֶךְ הָעַי֙ וְאֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ וְאֶת־עִיר֖וֹ וְאֶת־אַרְצֽוֹ 1 Giving them into Israel’s hand represents giving Israel victory and control over them. Alternate translation: “I have given you victory over the king of Ai and his people, and I have given you control over his city and his land”
8:1 t7bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture נָתַ֣תִּי 1 God speaks of what he promises to do as though he had already done it, because he will certainly do it. Alternate translation: “I will certainly give” or “I am giving”
8:2 h3r6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וּלְמַלְכָּ֗הּ 1 The word “her” refers to the city of Ai. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “its king” or “their king”
8:7 fw9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּנְתָנָ֛הּ & בְּיֶדְכֶֽם 1 Here “hand” symbolizes the control and power the people have over their enemies.
8:9 yt5n וַיִּשְׁלָחֵ֣ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ 1 This phrase refers to Joshua sending the thirty thousand men who had been selected to ambush Ai to where they would set the ambush.
8:9 i3lf הַמַּאְרָ֔ב 1 Alternate translation: “where they would hide until it was time to attack”
8:12 ycd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers כַּחֲמֵ֥שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִ֑ישׁ 1 “5,000 men.” This group seems to be a portion of the “thirty thousand men” ([Joshua 8:9](../08/09.md)). This smaller group remained in the ambush while the other 25,000 men attacked the city.
8:15 a83i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיִּנָּֽגְע֛וּ & לִפְנֵיהֶ֑ם 1 “let themselves be defeated before the people of Ai.” The phrase “before them” represents what the people of Ai would see and think. The phrase “be defeated” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let the people of Ai think that the Israelites were defeated” or “let the people of Ai think that they had defeated the Israelites” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
8:16 lcb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיִּזָּעֲק֗וּ כָּל־הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בעיר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The city leaders called all the people in the city together”
8:16 k8ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כָּל־הָעָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בעיר 1 The writer speaks in a general way about all the people, but “all the people” refers only to those who could fight. Alternate translation: “all the people in the city who could help chase the army of Israel”
8:18 xe2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָדְךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶ֑נָּה 1 Giving Ai into Israel’s hand represents giving Israel victory and control over Ai. Alternate translation: “I will give you victory over Ai” or “I will cause you to capture Ai”
8:24 v2gf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כְּכַלּ֣וֹת יִשְׂרָאֵ֡ל לַהֲרֹג֩ אֶת־כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֨י & וַֽיִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛ם לְפִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 The writer uses both of these sentences, which mean almost the same thing, to strongly say that the Israelites had obeyed God’s command to kill everyone in Ai.
8:24 dd98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וַֽיִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛ם לְפִי־חֶ֖רֶב 1 Here “fallen” is a euphemism for dying. Also, “the edge of the sword” represents whole swords, and swords represent either battle or the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “had died in battle” or “had died when the army of Israel attacked them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8:30 xev4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּהַ֖ר עֵיבָֽל 1 a mountain in Canaan
8:35 ym6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹֽא־הָיָ֣ה דָבָ֔ר מִכֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה מֹשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־קָרָ֜א יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ 1 This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Joshua read every word of all that Moses commanded” or “Joshua read the entire law of Moses”
8:35 kdu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 This refers to the nation of Israel.
9:intro w1cx 0 # Joshua 9 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel’s mistake\n\nIsrael was deceived because “they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance.” Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
9:1 g4h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַיַּרְדֵּ֜ן 1 a shortened name for the Jordan River
9:2 uj94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פֶּ֖ה אֶחָֽד 1 Here “command” represents the one who commanded them. Being under him represents obeying his commands. Alternate translation: “obeying the commands of one leader”
9:6 rz8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche אִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 This refers to the entire nation of Israel.
9:7 w599 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַחִוִּ֑י 1 This is another name for the Gibeonites.
9:7 t1r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אוּלַ֗י בְּקִרְבִּי֙ אַתָּ֣ה יוֹשֵׁ֔ב וְאֵ֖יךְ אֶֽכְרָת־לְךָ֥ בְרִֽית 1 Joshua is emphasizing that the people of Israel have to follow the command of Yahweh above all else. Alternate translation: “If you do live near us, we cannot make a covenant with you.”
9:10 kam4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְסִיחוֹן֙ 1 This is the name of the defeated Amorite king.
9:10 s17h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן 1 This is the name of the royal city of the nation of Moab.
9:10 pz6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּלְע֥וֹג 1 This is the name of the defeated king of Bashan.
9:10 p9ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּעַשְׁתָּרֽוֹת 1 This is the name of a city known for worshiping the goddess of the same name.
9:11 hq3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְיֶדְכֶ֤ם 1 This phrase means “take with you.” Here the word “hand” represents the possession by the Gibeonites of the provisions.
9:15 f67z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַיַּ֨עַשׂ לָהֶ֤ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ שָׁל֔וֹם וַיִּכְרֹ֥ת לָהֶ֛ם בְּרִ֖ית לְחַיּוֹתָ֑ם וַיִּשָּׁבְע֣וּ לָהֶ֔ם נְשִׂיאֵ֖י הָעֵדָֽה 1 These two sentences are saying that the same thing occurred. Joshua, the leader of the nation of Israel, promised not to kill the Gibeonites. The leaders of the nation of Israel, likewise, made the same covenant.
9:15 je8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָעֵדָֽה 1 Here this refers to the people of Israel.
9:17 s1u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֑י 1 This refers to number three in order.
9:17 q18q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהַכְּפִירָ֔ה 1 This is one of the cities of the Gibeonites.
9:17 j671 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבְאֵר֖וֹת 1 This is the name of a place.
9:17 alr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְקִרְיַ֥ת יְעָרִֽים 1 This is the name of a place.
9:23 zlp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְבֵ֥ית אֱלֹהָֽי 1 Here this phrase refers to the dwelling place of Yahweh, the Tabernacle.
9:25 a5un rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet כַּטּ֨וֹב וְכַיָּשָׁ֧ר 1 The words “good” and “right” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Whatever seems fair and just”
9:26 gy9c לָהֶ֖ם 1 The word “them” here refers to the Gibeonites.
9:27 p81s עַד־הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה 1 “even up to now.” This means that the people had continued to do these things even up to the day that the writer was living.
10:intro uy1f 0 # Joshua 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines in 10:12–13 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a poem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel”\nIsrael’s conquest of the Promised Land was Yahweh’s war on the ungodly Canaanites more than Israel’s war. This type of war was different from other wars and God gave Israel special instructions. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Idiom\n\nThe people of Gibeon used an idiom when they called for help from Israel: “Do not withdraw your hands,” meaning “do not stop protecting.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
10:1 au8p וַיְהִי֩ 1 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about a new person in the story, Adoni-Zedek.
10:5 vs78 וַֽיַּחֲנוּ֙ עַל 1 This means they set up their camp around their city. This was a way of weakening those in the city. It prevented people from escaping the city, and it prevented others from bringing food and water to them in the city.
10:6 wk68 לֵאמֹ֔ר 1 The word “They” here refers to Gibeonites.
10:6 zhx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אַל־תֶּ֥רֶף יָדֶ֖יךָ מֵֽעֲבָדֶ֑יךָ 1 This humble request is stated with two negatives to emphasize the need for a positive action. Alternate translation: “Please come and use your strength to protect us”
10:6 am1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יָדֶ֖יךָ 1 The word “hands” here refers to the people of Israel’s strength. Alternate translation: “your strength”
10:8 c4uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְיָדְךָ֖ נְתַתִּ֑ים 1 Here “hand” represents the people of Israel’s strength and their ability to defeat their enemy. The word “them” refers to the attacking army.
10:9 ecq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַיָּבֹ֧א אֲלֵיהֶ֛ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 The entire army of Israel is referred to here by the name of their commander, Joshua.
10:12 si1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism שֶׁ֚מֶשׁ בְּגִבְע֣וֹן דּ֔וֹם וְיָרֵ֖חַ בְּעֵ֥מֶק אַיָּלֽוֹן 1 Joshua is praying that Yahweh would make the progression of time stop on this day.
10:12 j9zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שֶׁ֚מֶשׁ & וְיָרֵ֖חַ 1 Joshua commands the sun and moon as if these were people.
10:12 ug8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּעֵ֥מֶק אַיָּלֽוֹן 1 This is the name of a place.
10:13 dq14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גּוֹי֙ 1 This refers to the people of Israel.
10:13 b91l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲלֹא־הִ֥יא כְתוּבָ֖ה עַל־סֵ֣פֶר הַיָּשָׁ֑ר 1 The writer uses this question as background information to remind the reader that the incident is well-documented. Alternate translation: “This is written in The Book of Jashar.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
10:16 wcb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּמַקֵּדָֽה 1 This is the name of a city.
10:17 mns8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיֻּגַּ֖ד לִיהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ 1 Messengers came and told Joshua. Alternate translation: “Someone told Joshua”
10:19 l8tl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיֶדְכֶֽם 1 The phrase “your hand” here means “your control.”
10:21 kb3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מַקֵּדָ֖ה 1 Translate the same way as you did in [Joshua 10:10](../10/10.md).
10:21 py6w לֹֽא־חָרַ֞ץ לִבְנֵ֧י יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל לְאִ֖ישׁ אֶת־לְשֹׁנֽוֹ 1 Alternate translation: “No one dared to say anything against” or “No one dared to complain or protest against”
10:22 zs9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פִּתְח֖וּ אֶת־פִּ֣י הַמְּעָרָ֑ה 1 Here “mouth” is an idiom that means “entrance.” Alternate translation: “Open the entrance of the cave”
10:23 g4te rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַרְמ֔וּת & לָכִ֖ישׁ & עֶגְלֽוֹן 1 These are the names of places.
