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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note front:intro d9wn 0 # Introduction to Genesis\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Genesis\n\n1. From the Creation to the Tower of Babel\n- The account of the creation of the heavens and the earth (1:1–4:26)\n- The account of Adam (5:1–6:8)\n- The account of Noah (6:9–11:9)\n- The account of Shem (11:10–11:26)\n- The account of Terah (11:27–11:32)\n1. The accounts of the Patriarchs\n- The account of Abraham (12:1-25:11)\n- The account of Ishmael (25:12–25:18)\n- The account of Isaac, focusing on Jacob (25:19–35:29)\n- The account of Esau (36:1–37:1)\n- The account of Jacob, focusing on Joseph (37:2–50:26)\n\n### What is Genesis about?\n\nGenesis begins with the early years of creation. It tells about God creating heaven, earth, and the first humans. It also tells about the first time humans sinned. This caused humans to be separated from God and to eventually die. Genesis 1-11 briefly tells about other important events that occurred over many hundreds of years. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/death]])\n\nGenesis is also about the beginning of God’s people. Genesis 12-50 tells about how God remained faithful to Abraham and his descendants. Abraham’s descendants became known as the Hebrews and later as the Israelites. These people would worship Yahweh and be his people.\n\nGenesis ends with Abraham’s descendants living in Egypt with the hope of returning one day to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\n“Genesis” means “beginning,” so translators should express this idea in their title. Titles such as “The Beginning of Things” may be suitable. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote Genesis?\n\nThe writers of both the Old and New Testaments presented Moses as being very involved with writing the book of Genesis. Since ancient times, both Jews and Christians have thought that Moses wrote Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What are the covenants mentioned in Genesis?\n\nA covenant is a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill.\n\nGod made three covenants in Genesis. In the covenant with Adam, God promised to bless Adam and cause him to prosper. Adam was not allowed to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. God promised that Adam would die if he disobeyed what he commanded.\n\nIn the covenant with Noah, God promised to never again destroy the world with a flood.\n\nIn the covenant with Abraham, God promised to make Abraham’s descendants into a great nation. He also promised to protect them and to give them a land of their own.\n\n### What was God’s purpose for the book of Genesis?\n\nThe book of Genesis says that God created a very good world. However, the world became cursed because human beings began to sin. But Genesis shows that God continues to have complete control over the world.\n\nGenesis also describes the start of God’s plan to bless the whole world again. This is shown when God makes a covenant with Abraham. With this covenant, God chose Abraham and his descendants to be his people. God promised to bless the world through Abraham’s descendants.\n\n### What was the custom for inheritance as described by Genesis?\n\nThere are several passages in Genesis that show the customs of a father who is about to die passing on a blessing to his son. Abraham blessed his son, Isaac, and made him the ancestor of the people of Israel. However, Ishmael, Abraham’s other son, did not receive that same divine blessing. Likewise, Isaac’s older son Esau did not receive the blessing. Isaac’s younger son, Jacob, received it instead. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])\n\nAlso, it was the custom for a man to divide among his sons his material wealth and land. All his sons received equal portions except the oldest son. The firstborn son received twice as much. His portion was called a double portion. Esau gave up his right to receive the double portion.\n\n### How does Genesis present sin and evil?\n\nGenesis presents sin as doing things that are against God’s word and God’s ways. It presents evil as the opposite of good.\n\nSin and evil have affected all people. This started when Adam disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What is one way in which Genesis marks the beginning of important sections?\n\nGenesis uses one Hebrew phrase that the ULT translates as “this is the record of,” “these were the events concerning,” or “these were the descendants of.” The information in these sections may have come from sources much older than Moses. These passages are 2:4; 5:1; 6:9; 10:1; 11:10, 27; 25:12, 19; 36:1, 9; 37:2.\n\nIf the translator wants to translate in only two ways, we recommend for most passages a phrase such as, “this is the record about” or “this is information about.” Some passages will be better translated, however, as “These were the descendants of.”\n\n### Why are the beginnings of some narrative sections in Genesis difficult to translate?\n\nOften in Genesis, the author first summarizes what is about to happen. Then in the following verses, the author tells the details of what happened. Probable examples of this style occur in Gen. 1:1, 6:22, 18:1, 21:1 and 22:1.\n\nHowever, in many languages, it is preferred to write summaries at the end of a narrative. In this case, translators may choose a different approach. For example, in Gen. 1:1 (“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth”), translators may decide to translate like this: “This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning.”\n\n### What is the difference between “people,” “peoples,” and “people groups”?\n\nThe word “people” refers to all the individuals who belong to a group, such as “the people of Israel.” The word “peoples” (used in the ULT) refers to multiple groups of people. Each people group might speak their own language, have their own customs, and worships their own gods. Some different peoples in the ancient Near East were those of Israel, Egypt, Edom, Moab, and Ammon.\n\nThe expression “people groups” (used in the UST) means the same thing as “peoples” in the ULT. The translator should use the most equivalent term that is common in the project language.\n\n### What is the relationship between individuals and peoples that have similar names?\n\nMany individuals in Genesis eventually had large numbers of descendants who were called after their ancestor’s name. For example, Cush was the name of an individual. But, “Cush” also became the name of nation that his descendants formed. They were called “Cushites.” If possible, when translating these names, the translator should make the individual’s name and the nation’s name similar. Examples of this are “Cush” and “Cushite” or “Moab” and “Moabite.” Otherwise, the translator may say, “the descendants of Cush” or “the descendants of Moab.”\n\n### What do the phrases “to this day” or “of today” mean?\n\nThese phrases were used by the narrator to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” and “of today” refer to a time already passed. The translator might decide to say, “to this day, at the time when this is being written,” or, “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Gen. 19:37, 19:38, 22:14, 26:33, 32:32, 35:20, 47:26, 48:18. 1:intro zb6f 0 # Genesis 01 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter presents the first account of God creating the world. There is a pattern to this account: “God said … God saw that it was good … This was evening and morning, the first day.” Translators should preserve this pattern in their versions.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The universe\n\nThis account of creation is told within the framework of ancient Hebrew ideas about the universe: the earth was resting with water around it and below it. Over the earth was something like a vast dome, called “an expanse between the waters” (1:6), on top of which was more water. Translators should try to keep these original images in their work, even though readers in their project language might have a completely different idea of what the universe is like.\n\n### Evening and morning\n\nGenesis 1 presents the ancient Hebrew idea of a day: it begins with sunset, lasts through the night and continues through the daylight hours until the next sunset. This pattern should be preserved in translation, even if readers in the project language define “day” differently.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “In the beginning”\n\nSome languages and cultures speak of the world as if it has always existed, as if it had no beginning. But “very long ago” is different from “in the beginning,” and you need to be sure that your translation communicates correctly.\n\n### “God said, ‘Let there be’”\n\nThis expression occurs often in this chapter. It can be difficult to translate, because God is not shown as talking to a particular person. If God is talking to a thing, it is something not yet in existence. Translators should find the most natural way in the project language to signal the idea that God spoke things into existence; he created the world and the things in it by simply commanding that they should exist. 1:1 f2mg In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth 0 “This is about how God made the heavens and the earth in the beginning.” This statement summarizes the rest of the chapter. Some languages translate it as “A very long time ago God created the heavens and the earth.” Translate it in a way that shows this actually happened and is not just a folk story. 1:1 d49e In the beginning 0 This refers to the start of the world and everything in it. 1:1 sk34 the heavens and the earth 0 “the sky, the ground, and everything in them” 1:1 mz2j heavens 0 This refers here to the sky. 1:2 fn3q without form and empty 0 God had not yet put the world in order. 1:2 ta3a the deep 0 “the water” or “the deep water” or “the vast water” 1:2 n2d9 the surface of the waters 0 “the surface of the water” or “the water” 1:3 d7qw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Let there be light 0 This is a command. By commanding that light should exist, God made it exist. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:4 h2r1 God saw the light, that it was good 0 “God considered the light and was pleased with it.” “Good” here means “pleasing” or “suitable.” 1:4 m8ue divided the light from the darkness 0 “separated the light and the darkness” or “made it light at one time and dark at another.” This refers to God creating the daytime and the night time. 1:5 gl7g This was evening and morning, the first day 0 God did these things on the first day that the universe existed. 1:5 jc2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism evening and morning 0 This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1:6 urb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Let there be an expanse & let it divide 0 These are commands. By commanding that the expanse should exist and that it divide the waters, God made it exist and divide the waters. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:6 t6zc expanse 0 large empty space. The Jewish people thought of this space as being shaped like the inside of dome or the inside of a bowl that is turned upside down. 1:6 se1i between the waters 0 “in the water” 1:7 tq7f God made the expanse and divided the waters 0 “In this way God made the expanse and divided the waters.” When God spoke, it happened. This sentence explains what God did when he spoke. 1:7 mt8y It was so 0 “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning wherever it appears. 1:8 ss9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism evening and morning 0 This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1:8 s25m the second day 0 This refers to the second day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way. 1:9 zu6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let the waters & be gathered 0 This can be translated with an active verb. This is a command. By commanding that the waters gather together, God made them gather together. Alternate translation: “Let the waters … gather” or “Let the waters … come together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:9 iv2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative let the dry land appear 0 The water had covered the land. Now the water would move aside and some of the land would be uncovered. This is a command. By commanding that dry land should appear, God made it appear. Alternate translation: “let dry land become visible” or “let the dry land become clear” or “let the land be uncovered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:9 l151 dry land 0 This refers to land that is not covered with water. It does not refer to land that is too dry for farming. 1:9 ha33 It was so 0 “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning wherever it appears. See how you translated it in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md). 1:10 g6hl the dry land “earth,” and 0 “the part that was dry ‘earth,’ and” 1:10 ey94 He saw that it was good 0 Here “it” refers to the land and the sea. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md). 1:11 d9q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Let the earth sprout vegetation 0 This is a command. By commanding that vegetation should sprout on the earth, God made it sprout. Alternate translation: “Let vegetation sprout up on the earth” or “Let vegetation grow on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:11 q5yp vegetation: plants yielding seed and fruit trees bearing fruit 0 “vegetation, each plant that bears seed and each tree that bears fruit” or “vegetation. Let them be plants that produce seeds and fruit trees that produce fruit.” Here “vegetation” is used here as a general term that includes all plants and trees. 1:11 ssc1 plants 0 These are kinds of vegetation that have soft stems, rather than woody stems. 1:11 v3v1 fruit trees bearing fruit whose seed is in the fruit 0 “trees that bear fruit with seeds in them” 1:11 j3au each according to its own kind 0 The seeds would produce plants and trees that would be like the ones they came from. In this way, the plants and trees would “reproduce themselves” . 1:11 fx6h It was so 0 “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning wherever it appears. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md). 1:12 d6s3 God saw that it was good 0 Here “it” refers to the vegetation, plants, and trees. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md). 1:13 ch8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism evening and morning 0 This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1:13 vw3s the third day 0 This refers to the third day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way. 1:14 sr8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Let there be lights in the sky 0 This is a command. By commanding that lights should exist, God made them exist. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:14 g95y lights in the sky 0 “things that shine in the sky” or “things that give light in the sky.” This refers to the sun, moon, and stars. 1:14 t7b1 in the sky 0 “in the expanse of the sky” or “in the large space of the sky” 1:14 uw3r to divide the day from the night 0 “to separate the day from the night.” This means “to help us tell the difference between day and night.” The sun means it is daytime, and the moon and stars mean it is nighttime. 1:14 m2r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative let them be as signs 0 This is a command. By commanding that they should serve as signs, God made them serve as signs. Alternate translation: “Let them serve as signs” or “let them show” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:14 e4bt signs 0 Here this means something that reveals or points to something. 1:14 x7vq for seasons, for days and years 0 The sun, moon, and stars show the passing of time. This enables us to know when it is time for events that happen each week, month, or year. 1:14 ln32 seasons 0 times that are set aside for festivals and other things that people do 1:15 q4ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Let them be lights in the sky to give light upon the earth 0 This is a command. By commanding that they should light the earth, God made them light the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:15 p48m to give light upon the earth 0 “to shine light on the earth” or “to brighten the earth.” The earth does not self-shine but it is lit and so reflects light. 1:15 y2g4 It was so 0 “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md). 1:16 p5cz God made the two great lights 0 “In this way God made the two great lights.” This sentence explains what God did when he spoke. 1:16 z4uy the two great lights 0 “the two large lights” or “the two bright lights.” The two great lights are the sun and the moon. 1:16 byf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification to rule the day 0 The lights that controlled the day are spoken of as if they were a human ruler that controlled what people do. Alternate translation: “to direct the daytime as a ruler directs a group of people” or “to mark the times of the day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:16 ce4u day 0 This refers only to the daylight hours. 1:16 a3ky the lesser light 0 “the smaller light” or “the dimmer light” 1:17 n5jb in the sky 0 “in the heavens” or “in the open space of the sky” 1:18 uz9k to divide the light from the darkness 0 “to separate the light from the darkness” or “to make it light at one time and dark at another.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md). 