Replace Manifest with valid YAML file

Signed-off-by: unfoldingWord <info@unfoldingword.org>

intro/finding-answers/01.md

@@ -7,6 +7,5 @@ There are several resources available for finding answers to questions:
   * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) — answers the question “what next?”
   * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) — explains the basics of translation theory and provides practical translation helps
   * [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices
-* **Door43 Slack** — Join the Door43 community, post your questions to the “#helpdesk” channel, and get real-time answers to your questions (sign up at https://ufw.io/door43)
 * **Door43 Forum** — A place to ask questions and get answers to technical, strategic, translation, and checking issues, https://forum.door43.org/
 * **Helpdesk** — email <help@door43.org> with your questions

intro/ta-intro/01.md

@@ -9,4 +9,4 @@ unfoldingWord® Translation Academy is organized into the following sections:
 * [Introduction](../ta-intro/01.md) — introduces this resource, the Gateway Languages strategy, and translation
 * [Process Manual](../../process/process-manual/01.md) — answers the question “what next?”
 * [Translation Manual](../../translate/translate-manual/01.md) — explains the basics of translation theory and offers practical Bible translation helps
-* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-check/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices for checking translations
+* [Checking Manual](../../checking/intro-checking/01.md) — explains the basics of checking theory and best practices for checking translations

manifest.yaml

@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ dublin_core:
     how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.
   format: text/markdown
   identifier: ta
-  issued: '2023-10-18'
+  issued: '2024-04-24'
   language:
     identifier: en
     title: English
     direction: ltr
-  modified: '2023-10-18'
+  modified: '2024-04-24'
   publisher: unfoldingWord®
   relation:
     - en/ult
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ dublin_core:
   source:
     - identifier: ta
       language: en
-      version: '75'
+      version: '79'
   subject: Translation Academy
   title: unfoldingWord® Translation Academy
   type: man
-  version: '76'
+  version: '80'
 checking:
   checking_entity:
     - unfoldingWord®

translate/figs-declarative/01.md

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ A statement can also be used to give **instructions**. The speaker below was not
 
 A statement can also be used to make a **request**. The man with leprosy was not just saying what Jesus was able to do. He was also asking Jesus to heal him.
 
-> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, **you can make me clean**.” (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
+> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, **you are able to make me clean**.” (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
 
 A statement can also be used to **perform** something. By telling Adam that the ground was cursed because of him, God actually cursed it.
 
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be trans
 
 (2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function.
 
-> Lord, **please heal me**, because I know you are able to heal me if you are willing to. (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
+> Lord, if you are willing, **you are able to make me clean**. (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
 
-The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
+The function of “you are able” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
 
-> > Lord, **I know you can heal me**. If you are willing, please do so**.**
-> >
-> > Lord, if you are willing, please heal me. **I know you can do so.**
+> > Lord, you are able to make me clean. If you are willing, **please do so**.  
+> >OR:  
+> > Lord, if you are willing, **please heal me**. I know that you are able to do so.
 
 (3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
 
@@ -66,6 +66,6 @@ The function of “I know you can” is to make a request. In addition to the st
 >
 > Son, your sins are forgiven. (Mark 2:5 ULT)
 >
-> > Son, I forgive your sins.
-> >
-> > Son, God has forgiven your sins.
+> > Son, I forgive your sins.  
+> >OR:  
+> > Son, God hereby forgives your sins.

translate/figs-irony/01.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Irony is a figure of speech in which the sense that the speaker intends to commu
 
 > Then Jesus answered and said to them, “People who are well do not have need of a physician, but those who have sickness. I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.” (Luke 5:31-32 ULT)
 
-When Jesus spoke of “righteous people,” he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent.
+When Jesus spoke of “the righteous,” he was not referring to people who were truly righteous, but to people who wrongly believed that they were righteous. By using irony, Jesus communicated that they were wrong to think that they were better than others and did not need to repent.
 
 #### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was
 
 > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
 > Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
-> **Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;** “**the number of your days is so large!**” (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
+> **You know, for you were born then,** **and the number of your days is many!** (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
 
 Job thought that he was wise. Yahweh used irony to show Job that he was not so wise. The two phrases in bold above are irony. They emphasize the opposite of what they say, because they are so obviously false. They emphasize that Job could not possibly answer God’s questions about the creation of light because Job was not born until many, many years later.
 