10:24 dnc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche כָּל־אִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 Here the men of Israel represent only those who were soldiers.
10:28 e1nc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מַקֵּדָ֔ה 1 This is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Joshua 10:10](../10/10.md).
10:28 nhk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הֶחֱרִ֣ם אוֹתָ֗ם וְאֶת־כָּל־הַנֶּ֨פֶשׁ֙ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֔הּ לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד 1 The second sentence summarizes the first sentence to emphasize that Joshua left no person or animal alive.
10:29 k439 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִבְנָ֑ה 1 This is the name of a city.
10:31 dsk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִלִּבְנָ֖ה לָכִ֑ישָׁה 1 These are the names of cities.
10:32 yw79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיַ֣ד יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 Here their “hand” represents their control. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave Lachish into the control of the nation of Israel”
10:33 rff2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הֹרָם֙ 1 This is the name of a man who is an important king.
10:33 lp2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גֶּ֔זֶר & אֶת־לָכִ֑ישׁ 1 These are the names of cities.
10:34 y3g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִלָּכִ֖ישׁ עֶגְלֹ֑נָה 1 These are the names of cities.
10:35 dqi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַיַּכּ֣וּהָ לְפִי־חֶ֔רֶב וְאֵת֙ כָּל־הַנֶּ֣פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־ & הַה֖וּא הֶחֱרִ֑ים 1 These two phrases have similar meanings. Together they show the completeness of the destruction of Eglon.
10:36 a6ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵעֶגְל֖וֹנָה 1 This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md).
10:37 gba2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיִּלְכְּד֣וּהָ וַיַּכּֽוּהָ־לְפִי־חֶ֠רֶב 1 The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They captured and killed and destroyed”
10:38 mr8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִ֑רָה 1 This is the name of a city.
10:39 g2ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִדְבִ֨רָה֙ & לְלִבְנָ֖ה 1 These are the names of cities.
10:39 m8bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיַּכּ֣וּם לְפִי־חֶ֔רֶב 1 The sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They killed and destroyed them”
10:40 u843 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְאֵת֙ כָּל־מַלְכֵיהֶ֔ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד וְאֵ֤ת כָּל־הַנְּשָׁמָה֙ הֶחֱרִ֔ים 1 These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize the complete destruction that the people of Israel accomplished at Yahweh’s command.
10:42 qy8i כָּל־הַמְּלָכִ֤ים הָאֵ֨לֶּה֙ וְאֶת־אַרְצָ֔ם לָכַ֥ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 This refers to the kings and lands that were listed beginning in [Joshua 10:28](../10/28.md).
10:42 rbp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לָכַ֥ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 Here Joshua represents his whole army. Alternate translation: “Joshua and his soldiers captured”
10:42 f9tx פַּ֣עַם אֶחָ֑ת 1 This does not mean in one day. It means during one military campaign, which may have lasted many days or weeks.
11:intro g8mw 0 # Joshua 11 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms\n\nYahweh said to Joshua, “Do not be afraid in their presence, because tomorrow at this time I am giving them all to Israel as dead men.” Even when the kingdoms of Canaan joined forces, they were not able to overcome the power of Yahweh.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel”\nThis phrase may present difficulties in translation. The translator should ensure that Yahweh receives credit for Israel’s victory. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:4 e5l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְכָל־מַֽחֲנֵיהֶם֙ עִמָּ֔ם עַם־רָ֕ב כַּח֛וֹל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל־שְׂפַת־הַיָּ֖ם לָרֹ֑ב 1 No one can count the grains of sand on the seashore. This exaggeration emphasizes the very large number of soldiers that these kings assembled. Alternate translation: “such a great number of soldiers that there appeared to be as many of them as there are grains of sand on the seashore”
11:5 kc2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵר֔וֹם 1 This is the name of a place.
11:6 n348 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אָנֹכִ֞י נֹתֵ֧ן אֶת־כֻּלָּ֛ם חֲלָלִ֖ים לִפְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 Yahweh enabling Israel to conquer the enemy army and kill all of the soldiers is spoken of as if Yahweh killed the soldiers and then gave them to Israel. Alternate translation: “I will enable Israel to kill all of them in battle”
11:6 lgk2 אֶת־סוּסֵיהֶ֣ם תְּעַקֵּ֔ר 1 “cripple their horses by cutting their legs.” This is a practice where the tendons in the backs of the legs are cut so that the horses cannot walk.
11:7 sm9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵר֖וֹם 1 This is the name of a place.
11:8 cw9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתְּנֵ֨ם יְהוָ֥ה בְּיַֽד־יִשְׂרָאֵל֮ 1 Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh enabling the army of Israel to conquer their enemy is spoken of as if Yahweh had put the enemy army into Israel’s hand. Alternate translation: “Yahweh enabled Israel to conquer the enemy” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
11:9 q7dn עִקֵּ֔ר 1 This is a practice where the tendons in the backs of the legs are cut so that the horses cannot run. See how you translated this word in [Joshua 11:6](../11/06.md).
11:10 pbp8 מַלְכָּ֖הּ הִכָּ֣ה בֶחָ֑רֶב 1 Alternate translation: “Joshua killed the king of Hazor with his sword”
11:10 cjd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor חָצ֣וֹר לְפָנִ֔ים הִ֕יא רֹ֖אשׁ כָּל־הַמַּמְלָכ֥וֹת הָאֵֽלֶּה 1 Hazor being the most important city is spoken of as Hazor being the head of the other kingdoms. Alternate translation: Hazor had been the most important of all these kingdoms” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
11:11 be72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ֠יַּכּוּ אֶת־כָּל־הַנֶּ֨פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֤הּ לְפִי־חֶ֨רֶב֙ הַֽחֲרֵ֔ם לֹ֥א נוֹתַ֖ר כָּל־נְשָׁמָ֑ה 1 These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize complete destruction.
11:11 z2md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche הַֽחֲרֵ֔ם 1 The word “he” refers to Joshua and represents himself and his army. Completely destroying every living thing in the city is spoken of as if those living things were dedicated for destruction. Alternate translation: “the army completely destroyed them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:14 grk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns לָהֶ֖ם 1 This phrase refers to the army of Israel.
11:14 n215 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֶֽת־כָּל־הָאָדָ֞ם הִכּ֣וּ לְפִי־חֶ֗רֶב עַד־הִשְׁמִדָם֙ אוֹתָ֔ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖ירוּ כָּל־נְשָׁמָֽה 1 These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize complete destruction.
11:15 ta4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־הֵסִ֣יר דָּבָ֔ר מִכֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 This negative phrase emphasizes that Joshua did everything that Yahweh commanded. Alternate translation: “Joshua did everything that Yahweh commanded”
11:17 yr6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָהָ֤ר הֶֽחָלָק֙ & בַּ֤עַל גָּד֙ 1 These are the names of places.
11:20 pq7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מֵאֵ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה׀ הָיְתָ֡ה לְחַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבָּם֩ 1 Yahweh causing the people of the cities to be stubborn is spoken of as if Yahweh had hardened their hearts. Alternate translation: “it was Yahweh who caused them to act stubbornly”
11:21 im1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־הָֽעֲנָקִים֙ 1 These are the descendants of Anak.
11:21 p6cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִ֣ר & עֲנָ֔ב 1 These are the names of places.
11:23 qe5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתְּנָהּ֩ יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ לְנַחֲלָ֧ה לְיִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל 1 Joshua giving the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if he had given the Israelites an inheritance as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “Joshua gave the land to the Israelites as a permanent possession”
11:23 x695 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְהָאָ֥רֶץ שָׁקְטָ֖ה מִמִּלְחָמָֽה 1 The people no longer fighting wars is spoken of as if the land were a person who rested from war. Alternate translation: “the people no longer fought wars in the land” or “there was peace in the land” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:intro ga6k 0 # Joshua 12 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe ULT sets the lines in 12:2–5 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long list.
12:1 e45x rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וְאֵ֣לֶּה 1 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer begins to provide background information.
12:6 bsj6 לָרֻֽאוּבֵנִי֙ 1 These are the descendants of Reuben.
12:6 p8zt וְלַגָּדִ֔י 1 These are the descendants of Gad.
12:6 zk48 וְלַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֥בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּֽׁה 1 They are called a half tribe because the other half of the tribe received an inheritance in the land of Canaan.
12:7 nie7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִבַּ֤עַל גָּד֙ & הָהָ֥ר הֶחָלָ֖ק 1 These are the names of places.
12:8 z37z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבָֽעֲרָבָה֙ 1 This is the name of a region of land. Translate as in [Joshua 12:1](./01.md).
12:10 ps2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶבְר֖וֹן 1 This is the name of a city.
12:11 aj97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַרְמוּת֙ & לָכִ֖ישׁ 1 These are the names of cities. Translate in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md).
12:12 bgl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֶגְלוֹן֙ & גֶּ֖זֶר 1 These are the names of cities. Translate “Eglon” in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md).
12:13 mgg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִר֙ & גֶּ֖דֶר 1 These are the names of cities.
12:14 e9ba rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חָרְמָה֙ & עֲרָ֖ד 1 These are the names of cities.
12:15 nec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִבְנָה֙ & עֲדֻלָּ֖ם 1 These are the names of cities.
12:16 se49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מַקֵּדָה֙ 1 This is the name of a city.
12:17 g346 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תַּפּ֨וּחַ֙ & חֵ֖פֶר 1 These are the names of cities.
12:18 m8vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲפֵק֙ & לַשָּׁר֖וֹן 1 These are the names of cities.
12:19 ga17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָדוֹן֙ & חָצ֖וֹר 1 These are the names of cities.
12:20 cq4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שִׁמְר֤וֹן מְראוֹן֙ & אַכְשָׁ֖ף 1 These are the names of cities.