1:18 ugh9 God saw that it was good 0 Here “it” refers to the sun, moon, and stars. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md). 1:19 ds1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism evening and morning 0 This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1:19 ukw9 the fourth day 0 This refers to the fourth day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way. 1:20 uw3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Let the waters be filled with great numbers of living creatures 0 This is a command. By commanding that living creatures should fill the waters, God made them exist. Some languages may have one word that refers to all kinds of fish and sea animals. Alternate translation: “Let the waters be full of many living things” or “Let many animals that swim live in the oceans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:20 g6cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative let birds fly 0 This is a command. By commanding that birds should fly, God made them fly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:20 p48l birds 0 “animals that fly” or “flying things” 1:20 mqw4 the expanse of the sky 0 “the open space of the sky” or “the sky” 1:21 ks9m God created 0 “In this way God created” 1:21 j9az great sea creatures 0 “large animals that live in the sea” 1:21 hum1 after its kind 0 Living things of the same “kind” are like the ones they came from. See how you translated “kind” in [Genesis 1:11,12](./11.md). 1:21 p614 every winged bird 0 “every flying thing that has wings.” If the word for birds is used, it may be more natural in some languages to simply say “every bird,” since all birds have wings. 1:21 s322 God saw that it was good 0 Here “it” refers to the birds and the fish. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md). 1:22 y1bp blessed them 0 “blessed the animals that he had made” 1:22 ti8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Be fruitful and multiply 0 This is God’s blessing. He told the sea animals to produce more sea animals like themselves, so that there would be many of them in the seas. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1:22 e4tn multiply 0 increase greatly in number 1:22 lm9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Let birds multiply 0 This is a command. By commanding that birds should multiply, God made birds multiply. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:22 sg3v birds 0 “animals that fly” or “flying things.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:20](../01/20.md). 1:23 kpz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism evening and morning 0 This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1:23 ne8k the fifth day 0 This refers to the fifth day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way. 1:24 ke21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative Let the earth produce living creatures 0 “Let the earth produce living things” or “Let many living animals live on the earth.” This is a command. By commanding that the earth should produce living creatures, God made the earth produce living creatures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 1:24 x6eu each according to its own kind 0 “so that each kind of animal will produce more of its own kind” 1:24 m1pi livestock, creeping things, and beasts of the earth 0 This shows that God created all kinds of animals. If your language has another way of grouping all the animals, you can use that, or you can use these groups. 1:24 g2m4 livestock 0 animals that people look after 1:24 yk9w creeping things 0 “small animals” 1:24 r6l3 beasts of the earth 0 “wild animals” or “dangerous animals” 1:24 l3v2 It was so 0 “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md). 1:25 m7h6 God made the beasts 0 “In this way God made the beasts” 1:25 s88h He saw that it was good 0 Here “it” refers to the living creatures on the earth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:4](../01/04.md). 1:26 x8fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns Let us make 0 The word “us” here refers to God. God was saying what he intended to do. The pronoun “us” is plural. Possible reasons for the plural use are (1) the plural form suggests that God is discussing something with the angels that make up his heavenly court or (2) the plural form foreshadows the later New Testament implications that God exists in the form of the Holy Trinity. Some translate it as “Let me make” or “I will make.” If you do this, consider adding a footnote to say that the word is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1:26 xk37 man 0 human beings 1:26 kt75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet in our image, after our likeness 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God made mankind to be like him. This verse does not tell in what ways God made people to be like himself. God does not have a body, so it does not mean that people would look like God. Alternate translation: “to truly be like us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 1:26 st51 have dominion over 0 “rule over” or “have authority over” 1:27 qip4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism God created man & he created him 0 These two sentences mean the same thing and emphasize that God created people in his own image. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1:27 r7sx God created man 0 The way that God created man was different from the way he created everything else. Do not specify that he created man by simply speaking, as in the preceding verses. 1:28 uiq2 God blessed them 0 The word “them” refers to the man and woman God had created. 1:28 tfr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Be fruitful, and multiply 0 God told the man and the woman to produce more people like themselves so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:22](../01/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 1:28 a7nj Fill the earth 0 Fill the earth with people. 1:30 j3is General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod continues speaking. 1:30 vc53 every bird of the heavens 0 “all the birds that fly in the sky” 1:30 etp6 that has the breath of life 0 “that breathes.” This phrase emphasizes that these animals had a different kind of life than the plants. Plants do not breathe, and were to be used as food for the animals. Here “life” means physical life. 1:30 di9p It was so 0 “It happened like that” or “That is what happened.” What God commanded happened just as he said it should. This phrase appears throughout the chapter and has the same meaning. See how you translated it in [Genesis 1:7](../01/07.md). 1:31 re3q Behold, it 0 “This is true and important: it” 1:31 r2m5 it was very good 0 Now when God looked at everything he had made, it was “very good. “See how you translated “it was good” in [Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md). 1:31 stn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism evening and morning 0 This refers to the whole day. The writer speaks of the whole day as if it were these two parts. In the Jewish culture, a day begins when the sun sets. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 1:31 vqp1 the sixth day 0 This refers to the sixth day that the universe existed. See how you translated “the first day” in [Genesis 1:5](../01/05.md) and decide if you should translate this the same way. 2:intro nfp7 0 # Genesis 02 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nGen. 2:1-3 ends the first creation account, begun in the previous chapter. The second creation account, beginning in 2:4, is very different, using a more natural, story-telling style instead of following a set formula using repeated phrases. Translators should try to imitate this difference in their versions.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The second creation account in Gen. 2:4-25\n\nGen. 2:4-25 presents an account of creation from a different viewpoint than the one given in Gen. 1:1-2:3. This second account should be regarded as filling out the first account, not as conflicting with it.\n\n### Yahweh, the name of God\n\n“Yahweh,” the personal name of God in the Old Testament, appears for the first time in this chapter. Translators must decide how to represent it in their versions. For 2,000 years, it has been traditional for many Christians to represent it with the term “the Lord.” Indeed, it is demanded by Roman Catholics for their Bible versions to continue doing this. Of course, the disadvantage of using “the Lord” is that this is a title for God, not a personal name. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahweh]])\n\nTranslators who are not producing versions for Roman Catholics can consider transliterating the name “Yahweh,” approximating the name as best as their project languages allow.\n\nOr translators can consider using expressions for the supreme god that might exist in their project languages, such as, “The Great One,” “The Ruler of All,” “The One who Never Sleeps,” etc. Of course, these are descriptive titles, not personal names, so they suffer from the same disadvantages that “the Lord” has.\n\nTranslators can also consider pairing a transliteration of “Yahweh” with a meaningful title for the supreme god in the project language. Whatever solution is found should be followed consistently when the name “Yahweh” occurs in the Scriptures.\n\n### The Garden of Eden\n\nThis was not a vegetable garden or cultivated field. Instead, it was probably a large area of land with fruit trees and other plants bearing leaves, etc., that were good to eat. A river flowed out from the Garden of Eden, giving the impression that the Garden was a holy place; in the ancient Near East, temples had gardens and waterways. In Rev. 22:1-2, the throne of God in the New Jerusalem is pictured with a river flowing out from it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]]) 2:1 c32g the heavens 0 “the sky” or “the skies” 2:1 u4a2 and all the living things that filled them 0 “and all the many living things that are in them” or “and all the crowds of living things in them” 2:1 yv5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive were finished 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God had finished creating them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2:2 hi76 On the seventh day God came to the end of his work 0 God did not work at all on the seventh day. 2:2 qf2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom came to the end of 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “had finished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2:2 a69h he rested on the seventh day from all his work 0 “on that day he did not work” 2:3 k8jv God blessed the seventh day 0 Possible meanings are (1) God caused the seventh day to produce good result or (2) God said that the seventh day was good. 2:3 k5p6 sanctified it 0 “set it apart” or “called it his own” 2:3 dc8y in it he rested from all his work 0 “on it he did not work” 2:4 br8g General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe rest of Genesis 2 tells about how God created people on the sixth day. 2:4 f65q These were the events concerning the heavens and the earth 0 “This is the account of the heavens and the earth” or “This is the story about the heavens and the earth.” Possible meanings are (1) it is a summary of the events described in Genesis 1:1-2:3 or (2) it introduces the events described in Genesis 2. If possible, translate this so that people can understood it either way. 2:4 e8kg they were created 0 “Yahweh God created them.” In chapter 1 the writer always speaks of God as “God,” but in chapter 2 he always speaks of God as “Yahweh God.” 2:4 j1fv on the day that Yahweh God made 0 “when Yahweh God created.” The word “day” refers to the whole time span of the creation, not to just one particular day. 2:4 rpv8 Yahweh 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. 2:5 s14i No bush of the field 0 no shrubs growing in the wild that animals might eat 2:5 rk64 no plant of the field 0 no leafy plants like vegetables or greens that both animals and humans can eat 2:5 ef6d to cultivate 0 to do everything he needed to do so that the plants would grow well 2:6 xfl8 mist 0 Possible meanings are (1) something like dew or morning fog o (2) springs from underground streams. 2:6 v3yt the whole surface of the ground 0 the entire earth 2:7 id8h formed man 0 “molded man” or “shaped man” or “created man” 2:7 dk8k man & man 0 “a human being … the human” or “a person … the person” not specifically a male 2:7 hjr4 his nostrils 0 “his nose” 2:7 ix5v breath of life 0 “breath that makes things live.” Here “life” refers to physical life. 2:8 ezu8 a garden 0 This could have been an orchard of fruit trees or an area with all kinds of trees. 2:8 mn4d eastward 0 in the east 2:9 rq2t the tree of life 0 “the tree that gives people life” 2:9 ff9d life 0 Here this means “eternal life” or life that does not end. 2:9 p743 the tree of the knowledge of good and evil 0 “the tree that gives people the ability to understand both good and evil” or “the tree that makes people who eat its fruit able to know good things and bad things” 2:9 rp99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism good and evil 0 This is a figure of speech that refers to both extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “everything, including both good and evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 2:9 r1nw in the midst of the garden 0 “in the middle of the garden.” The two trees may not have been in the exact center of the garden. 2:10 qg1f A river went out of Eden to water the garden 0 The garden was in Eden. The river continued to flow outside of Eden. “A river flowed through Eden to water the garden” 2:11 nw6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Pishon 0 This is the only time this river is referred to in the Bible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2:11 k6gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the whole land of Havilah 0 “the whole land called Havilah.” It was somewhere in the Arabian Desert. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2:11 i82f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish where there is gold 0 This phrase gives information about Havilah. Some languages would translate it as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “There is gold in Havilah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 2:12 x7hc There are also bdellium and the onyx stone 0 The word “there” is placed first in the sentence for emphasis. Alternate translation: “This is also where people can find bdellium and onyx stones” 2:12 zst7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown bdellium 0 This resin comes from a tree and smells nice. A resin is sticky stuff that comes out of some trees and can burn. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 2:12 eyf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown the onyx stone 0 “onyx stones.” Onyx is a certain kind of beautiful stone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 2:13 tr82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gihon 0 This is the only mention of this river in the Bible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 2:13 lzz9 flows throughout the whole land of Cush 0 The river did not cover the whole land, but wound through various parts of the land. 2:13 hc9p the whole land of Cush 0 “the entire land called Cush” 2:14 trw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish which flows east of Ashur 0 “which flows in the land east of the city of Ashur.” The Tigris River flows from north to south. The phrase “which flows east of Ashur” gives information about where the Tigris River is. Some languages would translate it as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “It flows east of Ashur” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 2:15 js9w the garden of Eden 0 “the garden that was in Eden” 2:15 e3ky to work it 0 “to cultivate it.” This means to do everything necessary so that the plants will grow well. 2:15 r7v3 to maintain it 0 to guard against anything bad happening in it 2:16 c3wj From every tree in the garden 0 “The fruit of every tree in the garden” 2:16 b9cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you 0 This pronoun is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 2:16 e4ij may freely eat 0 “may eat without restriction” 2:17 ydc7 But from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you may not eat 0 These words complete the command that begins with the words “From every tree in the garden you may freely eat” in verse 15. In some languages, it may be more natural to say what is not permitted and to then say what is permitted, as in the UST. 2:17 l1vi the tree of the knowledge of good and evil 0 “the tree that gives people the ability to understand both good and evil” or “the tree that makes people who eat its fruit able to know good things and bad things.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md). 2:17 up23 you may not eat 0 “I will not permit you to eat” or “you must not eat” 2:18 jeg8 I will make him a helper suitable for him 0 “I will make a helper who is just right for him” 2:19 sb6j every animal of the field and every bird of the sky 0 The phrases “of the field” and “of the sky” tell where the animals and birds are usually found. Alternate translation: “all kinds of animals and birds” 2:20 f5az all the livestock 0 “all the animals that people look after” 2:20 l5uf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive there was found no helper suitable for him 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “there was no companion that was right for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2:21 vnf4 caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man 0 “caused the man to sleep intensely.” A deep sleep is a time of sleeping in which a person is not easily disturbed or wakened. 