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not
 
 If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it is stated. If not, here are some other strategies.
 
-(1) Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.<br>
-(2) The irony is **not** found in the literal words of the speaker, but instead the true meaning is found in the opposite of the literal meaning of the speaker’s words.
+(1) Translate the irony in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.<br>
+(2) Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony. (Remember: The true meaning of the irony is **not** found in the literal words of the speaker, but instead the true meaning is found in the opposite of the literal meaning of the speaker’s words.)
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
@@ -43,12 +43,13 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
 
 > **How well you reject the commandment of God** so that you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9a ULT)
 >
-> > **You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment** so you may keep your tradition!
+> > **You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment** so you may keep your tradition!  
+or:<br>
 > > **You act like it is good to reject God’s commandment** so you may keep your tradition!
 >
 > I did not come to call **the righteous**, but sinners to repentance. (Luke 5:32 ULT)
 >
-> > I did not come to call **people who think that they are righteous** to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.
+> > I did not come to call **people who think that they are righteous** to repentance, but to call people who know that they are sinners to repentance.
 
 (2) Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony.
 
@@ -58,11 +59,11 @@ If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it
 >
 > “Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “**Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen**, so we may know these things well. **Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled**.” (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
 >
-> > ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. Your idols **cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen** so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because **they cannot speak** to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
+> > ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. **Can your idols bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen** so we may know these things well? **No!** We cannot hear them because **they cannot speak** to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
 >
 > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
 > Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
-> **Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;**
-> **the number of your days is so large!** (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
+> **You know, for you were born then,**
+> **and the number of your days is many!** (Job 38:20-21 ULT)
 >
 > > Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work? Can you find the way back to their houses for them? **You act like you know how light and darkness were created, as if you were there; as if you are as old as creation, but you are not**!

translate/figs-rquestion/01.md

@@ -20,46 +20,50 @@ The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. These rhetorical questions might b
 
 > Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel? (1 Kings 21:7b ULT)
 
-Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man’s property. She was implying that, since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man’s property.
+Jezebel used the question above **to remind** King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order **to rebuke** him for being unwilling to take over a poor man’s property. She was implying that, since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man’s property.
 
 > **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils?** Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
 
-God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him who is so much greater than those things.
+God used the question above **to remind** his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then **rebuked** his people for forgetting him who is so much greater than those things.
+
+> But you, why do you judge your brother? And you also, why do you despise your brother? (Romans 14:10 ULT)
+
+Paul used these rhetorical questions **to rebuke** the Romans for doing what they should not do. 
 
 > Why did I not die when I came out from the womb? (Job 3:11a ULT)
 
-Job used the question above to show deep emotion. This rhetorical question expresses how sad he was that he did not die as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived.
+Job used the question above **to show deep emotion**. This rhetorical question expresses how sad he was that he did not die as soon as he was born. He wished that he had not lived.
 
 > And how has this happened to me that the mother of my Lord would come to me? (Luke 1:43 ULT)
 
-Elizabeth used the question above to show how surprised and happy she was that the mother of her Lord came to her.
+Elizabeth used the question above **to show how surprised and happy she was** that the mother of her Lord came to her.
 
 > Or what man is there among you, of whom his son will ask for a loaf of bread, but he will give him a stone? (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
 
-Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on to teach them about God with his next rhetorical question:
+Jesus used the question above **to remind** the people of something they already knew: a good father would never give his son something bad to eat. By introducing this point, Jesus could go on **to teach them** about God with his next rhetorical question:
 
 > Therefore, if you who are evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your Father who is in heaven give good things to those who ask him? (Matthew 7:11 ULT)
 
-Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
+Jesus used this question **to teach** the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
 
 > **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to?** It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden … (Luke 13:18b-19a ULT)
 
-Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was about to compare the kingdom of God to something. In this case, he compared the kingdom of God to a mustard seed.
+Jesus used the question above **to introduce what he was going to talk about**. He was about to compare the kingdom of God to something. In this case, he compared the kingdom of God to a mustard seed.
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
 In order to translate a rhetorical question accurately, first be sure that the question you are translating truly is a rhetorical question and is not an information question. Ask yourself, “Does the person asking the question already know the answer to the question?” If so, it is a rhetorical question. Or, if no one answers the question, did the person who asked it expect to receive an answer? If not, it is a rhetorical question.
 