12:21 pv5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תַּעְנַךְ֙ & מְגִדּ֖וֹ 1 These are the names of cities.
12:22 z2b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קֶ֨דֶשׁ֙ & יָקְנֳעָ֥ם 1 These are the names of cities.
12:23 a6eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דּ֛וֹר לְנָפַ֥ת דּ֖וֹר & גּוֹיִ֥ם 1 These are the names of cities.
12:24 kv8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names תִּרְצָ֖ה 1 This is the name of a city.
12:24 aeg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers כָּל־מְלָכִ֖ים שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וְאֶחָֽד 1 “31 in all”
13:intro zl7s 0 # Joshua 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Division of the land\n\nThere was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32.\n\n### Driving out the people\n\nWhile Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israel’s success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
13:2 s51z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֹ֥את הָאָ֖רֶץ הַנִּשְׁאָ֑רֶת 1 You may clarify that this is the land that Israel still needs to capture. Alternate translation: “This is the land that still remains for Israel to capture”
13:3 q1nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַשִּׁיח֞וֹר 1 This is the name of a place.
13:3 a3iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֖י תֵּחָשֵׁ֑ב 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which the Canaanites now consider their property”
13:3 jnl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהָעַוִּֽים 1 This is the name of a people group.
13:4 b13s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּמְעָרָ֛ה & אֲפֵ֑קָה 1 These are the names of places.
13:5 bj71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִבַּ֣עַל גָּ֔ד & הַר־חֶרְמ֑וֹן 1 These are the names of places.
13:5 jd8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַגִּבְלִ֗י 1 This is the name of a people group who lived in Geba.
13:6 b7pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִשְׂרְפֹ֥ת מַ֨יִם֙ 1 this is the name of a place
13:6 si8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְיִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּֽנַחֲלָ֔ה 1 The land that Israel will claim is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they will receive as a permanent possession.
13:9 gfc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵעֲרוֹעֵ֡ר & מֵידְבָ֖א & דִּיבֽוֹן 1 These are the names of places.
13:11 l98j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהַמַּעֲכָתִ֗י 1 These are the names of people groups.
13:12 hw24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּעַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּבְאֶדְרֶ֑עִי 1 These are the names of places.
13:12 u2dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָרְפָאִ֔ים 1 This is the name of a people group.
13:12 l1cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַיַּכֵּ֥ם מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 Here “Moses” represents himself and the Israelite army that Moses led. Alternate translation: “Moses and the Israelites attacked them”
13:13 zb9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־הַגְּשׁוּרִ֖י וְאֶת־הַמַּעֲכָתִ֑י 1 These are the names of people groups.
13:13 hu1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit גְּשׁ֤וּר וּמַֽעֲכָת֙ בְּקֶ֣רֶב יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 “Geshur” and “Maacath” are either the names of the ancestors of “the Geshurites” and “the Maacathites” or are the names of the cities in which they lived. Alternate translation: “those people live among Israel”
13:14 zs6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹ֥א נָתַ֖ן נַחֲלָ֑ה 1 The land that Moses assigned to the tribes of Israel is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession.
13:14 v9zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִשֵּׁ֨י יְהוָ֜ה & ה֣וּא נַחֲלָת֔וֹ 1 The writer speaks of the great honor that the Levites had by serving Yahweh as priests as if the offerings were something that they would inherit. Alternate translation: “The offerings of Yahweh … are what they will have for their provision”
13:14 lz8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אִשֵּׁ֨י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the priests burned with fire”
13:16 f1uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵעֲרוֹעֵ֡ר & מֵידְבָֽא 1 These are the names of places.
13:17 y6iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶשְׁבּ֥וֹן & דִּיבוֹן֙ וּבָמ֣וֹת בַּ֔עַל וּבֵ֖ית בַּ֥עַל מְעֽוֹן 1 These are the names of places.
13:18 i4fe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְיַ֥הְצָה וּקְדֵמֹ֖ת וּמֵפָֽעַת 1 These are the names of places.
13:19 f1h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְקִרְיָתַ֣יִם וְשִׂבְמָ֔ה וְצֶ֥רֶת הַשַּׁ֖חַר 1 These are the names of places.
13:20 is7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבֵ֥ית פְּע֛וֹר & הַפִּסְגָּ֖ה וּבֵ֥ית הַיְשִׁמֽוֹת 1 These are the names of places.
13:21 uld7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּחֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן 1 This is the name of a city.
13:21 j6hq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names סִיחוֹן֙ & אֶת־אֱוִ֤י וְאֶת־רֶ֨קֶם֙ וְאֶת־צ֤וּר וְאֶת־חוּר֙ וְאֶת־רֶ֔בַע 1 These are the names of people.
13:23 x56m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּגְב֑וּל זֹ֣את נַחֲלַ֤ת בְּנֵֽי־רְאוּבֵן֙ 1 The land that Moses assigned to the tribe of Reuben is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribe of Reuben received as a permanent possession.
13:23 ud8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that Moses gave to each of their clans”
13:25 fmp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַעְזֵר֙ & עֲרוֹעֵ֕ר & רַבָּֽה 1 These are the names of places.
13:26 mr54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּמֵחֶשְׁבּ֛וֹן & רָמַ֥ת הַמִּצְפֶּ֖ה וּבְטֹנִ֑ים וּמִֽמַּחֲנַ֖יִם & לִדְבִֽר 1 These are the names of places.
13:27 ie4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֣ית הָרָם֩ וּבֵ֨ית נִמְרָ֜ה וְסֻכּ֣וֹת וְצָפ֗וֹן & חֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן 1 These are the names of places.
13:28 hla2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֛את נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵי־גָ֖ד 1 The land that Moses assigned to the tribe of Gad is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribe of Gad received as a permanent possession.
13:29 we69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתֵּ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה לַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 The land that Moses assigned to the half tribe of Manasseh is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he gave to them as a permanent possession.
13:29 gs84 לַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 Only half of the tribe received this land because the other half received land on the other side of the Jordan River.
13:29 p8yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיְהִ֗י לַחֲצִ֛י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Moses assigned it”
13:30 s32g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִמַּחֲנַ֨יִם & יָאִ֛יר 1 These are the names of places.
13:31 b2aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְעַשְׁתָּר֣וֹת וְאֶדְרֶ֔עִי 1 These are the names of places.
13:31 zde9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לִבְנֵ֤י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Moses assigned these”
13:31 g5si rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מָכִ֖יר 1 This is a man’s name.
13:32 hh57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֕לֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נִחַ֥ל מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 The land that Moses assigned to the tribes of Israel on the east side of the Jordan is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Moses gave to them as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This is the land that Moses assigned to them as an inheritance”
13:33 ce57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ ה֣וּא נַחֲלָתָ֔ם 1 The writer speaks of the great honor that the Levites had by serving Yahweh as priests as if Yahweh were something that they would inherit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, the God of Israel, is what they have”
14:intro dsn7 0 # Joshua 14 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Drive them out\n\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
14:1 u4tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאֵ֛לֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נָחֲל֥וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 The land that the people of Israel acquired is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession.
14:2 f1ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּגוֹרַ֖ל נַחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Eleazar, Joshua, and the tribal leaders cast lots to determine the inheritance”
14:2 ti9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּיַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 Here the word “hand” refers to Moses himself and means that Yahweh used Moses as the agent to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “through Moses”
14:3 ptq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּֽי־נָתַ֨ן מֹשֶׁ֜ה נַחֲלַ֨ת שְׁנֵ֤י הַמַּטּוֹת֙ וַחֲצִ֣י הַמַּטֶּ֔ה מֵעֵ֖בֶר לַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן וְלַ֨לְוִיִּ֔ם לֹֽא־נָתַ֥ן נַחֲלָ֖ה בְּתוֹכָֽם 1 The land that Moses gave to the tribes is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession.
14:4 tye1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְלֹֽא־נָתְנוּ֩ חֵ֨לֶק לַלְוִיִּ֜ם בָּאָ֗רֶץ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Moses did not give a portion of the inheritance to the Levites in the land”
14:4 tj8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כִּ֤י אִם־עָרִים֙ לָשֶׁ֔בֶת 1 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “but he gave to them only certain cities to live in”
14:6 b9tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יְפֻנֶּ֖ה 1 This is a man’s name.
14:6 g6g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַקְּנִזִּ֑י 1 This is the name of a people group.
14:7 wqe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וָאָשֵׁ֤ב אֹתוֹ֙ דָּבָ֔ר כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר עִם־לְבָבִֽי 1 Here the word “heart” represents the thoughts. The phrase is an idiom that refers to a report that is given honestly. Alternate translation: “I brought back to him an honest report”
14:8 q6zs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִמְסִ֖יו אֶת־לֵ֣ב הָעָ֑ם 1 Making the people very afraid is spoken of as if it were making the hearts of the people melt. Alternate translation: “made the people very afraid”
14:8 d53a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאָנֹכִ֣י מִלֵּ֔אתִי אַחֲרֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה 1 Being loyal to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were completely following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I remained loyal to Yahweh”
14:9 ew2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ & בָּ֔הּ לְךָ֨ תִֽהְיֶ֧ה לְנַחֲלָ֛ה וּלְבָנֶ֖יךָ עַד־עוֹלָ֑ם 1 The land that Caleb and his descendants would have is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession.
14:9 shc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר דָּרְכָ֤ה רַגְלְךָ֙ 1 Here “your foot” represents Caleb. Alternate translation: “the land on which you have walked”
14:11 y4nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְלָצֵ֥את וְלָבֽוֹא 1 This is an idiom that refers to daily activities. Alternate translation: “for the things I do every day”
14:12 ner3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֲנָקִ֣ים 1 This is the name of a people group.