2:21 m6wd flesh 0 This refers to the soft parts of the body like skin and muscle. 2:22 i9u8 With the rib & he made a woman 0 “From the rib … he formed a woman.” The rib was the material God made the woman from. 2:23 i7j8 This time, this one is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh 0 “Finally, this one’s bones are like my bones, and her flesh is like my flesh.” After looking among all the animals for a partner and not finding one, he finally saw someone who was like him and could be his partner. The man was probably expressing his feeling of relief and joy. 2:23 s44p She will be called ‘woman,’ because she was taken out of man 0 The translator may want to write a footnote saying “The Hebrew word for ‘woman’ sounds like the Hebrew word for ‘man.’ 2:24 yx3u General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nWhat follows is written by the author. The man did not say these things. 2:24 v11k Therefore a man 0 “That is why a man” 2:24 ydt1 a man will leave his father and his mother 0 “a man will stop living in his father and mother’s home.” This is about men in general. It does not refer to any particular man at any particular time. 2:24 tr8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom they will become one flesh 0 This idiom speaks of sexual activity as though the bodies that are together become one body. Alternate translation: “their two bodies will become one body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 2:25 h8mq They were both naked 0 The word “they” refers to the man and the woman that God had created. 2:25 t8n2 naked 0 “not wearing clothing” 2:25 ir9e but were not ashamed 0 “they were not ashamed about being naked” 3:intro j7i3 0 # Genesis 03 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the second creation account that began in Gen. 2:4. But a new section of this account begins in 3:1. The ULT reads, “Now the serpent was more shrewd than any other beast of the field which Yahweh God had made,” because this is how the Scriptures introduce the serpent into the account. However, many languages prefer different ways to introduce new characters or things into stories, for example, “One of the wild animals made by God was the serpent” or “This is about the serpent, one of the wild animals that God had made.”\n\nScholars typically refer to the events of this chapter as “the fall” or “the fall of man” because sin is introduced into creation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Curses\n\nIn this chapter, God curses the man, the woman, and the serpent for their sins. In general, cursing is calling down God’s punishment on someone or something. In this chapter, however, it is God himself who is doing the cursing. Of course, he does not call down punishment on the man, the woman, and the serpent from someone else. Instead, he is promising that he himself will punish them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])\n\n### Serpent\nMost scholars believe that the serpent is Satan, even though his name is not used in this chapter. There are other places in Scripture where the serpent is used as an image for Satan. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:1 m3hl Now 0 The writer is beginning a new part of the story. 3:1 v5dp more shrewd 0 “more cunning” or “smarter at getting what he wanted by telling lies” 3:1 bp3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Has God really said, ‘You & garden’? 0 The snake is pretending to be surprised that God has made this rule. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am surprised that God said, ‘You … garden.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 3:1 t1qz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You must not eat 0 The word “you” is plural and refers to the man and the woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 3:2 k94l We may eat 0 “We are allowed to eat” or “We have permission to eat” 3:3 ujz2 but concerning the fruit & garden, God said, ‘You may not eat it, nor may you touch it, or you will die 0 These words are the end of Eve’s description of God’s command to them that begins with the words “We may eat” in verse 2. Eve told the serpent what God had permitted them to do first and then what God had told them not to do. Some languages would say what they were told not to do first and then say what they were allowed to do, as in the UST. 3:3 b76r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You may not & nor may you & you will die 0 The word “you” is plural and refers to the man and the woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 3:3 n3h9 You may not eat it 0 “You must not eat it” or “Do not eat it” 3:3 dhv7 nor may you touch it 0 “and you must not touch it” or “and do not touch it” 3:4 fw9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You will & not die 0 These words refer to the man and the woman and so are dual or plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 3:5 rvj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you & your & you 0 These words refer to the man and the woman and so are dual or plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 3:5 k8qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom your eyes will be opened 0 “your eyes will open.” This idiom means “you will become aware of things” or “you will understand new things.” This meaning can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “It will be as though your eyes were opened” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 3:5 kv6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism knowing good and evil 0 Here “good and evil” is a figure of speech that refers to both extremes and everything in between. See how you translated “knowledge of good and evil” in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “knowing everything, including both good and evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 3:6 n2vt it was a delight to the eyes 0 “the tree was delightful to look at” or “it was nice to look at” or “it was very beautiful” 3:6 sw6q that the tree was desirable to make one wise 0 “she wanted the tree’s fruit because it could make a person wise” or “she wanted its fruit because it could make her understand what was right and wrong just as God does” 3:7 yn1e The eyes of both of them were opened 0 “Then their eyes opened” or “They became aware” or “They understood.” See how you translated “your eyes will be opened” in [Genesis 3:5](../03/05.md). 3:7 jp6y sewed 0 put together, probably using vines as thread 3:7 y6l1 fig leaves 0 If people do not know what fig leaves are like, this can be translated as “large leaves from a fig tree” or simply “large leaves.” 3:7 l856 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit made coverings for themselves 0 They did this because they were ashamed. This implicit information can be made explicit if needed as in the UST. Alternate translation: “clothed themselves with them because they were ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:8 llf2 in the cool of the day 0 “at the time of day when a cool breeze blows” 3:8 gi6e from the presence of Yahweh God 0 “from Yahweh God’s sight” or “so that Yahweh God would not see them” or “from Yahweh God” 3:9 c8sg Where are you? 0 “Why are you trying to hide from me?” God knew where the man was. When the man answered, he did not say where he was but why he was hiding. 3:9 ijl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you 0 In verses 9 and 11, God was speaking to the man. Languages that have a singular form of “you” would use that here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 3:10 b8tp I heard you 0 “I heard the sound you were making” 3:11 ujb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who told you 0 God knew the answer to this question. He asked it in order to force Adam to confess that he had disobeyed God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 3:11 hny5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Have you eaten & from? 0 Again, God knew this had happened. Translate this question in a form that shows God was accusing Adam of disobedience. The sentence can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You must have eaten … from.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 3:13 fw79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is this you have done? 0 God already knew what the woman had done. When he asked this question, he was giving her the opportunity to tell him about it, and he was expressing his disappointment with what she had done. Many languages use rhetorical questions for scolding or rebuking. If possible, use a form that expresses this disappointment. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 3:14 w3bn cursed are you alone 0 “you alone are cursed.” The word “curse” is first in Hebrew in order to emphasize the contrast between God’s blessing on the animals and this curse on the serpent. This is a “curse formula,” or the way that curses were expressed. By saying this curse, God made it happen. 3:14 x1b4 all the livestock and all the beasts of the field 0 “all domestic animals and all wild animals” 3:14 yxn7 It is on your stomach that you will go 0 “You will move along the ground on your stomach.” The words “it is upon your stomach” comes first to emphasize the contrast between the way other animals would move along using their legs and the way the serpent would slither along on its stomach. This is also part of the curse formula. 3:14 p527 it is dust that you will eat 0 “you will eat dust.” The words “it is dust” comes first to emphasize the contrast between the plants above the ground that other animals would eat and the dirty food on the ground that the serpent would eat. This is part of the curse formula. 3:15 gi4d hostility between you and the woman 0 This means that the serpent and the woman would become enemies. 3:15 p95z seed 0 The word “seed” refers to what a man puts into a woman to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. Like the word “offspring,” it can refer to more than one person. Try to find a word that is singular but can refer to more than one person. 3:15 iyz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns He will bruise & his heel 0 The words “he” and “his” refer to the woman’s descendant. If “seed” was translated as plural, this can be translated as “they will bruise … their heel”; in this case, consider inserting footnotes to say that the “they” and “their” are used to translate a singular pronoun. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 3:15 k4z3 bruise 0 “crush” or “strike” or “attack” 3:16 hk7l I will greatly multiply your pain 0 “I will make your pain increase much” or “I will make your pain to be very severe” 3:16 a74c in having children 0 “in giving birth to children” or “when you give birth to children” 3:16 rt5m Your desire will be for your husband 0 “You will have a strong desire for your husband.” Possible meanings are (1) “You will want very much to be with your husband” or (2) “You will want to control your husband” 3:16 mk2u he will rule over you 0 “he will be your master” or “he will control you” 3:17 vtq5 Adam 0 The name Adam is the same as the Hebrew word for “man.” Some translations say “Adam” and some say “the man.” You may use either form as it refers to the same person. 3:17 f2pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you have listened to the voice of your wife 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have obeyed what your wife said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 3:17 jl8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit have eaten from the tree 0 You can say what it was that they ate. Alternate translation: “have eaten the fruit of the tree” or “have eaten some of the fruit of the tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 3:17 fhp5 You may not eat from it 0 “You must not eat from it” or “Do not eat its fruit” 3:17 rlw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive cursed is the ground 0 The word “curse” comes first in the sentence to emphasize that the ground, which had been “good” ([Genesis 1:10](../01/10.md)), was now under God’s curse. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am cursing the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:17 zjr5 through painful work 0 “by doing hard work” 3:17 dg63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you will eat from it 0 The word “it” refers to the ground and is a metonym for the parts of the plants, which grow in the ground, that people eat. Alternate translation: “you will eat what grows from it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 3:18 zc9v the plants of the field 0 Possible meanings are (1) “the plants that you take care of in your fields” or (2) “the wild plants that grow in the open fields.” 3:19 kc7j By the sweat of your face 0 “By doing hard work that makes your face sweat” 3:19 pl6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you will eat bread 0 Here the word “bread” is a synecdoche for food in general. Alternate translation: “you will eat food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 3:19 z9pa until you return to the ground 0 “until you die and your body is put in the ground.” In some cultures, they put the bodies of people who have died in a hole in the ground. Man’s hard work does not end until the time of his death and burial. 3:19 hc39 For dust you are, and to dust you will return 0 “I made you from soil, so your body will become soil again.” Translate both occurrences of “dust” with the same word in order to show that man begins and ends in the same condition. 3:20 lzl1 The man 0 Some translations say “Adam.” 3:20 qic8 called his wife’s name Eve 0 “gave his wife the name Eve” or “named his wife Eve” 3:20 pn1z Eve 0 Translators may write a footnote saying “The name Eve sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘living.’” 3:20 wq8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj all the living 0 The word “living” refers to people. Alternate translation: “all people” or “all living people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 3:21 an9a garments of skins 0 “clothing made out of animal skins” 3:22 ve6w the man 0 Possible meanings are (1) God was referring to one human, the man, or (2) God was referring to humans in general, so this would mean the man and his wife. Even if God was speaking about one person, what he said applied to both of them. 3:22 gnj9 like one of us 0 “like us.” The pronoun “us” is plural. See how you translated “Let us make” in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md). 3:22 x7q6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism knowing good and evil 0 Here “good and evil” is a figure of speech that refers to both extremes and everything in between. See how you translated “knowledge of good and evil” in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “knowing everything, including both good and evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 3:22 vz41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he must not be allowed 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not allow him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 3:22 qxt1 tree of life 0 “the tree that gives people life.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:9](../02/09.md). 3:23 t7zb the ground from which he had been taken 0 “dirt because he had been taken from dirt.” This does not refer to the particular place on the land that the God took man from. 3:23 dri1 to cultivate 0 This means to what is needed so that plants grow well. See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:5](../02/05.md). 3:24 lwk4 So God drove the man out of the garden 0 “God forced the man to leave the garden.” This refers to the event in [Genesis 3:23](../03/23.md), where it says “Yahweh God sent him out of the garden of Eden.” God did not send the man out a second time. 3:24 jgc5 in order to guard the way to the tree of life 0 “in order to stop people from going to the tree of life” 3:24 uuj7 flaming sword 0 Possible meanings are (1) a sword that had flames coming from it or (2) a fire that was shaped like a sword. Languages that do not have swords could use another weapon such as a spear or arrow. 4:intro a2f7 0 # Genesis 04 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nMost of the text in this chapter is prose, but 4:23-24 is poetry. If the translator should put these two verses into poetic form, or at least into elegant speech, different from the rest of the chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Vengeance\n\nThe theme of vengeance is important in this chapter. Ancient Hebrew society allowed for people to seek revenge if a relative was murdered. After Cain murdered his brother Abel, he thought that he would be helpless against this danger because he had been driven away from God’s protection. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\nThe theme of vengeance continues with the words of Lamech, who had killed someone for injuring him:\n“I have killed a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me. If Cain is avenged seven times as much, truly Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times as much” (Gen. 4:23b-24). 4:1 eg45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism The man knew Eve 0 This is a polite way of saying that the man had sexual relations with Eve. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 4:1 vph2 The man 0 “the human being” or “Adam” 4:1 l6v2 I have produced a man 0 The word for “man” typically describes an adult male, rather than a baby or child. If that would cause confusion, it could be translated as “manchild” or “boy” or “baby boy” or “son.” 4:1 g2tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Cain 0 Translators may want to include a footnote that says “The name Cain sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘produce.’ Eve named him Cain because she produced him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:2 hv71 Then she gave birth 0 We do not know how much time passed between the births of Cain and Abel. They may have been twins, or Abel may have been born after Eve became pregnant again. If possible, use an expression that does not tell how much time passed. 4:2 bpy1 cultivated 0 This means he did everything he needed to do so that the plants would grow well. See how “cultivate” is translated in [Genesis 2:5](../02/05.md). 4:3 x19b It came about that 0 This phrase is used to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using that method here. 4:3 pvj2 in the course of time 0 Possible meanings are (1) “after some time had passed” or (2) “at the right time” 4:3 ph1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit fruit of the ground 0 This refers to the food that came from plants he had tended. Alternate translation: “crops” or “harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:4 zq2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit some of the fat 0 This refers to the fatty parts of the lambs that he had killed, it was the best part of the animal. Alternate translation: “some of their fat parts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:4 mi4f accepted 0 “looked favorably upon” or “was pleased with” 4:5 rcs4 did not accept 0 “did not look favorably upon” or “was not pleased with” 4:5 dyg6 was very angry 0 Some languages have an idiom for anger such as “He burned” or “His anger burned.” 4:5 bwt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he scowled 0 This means that the expression on his face showed that he was angry or jealous. Some languages have an idiom that describes what a person’s face looks like when he is angry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 4:6 pu1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you angry and why are you scowling? 0 God used these rhetorical questions to tell Cain that he was wrong to be angry and scowl. They may also have been intended to give Cain an opportunity to confess that he was wrong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:7 ln9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion If you & will you not be accepted? 0 God used this rhetorical question to remind Cain of something Cain should have already known. Alternate translation: “You know that if you do what is right, I will accept you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:7 j7ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification But if you do not & you must rule over it 0 God speaks of sin as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “But if you do not do what is right, you will desire to sin even more, and then you will do sinful things. You must refuse to obey it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 4:7 eqb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sin crouches & to control you 0 Here sin is spoken of as a dangerous wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack Cain. Alternate translation: “you will become so angry that you will not be able to stop sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:7 x8lx sin 0 Languages that do not have a noun that means “sin” could translate this as “your desire to sin” or “the bad things you want to do.” 4:7 s7tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification you must rule over it 0 Yahweh speaks of Cain’s desire to sin as if it were a person over whom Cain should rule. Alternate translation: “you must control it so you do not sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 4:8 n4x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants Cain spoke to Abel his brother. 0 Some early translations tell explicitly what Cain said to his brother. You may want to do the same if it is present in your national version. Alternate translation: “Cain said to Abel his brother, ‘Let us go into the fields.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:8 h58l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit brother 0 Abel was Cain’s younger brother. Some languages may need to use the word for “younger brother.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:8 znp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom rose up against 0 Standing up to fight against a person is an idiom for attacking him. Alternate translation: “attacked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 4:9 rc6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Where is Abel your brother 0 God knew that Cain had killed Abel, but he asked Cain this question so that Cain would have to answer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:9 r4il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Am I my brother’s keeper? 0 Cain used this rhetorical question so that he would not have to tell the truth. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am not my brother’s keeper!” or “You know that taking care of my brother is not my job!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:10 fs9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What have you done? 0 God uses a rhetorical question to rebuke Cain. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “What you have done is terrible!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:10 epa5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Your brother’s blood is calling out to me 0 Abel’s blood is a metonym for his death, as if it were a person calling out for God to punish Cain. Alternate translation: “Your brother’s blood is like a person calling out to me to punish the person who killed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 4:11 xi71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Now cursed are you from the ground 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am cursing you so that you will not be able to grow food from the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:11 p2h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification which has opened its mouth to receive your brother’s blood 0 God speaks of the earth as if it were a person who could drink Abel’s blood. Alternate translation: “which is soaked with your brother’s blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 4:11 n89j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from your hand 0 Here Cain is represented by his “hand,” to emphasize that he personally had killed his brother. Alternate translation: “that spilled when you killed him” or “from you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 4:12 s7z7 cultivate 0 This means to do everything necessary to do so that the plants would grow well. See how “cultivate” is translated in [Genesis 2:5](../02/05.md). 4:12 t858 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification it will not yield to you its strength 0 The ground is personified as if it were a person who loses strength. Alternate translation: “the ground will not produce much food for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 4:12 vn98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys A fugitive and a wanderer 0 You can join these words together. Alternate translation: “A homeless wanderer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 4:14 e7mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I will be hidden from your face 0 The term “your face” represents God’s presence. Alternate translation: “I will not be able to speak to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 4:14 qwi8 a fugitive and a wanderer 0 See how you translated this in [Genesis 4:12](../04/12.md) 4:15 zay8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive vengeance will be taken on him sevenfold 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will take vengeance on him seven times” or “I will punish that person seven times as severely as I am punishing you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:15 y97q would not attack him 0 “would not kill Cain” 4:16 f6yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom went out from the presence of Yahweh 0 Even though Yahweh is everywhere, this idiom speaks of Cain as though he went far away. Alternate translation: “went away from where Yahweh spoke to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 4:16 rx4d Nod 0 Translators may add a footnote saying “The word Nod means ‘wandering.’” 4:17 s2i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Cain knew his wife 0 This is a polite way of saying that Cain had sexual relations with his wife. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. See how you translated this in [Genesis 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 4:17 bf1z He built a city 0 “Cain built a city” 4:18 n5ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit To Enoch was born Irad 0 It is implied that Enoch grew up and married a woman. Alternate translation: “Enoch grew up and married and became the father of a son whom he named Irad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:18 l1gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Irad 0 This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 4:19 bm1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adah & Zillah 0 women’s names (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 4:20 urt3 Adah 0 See how you translated this woman’s name in [Genesis 4:19](../04/19.md). 4:20 ll8c He was the father of those who lived in tents 0 Possible meanings are (1) “He was the first person to live in a tent” or (2) “He and his descendants lived in tents.” 4:20 fpv4 who lived in tents who have livestock 0 people who both live in tents and also take care of animals 4:21 fv9d He was the father of those who play the harp and pipe 0 Possible meanings are (1) “He was the first person to play the harp and pipe” or (2) “He and his descendants played the harp and pipe.” 4:22 m5qg Zillah 0 See how you translated this woman’s name in [Genesis 4:19](../04/19.md). 4:22 n1k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Tubal-Cain 0 the name of a man (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 4:22 c64b the forger of tools of bronze and iron 0 “who made tools out of bronze and iron” 4:22 k7q7 iron 0 a very strong metal used to make tools and weapons. 4:23 p6mu Adah & Zillah 0 See how you translated these women’s names in [Genesis 4:19](../04/19.md). 4:23 f7di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism listen to my voice & listen to what I say 0 Lamech said the same thing twice for emphasis. His voice is a synecdoche for his whole person. Alternate translation: “listen carefully to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 4:23 pa9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism a man for wounding me, a young man for bruising me 0 Lamech killed only one person. These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the certainty of his action. Alternate translation: “a young man because he hurt me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 4:24 reh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive If Cain is avenged seven times, then Lamech 0 Lamech knows that God will avenge Cain seven times. Alternate translation: “Since God will punish anyone who kills Cain seven times, Lamech” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:24 w88s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive then Lamech will be avenged seventy-seven times 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whoever kills me, God will punish seventy-seven times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 4:24 mz2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seventy-seven 0 77 (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 4:25 g5y9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Adam knew his wife 0 This is a polite way of saying that Adam had sexual relations with his wife. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. See how you translated this in [Genesis 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 4:25 y7i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit said, “God has given me another son 0 This is the reason that she named him Seth. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “explained, ‘God has given me another child” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:25 t9w6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Seth 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “This name sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘has given.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 4:26 aua4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit A son was born to Seth 0 This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Seth’s wife bore him a son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:26 i4rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to call on the name of Yahweh 0 This is the first time people called God by the name Yahweh. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “to worship God by using the name Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 5:intro v62r 0 # Genesis 05 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter provides the first of many lists of descendants in the Bible. This is not a simple list, because the author makes comments about each person. Translators should format this text in the way that is clearest in the project language. Many may choose to introduce each new person in a separate paragraph, as the ULT and UST do. 5:1 wj9n General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is the beginning of the list of Adam’s descendants. 5:1 qwp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns in his own likeness 0 This phrase means that God made mankind to be like him. This verse does not tell in what ways God made people to be like himself. God does not have a body, so it does not mean that people would look like God. See how “after our likeness” is translated in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md). Alternate translation: “to truly be like us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 5:2 j6nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive when they were created 0 This can be made active. Alternate translation: “when he created them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 5:3 zcj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 130 0 Translators may write the words “one hundred thirty.” (The ULT and the UST use numerals if the number has three or more words; they use words if a number has only one or two words.) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:3 a62w he became the father of a son 0 “he had a son” 5:3 al1g in his own likeness, after his image 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used as a reminder that God made man in his own image. See how you translated similar phrases in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md). 5:3 t33a Seth 0 See how you translated this name in [Genesis 4:25](../04/25.md). 5:4 k8qg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers eight hundred 0 Translators may write the numerals “800.” (The ULT and the UST use numerals if the number has three or more words; they use words if a number has only one or two words.) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:4 y8af He became the father of more sons and daughters 0 “He had more sons and daughters” 5:5 j99s then he died 0 This phrase will be repeated throughout the chapter. Use the ordinary word for “died.” 5:5 tw8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers Adam lived 930 years 0 “Adam lived nine hundred and thirty years.” People used to live a very long time. Use your ordinary word for “years.” Alternate translation: “Adam lived a total of 930 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:6 r7dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 105 years 0 “one hundred and five years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:6 lqy1 he became the father of Enosh 0 Here “father” means his actual father, not his grandfather. Alternate translation: “he had his son Enosh” 5:6 ek6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Enosh 0 This is the name of a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 5:7 t48l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 807 years 0 “eight hundred and seven years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:7 g73m and became the father of more sons and daughters 0 “and had more sons and daughters” 5:8 sh2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers Seth lived 912 years 0 “Seth lived nine hundred and twelve years.” Seth lived a total of 912 years. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:8 wqz6 then he died 0 This phrase is repeated throughout the chapter. Use the ordinary word for “died.” 5:9 qbk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:9 es59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers ninety years 0 “90 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:10 q4y5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 815 years 0 “eight hundred and fifteen years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:11 kjj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 905 years 0 “nine hundred and give years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:12 s2nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:12 xpk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seventy years 0 “70 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:13 n3df rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 840 years 0 “eight hundred and forty years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:14 k461 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 910 years 0 “nine hundred and ten years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:15 bi8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:18 hfg3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:21 i3dx he became the father of Methuselah 0 “he had his son Methuselah” 5:21 se6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Methuselah 0 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 5:22 w9tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Enoch walked with God 0 To walk with someone is a metaphor for being in a close relationship with him. Alternate translation: “Enoch had a close relationship with God” or “Enoch lived in union with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:22 bmi4 He became the father of more sons and daughters 0 “He had more sons and daughters” 5:23 rs6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers Enoch lived 365 years 0 “Enoch lived three hundred and sixty-five years.” Enoch lived a total of 365 years. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:24 nyq3 then he was gone 0 The word “he” refers to Enoch. He was no longer on earth. 5:24 lhk8 for God took him 0 This means that God took Enoch to be with himself (God). 5:25 y9rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 5:6-27 have the same format. Translate them according to the notes in [Genesis 5:6-8](./06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:25 nk49 Lamech 0 This Lamech is different from the Lamech in [Genesis 4:18](../04/18.md). 5:28 ljh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 182 years 0 “one hundred and eighty-two years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:28 u994 became the father of a son 0 “had a son” 5:29 fk97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Noah 0 Translators may want to add a footnote that says: “This name sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘rest.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 5:29 lr8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet from our work and from the painful labor of our hands 0 Lamech says the same thing twice to emphasize how hard the work was. Alternate translation: “from working so hard with our hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 5:30 ah2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 595 years 0 “five hundred and ninety-five years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:31 kv28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers Lamech lived 777 years 0 “Lamech lived seven hundred seventy-seven years.” Lamech lived a total of 777 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 5:32 z148 he became the father of 0 “he had his sons.” This does not tell us whether the sons were born on the same day or in different years. 5:32 n65e Shem, Ham, and Japheth 0 These sons may not be listed in the order of their birth. There is disagreement about which one was the oldest. Avoid translating this in a way that implies that the list is in the order of their ages. 6:intro ak78 0 # Genesis 06 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nBeginning in 6:22, the author gives statements summarizing events he tells about again in the text that follows. In the next chapter, the author sometimes gives summary statements that introduce events for the first time. If these statements, and the surrounding events, are not carefully translated, readers can believe that the same events happened twice or three times instead of only one time. Translators should be careful not to give this impression. 6:1 x6gk It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 6:1 dj4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive daughters were born to them 0 This can be active. Alternate translation: “the women bore daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 6:2 l1va sons of God 0 Translators could add a footnote saying: “It is not clear whether this refers to heavenly beings or human beings. In either case, they were beings that God created.” Some believe these words refer to angels who rebelled against God, that is, evil spirits or demons. Others think this may refer to powerful political rulers, and others think this may refer to the descendants of Seth. 6:3 lz4s My spirit 0 Here Yahweh is talking about himself and his spirit, which is the Spirit of God. 6:3 et8s flesh 0 This means that they have physical bodies that will one day die. 6:3 pvv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers They will live 120 years 0 “They will live one hundred and twenty years.” Possible meanings are (1) the normal lifespan of people would decrease to 120 years. Alternate translation: “They will not live more than 120 years” or (2) in 120 years everyone would die. Alternate translation: “They will live only 120 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 6:4 e44a Giants 0 very tall, large people 6:4 ih17 This happened when 0 “The giants were born because” 6:4 et78 sons of God 0 See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:2](../06/02.md). 6:4 slb2 These were the mighty men of old 0 “These giants were the mighty men who lived long ago” or “These children grew to become the powerful fighters who lived long ago” 6:4 sk1e mighty men 0 men who are courageous and victorious in battle 6:4 u34f men of renown 0 “famous men” 6:5 q6rz every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts 0 “everything their hearts wanted to think about” 6:5 id88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the thoughts of their hearts 0 The writer speaks of the heart as if it were the part of the body that thinks. Your language may use a word other than “heart” to talk about the part of people that thinks. Alternate translation: “their inner, secret thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:6 mr7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy it grieved him to his heart 0 The writer speaks of the heart as if it were the part of the body that feels sadness. Your language may use a word other than “heart” to talk about the emotions. Alternate translation: “he was very, very sad about it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:7 tk23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will wipe away mankind & from the surface of the earth 0 The writer speaks of God killing people as if God were wiping dirt off a flat surface. Alternate translation: “I will destroy mankind … so that there will not be any people on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:7 if98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish I will wipe away mankind whom I have created 0 Some languages would need to translate this as two sentences. Alternate translation: “I created mankind. I will wipe them away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 6:7 ss97 wipe away 0 “completely destroy.” Here “wipe away” is used in a negative sense, for God is talking about destroying the people because of their sin. 6:8 sc4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Noah found favor in the eyes of Yahweh 0 The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh looked favorably on Noah” or “Yahweh was pleased with Noah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:9 y7rc General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis begins the story of Noah, which continues into chapter 9. 6:9 nwq5 These were the events concerning Noah 0 “This is the account of Noah” 6:9 eh9u walked with God 0 See how you translated this in [Genesis 5:21](../05/21.md). 6:10 sf7p Noah became the father of three sons 0 “Noah had three sons” or “Noah’s wife had three sons” 6:10 kk5r Shem, Ham, and Japheth 0 Translators may add the following footnote: “The sons are not listed in the order in which they were born.” 6:11 ym2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The earth 0 Possible meanings are (1) the people who lived on the earth or (2) “The earth itself.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:11 cmt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor was corrupt 0 The people doing what is evil is spoken of as if they were food that has become rotten. Alternate translation: “was rotten” or “was completely evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:11 uj42 before God 0 Possible meanings are (1) “in God’s sight” or (2) “in the presence of Yahweh” as in [Genesis 4:16](../04/16.md). 6:11 taq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor and it was filled with violence 0 The writer speaks of violence as if it were something that could be put into a container and of the earth as a container. Alternate translation: “and there were very many violent people on the earth” or “because it was full of people who did evil things to each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:12 j3ek behold 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 6:12 ut53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche all flesh 0 Possible meanings for what “all flesh” represents are (1) all human beings or (2) all physical beings, including humans and animal. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 6:12 ds5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor had corrupted their way 0 How a person behaves is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Alternate translation: “had stopped living the way God wanted” or “had behaved in an evil way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:13 qem8 all flesh 0 See how you translated these words in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md). 6:13 hw2i the earth is filled with violence through them 0 “people everywhere on earth are violent” 6:13 tw4l I will destroy them with the earth 0 “I will destroy both them and the earth” or “I will destroy them when I destroy the earth” 6:14 c3m5 an ark 0 This refers to a very large box that would be able to float on water even in a very bad storm. “a large boat” or “a ship” or “a barge” 6:14 m88q cypress wood 0 People do not know exactly what kind of tree this was. “wood used for building boats” or “good wood” 6:14 a94b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit cover it with pitch 0 The reason for doing this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “spread pitch on it” or “paint tar on it” or “cover it with pitch to make it waterproof” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 6:14 ryf4 pitch 0 This is a thick, sticky or oily liquid that people put on the outside of a boat to stop water from going through gaps in the wood into the boat. 6:15 cz5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance cubits 0 A cubit was a unit of measure, a little less than half a meter long. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 6:15 xri9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance three hundred cubits 0 “138 meters.” You may use the Hebrew measuring units from the ULT or the metric units from the UST or your own culture’s units if you know how they compare to the metric units. You may also write a footnote that says: “Three hundred cubits is about 138 meters.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 6:15 y496 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance fifty cubits 0 “twenty-three meters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 6:15 u2h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance thirty cubits 0 “fourteen meters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 6:16 bv39 a roof for the ark 0 This was probably a peaked or slanted roof. Its purpose was to protect everything in the ark from the rain. 6:16 se34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance cubit 0 A cubit was a little less than half a meter long. See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:15](../06/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) 6:16 ml4z a lower, a second, and a third deck 0 “a lower deck, a middle deck, and an upper deck” or “three decks inside” 6:16 gl2q deck 0 “floor” or “level” 6:17 f72f Listen 0 God said this in order to emphasize that he would do what he was about to say. “Pay attention” or “Listen to what I am saying” 6:17 b6s7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go I am about to bring the flood of waters 0 In some languages it may b e better to say “to send” instead of “to bring. It is also possible to avoid the direction and say “to cause.” Alternate translation: “I am about to send a flood of waters” or “I am about to cause a flood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 6:17 h8ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche all flesh 0 Here “flesh” represents all physical beings, including humans and animals. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 6:17 jv7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy that has in it the breath of life 0 Here “breath” represents life. Alternate translation: “that lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:18 ycd4 establish my covenant with you 0 “make a covenant between you and me” 6:18 uqa9 with you 0 with Noah 6:18 c9jq You will come into the ark 0 “You will enter the ark.” Some translations say “You will go into the ark.” 6:19 gs78 Of every living creature of all flesh, two of every kind you must bring into the ark 0 “You must bring into the ark two of every kind of living creature” 6:19 x8zw creature 0 an animal God created 6:19 v6ar all flesh 0 See how you translated these words in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md). 6:20 v1mj after their kind 0 “of each different kind” 6:20 ua1j creeping thing of the ground 0 This refers to small animals that move on the ground . 6:20 b3i9 two of every sort 0 This refers to two of every kind of bird and animal. 6:20 f2s1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you to you 0 This refers to Noah and so is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 6:20 msl4 to keep them alive 0 “so you can keep them alive” 6:21 w126 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you yourself & you 0 These refer to Noah and are singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 6:21 bbh4 food that is eaten 0 “food that people and animals eat” 6:22 df5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism So Noah did this. According to all that God commanded him, so he did 0 These two sentences mean the same thing. The second sentence explains the first and emphasizes that Noah obeyed God. These parallel sentences can be combined into one. Alternate translation: “So Noah did everything that God commanded him to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 7:intro n23k 0 # Genesis 07 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nIn this chapter, the author continues his pattern of statements that summarize events already described, and of repeating events that have already happened. Again, careful translation is necessary so that readers do not think that the same events happened more than one time in the story. Special attention in this regard should be given to 7:5,10,13, and 17.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Clean animals and birds\n\nNoah sacrificed to Yahweh some of the “clean” animals and birds that he had with him (8:20). These were animals and birds that the Hebrew people would later consider to be fit to eat and to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])\n\n### Water underneath and over the earth\n\nThe flood is presented as occurring because of rain pouring out of the sky and because of seawater rising from under the earth. This is because the ancient Hebrews pictured the earth as resting on top of the sea. They also pictured the sky as containing water above the earth that poured down through windows in the sky when God allowed it to rain. Translators should not try to change this picture in order to suit what readers believe about the world. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) 7:1 n13c General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe events in this chapter take place after Noah built the ark, gathered the food, and put it in the ark. 7:1 iml7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go Come & into the ark 0 “Enter … into the ark.” Many translations read “Go … into the ark.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 7:1 lh4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you 0 The word “you” refers to Noah and is singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 7:1 jtj5 your household 0 “your family” 7:1 d59a righteous before me 0 This means that God saw Noah as righteous. 7:1 c6rt in this generation 0 This refers to all the people who were living at that time. Alternate translation: “among all the people who are now living” 7:2 qv8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go you will bring 0 “take.” Many translations read “you will take.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 7:2 j5le clean animal 0 This was an animal that God allowed his people to eat and to sacrifice. 7:2 js39 animals that are not clean 0 These were animals that God did not allow people to eat or to sacrifice. 