-When you are sure that the question is rhetorical, then be sure that you understand the purpose for the rhetorical question. Is it to encourage or rebuke or shame the hearer? Is it to bring up a new topic? Is it to do something else?
+When you are sure that the question is rhetorical, then be sure that you understand the purpose for the rhetorical question. Is it to encourage or rebuke or shame the hearer? Is it to bring up a new topic? Is it to express surprise or other emotion? Is it to do something else?
 
 When you know the purpose of the rhetorical question, then think of the most natural way to express that purpose in the target language. It might be as a question, or a statement, or an exclamation.
 
 If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider doing so. If not, here are other options:
 
-(1) Add the answer after the question.
-(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
-(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
-(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the original speaker communicated in his.
+(1) Add the answer after the question.  
+(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.  
+(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.  
+(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your language what the original speaker communicated in his.  
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
@@ -96,4 +100,7 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
 > > If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, **would you give him a stone**?
 
 > **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
-> > **What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number
+> > **What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils**? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
+
+> But you, **why do you judge your brother**? And you also, **why do you despise your brother**? (Romans 14:10 ULT)
+> > > Do you think it is good to judge your brother? Do you think it is good to despise your brother? 

translate/writing-politeness/01.md

@@ -1,27 +1,131 @@
 ### Description
 
-This is the placeholder for an article about politeness in biblical literature. This article is still being developed.
-
+People say certain things, or say things in a certain way, in order to communicate that they respect the people to whom they are speaking. We can refer to this as speaking politely. The ways of speaking politely are generally agreed on by those who share a culture. People also use polite ways of speaking to avoid offending others. This can be especially important if the person being addressed has an influential or powerful position.
 
 #### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue:
 
-Text
+Every language has ways to communicate politeness to other speakers of that language, but different languages do not communicate politeness in the same ways. A phrase that is polite in one language may be offensive in another language, or it may simply be confusing. Translators need to recognize politeness in the Bible and communicate the same polite meaning using the appropriate form of politeness in the target language. 
 
 ### Examples From the Bible
 
-Luke 7:6 "do not trouble yourself" (written before we had a politeness placeholder, so no support reference) The centurion is speaking politely to Jesus through these friends. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “I do not want you to go out of your way”
+> **do not trouble yourself** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
 
-Luke 14:18 "I ask you, have me excused" (figs-idiom) In this culture, this was a polite formula for declining a social invitation. If your language has a similar formula, you could use it in your translation. Alternate translation: “Please accept my apology for not being able to attend”
+The centurion sent friends to give Jesus this polite message that Jesus should not come to his house. 
 
-Acts 23:26 "to the most excellent Governor Felix" (writing-politeness, before honorific) The expression most excellent was a formal title by which people addressed Roman officials. Your language and culture may have a comparable title that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “to the Honorable Governor Felix” (similarly in 26:25)
+> **I ask you, have me excused** (Luke 14:18 ULT) 
 