14:13 q6ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתֵּ֧ן אֶת־חֶבְר֛וֹן לְכָלֵ֥ב 1 Hebron is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Caleb received as a permanent possession.
14:14 zii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִלֵּ֔א אַחֲרֵ֕י יְהוָ֖ה 1 Being loyal to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were completely following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “he remained loyal to Yahweh”
14:15 hyh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קִרְיַ֣ת אַרְבַּ֔ע 1 This is the name of a place.
14:15 wv1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְהָאָ֥רֶץ שָׁקְטָ֖ה מִמִּלְחָמָֽה 1 The people no longer fighting wars is spoken of as if the land were a person who rested from war. See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 11:23](../11/23.md). Alternate translation: “Then the people no longer fought wars in the land” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:intro ght5 0 # Joshua 15 General Notes\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Judah. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
15:2 k5za מִקְצֵ֖ה יָ֣ם הַמֶּ֑לַח מִן־הַלָּשֹׁ֖ן הַפֹּנֶ֥ה נֶֽגְבָּה 1 “from the bay that faces south at the end of the Salt Sea.” These two phrases refer to the same location. The second phrase clarifies the point at which the southern border begins.
15:2 j6xn מִן־הַלָּשֹׁ֖ן הַפֹּנֶ֥ה נֶֽגְבָּה 1 Alternate translation: “from the bay that extends to the south” or “from the southern bay”
15:2 qj2g הַלָּשֹׁ֖ן 1 smaller part of the sea that extends into the land
15:3 kb99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַקְרַבִּים֙ & צִ֔נָה & חֶצְרוֹן֙ & אַדָּ֔רָה & הַקַּרְקָֽעָה 1 These are the names of places.
15:4 nzh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַצְמ֗וֹנָה 1 This is the name of a city.
15:4 d1b1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נַ֣חַל מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 a small river of water at the southwestern edge of the land, near Egypt
15:5 xrg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִקְצֵ֖ה הַיַּרְדֵּֽן 1 The point at which the river empties into the sea is spoken of as if it were the mouth of the river.
15:6 lbt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֣ית חָגְלָ֔ה & לְבֵ֣ית הָעֲרָבָ֑ה 1 These are the names of places.
15:6 eqi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶ֥בֶן בֹּ֖הַן 1 This was likely a large stone that someone set up as a landmark and named after the man, Bohan.
15:7 n7k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִרָה֮ מֵעֵ֣מֶק עָכוֹר֒ & הַגִּלְגָּ֗ל & לְמַעֲלֵ֣ה אֲדֻמִּ֔ים & מֵי־עֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶ & עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל 1 These are the names of places.
15:8 qa4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גֵּ֣י בֶן־הִנֹּ֗ם & עֵֽמֶק־רְפָאִ֖ים 1 These are the names of places.
15:9 hb3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נֶפְתּ֔וֹחַ & הַר־עֶפְר֑וֹן & קִרְיַ֥ת יְעָרִֽים 1 These are the names of places.
15:10 h92v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִבַּעֲלָ֥ה & הַ֣ר שֵׂעִ֔יר & הַר־יְעָרִ֛ים & כְסָל֑וֹן & בֵּֽית־שֶׁ֖מֶשׁ & תִּמְנָֽה 1 These are the names of places.
15:11 n6qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names שִׁכְּר֔וֹנָה & הַר־הַֽבַּעֲלָ֖ה & יַבְנְאֵ֑ל 1 These are the names of places.
15:13 gx9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע 1 These are the names of places.
15:13 v154 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אַרְבַּ֛ע & הָעֲנָ֖ק 1 These are the names of men.
15:14 jp1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֶת־שְׁלוֹשָׁ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י הָעֲנָ֑ק אֶת־שֵׁשַׁ֤י וְאֶת־אֲחִימַן֙ וְאֶת־תַּלְמַ֔י יְלִידֵ֖י הָעֲנָֽק 1 These names represent clans of people who were descendants of Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai. The words “sons” and “descendants” in this context mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the three clans, Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai, who were descendants of Anak”
15:14 q23k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָעֲנָ֑ק אֶת־שֵׁשַׁ֤י וְאֶת־אֲחִימַן֙ וְאֶת־תַּלְמַ֔י 1 These are the names of men.
15:15 k99v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names דְּבִ֥ר & קִרְיַת־סֵֽפֶר 1 These are the names of places.
15:16 hs9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־קִרְיַת־סֵ֖פֶר 1 This is the name of a place.
15:16 z82q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־עַכְסָ֥ה 1 This is a woman’s name.
15:17 kvc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָתְנִיאֵ֥ל & קְנַ֖ז 1 These are men’s names.
15:18 d6qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּבוֹאָ֗הּ 1 This is an idiom that refers to Aksah becoming Othniel’s wife. Alternate translation: “when Aksah became Othniel’s wife”
15:18 ia6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַתְּסִיתֵ֨הוּ֙ לִשְׁא֤וֹל מֵֽאֵת־אָבִ֨יהָ֙ שָׂדֶ֔ה 1 This can be translated as direct speech. Alternate translation: “she urged him, ‘Ask my father to give me a field.’”
15:19 nun3 אֵ֚ת גֻּלֹּ֣ת עִלִּיּ֔וֹת וְאֵ֖ת גֻּלֹּ֥ת תַּחְתִּיּֽוֹת 1 The words “upper” and “lower” likely refer to the geographical altitude of the water springs.
15:20 q76c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־יְהוּדָ֖ה 1 The land that the tribe of Judah received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Judah received as an inheritance”
15:63 j68z עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 This refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book.
16:intro bpv3 0 # Joshua 16 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Drive them out\n\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Ephraim, one of Joseph’s sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
16:1 b1k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לִבְנֵ֤י יוֹסֵף֙ 1 The “tribe of Joseph” consisted of the tribes of Joseph’s two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. Since half of the tribe of Manasseh had settled east of the Jordan, this phrase refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh”
16:2 g9td rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ל֑וּזָה & עֲטָרֽוֹת 1 These are the names of places.
16:2 zs9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָאַרְכִּ֖י 1 This is the name of a people group.
16:3 w8gi rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַיַּפְלֵטִ֗י 1 This is the name of a people group.
16:3 id59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּית־חוֹרֹ֛ן תַּחְתּ֖וֹן & גָּ֑זֶר 1 These are the names of places.
16:4 r4qw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּנְחֲל֥וּ 1 The land that the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “received this land as their inheritance”
16:5 f2i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive גְּב֥וּל בְּנֵֽי־אֶפְרַ֖יִם לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֑ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The territory … that Joshua assigned to their clans”
16:5 m6lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַטְר֣וֹת אַדָּ֔ר & בֵּ֥ית חוֹרֹ֖ן עֶלְיֽוֹן 1 These are the names of places.
16:6 vg46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַֽמִּכְמְתָת֙ & תַּאֲנַ֣ת שִׁלֹ֑ה & יָנֽוֹחָה 1 These are the names of places.
16:7 uyw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִיָּנ֖וֹחָה עֲטָר֣וֹת וְנַעֲרָ֑תָה 1 These are the names of places.
16:8 at1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִתַּפּ֜וּחַ & קָנָ֔ה 1 These are the names of places.
16:8 mb6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־אֶפְרַ֖יִם לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם 1 The land that Ephraim possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Ephraim received as an inheritance”
16:8 ke41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Joshua assigned to their clans”
16:9 y6xs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְהֶעָרִ֗ים הַמִּבְדָּלוֹת֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the cities that Joshua had chosen”
16:9 f1yc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּת֖וֹךְ נַחֲלַ֣ת בְּנֵֽי־מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה 1 The land that the tribe of Manasseh possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “within the land that the tribe of Manasseh had received as an inheritance”
16:10 fth4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיְהִ֖י לְמַס־עֹבֵֽד 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Israelites forced these people to work as slaves”
17:intro m3nk 0 # Joshua 17 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Manasseh’s lack of faith\nEven though they were one of the largest and most powerful tribes of Israel, the tribe of Manasseh lacked faith in the power of Yahweh. This caused them many problems. It would also cause their descendants many problems. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Manasseh, one of Joseph’s sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
17:1 j2sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְמָכִיר֩ 1 These are men’s names.
17:1 zuz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַֽיְהִי־ל֖וֹ הַגִּלְעָ֥ד וְהַבָּשָֽׁן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned the land of Gilead and Bashan to Makir’s descendants”
17:2 al47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֲבִיעֶ֜זֶר & חֵ֗לֶק & אַשְׂרִיאֵל֙ & שֶׁ֔כֶם & חֵ֖פֶר & שְׁמִידָ֑ע 1 These are men’s names.
17:2 us2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ֠יְהִי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned land … and gave them to their clans”
17:3 u2e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְלִצְלָפְחָד֩ & חֵ֨פֶ 1 These are men’s names.
17:3 k5z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מַחְלָ֣ה וְנֹעָ֔ה חָגְלָ֥ה מִלְכָּ֖ה וְתִרְצָֽה 1 These are women’s names.
17:4 x2q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶלְעָזָ֨ר 1 This is the name of a man.
17:4 q55m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָֽתֶת־לָ֥נוּ נַחֲלָ֖ה 1 The land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the people received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “to give to us some land as an inheritance”
17:4 s6fd וַיִּתֵּ֨ן לָהֶ֜ם & נַֽחֲלָ֔ה 1 This could mean: (1) “Joshua gave those women an inheritance” or (2) “Eleazar gave those women an inheritance.”