7:3 t2rp to preserve their offspring 0 “so that they will have offspring that will live” or “so that, after the flood, animals will continue to live” 7:4 v9e3 forty days and forty nights 0 This was a full forty days. It was not a total of eighty days. Alternate translation: “forty days and nights” 7:4 ss6k living 0 This refers to physical life. 7:6 a3lu General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 6-12 repeat for a second time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event. 7:6 y68j came upon the earth 0 “happened” or “came on the earth” 7:7 jew8 because of the waters of the flood 0 “because of the flood that would come” or “to escape the flood water” 7:8 z9t2 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 6-12 repeat for a second time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event. 7:8 u2ij clean animals 0 These were animals that God allowed people to eat and to give to him as sacrifices. 7:8 er9l unclean animals 0 These were animals that God did not allow people to eat or to give to him as sacrifices. 7:9 ib15 two by two 0 The animals entered the boat in pairs of one male and one female. 7:10 z7w9 It came about that 0 This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story: the start of the flood. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 7:10 kkc2 after the seven days 0 “after seven days” or “seven days later” 7:10 uy9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the waters of the flood came upon the earth 0 The implicit information, “it started to rain” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “it started to rain and the waters of the flood came upon the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 7:11 gsi1 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 6-12 repeat for a second time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event. 7:11 ybc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life 0 “When Noah was 600 years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 7:11 wi34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month 0 Since Moses wrote this book, it is possible he is referring to the second month of the Hebrew calendar. But this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 7:11 m7m8 on the same day 0 This refers to the specific day when the rain began. This phrase emphasizes how all of these major events happened quickly when the time arrived. 7:11 tw87 the fountains of the great deep burst open 0 “water from under the earth rushed up to the earth’s surface” 7:11 nsh5 the great deep 0 This refers to the sea that was thought to be under the earth. 7:11 qtm7 the windows of heaven were opened 0 This refers to rain. It describes the sky as a ceiling that keeps the waters above it from falling down to the earth. When the windows, or doors, in the sky were opened, the water came down through them. Alternate translation: “the sky opened” or “the doors in the sky opened” 7:12 ri9c rain 0 If your language has a word for a great amount of rain, it would be appropriate here. 7:13 dh5z General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 13-18 repeat for a third time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event. 7:13 yp26 On that very same day 0 “On that exact day.” This refers to the day that the rain started. Verses 13-16 tell what Noah did immediately before the rain began. 7:14 l52z wild animal & livestock & creeping thing & bird 0 These four groups are listed to show that every kind of animal was included. If your language has another way of grouping all the animals, you can use that, or you can use these groups. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:24](../01/24.md). 7:14 ayv5 creeping thing 0 This refers to animals that crawl on the ground, like rodents, insects, lizards, and snakes. 7:14 v2bb according to its kind 0 “so that each kind of animal will produce more of its own kind.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:24](../01/24.md). 7:15 i5qf General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 13-18 repeat for a third time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event. 7:15 pbr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Two of all flesh 0 Here “flesh” represents animals. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:15 d2w3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in which was the breath of life 0 Here “breath” represents life. Alternate translation: “that lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:15 lgu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go came to Noah 0 The word “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 7:15 uni5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche of all flesh 0 Here “flesh” represents animals. Alternate translation: “of every kind of animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 7:16 j6fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit after them 0 The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “after they entered the ark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 7:17 ea6p General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 13-18 repeat for a third time and give more detail about how Noah went into the ark with his family and the animals in [Genesis 7:1-5](./01.md). This is not a new event. 7:17 b3ji the water increased 0 “the water became very deep.” This happened during the forty days while the water kept coming. 7:17 ww1c lifted the ark 0 “it caused the ark to float” 7:17 n9ke raised it above the earth 0 “causes the ark to rise up high over the ground” or “he ark floated on top of the deep water” 7:19 j266 The waters rose greatly on the earth 0 “The water totally overwhelmed the earth” 7:20 k8t7 fifteen cubits 0 “six meters.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:15](../06/15.md). 7:21 x8dz moved upon 0 “moved about” or “roamed” 7:21 hq98 all the living creatures that lived in great numbers upon the earth 0 This refers to all the animals that move around on the ground in large groups. 7:22 wlj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche who breathed the breath of life through their noses 0 Here “noses” represent the whole animal or human. Alternate translation: “everyone that breathed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 7:22 cdp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the breath of life 0 The words “breath” and “life” represent the power that causes people and animals to be alive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:23 ki1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive So every living thing & was wiped out 0 If necessary, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So every living thing … perished” or “So the flood completely destroyed every living thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 7:23 wvw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive They were all destroyed 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God destroyed them all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 7:23 pnx5 from the earth 0 “so they were no longer on the earth” 7:23 drq1 those with him 0 “the people and animals that were with him” 7:23 g46l were left 0 “remained” or “lived” or “remained alive” 8:intro z61w 0 # Genesis 08 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:22, which is part of what Yahweh was telling Noah.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Flood waters\nThe waters receded after this great flood. Because there was so much water, and it came from God, it is described in a unique way.\n\n### The mountains of Ararat\nIt is unclear where Ararat was located. Many people believe it is located in the modern country of Turkey. 8:1 vs3j considered Noah 0 “remembered Noah” or “decided to help Noah” 8:1 xtv9 ark 0 This refers to a very large box that would be able to float on water even in a very bad storm. See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:14](../06/14.md). Alternate translation: “a large boat” or “a ship” or “a barge” 8:2 zi8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven were closed 0 “The water stopped coming out of the ground and the rain stopped falling.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God closed the fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 8:2 p1zi fountains of the deep 0 “water from under the earth.” See how this is translated in [Genesis 7:11](../07/11.md). 8:2 dh7e the windows of heaven were closed 0 This refers to the rain stopping. It describes the sky as a ceiling that keeps the waters above it from falling down to the earth. When the windows, or doors, in the sky were closed, the water stopped coming through them. See how “the windows of heaven” is translated in [Genesis 7:11](../07/11.md). Alternate translation: “the sky closed” or “the doors in the sky closed” 8:4 te6b came to rest 0 “landed” or “stopped on solid ground” 8:4 fi75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month 0 Because Moses wrote this book, it is possible he is referring to the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 8:5 gf1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths tenth month 0 Because Moses wrote this book, it is possible he is referring to the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 8:5 l1gg On the first day of the month 0 “On the first day of the tenth month” 8:5 yhx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit appeared 0 This can be made more explicit: “appeared above the surface of the water.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 8:6 lmm4 It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. Alternate translation: “It happened that” 8:6 k8bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish It came about & the window of the ark which he had made 0 The phrase “which he had made” tells about the window. Some languages may need to make this phrase a separate sentence: “Noah had made a window in the boat. It came about after forty days that he opened the window” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 8:7 rm8x raven 0 a black bird that eats mainly the flesh of dead animals 8:7 s2vc it flew back and forth 0 This means that the raven kept leaving the boat and returning. 8:7 dn2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive until the waters were dried up 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the wind dried up the waters” or “until the waters dried up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 8:8 f1ln he sent out a dove 0 If you use masculine pronouns for the word “dove,” you may need to insert Noah’s name here to avoid confusion: “Noah sent out a dove.” 8:9 r2x5 to rest her foot 0 “to land” or “to perch.” It means to land on something in order to rest from flying. 8:9 clq5 her foot & she returned & and brought her 0 The word “dove” is feminine in the author’s language. You could translate these phrases with the pronouns “its … it … it” or “his … he … him,” depending on how your language refers to a dove. 8:9 rst8 he & him 0 If you use masculine pronouns for the word “dove,” you may need to insert Noah’s name here to avoid confusion: “Noah sent out a dove,” “Noah stretched forth his hand,” etc. 8:10 p48z He waited another seven days 0 “He again waited for seven days” 8:11 hjg1 Look 0 “Pay attention” or “This is important” 8:11 mc6s a freshly plucked olive leaf 0 “a leaf that she had just plucked from an olive tree” 8:11 nbw2 plucked 0 “broken off” 8:12 x79p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit She did not return again to him 0 If people would not understand, you could state the reason explicitly: “She did not return again to him because she found a place to land.” (See:[[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 8:13 ejr2 It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 8:13 nhb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal in the six hundred and first year 0 “when Noah was 601 years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 8:13 k4h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths the first month, on the first day of the month 0 Since Moses wrote this book it is possible he is referring to the first month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 8:13 dvf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the waters were dried up from off the earth 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the waters covering the earth dried up” or “the wind dried up the waters covering the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 8:13 uyy6 the covering of the ark 0 This refers to a cover that kept the rain water from going into the ark. 8:13 l4nx behold 0 The word “behold” tells us to pay attention to the important information that comes next. 8:14 afz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths In the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month 0 “On the twenty seventh day of the second month.” This may refer to the second month of the Hebrew calendar, but this is uncertain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 8:14 tn29 the earth was dry 0 “the ground was completely dry” 8:16 k1zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go Go out of 0 “Leave.” Some translations read “Come out.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 8:17 y1p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go Take out 0 “Take.” Some translations read “Bring out.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 8:17 cg9q every living creature of all flesh 0 “every kind of living creature.” See how “all flesh” is translated in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md). 8:17 bv2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet be fruitful and multiply 0 This is an idiom. See how this is translated in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). God wanted the humans and animals to reproduce, so there would be many of them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 8:18 e5a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go Noah went out 0 Some translations read “Noah came out.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 8:19 g5xb according to their families 0 “in groups of their own kinds” 8:20 wu8x built an altar to Yahweh 0 “built an altar dedicated to Yahweh” or “built an altar for worshiping Yahweh.” He may have built it with stones. 8:20 y625 clean animals & clean birds 0 Here “clean” means that God allowed these animals to be used in sacrifice. Some animals were not used for sacrifices and were called “unclean.” 8:20 t66t offered burnt offerings 0 Noah killed the animals and then completely burned them up as an offering to God. Alternate translation: “burned the animals as offerings to Yahweh” 8:21 z8wm pleasing aroma 0 This refers to the good smell of the roasted meat. 8:21 v91q said in his heart 0 Here the word “heart” refers to God’s thoughts and emotions. 8:21 li87 curse the ground 0 “do very serious harm to the earth” 8:21 t7q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit because of mankind 0 This can be made more explicit: “because mankind is sinful.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 8:21 k2f9 the intentions of their hearts is evil from childhood 0 “from their earliest years they tend to do evil things” or “when they are young, they want to do evil things” 8:21 i5xk the intentions of their hearts 0 Here the word “hearts” refers to people’s thoughts, emotions, desires, and will. Alternate translation: “their tendency” or “their habit” 8:21 me8a from childhood 0 This refers to an older child. Alternate translation: “from their youth” 8:22 t468 While the earth remains 0 “While the earth lasts” or “As long as the earth exists” 8:22 mwx9 seed time 0 “the season for planting” 8:22 v7fe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism cold and heat, summer and winter 0 These expressions both refer to two major weather conditions in the year. Translators may use local expressions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 8:22 wu43 summer 0 the hot, dry time of the year 8:22 t9hn winter 0 the cool, wet or snowy time of the year 8:22 vy7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives will not cease 0 “will not cease to exist” or “will not cease to occur.” This can be expressed in a positive manner. Alternate translation: “will continue” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 9:intro at1n 0 # Genesis 09 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers or songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 9:6-7, which is the poetic part of the quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. They also set apart 9:25-27, which contains two quotations.\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:6 and 9:25-27.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Man’s relationship to animals\nThere is a noticeable shift in man’s relationship with the animals on the earth. Before the flood, there apparently was harmony between man and the animals. After the flood, the animals fear man and man is permitted to eat the animals, something he was not allowed to do previously. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Life in the blood\nThis chapter introduces the concept that there is life in the blood of an animal and in man. In Hebrew thought, blood represents the life present in a living thing. This is an image used throughout Scripture. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])\n\n### Covenant with Noah\nGod made a covenant with Noah. This covenant was an unconditional promise God made to never destroy the whole world with a flood. Rainbows are a perpetual sign of this covenant. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### A father’s nakedness\nIn Noah’s culture, it was unacceptable to see a father’s nakedness. It was wrong for Ham to show his brothers their father’s nakedness. Ham’s actions were insulting or disrespectful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth”\nThis is a command that God gives. He expects Noah to obey him. 9:1 bpc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth 0 This is God’s blessing. He told Noah and his family to produce more humans like themselves, so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” See how you translated these commands in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 9:2 e28l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The fear of you and the dread of you will be upon every living animal & and upon all the fish of the sea 0 The writer speaks of fear and dread as if they were physical objects that could be upon the animals. Alternate translation: “Every living animal … and all the fish of the sea will be dreadfully afraid of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:2 ax85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet The fear of you and the dread of you 0 The words “fear” and “dread” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how afraid the animals will be of mankind. Alternate translation: “A dreadful fear of you” or “A terrible fear of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 9:2 gm7c every living animal on the earth 0 This is the first of the four categories of animals that the writer lists, and not a summary of the rest of the animals that he mentions next. 9:2 qqp7 bird 0 This is a general term for things that fly. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:21](../01/21.md). 9:2 fhz4 upon everything that goes low on the ground 0 This includes all types of small animals. See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:25](../01/25.md). 9:2 g7t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They are given into your hand 0 The hand represents control. This can be made active. Alternate translation: “They are given into your control” or “I have put them under your control” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 9:3 gxp7 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod continues speaking to Noah and his sons. 9:4 s9mx life & blood 0 Translators may add a footnote such as this: “The blood is a symbol for life.” They may also add a footnote that says something like this: “God was commanding people not to eat meat while the blood was still in it. They had to drain out the blood first.” 9:5 jd7y General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod continues speaking to Noah and his sons. 9:5 t1t8 But for your blood 0 This contrasts man’s blood with the blood of animals ([Genesis 9:4](../09/04.md)). 9:5 w9jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit for your blood, the life that is in your blood 0 It is implied that the blood is shed, or poured out, or spilled out. Alternate translation: “if anyone causes your blood to pour out” or “if anyone spills your blood” or “if anyone kills you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:5 c5je life 0 This refers to physical life. 9:5 sp2y I will require payment 0 This payment refers to the death of the murderer, not to money. Alternate translation: “I will require anyone who kills you to pay” 9:5 f5z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from the hand 0 Here the word “hand” refers to the one who is responsible for something happening. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 9:5 ihu7 From the hand of every animal I will require it 0 “I will require any animal that takes your life to pay” 9:5 kr1g From the hand of any man, that is, from the hand of one who has murdered his brother, I will require an accounting for the life of that man 0 “I will require anyone who takes the life of another person to pay” 9:5 hye6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche From the hand of 0 This phrase refers to the person in a very personal way. Alternate translation: “From that very man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 9:5 n71j brother 0 Here “brother” is used as a general reference to relatives, such as members of the same tribe, clan, or people group. 9:6 ghj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Whoever sheds man’s blood, by man will his blood be shed 0 The shedding of blood is a metaphor for killing someone. This means that if a person murders someone, someone else must kill the murderer. However, “blood” is very significant in this passage and should be used in the translation if possible. Translate “sheds blood” with words that indicate a major loss of blood that causes death. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:6 pnh5 for it was in the image of God that he made man 0 “because God made people to be like him” or “because I made people in my own image” 9:7 r2cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet be fruitful and multiply 0 This is God’s blessing. He told Noah and his family to produce more humans like themselves, so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how they are to be “fruitful.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:28](../01/28.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 9:8 ra1n Then God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him 0 God was already speaking to them. This phrase marks a change in what God was going to speak about. Alternate translation: “God continued speaking to Noah and his sons” or “Then God went on to say” 9:9 cpy2 As for me 0 This phrase is used in English to mark the change from God talking about what Noah and his sons must do to talking about what God would do. 9:9 maf2 confirm my covenant with you 0 “make a covenant between you and me.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 6:18](../06/18.md). 9:11 q967 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod continues speaking to Noah and his sons. 9:11 lay9 I hereby confirm my covenant with you 0 “By saying this, I make my covenant with you.” See how similar words are translated in [Genesis 6:18](../06/18.md). 9:11 zug5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche all flesh 0 Possible meanings for what “all flesh” represents are (1) all human beings or (2) all physical beings, including humans and animal. See how this is translated in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 9:11 wr5z Never again will there be a flood to destroy the earth 0 “There will never again be a flood that destroys the earth.” There would be floods, but they would not destroy the whole earth. 9:12 r1uh sign 0 This means a reminder of something that was promised. 9:12 tl5l covenant & for all future generations 0 The covenant applies to Noah and his family and also to all generations that follow. 9:14 l8xy General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod continues speaking to Noah and his sons. 9:14 s4e4 It will come about when 0 “Whenever.” It is something that would happen many times. 9:14 f9zr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the rainbow is seen 0 It is not clear who will see the rainbow, but because the covenant is between Yahweh and people, if you need to say who it is who will see the rainbow, it would be best to name both Yahweh and people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people and I see the rainbow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 9:14 kg5c rainbow 0 the colorful strip of light that appears in the rain when the sun shines from behind the viewer 9:15 i9p6 I will call to mind my covenant 0 This does not mean that God would first forget. Alternate translation: “I will think about my covenant” 9:15 d7pg me and you 0 The word “you” is plural. God was speaking to Noah and Noah’s sons. 9:15 lk6n every living creature of all flesh 0 “every kind of living being” 9:15 vn2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche all flesh 0 Possible meanings for what “all flesh” represents are (1) all human beings or (2) all physical beings, including humans and animal. See how this is translated in [Genesis 6:12](../06/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 9:16 kbz5 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod continues speaking to Noah and his sons. 9:16 b2e4 in order to remember 0 “so that I will remember” or “so that I will think about” 9:16 kf45 between God and every living creature 0 God is speaking here. Alternate translation: “between me and every living creature” 9:16 m4th every living creature of all flesh 0 “every kind of living being.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 9:15](../09/15.md). 9:17 x593 Then God said to Noah 0 God was already talking to Noah. This phrase marks the final part of what God was saying. Alternate translation: “God finished by saying to Noah” or “So God said to Noah” 9:18 n7g4 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 18-19 introduce the three sons of Noah, who will be an important part of the next story. 9:18 zxn9 father 0 Ham was Canaan’s true father. 9:20 bvi9 farmer 0 person who raises plants for food 9:21 d5k4 became drunk 0 “drank too much wine” 9:21 e6dg uncovered 0 The text does not specify how much of Noah’s body was uncovered as he lay drunk. His sons’ reactions show us that it was shameful. 9:22 xd8e his father 0 This refers to Noah. 9:24 ka8c General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIn verses 25-27 Noah pronounced a curse on Ham’s son and blessings on Ham’s brothers. What Noah said about them also applied to their descendants, as shown in the UST. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in Noah’s curse and blessings in verses 25-27. 9:24 w9sj awoke from his wine 0 He awoke after drinking wine and becoming drunk. He “became sober.” 9:24 y2mt his youngest son 0 This refers to Ham. Alternate translation: “his youngest son, Ham” 9:25 tmj7 Cursed be Canaan 0 “I curse Canaan” or “May bad things happen to Canaan” 9:25 p9e7 Canaan 0 This was one of Ham’s sons. Alternate translation: “Ham’s son Canaan” 9:25 kp5y a servant to his brothers’ servants 0 “the lowest servant of his brothers” or “the least important servant of his brothers” 9:25 ey5x his brothers 0 This could refer either to Canaan’s brothers or to his relatives in general. 9:26 rx6d General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIf you can, format these verses as they are formatted here to show your readers that this is poetry. 9:26 w1a7 May Yahweh, the God of Shem, be blessed 0 “Praised be Yahweh, the God of Shem,” or “Yahweh, the God of Shem, is worthy of praise” or “I praise Yahweh, the God of Shem” 9:27 s54q May Canaan be his servant 0 “And let Canaan be Shem’s servant.” This includes Canaan’s and Shem’s descendants. 9:27 hh2y May God extend the territory of Japheth 0 Possible meanings are (1) “May God make Japheth’s territory larger” or (2) “May God cause Japheth to have many descendants.” 9:27 bxj1 let him make his home in the tents of Shem 0 “let him leave peacefully with Shem.” This includes Japheth’s and Shem’s descendants. 9:27 x2sl May Canaan be his servant 0 “Let Canaan be Japheth’s servant.” This includes Canaan’s and Japheth’s descendants. 10:intro z42v 0 # Genesis 10 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins a genealogical record. It also records the location of ancient people groups.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Assyria and Nineveh\nWhile these places may be located in the same area as the Assyria mentioned later in Scripture, they are not the same kingdom.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Sons were born to”\nThis is an unusual phrase meaning “were sons of.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:1 h24x These were the descendants of the sons of Noah 0 “This is the account of Noah’s sons.” This sentence introduces the account of Noah’s descendants in Genesis 10:1-11:9. 10:5 w1ea From these the coastland peoples separated and went into their lands 0 “Javan’s sons and descendants separated and moved to the coastlands and islands” 10:5 pl9t coastland peoples 0 This refers to people who lived along the coast and on the islands. 10:5 xw9u their lands 0 “their homelands.” These are the places that the people moved to and lived in. 10:5 nhz9 every one with its own language 0 “Each people group spoke its own language” or “The people groups divided themselves according to their languages” 10:6 s5fj Mizraim 0 Mizraim is the Hebrew name for “Egypt.” 10:8 f6b4 conqueror 0 Possible meanings are (1) “mighty warrior” or (2) “mighty man” or (3) “powerful ruler.” 10:9 k3vf before Yahweh 0 Possible meanings are (1) “in Yahweh’s sight” or (2) “with Yahweh’s help” 10:9 ig4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs That is why it is said 0 This introduces a proverb. Your language may introduce proverbs and sayings in a different way. Alternate translation: “This is the reason people say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) 10:10 i218 The first centers 0 Possible meanings are (1) the first centers he developed or (2) the important cities. 10:11 ufj6 he went to Assyria 0 “Nimrod went into Assyria” 10:13 d3j7 Mizraim became 0 The list of Noah’s descendants continues. 10:13 yc8k Mizraim 0 Mizraim was one of Ham’s sons. His descendants became the people of Egypt. Mizraim is the Hebrew name for Egypt. 10:16 l6at Jebusites & Amorites & Girgashites 0 These names refer to larger groups of people that descended from Canaan. 10:19 h65z border 0 line between one person’s land and another person’s land 10:19 vy73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit from Sidon, in the direction of Gerar, as far as Gaza 0 The direction south can be stated explicitly if needed. Alternate translation: “from Sidon city in the north as far south as Gaza town, which is near Gerar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 10:19 rp9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit as one goes toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboyim, as far as Lasha 0 The direction “east” or “inland” can be stated explicitly if needed. Alternate translation: “then east toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboyim towns, as far as Lasha” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 10:20 b2zq These were the sons of Ham 0 The word “these” refers to the people and people groups who were listed in verses [Genesis 6-19](./06.md). 10:20 t4tj by their languages 0 “broken up according to their different languages” 10:20 w46b in their lands 0 “in their homelands” 10:24 ns9i Arphaxad 0 Arphaxad was one of Shem’s sons. 10:25 a5uy Peleg 0 Translators may add a footnote note that says: “The name Peleg means ‘division.’” 10:25 wad2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the earth was divided 0 This can be made active. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth divided themselves” or “the people of the earth separated from one another” or “God divided the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:26 dqg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Joktan 0 Joktan was one of Eber’s sons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 10:29 n82g All these 0 “These” here refers to the sons of Joktan. 10:30 s9ds Their territory 0 “The land they controlled” or “The land they lived in” 10:31 s4mu These were the sons of Shem 0 The word “these” refers to the descendants of Shem ([Genesis 10:21-29](./21.md)). 10:32 lws8 These were the clans 0 This refers back to all the people listed in [Genesis 10:1-31](./01.md). 10:32 rr78 according to 0 “listed by” 10:32 a96c From these the nations separated and went over the earth 0 “From these clans the nations divided and spread over the earth” or “These clans divided from each other and formed the nations of the earth” 10:32 bp4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit after the flood 0 This can be stated clearly or more explicitly. Alternate translation: “after the flood destroyed the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:intro ecl3 0 # Genesis 11 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is a story traditionally referred to as the “Tower of Babel.”\n\nThis chapter seeks to answer the questions: why do people speak different languages? how did people become so dispersed across the earth? God’s punishment described in this chapter may also explain why the world has racial and ethnic divisions.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Age of people when they die\nAfter the flood, people began to live shorter lives. This chapter begins to record the shortening of the average lifespan.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Personification\nThe statement “Yahweh came down to see” is a type of personification. Yahweh always knows what happens on earth. This statement indicates that Yahweh is about to bring judgment on mankind. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Let us build ourselves a city and a tower whose top will reach to the sky”\nThe people were very full of pride and rebelled against God in this action. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:1 ar7x Now 0 This word shows that the writer is beginning a new part of the story. 11:1 gr4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the whole earth 0 This represents all the people on the earth. Alternate translation: “all the people on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 11:1 y7c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism used one language and had the same words 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that all people spoke the same language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 11:2 c5a7 they journeyed 0 “they moved around” 11:2 p5qy in the east 0 Possible meanings are (1) “in the east” or (2) “from the east” or (3) “to the east.” The preferred choice is “in the east” because Shinar is to the east of where scholars believe the ark came to rest. 11:2 a3c6 settled 0 stopped moving from one place to another and began to live at one location 11:3 mad2 Come 0 If your language has a way of urging or commanding people to begin work, like the English “Come on!” you might use it here. 11:3 z6gz bake them thoroughly 0 People make bricks out of clay and heat them in a very hot oven to make them hard and strong. 