-> May I find favor in your eyes, my lord, since you have comforted me, and since you have spoken to the heart of your female servant. (Ruth 2:13 ULT)
-Ruth is referring to herself as Boaz's servant to show respect to him. She is not actually one of his servants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that clear. Alternate translation: “one who is as lowly as a servant”
+In this culture, this was a polite formula for declining a social invitation. 
+
+> **May I find favor in your eyes, my lord**, since you have comforted me, and since you have spoken to the heart of **your female servant**. (Ruth 2:13 ULT) 
+
+Ruth uses several phrases of politeness as she talks to Boaz. **May I find favor in your eyes** is an idiomatic phrase that communicates that Boaz is in a high position, **my lord** is an honorific form of address, and she refers to herself humbly as **your female servant** even though she is not actually one of his servants. 
+
+> Please let **a little** water be brought… Let me also bring **a bit** of bread (Genesis 18:4-5 ULT) 
+
+Abraham described his generosity as something small in order to be polite. This was a way to communicate to his guests that they were not imposing on him at all. 
+
+#### Honorifics
+
+A specific category of politeness is the way that people address other people who are important, powerful, or worthy of honor in other ways. We can refer to this form of politeness as using honorific language. Honorific language can be in the form of special titles or, in some languages, special forms of the words used.
+
+> to the **most excellent** Governor Felix (Acts 23:26 ULT)
+
+The expression **most excellent** was an honorific title by which people addressed Roman government officials. 
+
+> **O king, live forever!** (Daniel 5:10 ULT)
+
+This was the polite and respectful way to address the king before saying anything else to him. 
+
+### Politeness under other categories
+
+People often use language that is non-standard or figurative to communicate politeness. In these cases, there will be a Translation Note under the category of the figure of speech rather than under the category of politeness. The Note will discuss the issue of the figurative speech and then also mention that this is being used to be polite. For example, the following verses will have Translation Notes under the categories given rather than under politeness.
+
+#### Metaphor 
+
+> Men, **brothers and fathers**, hear my defense to you now. (Acts 22:1 ULT)
+
+Paul is using the word **brothers** to refer to his fellow Israelites. He is using the word **fathers** to refer either to Jewish leaders who may be present or to Jewish men who are older than he is. In both cases he is speaking respectfully. 
+
+#### Idiom 
+
+> **I beg of you**, about whom is the prophet saying this…? (Acts 8:34 ULT)
+
+The Ethiopian official is using an idiomatic expression as a polite way to introduce a request. 
+
+#### Symbolic action 
+
+>**And having fallen down**, they worshiped him (Matt 2:11 ULT)
+
+The act of kneeling down before someone showed deep respect for the person.
+
+#### Speaking of oneself in the third person
+
+> please do not pass by **your servant**. (Gen 18:3 ULT)
+
+Abraham refers to himself as **your servant** here in order to show respect to his guests. 
+
+#### Euphemism
+
+> And having said this, **he fell asleep**. (Acts 7:60 ULT)
+
+Luke is describing the death of Stephen when he says **he fell asleep**. He is using this polite way of referring to something unpleasant to avoid offending his readers. 
+
+#### Other Uses of the Imperative 
+
+> **You pray to the Lord for me**, so that nothing of which you have spoken may come upon me. (Acts 8:24 ULT) 
+
+The verb **pray** is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. 
+
+#### Rhetorical question
+
+> **Lord, are you not concerned that my sister has left me alone to serve**? (Luke 10:40 ULT)
+
+Martha is complaining that Jesus is allowing Mary to sit listening to him when there is so much work to do. But Martha respects Jesus, so she uses the question form to make her complaint more polite. 
 
 ### Translation Strategies
 
-Text
+If the phrase used in the ULT would be natural and be a polite expression in your language, consider using it. If not, use the strategy below.
+
+(1) Use a phrase that would be both natural and polite in your language for this situation.
 
 ### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
 
-Text
+(1) Use a phrase that would be both natural and polite in your language for this situation.
+
+> **do not trouble yourself** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
+
+I do not want you to go out of your way<br>
+or<br>
+Please do not bother
+
+> **I ask you, have me excused** (Luke 14:18 ULT) 
+
+Please accept my apology for not being able to attend
+
+> **May I find favor in your eyes, my lord**, since you have comforted me, and since you have spoken to the heart of **your female servant**. (Ruth 2:13 ULT)
+
+You are too kind to me, good sir; you have comforted me and you have spoken to my heart even though I am not worthy of it.
+
+> Please let **a little** water be brought… Let me also bring **a bit** of bread (Genesis 18:4-5 ULT) 
+
+I have plenty of water… I also have plenty of food
+
+>**O king, live forever!** (Daniel 5:10 ULT)
+
+Your majesty, I wish you well
+
+> **I beg of you**, about whom is the prophet saying this…? (Acts 8:34 ULT)
+
+**Please tell me**, about whom is the prophet saying this…?
+
+> **You pray to the Lord for me**, so that nothing of which you have spoken may come upon me. (Acts 8:24 ULT) 
+
+**Please pray to the Lord for me** so that nothing of which you have spoken may come upon me. <br>
+or <br>
+**I ask you to pray to the Lord for me** so that nothing of which you have spoken may come upon me. 
+
+> **Lord, are you not concerned that my sister has left me alone to serve**? (Luke 10:40 ULT)
+
+Lord, it seems as if you do not care that my sister has left me alone to serve.
+
+