17:5 d1c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיִּפְּל֥וּ חַבְלֵֽי־מְנַשֶּׁ֖ה עֲשָׂרָ֑ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned ten parcels of land”
17:6 d9gb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נָחֲל֥וּ נַחֲלָ֖ה 1 The land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “received land as an inheritance”
17:6 qbx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הַגִּלְעָ֔ד הָיְתָ֥ה לִבְנֵֽי 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned the land of Gilead”
17:9 qvi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קָנָ֜ה 1 name of a brook
17:10 mi9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּבְאָשֵׁר֙ יִפְגְּע֣וּן מִצָּפ֔וֹן 1 This could mean: (1) that the border of Manasseh’s land on the north side touched the land that belonged to the tribe of Asher or (2) that one can travel north to reach Asher. Alternate translation: “Asher was on the north side” or “One can travel north to reach Asher”
17:10 fj36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּבְיִשָּׂשכָ֖ר מִמִּזְרָֽח 1 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “to the east, one can reach Issachar”
17:11 s1sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּית־שְׁאָ֣ן & וְיִבְלְעָ֨ם & דֹ֣אר & עֵֽין־דֹּר֙ & תַעְנַךְ֙ & מְגִדּ֖וֹ & הַנָּֽפֶת 1 These are the names of places.
17:14 b4j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּנֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 This refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh.
17:14 sk37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַדּוּעַ֩ נָתַ֨תָּה לִּ֜י נַחֲלָ֗ה גּוֹרָ֤ל אֶחָד֙ וְחֶ֣בֶל אֶחָ֔ד וַֽאֲנִ֣י עַם־רָ֔ב עַ֥ד אֲשֶׁר־עַד־כֹּ֖ה בֵּֽרְכַ֥נִי יְהוָֽה 1 The people of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh ask this question to emphasize that Joshua should have assigned to them more land. Alternate translation: “You should have given us more than one … Yahweh has blessed us.”
17:14 ju22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet גּוֹרָ֤ל אֶחָד֙ וְחֶ֣בֶל אֶחָ֔ד 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. In the second, the land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the people received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “one assignment of land as our inheritance” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
17:15 psc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהָֽרְפָאִ֑ים 1 This is the name of a people group.
17:16 g788 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּבֵית־שְׁאָן֙ & יִזְרְעֶֽאל 1 These are the names of places.
17:17 wa3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בֵּ֣ית יוֹסֵ֔ף 1 Here the word “house” refers to the descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph”
17:18 w4m4 וּבֵ֣רֵאת֔וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “you will clear the forest of trees” or “you will cut down its trees”
18:intro j38i 0 # Joshua 18 General Notes\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
18:1 fkg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events וְהָאָ֥רֶץ נִכְבְּשָׁ֖ה לִפְנֵיהֶֽם 1 They had conquered the people who lived in the land before they set up the tent of meeting. Alternate translation: “after they had conquered the land”
18:2 ynk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־חָלְק֖וּ אֶת־נַֽחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 The land that the tribes would receive is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to whom Joshua had not assigned land as an inheritance” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
18:3 bia9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion עַד־אָ֨נָה֙ אַתֶּ֣ם מִתְרַפִּ֔ים לָבוֹא֙ לָרֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ נָתַ֣ן לָכֶ֔ם יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבֽוֹתֵיכֶֽם 1 Joshua asks this question in order to encourage the Israelites to take possession of the land. Alternate translation: “For long enough, you have put off … has given you.”
18:4 p7hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְיִֽתְהַלְּכ֥וּ בָאָ֛רֶץ 1 The words “up and down” mean in every direction. Alternate translation: “the land in every direction” or “throughout the land”
18:4 zry7 וְיִכְתְּב֥וּ אוֹתָ֛הּ לְפִ֥י נַֽחֲלָתָ֖ם 1 This means that they will describe the portions of land that each tribe would like to receive for an inheritance.
18:4 lh9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נַֽחֲלָתָ֖ם 1 The land that they are to survey is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that each of the tribes would receive as a permanent possession.
18:5 d41l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבֵ֥ית יוֹסֵ֛ף 1 Here the word “house” represents the descendants of Joseph. The phrase refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
18:7 kus7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּֽי־כְהֻנַּ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה נַחֲלָת֑וֹ 1 Joshua speaks of the great honor that the Levites have by serving Yahweh as priests as if it were something that they inherited. Alternate translation: “for the priesthood of Yahweh is what they have”
18:7 cyc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לָקְח֣וּ נַחֲלָתָ֗ם 1 The land that the tribes received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “have received land as their inheritance”
18:8 p238 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְהִתְהַלְּכ֨וּ בָאָ֜רֶץ 1 The words “up and down” mean in every direction. See how you translated this in [Joshua 18:4](../18/04.md). Alternate translation: “in every direction in the land” or “throughout the land”
18:10 pz3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כְּמַחְלְקֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to each tribe Joshua gave their portion in the land”
18:11 hd7v בֵּ֚ין בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וּבֵ֖ין בְּנֵ֥י יוֹסֵֽף 1 Alternate translation: “between the land that belonged to the descendants of Judah and the land that belonged to the descendants of Joseph”
18:14 eq7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קִרְיַת־בַּ֨עַל֙ & קִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֔ים 1 These are the names of places.
18:15 ulq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֑ים & נֶפְתּֽוֹחַ 1 These are the names of places.
18:16 br6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֶן־הִנֹּ֔ם & רְפָאִ֖ים & הִנֹּ֜ם & עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל 1 These are the names of places.
18:17 d8dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶשׁ & גְּלִיל֔וֹת & אֲדֻמִּ֑ים 1 These are the names of places.
18:17 z2mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶ֥בֶן בֹּ֖הַן 1 This was likely a large stone that someone set up as a landmark and named after the man, Bohan. See how you translated this in [Joshua 15:6](../15/06.md).
18:18 g6td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֶּ֥תֶף מוּל־הָֽעֲרָבָ֖ה 1 Land that is in the form of a slope or ridge is spoken of as if it were a shoulder. Alternate translation: “the slope of Beth Arabah”
18:18 b98y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מוּל־הָֽעֲרָבָ֖ה 1 This is the name of a city.
18:19 k48g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כֶּ֣תֶף בֵּית־חָגְלָה֮ צָפוֹנָה֒ 1 Land that is in the form of a slope or ridge is spoken of as if it were a shoulder. Alternate translation: “the north slope of Beth Hoglah”
18:19 xy3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּית־חָגְלָה֮ 1 This is the name of a place.
18:20 ywb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֡את נַחֲלַת֩ בְּנֵ֨י בִנְיָמִ֧ן 1 The land that the tribe of Benjamin received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance”
18:20 pe6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua gave it to each of their clans”
18:21 i6af rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer lists the cities that were in the land that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance.
18:28 t3aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֛את נַֽחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־בִנְיָמִ֖ן 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Benjamin received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance”
19:intro j62l 0 # Joshua 19 General Notes\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
19:1 s149 וַיֵּצֵ֞א הַגּוֹרָ֤ל הַשֵּׁנִי֙ לְשִׁמְע֔וֹן 1 Alternate translation: “The second time Joshua cast lots, the lot indicated the tribe of Simeon”
19:1 u57y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַֽיְהִי֙ נַֽחֲלָתָ֔ם בְּת֖וֹךְ נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־יְהוּדָֽה 1 The land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribes received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “The land that they received as an inheritance was in the middle of the land that the tribe of Judah received as an inheritance”
19:2 kg51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 # General Information:\n\nThe writer lists cities that were in the land that the tribe of Simeon received as an inheritance.
19:2 eu6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיְהִ֥י לָהֶ֖ם בְּנַֽחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Simeon received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “They had the following cities for their inheritance”
19:8 uc1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־שִׁמְע֖וֹן 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Simeon received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Simeon received as an inheritance”
19:8 q586 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Joshua gave to their clans”
19:9 lep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מֵחֶ֨בֶל֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the portion of land which Joshua assigned to the tribe of Judah”
19:12 n9dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִשָּׂרִ֗יד & כִּסְלֹ֖ת תָּבֹ֑ר & הַדָּֽבְרַ֖ת & יָפִֽיעַ 1 These are the names of cities.
19:13 dqd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גִּתָּ֥ה חֵ֖פֶר עִתָּ֣ה קָצִ֑ין & רִמּ֥וֹן & הַנֵּעָֽה 1 These are the names of cities.
19:14 ja4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חַנָּתֹ֑ן & יִפְתַּח־אֵֽל 1 These are names of places.
19:15 xk4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְקַטָּ֤ת וְנַֽהֲלָל֙ וְשִׁמְר֔וֹן וְיִדְאֲלָ֖ה וּבֵ֣ית לָ֑חֶם 1 These are names of places.
19:15 yn5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּבֵ֣ית לָ֑חֶם 1 This is not the same “Bethlehem” that is south of Jerusalem in Judah.
19:16 a4ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֛את נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־זְבוּלֻ֖ן 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Zebulun received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Zebulun received as an inheritance”
19:17 l33x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הָֽרְבִיעִ֑י 1 number four in a list
19:18 qmg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהַכְּסוּלֹ֖ת וְשׁוּנֵֽם 1 These are names of cities.
19:19 c3ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַחֲפָרַ֥יִם וְשִׁיאֹ֖ן וַאֲנָחֲרַֽת 1 These are names of cities.
19:20 mft4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְהָֽרַבִּ֥ית וְקִשְׁי֖וֹן וָאָֽבֶץ 1 These are names of cities.
19:21 b1ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְרֶ֧מֶת וְעֵין־גַּנִּ֛ים וְעֵ֥ין חַדָּ֖ה וּבֵ֥ית פַּצֵּֽץ 1 These are names of cities.
19:22 hs7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּתָב֤וֹר 1 This is the name of a mountain.
19:22 ht1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names ושחצומה 1 This is the name of a city.
19:23 yll2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Issachar received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Issachar received as an inheritance”
19:24 xa5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַֽחֲמִישִׁ֔י 1 number five in a list
19:25 prg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֶלְקַ֥ת וַחֲלִ֖י וָבֶ֥טֶן וְאַכְשָֽׁף 1 These are the names of cities.
19:26 v6t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְאַֽלַמֶּ֥לֶךְ וְעַמְעָ֖ד וּמִשְׁאָ֑ל & וּבְשִׁיח֖וֹר לִבְנָֽת 1 These are the names of cities.
19:27 pbh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בֵּ֣ית דָּגֹן֒ & וּבְגֵ֨י יִפְתַּח־אֵ֥ל & בֵּ֥ית הָעֵ֖מֶק וּנְעִיאֵ֑ל & כָּב֖וּל 1 These are the names of places.
19:28 ht1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְעֶבְרֹ֥ן וּרְחֹ֖ב וְחַמּ֣וֹן וְקָנָ֑ה 1 These are the names of places.
19:29 q8wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֹסָ֔ה & אַכְזִֽיבָה 1 These are the names of places.
19:30 y1g5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְעֻמָ֥ה וַאֲפֵ֖ק וּרְחֹ֑ב 1 These are the names of places.
19:31 x4aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־אָשֵׁ֖ר 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Asher received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Asher received as an inheritance”
19:32 jjm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַשִּׁשִּׁ֑י 1 number six in a list
19:33 syr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מֵחֵ֨לֶף & בְּצַעֲנַנִּ֗ים וַאֲדָמִ֥י הַנֶּ֛קֶב וְיַבְנְאֵ֖ל & לַקּ֑וּם 1 These are the names of cities.
19:34 lu5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אַזְנ֣וֹת תָּב֔וֹר & חוּקֹ֑קָה 1 These are the names of cities.
19:35 h8p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַצִּדִּ֣ים צֵ֔ר וְחַמַּ֖ת רַקַּ֥ת וְכִנָּֽרֶת 1 These are the names of cities.
19:36 e379 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וַאֲדָמָ֥ה וְהָרָמָ֖ה וְחָצֽוֹר 1 These are the names of cities.
19:37 vez5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְקֶ֥דֶשׁ וְאֶדְרֶ֖עִי וְעֵ֥ין חָצֽוֹר 1 These are the names of cities.
19:38 jp9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְיִרְאוֹן֙ וּמִגְדַּל־אֵ֔ל חֳרֵ֥ם וּבֵית־עֲנָ֖ת וּבֵ֣ית שָׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 These are names of cities.
19:39 s9en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־נַפְתָּלִ֖י 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Naphtali received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Naphtali received as an inheritance”
19:40 b1tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי 1 number seven in a list
19:41 d7it rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גְּב֣וּל נַחֲלָתָ֑ם 1 The land that the tribe of Dan received is spoken of as if it was an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “The territory of land that the tribe of Dan received as an inheritance”
19:41 b8bg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צָרְעָ֥ה וְאֶשְׁתָּא֖וֹל וְעִ֥יר שָֽׁמֶשׁ 1 These are the names of places.
19:42 q637 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְשַֽׁעֲלַבִּ֥ין וְאַיָּל֖וֹן וְיִתְלָֽה 1 These are the names of places.
19:43 sht1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְאֵיל֥וֹן וְתִמְנָ֖תָה וְעֶקְרֽוֹן 1 These are the names of cities.
19:44 gca7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְאֶלְתְּקֵ֥ה וְגִבְּת֖וֹן וּבַעֲלָֽת 1 These are the names of cities.
19:45 yan4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וִיהֻ֥ד וּבְנֵֽי־בְרַ֖ק וְגַת־רִמּֽוֹן 1 These are the names of cities.
19:46 ddh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּמֵ֥י הַיַּרְק֖וֹן וְהָֽרַקּ֑וֹן 1 These are the names of cities.
19:47 i8zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לֶ֜שֶׁם 1 This is the name of a city.
19:48 cx9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor זֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־דָ֖ן 1 The land and cities that the tribe of Dan received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Dan received as an inheritance”
19:49 jzi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּתְּנ֨וּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל נַחֲלָ֛ה לִיהוֹשֻׁ֥עַ בִּן־נ֖וּן בְּתוֹכָֽם 1 The city that Joshua received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “gave a city within their own land as an inheritance to Joshua son of Nun”
19:50 ac8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־תִּמְנַת־סֶ֖רַח 1 This is the name of a city.
19:51 cs47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֵ֣לֶּה הַנְּחָלֹ֡ת אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִחֲל֣וּ 1 The land and cities that the various tribes received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “These are the portions of land and the cities … assigned as inheritances”
20:intro vg5f 0 # Joshua 20 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Cities of Refuge\n\nIf a person was killed, it was the duty of his relatives to kill the killer. If the death was an accident, this would be unfair. Therefore, God told the Israelites to make cities of refuge for a person who killed someone accidentally. In the city where he sought refuge, his case would be solved legally: “Do this so that one who unintentionally kills a person can go there. These cities will be a place of refuge from anyone who seeks to avenge the blood of a person who was killed.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
20:2 qhs6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּיַד־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 Here “hand of Moses” refers to the scriptures that Moses wrote down. Alternate translation: “through the things that Moses wrote”
20:3 h73b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִגֹּאֵ֖ל הַדָּֽם 1 Here the shed blood of a person represents their death. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “avenge a person’s death” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
20:4 u2dh וְנָ֞ס 1 Here the word “he” refers to the person who unintentionally killed someone.
20:4 p1sg וְדִבֶּ֛ר בְּאָזְנֵ֛י זִקְנֵ֥י־הָעִֽיר הַהִ֖יא אֶת־דְּבָרָ֑יו 1 “convince the elders of that city that he had not intentionally killed the person.
20:4 dhh4 וְאָסְפ֨וּ אֹת֤וֹ 1 The word “they” refers to the elders and “him” refers to the person who unintentionally killed someone.
20:4 k969 וְיָשַׁ֥ב עִמָּֽם 1 This refers to the city as a whole, not to the elders only.
20:5 x945 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גֹּאֵ֤ל הַדָּם֙ 1 Here the shed blood of a person represents their death. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Joshua 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: “avenge a person’s death” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
20:5 u27s בִבְלִי־דַ֨עַת֙ הִכָּ֣ה אֶת־רֵעֵ֔הוּ 1 accidentally killed his neighbor
20:6 c6fe עָמְד֞וֹ לִפְנֵ֤י הָֽעֵדָה֙ 1 This is a phrase that describes standing to seek justice from a court of the assembly of his fellow citizens.
20:9 b89x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְלֹ֣א יָמ֗וּת בְּיַד֙ גֹּאֵ֣ל הַדָּ֔ם 1 Here “by the hand” is an idiom that means to be the specific cause of something. Alternate translation: “would not be killed by the one”
20:9 j61z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גֹּאֵ֣ל הַדָּ֔ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Joshua 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: “avenge a person’s death” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:intro pp5c 0 # Joshua 21 General Notes\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Levi. Even though they did not receive a large piece of land like the other tribes, they did receive small pieces of land to live on and for their animals. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
21:2 wk1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יְהוָה֙ צִוָּ֣ה בְיַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 The phrase “by the hand of” is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Moses to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Moses to command you”
21:3 f9ei אֶת־הֶעָרִ֥ים 1 This refers to the cities to be listed in the next verses.
21:4 r4ry וַיֵּצֵ֥א הַגּוֹרָ֖ל 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:4 fl2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הַקְּהָתִ֑י 1 This priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson.
21:6 ezu2 בַּגּוֹרָ֔ל 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:7 cg61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מְרָרִ֜י 1 Merari was one of the sons of Levi.
21:8 qe5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה בְּיַד־מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 The phrase “by the hand of” here means that Yahweh used Moses as the agent to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had told Moses to command”
21:10 t6l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מִמִּשְׁפְּח֥וֹת הַקְּהָתִ֖י 1 The priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson. See how you translated this in [Joshua 21:2](../21/02.md).
21:10 tnp1 הַגּוֹרָ֖ל 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:11 vkd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background אַרְבַּ֨ע אֲבִ֧י הָֽעֲנ֛וֹק 1 This is background information about the name of the man who founded the city of Kiriath Arba.
21:11 mn2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names הָֽעֲנ֛וֹק 1 This is the name of a man.
21:13 p1nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לִבְנָ֖ה 1 This is the name of a city.
21:14 q8gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יַתִּר֙ & אֶשְׁתְּמֹ֖עַ 1 These are all names of cities.
21:15 cb4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חֹלֹן֙ & דְּבִ֖ר 1 These are all names of cities.
21:16 bx8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עַ֣יִן & יֻטָּה֙ 1 These are all names of cities.
21:17 e8r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּמִמַּטֵּ֣ה בִנְיָמִ֔ן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Benjamin gave Gibeon”
21:17 fd6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־גֶּ֖בַע 1 This is the name of a city.
21:18 sk7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־עֲנָתוֹת֙ & עַלְמ֖וֹן 1 These are names of cities.
21:20 lfp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וּלְמִשְׁפְּח֤וֹת בְּנֵֽי־קְהָת֙ 1 The priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson.
21:20 x8eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַֽיְהִי֙ עָרֵ֣י גֽוֹרָלָ֔ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they received cities”
21:20 tg75 גֽוֹרָלָ֔ם 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:22 r4hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע 1 This refers to the list by the total number.
21:23 dw9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּמִמַּ֨טֵּה־דָ֔ן 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Dan gave to the clan of Kohath Eltekeh”
21:23 r7qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶֽת־אֶלְתְּקֵ֖א & גִּבְּת֖וֹן 1 These are names of cities.
21:24 g45w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־אַיָּלוֹן֙ & אֶת־גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן 1 These are names of cities.
21:24 g4ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע 1 This refers to the number of cities.
21:25 e6cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּמִֽמַּחֲצִית֙ מַטֵּ֣ה מְנַשֶּׁ֔ה אֶת־תַּעְנַךְ֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The half tribe of Manasseh gave to the clan of Kohath Taanach”
21:25 yn8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־תַּעְנַךְ֙ & גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן 1 These are names of cities.
21:26 hn9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לְמִשְׁפְּח֥וֹת בְּנֵֽי־קְהָ֖ת 1 The priests in this group were descendants of Levi’s son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohath’s grandson.
21:27 knk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־גּוֹלָ֤ן & אֶֽת־בְּעֶשְׁתְּרָ֖ה 1 names of cities
21:30 rbf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּמִמַּטֵּ֣ה אָשֵׁ֔ר אֶת־מִשְׁאָ֖ל 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They received from the tribe of Asher Mishal”
21:30 px1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־מִשְׁאָ֖ל & אֶת־עַבְדּ֖וֹ 1 names of cities
21:31 ziw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־חֶלְקָת֙ & רְחֹ֖ב 1 names of cities
21:32 h2j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names חַמֹּ֥ת דֹּאר֙ & קַרְתָּ֖ן 1 These are names of cities.
21:33 c7dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁלֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה עִ֖יר 1 “13 cities in total”
21:34 yuv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּלְמִשְׁפְּח֣וֹת בְּנֵֽי־מְרָרִי֮ הַלְוִיִּ֣ם הַנּוֹתָרִים֒ מֵאֵת֙ מַטֵּ֣ה זְבוּלֻ֔ן אֶֽת־יָקְנְעָ֖ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: The rest of the Levites—the clans of Merari—received from the tribe of Zebulun Jokneam”
21:34 ws8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מְרָרִי֮ 1 This is a man’s name.
21:34 ng32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶֽת־יָקְנְעָ֖ם & אֶת־קַרְתָּ֖ה 1 These are the names of cities.
21:35 ek4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־דִּמְנָה֙ & אֶֽת־נַהֲלָ֖ל 1 names of cities
21:36 dh5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־בֶּ֖צֶר & וְאֶת־יַ֖הְצָה 1 names of cities
21:37 jbp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers עָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע 1 This refers to the total number of cities.
21:37 e538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־קְדֵמוֹת֙ & מֵיפָ֖עַת 1 names of cities
21:38 r7m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־רָמֹ֥ת & מַחֲנַ֖יִם 1 These are the names of cities.
21:39 a2l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־חֶשְׁבּוֹן֙ & אֶת־יַעְזֵ֖ר 1 These are names of cities.
21:40 q83e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַיְהִי֙ גּוֹרָלָ֔ם עָרִ֖ים שְׁתֵּ֥ים עֶשְׂרֵֽה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they received these twelve cities by the casting of lots”
21:40 at28 גּוֹרָלָ֔ם 1 A random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leader’s will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
21:41 g7z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כֹּ֚ל עָרֵ֣י הַלְוִיִּ֔ם בְּת֖וֹךְ אֲחֻזַּ֣ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Levites received their cities from the middle of the land”
21:44 t1a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְלֹא־עָ֨מַד אִ֤ישׁ בִּפְנֵיהֶם֙ מִכָּל־אֹ֣יְבֵיהֶ֔ם 1 This is stated in a negative way to strengthen the statement. Alternate translation: “They defeated every one of their enemies”
21:44 lg6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֵ֚ת כָּל־אֹ֣יְבֵיהֶ֔ם נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה בְּיָדָֽם 1 Here “into their hand” means “into their power.” Alternate translation: “gave them power to defeat all their enemies”
21:45 u1ik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־נָפַ֣ל דָּבָ֔ר מִכֹּל֙ הַדָּבָ֣ר הַטּ֔וֹב אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 This is stated in a negative way to strengthen the statement. Alternate translation: “Every one of the good promises that Yahweh had spoken to the house of Israel came true”
22:intro l4hr 0 # Joshua 22 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe division of the land is completed in this chapter. Additionally, the soldiers who received land on the east side of the Jordan River were released to go home.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument\n\nThe tribes east of the Jordan River said, “Let us now build an altar, not for burnt offerings nor for any sacrifices, but to be a witness between us and you, and between our generations after us, that we will perform the service of Yahweh before him, with our burnt offerings and with our sacrifices and with our peace offerings, so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, ‘You have no share in Yahweh.’” They went home even though the Israelites had not fully conquered the land.
22:1 ic3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names לָרֽאוּבֵנִ֖י 1 people of the tribe of Reuben
22:1 w3xd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names וְלַגָּדִ֑י 1 people of the tribe of Gad
22:2 x8l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַתִּשְׁמְע֣וּ בְקוֹלִ֔י 1 Here “my voice” refers to the things that Joshua had said. Alternate translation: “obeyed everything I said”
22:3 a89l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ם אֶת־אֲחֵיכֶ֗ם 1 This can be stated in a positive way. Alternate translation: “You have remained with your brothers”
22:5 zh9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלָלֶ֧כֶת בְּכָל־דְּרָכָ֛יו 1 A person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if he were walking on Yahweh’s ways or roads. Alternate translation: “to obey everything he says”
22:5 r5dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּכָל־לְבַבְכֶ֖ם וּבְכָל־נַפְשְׁכֶֽם 1 The terms “heart” and “soul” are here used together to refer to the entire person. Alternate translation: “with all you think and feel” or “with your entire being”
22:9 cmc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּיַד־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 The phrase “by the hand of” is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Moses to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “the commandment that Yahweh told Moses to give to you”
22:11 ww1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶל־מוּל֙ אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן 1 The Israelite tribes who lived across the Jordan River would enter Canaan at the place where they built the altar. This place is spoken of as if it was the “front” or “entrance” to Canaan where the other tribes lived. Alternate translation: “at the entrance to the land of Canaan”
22:11 yqa5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גְּלִילוֹת֙ 1 This is the name of a city.
22:16 sy2y כֹּ֣ה אָמְר֞וּ כֹּ֣ל׀ עֲדַ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה 1 All the people of Israel are spoken of together in the singular as if they were one person. Alternate translation: “All the other Israelites are asking”
22:17 lcv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַמְעַט־לָ֨נוּ֙ אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן פְּע֔וֹר אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־הִטַּהַ֨רְנוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔נּוּ עַ֖ד הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֑ה 1 This question emphasizes how serious their previous sin was. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We had already sinned terribly at Peor!”
22:17 b18v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names פְּע֔וֹר 1 This is name of a place. Translate the same way as in [Joshua 13:20](../13/20.md).
22:17 ie2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־הִטַּהַ֨רְנוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔נּוּ 1 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we are still dealing with the guilt of that sin”
22:20 kyw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names עָכָ֣ן & זֶ֗רַח 1 names of men
22:20 v3qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הֲל֣וֹא׀ עָכָ֣ן בֶּן־זֶ֗רַח מָ֤עַל מַ֨עַל֙ בַּחֵ֔רֶם 1 These questions are used to remind the people of the punishment for past sins. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “Achan son of Zerah sinned by taking things that had been reserved for God. And because of that God punished all the people of Israel!”
22:22 x5pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo אִם־בְּמֶ֤רֶד וְאִם־בְּמַ֨עַל֙ בַּֽיהוָ֔ה אַל־תּוֹשִׁיעֵ֖נוּ הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה 1 The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar in rebellion or breach of faith.
22:23 sku4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo לִבְנ֥וֹת לָ֨נוּ֙ מִזְבֵּ֔חַ לָשׁ֖וּב מֵאַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וְאִם־לְהַעֲל֨וֹת עָלָ֜יו עוֹלָ֣ה וּמִנְחָ֗ה וְאִם־לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת עָלָיו֙ זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֔ים יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא יְבַקֵּֽשׁ 1 The three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar to worship another god.
22:24 xpn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo יֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵיכֶ֤ם לְבָנֵ֨ינוּ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר מַה־לָּכֶ֕ם וְלַֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 This is a hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future.
22:24 qr6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מַה־לָּכֶ֕ם וְלַֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The three tribes use this rhetorical question to emphasize the situation they are trying to avoid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have nothing to do with Yahweh, the God of Israel!”
22:25 w2sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וּגְב֣וּל נָֽתַן־יְ֠הוָה בֵּינֵ֨נוּ וּבֵינֵיכֶ֜ם בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֤ן וּבְנֵי־גָד֙ אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן אֵין־לָכֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק בַּֽיהוָ֑ה 1 This is the continuation of the hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future.
22:25 iy97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְהִשְׁבִּ֤יתוּ בְנֵיכֶם֙ אֶת־בָּנֵ֔ינוּ לְבִלְתִּ֖י יְרֹ֥א אֶת־יְהוָֽה 1 The three tribes built the altar to avoid this hypothetical situation from happening in the future.
22:27 m97u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֨ד ה֜וּא בֵּינֵ֣ינוּ וּבֵינֵיכֶ֗ם 1 The altar is spoken of as if it were a witness that could testify to the rights of the three tribes.
22:27 gs6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְלֹא־יֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵיכֶ֤ם מָחָר֙ לְבָנֵ֔ינוּ אֵין־לָכֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק בַּיהוָֽה 1 This is the hypothetical situation that the three tribes did not want to happen.
22:28 kuu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo וְהָיָ֗ה כִּֽי־יֹאמְר֥וּ אֵלֵ֛ינוּ וְאֶל־דֹּרֹתֵ֖ינוּ מָחָ֑ר וְאָמַ֡רְנוּ רְא֣וּ אֶת־תַּבְנִית֩ מִזְבַּ֨ח יְהוָ֜ה אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֣וּ אֲבוֹתֵ֗ינוּ לֹ֤א לְעוֹלָה֙ וְלֹ֣א לְזֶ֔בַח כִּי־עֵ֣ד ה֔וּא בֵּינֵ֖ינוּ וּבֵינֵיכֶֽם 1 The three tribes are describing their potential answer to an accusation that might or might not be made at a future time.
22:29 b4w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חָלִילָה֩ לָּ֨נוּ מִמֶּ֜נּוּ לִמְרֹ֣ד 1 The unlikely chance that they would rebel is spoken of as if it is something that is a great distance away from them. Alternate translation: “We would certainly not rebel”
22:29 i8y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְלָשׁ֤וּב הַיּוֹם֙ מֵאַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה 1 To stop following Yahweh is spoken of as if they were turning away from him. Alternate translation: “stop following him”
22:31 w1fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִצַּלְתֶּ֛ם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִיַּ֥ד יְהוָֽה 1 Here “the hand of Yahweh” refers to his punishment. Protecting the people is spoken of as rescuing them from his hand. Alternate translation: “you have kept Yahweh from punishing us”
22:33 pn48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַיִּיטַ֣ב הַדָּבָ֗ר בְּעֵינֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here “good in the eyes” means “accepted.” Alternate translation: “The people accepted the report of the leaders”
22:34 xf56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵ֥ד הוּא֙ בֵּֽינֹתֵ֔ינוּ 1 The altar is spoken of as if it were a witness that could testify for the three tribes.
23:intro v3r6 0 # Joshua 23 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Joshua’s final words to Israel (Joshua 23–24)\n\n“Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out.” ##### Drive them out\n\nThe Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
23:6 w84i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְבִלְתִּ֥י סוּר־מִמֶּ֖נּוּ יָמִ֥ין וּשְׂמֹֽאול 1 Disobeying the commands of the law of Moses is spoken of as turning to the right or to the left away from a path.
23:8 k6my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בַּיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֖ם תִּדְבָּ֑קוּ 1 “hold tightly to Yahweh.” Believing in Yahweh is spoken of as if they were holding tightly onto him. Alternate translation: “continue to believe in Yahweh”
23:9 wf3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹא־עָ֤מַד אִישׁ֙ בִּפְנֵיכֶ֔ם 1 Here “stand” represents holding ground in a battle. The word “you” refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
23:12 i2mf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּדְבַקְתֶּם֙ בְּיֶ֨תֶר֙ הַגּוֹיִ֣ם הָאֵ֔לֶּה 1 Accepting the beliefs of these nations is spoken of as holding tightly to them. Alternate translation: “accept the beliefs of the survivors of these nations”
23:13 pdx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet לְפַ֣ח וּלְמוֹקֵ֗שׁ 1 The words “snare” and “trap” mean basically the same thing. Together they speak of the other nations as if they were a deadly trap that will cause trouble for Israel. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:13 ut82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וּלְשֹׁטֵ֤ט בְּצִדֵּיכֶם֙ וְלִצְנִנִ֣ים בְּעֵינֵיכֶ֔ם 1 These phrases speak of the troubles these nations will cause Israel as if they were as painful as whips and thorns.
23:14 ba62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אָנֹכִ֤י הוֹלֵךְ֙ הַיּ֔וֹם בְּדֶ֖רֶךְ כָּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ 1 Joshua uses a polite term to refer to his death. Alternate translation: “I am going to die”
23:14 x3c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וִידַעְתֶּ֞ם בְּכָל־לְבַבְכֶ֣ם וּבְכָל־נַפְשְׁכֶ֗ם 1 Here the words “hearts” and “souls” have similar meanings. Together they emphasize deep personal knowledge.
23:14 vtt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹֽא־נָפַל֩ דָּבָ֨ר אֶחָ֜ד 1 These words emphasize that Yahweh’s promises have all occurred. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “every word has come true” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
23:16 xwa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַעֲבַדְתֶּם֙ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֔ים וְהִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶ֖ם לָהֶ֑ם 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second describes how the people “worship other gods.”
23:16 wz7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְחָרָ֤ה אַף־יְהוָה֙ בָּכֶ֔ם 1 “Kindled” here is a metaphor for the beginning of Yahweh’s anger, like a fire is “kindled” or started with “kindling” or very easy to start burning like dried grass or small twigs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will begin to be angry with you”
24:intro yqa8 0 # Joshua 24 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Joshua’s instructions\nIn this chapter, Joshua gives the leaders and people instructions in preparation for his death. It was common in the Ancient Near East for important leaders to do this. Unfortunately, the people of Israel did not listen to Joshua’s instructions.
24:1 e4nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיֶּאֶסֹ֧ף יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ אֶת־כָּל־שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Joshua’s summons to the tribes is spoken of as if he gathered them together in a basket. Alternate translation: “Joshua asked all the tribes of Israel to meet with him”
24:5 shc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you הוֹצֵ֥אתִי אֶתְכֶֽם 1 The word “you” is plural and refers to the entire nation of Israel.
24:6 uxu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you וָֽאוֹצִ֤יא אֶת־אֲבֽוֹתֵיכֶם֙ 1 The word “your” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel.
24:7 t8kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you וַיִּצְעֲק֣וּ & בֵּינֵיכֶ֣ם 1 Yahweh continually alternates between these two phrases, which both refer to all the Israelites, past and present. The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel.
24:8 wu3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וָאֶתֵּ֨ן אוֹתָ֤ם בְּיֶדְכֶם֙ 1 Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “enabled you to conquer them”
24:9 l9gd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אֶתְכֶֽם 1 The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel.
24:10 jr3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וָאַצִּ֥ל אֶתְכֶ֖ם מִיָּדֽ 1 Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “enabled you to overcome him”
24:11 b324 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you וַתַּעַבְר֣וּ 1 The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel.
24:15 gei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְאִם֩ רַ֨ע בְּֽעֵינֵיכֶ֜ם 1 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or desire. Alternate translation: “If you do not want”
24:15 bff7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבֵיתִ֔י 1 This represents his family that lives in his house. Alternate translation: “my family”
24:17 uf71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns אֹתָ֧נוּ וְאֶת־אֲבוֹתֵ֛ינוּ 1 The people speak as if they were present with their ancestors, and interchange the words “us” and “we” with “our ancestors.”
24:17 n1g2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִבֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֑ים 1 Here “house” is an idiom that refers to the location of their slavery. Alternate translation: “place where we were slaves”
24:20 l4yi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְשָׁ֨ב & וְכִלָּ֣ה אֶתְכֶ֔ם 1 Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if he was a fire that would destroy them. Alternate translation: “He will destroy you as with fire”
24:23 h48g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְהַטּוּ֙ אֶת־לְבַבְכֶ֔ם אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 Deciding to obey Yahweh only is spoken of as turning their heart towards him. Here “heart” represents the whole person. In this case, “heart” is plural because it refers to all the Israelites as a single group. However, it may be best to translate it in the plural since “your” is plural. Alternate translation: “turn yourselves to Yahweh” or “decide to obey Yahweh” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
24:24 yq9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּבְקוֹל֖וֹ נִשְׁמָֽע 1 Here “listen” means to obey. Alternate translation: “We will obey everything he tells us to do”
24:25 g8by rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיָּ֥שֶׂם ל֛וֹ חֹ֥ק וּמִשְׁפָּ֖ט 1 Establishing laws is spoken of as if Joshua physically set them in place like monuments. Alternate translation: “He established decrees and laws” or “He gave them laws and decrees to obey”
24:27 mkt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הָאֶ֤בֶן הַזֹּאת֙ תִּֽהְיֶה־בָּ֣נוּ לְעֵדָ֔ה כִּֽי־הִ֣יא שָׁמְעָ֗ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־אִמְרֵ֣י 1 The stone that Joshua set up is spoken of as if it were a person who heard what was spoken and would be able to testify about what was said.
24:32 a3ik עַצְמ֣וֹת י֠וֹסֵף & קָבְר֣וּ בִשְׁכֶם֒ 1 It may be helpful to change the order of the beginning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel brought the bones of Joseph up out of Egypt and buried them at Shechem”
4:8 q4qp לְמִסְפַּ֖ר שִׁבְטֵ֣י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל 1 See how you translated the identical phrase “according to the number of the tribes of the sons of Israel” in [4:5](../04/05.md).
4:8 z2cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַיַּרְדֵּ֗ן 1 Here, the phrase **the Jordan** refers to the riverbed of the **Jordan** River, as it did in [3:17](../03/17.md). See how you translated the phrase **the Jordan** there. Alternate translation: “the river bed of the Jordan” or “the Jordan’s river bed”
4:20 s8s2 וְאֵת֩ שְׁתֵּ֨ים עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה הָֽאֲבָנִים֙ הָאֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לָקְח֖וּ מִן־הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן 1 Each tribe was to take one stone from the Jordan River so Joshua could build a memorial of the crossing event.
5:1 q8mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַיִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗ם Here “hearts” refers to their courage. They were so afraid that it was as if their courage melted away like wax in a fire. Alternate translation: “they lost all their courage” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:1 a2wh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְלֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ Here “spirit” refers to their will to fight. Alternate translation: “they no longer had any will to fight”
5:4 uz5p 1 the men who were old enough to be soldiers
5:13 iyi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַיִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָיו֙ וַיַּ֔רְא וְהִנֵּה־אִישׁ֙ עֹמֵ֣ד Here looking up is spoken of as if Joshua literally lifted his eyes in his hands. Alternate translation: “he looked up and saw that a man was standing”
6:6 s5ne 1 Alternate translation: “Pick up the ark of the covenant”
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