11:3 ihz3 tar 0 a thick, sticky, black liquid that comes up from the ground 11:3 zxv1 mortar 0 This is a thick substance made of lime powder, clay, sand, and water used to make stones or bricks stick together. 11:4 nzr5 let us make a name for ourselves 0 “let us make our reputation great” 11:4 rxx9 name 0 reputation 11:4 ejq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive we will be scattered 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will separate from each other and live in different places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 11:5 v8n7 the descendants of Adam 0 “the people” 11:5 t6pt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit came down 0 The information about where he came down from can be made explicit: “came down from heaven.” This does not tell how he came down. Use a general word meaning “came down.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:5 b3yl to see 0 “to observe” or “to look more closely” 11:6 uzm2 one people with the same language 0 All the people were one big group and they all spoke the same language. 11:6 a83e they are beginning to do this 0 Possible meanings are (1) “they have begun to do this,” meaning that they have begun to build the tower but it is not finished, or (2) “this is just the first thing they have done,” meaning that in future they will do greater things. 11:6 ux98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives nothing that they intend to do will be impossible for them 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “anything they intend to do will be possible for them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 11:7 i5gb Come 0 If your language has a way of urging or commanding people to begin work, like the English “Come on!” you might use it here. See how this is translated in [Genesis 11:3](../11/03.md). 11:7 i17m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns let us go down 0 The word “us” is plural even though it refers to God. Some translate it as “let me go down” or “I will go down.” If you do this, consider adding a footnote to say that the pronoun is plural. See the note on “Let us make” in [Genesis 1:26](../01/26.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 11:7 d22g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit confuse their language 0 This means that Yahweh would cause the people all over the earth to stop speaking the same language. Alternate translation: “mix up their language” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:7 plc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit so that they may not understand each other 0 This was the purpose of confusing their language. Alternate translation: “so that they will not be able to understand what each other is saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:8 htq4 from there 0 “from the city” 11:9 m76d its name was called Babel, because there Yahweh confused 0 The name “Babel” sounds like the word that means “confused.” Translators may want to add a footnote about this. 11:9 ppz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit confused the language of the whole earth 0 It means that Yahweh caused the people all over the earth to no longer speak the same language. Alternate translation: “mixed up the language of the whole earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 11:10 jzy8 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe rest of this chapter lists the line of Shem’s descendants down to Abram. 11:10 gq2u These were the descendants of Shem 0 This sentence begins the list of Shem’s descendants. 11:10 n5un flood 0 This is the flood from Noah’s time when people had become so evil that God sent a worldwide flood to cover the earth. 11:10 y7s3 became the father of Arphaxad 0 “had his son Arphaxad” or “his son Arphaxad was born” 11:10 b4lz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Arphaxad 0 a man’s name (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 11:10 ty5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a hundred & two 0 Translators may write the words or the numerals “100” and “2.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 11:11 ix9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers five hundred 0 Translators may write the words or the numeral “500.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 11:12 i93p he became the father of Shelah 0 “his son Shelah was born” 11:12 i685 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shelah 0 This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 11:13 v9kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 403 years 0 “four hundred and three years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 11:14 aht6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 11:16 nh92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 11:18 t5j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 11:20 zj9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 11:22 qv7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 11:24 kk5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe records in Genesis 11:12-25 have the same format. See how you translated them in [Genesis 11:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 11:26 v3ui Abram, Nahor, and Haran 0 We do not know the birth order of his sons. 11:27 sx61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Now these were the descendants of Terah 0 This sentence introduces the account of Terah’s descendants. Genesis 11:27-25:11 tells about Terah’s descendants, particularly his son Abraham. Alternate translation: “This is the account of Terah’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 11:28 qu78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Haran died in the presence of his father Terah 0 This means that Haran died while his father was still living. Alternate translation: “Haran died while his father, Terah, was with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 11:29 qxs6 took wives 0 “married wives” 11:29 x1m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Iskah 0 This is a female name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 11:30 s9v1 Now 0 This word is used to introduce new information about Sarai that will become important in later chapters. 11:30 yps7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism barren 0 This term describes a woman who is physically unable to conceive or bear a child. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 11:31 cu9g his 0 Here the word “his” refers to Terah. 11:31 tj9e Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram’s wife 0 “his daughter-in-law Sarai, who was the wife of his son Abram” 11:31 h4pi Haran & Haran 0 These are two different names and they are spelled differently in Hebrew. One refers to a person and the other refers to a city. (The “h” sound in the city’s name is louder than the “h” sound in the person’s name.) You might choose to spell them differently in your language to show this. 11:32 lt94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 205 years 0 “two hundred and five years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 12:intro b9wm 0 # Genesis 12 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Abram\nWhen God said, “Go from your country, and from your relatives,” he established several new people groups. These groups descended from Abram.\n\n### God’s covenant with Abraham\nGod made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “They will kill me”\nAbram was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarai to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abram’s sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) 12:1 k9r8 Now 0 This word is used to mark a new part of the story. 12:1 d1lk Go from your country, and from your relatives 0 “Go from your land, from your family” 12:2 hc9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will make of you a great nation 0 Here “you” is singular and refers to Abram, but Abram represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “I will start a great nation through you” or “I will make your descendants become a great nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 12:2 q7ai rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy make your name great 0 The word “name” represents the person’s reputation. Alternate translation: “make you famous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 12:2 jt28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis you will be a blessing 0 The words “to other people” are understood. Alternate translation: “you will be a blessing to other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 12:3 xec4 whoever dishonors you I will curse 0 “I will curse whoever treats you in a shameful way” or “if anyone treats you as worthless, I will curse him” 12:3 cpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Through you will all the families of the earth be blessed 0 This can be made active. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the families of the earth through you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:3 xd5b Through you 0 “Because of you” or “Because I have blessed you” 12:5 lvz6 possessions 0 This includes animals and non-living property. 12:5 nv12 the people that they had acquired 0 Possible meanings are (1) “slaves that they had accumulated” or (2) “the people whom they had gathered to be with them.” 12:6 j4pb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Abram passed through the land 0 Only Abram’s name is mentioned because he was the head of the family. God had given him the command to take his family and go there. Alternate translation: “So Abram and his family went through the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:6 lgv1 the land 0 “the land of Canaan” 12:6 jvj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the oak of Moreh 0 Moreh was probably the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 12:7 v6g3 Yahweh, who had appeared to him 0 “Yahweh, because he had appeared to him” 12:8 ln91 he pitched his tent 0 Abram had many people with him as he traveled. People who moved from place to place lived in tents. Alternate translation: “they set up their tents” 12:8 v6m1 called on the name of Yahweh 0 “prayed in the name of Yahweh” or “worshiped Yahweh” 12:9 vbq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then Abram continued journeying 0 You may need to make explicit that he took his tent with him. “Then Abram took his tent and continued journeying.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:9 t22q toward the Negev 0 “toward the Negev region” or “toward the south” or “south to the Negev desert” 12:10 lv6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit There was a famine 0 The crops did not grow well that season. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “There was a shortage of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:10 c2c3 in the land 0 “in the area” or “in the land where Abram was living” 12:10 me1z went down into 0 Possible meanings are (1) “went further south” or (2) “went away from Canaan into.” It would be best to translate this using your usual words for going from a higher place to a lower place. 12:12 hmn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit they will kill me & you alive 0 The reason they would kill Abram can be made explicit: “they will kill me so that they can marry you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:13 sj7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive so that my life will be spared because of you 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that, because of you, they will not kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:14 stl2 It came about that 0 Possible meanings are (1) This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts, and if your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here, or (2) “And that was what happened” . 12:15 cnd8 The princes of Pharaoh saw her 0 “Pharaoh’s officials saw Sarai” or “the king’s officials saw her” 12:15 n3fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the woman was taken into Pharaoh’s household 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh took her into his household” or “Pharaoh had his soldiers take her into his household” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:15 hw84 the woman 0 Sarai 12:15 y2tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Pharaoh’s household 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Pharoah’s family,” that is, as a wife, or (2) “Pharaoah’s house” or “Pharaoh’s palace,” a euphemism for Pharaoh making her one of his wives. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 12:16 m9jr for her sake 0 “for Sarai’s sake” or “because of her” 12:17 kb9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit because of Sarai, Abram’s wife 0 This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “because Pharaoh intended to take Sarai, Abram’s wife, to be his own wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 12:18 r9kt Pharaoh summoned Abram 0 “Pharaoh called Abram” or “Pharaoh ordered Abram to come to him” 12:18 e9mt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is this that you have done to me? 0 Pharaoh used this rhetorical question to show how angry he was about what Abram had done to him. It can also be stated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You have done a terrible thing to me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 12:20 f2i8 Then Pharaoh gave orders to his men concerning him 0 “Then Pharaoh directed his officials concerning Abram” 12:20 edz8 they sent him away, along with his wife and all that he had 0 “the officials sent Abram away from Pharoah, with his wife and all his possessions” 13:intro qch2 0 # Genesis 13 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Abram’s faith\nSince the land could not support both Lot’s and Abraham’s family, they each went their own way. Even though good land was not plentiful, Abraham allowed Lot to choose the better land because he trusted in God to fulfill his promises. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### God’s covenant with Abram\n\nGod made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. This chapter continues the covenant which began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Built an altar\nAbram would have built an altar in order to offer sacrifices to Yahweh. There is an implicit understanding that building an altar was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 13:1 sjz2 went up from 0 “left” or “departed from” 13:1 ige2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit went into the Negev 0 The Negev was a desert region in southern Canaan, west of Egypt. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “went back to the Negev desert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 13:2 bty5 Abram was very rich in animals, in silver, and in gold 0 “Abram had many animals, much silver, and much gold” 13:2 lwq5 animals 0 “livestock” or “cattle” 13:3 rg7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He continued on his journey 0 Abram and his family traveled by stages, going from place to place. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They continued on their journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 13:3 vxf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to the place where his tent had been before 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “See Genesis 12:8.” The time of his travel can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “to the place where he had set up his tent before he went to Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 13:4 h2ad called on the name of Yahweh 0 “prayed in the name of Yahweh” or “worshiped Yahweh.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 12:8](../12/08.md). 13:5 br4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now 0 This word is used to show what follows is background information to help the reader understand the events that follow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 13:6 ash5 The land was not able to support them 0 There was not enough grazing land and water for all their animals. 13:6 k6zz their possessions 0 This includes livestock, which need pasture and water. 13:6 y1wq could not stay together 0 “could not live together” 13:7 e3n1 The Canaanites and the Perizzites were living in the land at that time 0 This is another reason that the land could not support them all. 13:8 rbt4 Let there be no strife between you and me 0 “Let’s not quarrel” 13:8 l2ht strife 0 arguments or fights 13:8 ayp5 between your herdsmen and my herdsmen 0 “let’s stop the men who take care of our animals from quarreling” 13:8 l8eq after all, we are family 0 “because we are family” 13:8 vz47 family 0 “kinsmen” or “relatives.” Lot was Abraham’s nephew. 13:9 n7k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is not the whole land before you? 0 This rhetorical question can be translated as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “The whole land is available for you to use.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 13:9 av37 Go ahead and separate yourself from me 0 Abraham was speaking kindly to Lot and encouraging him to do something that would help them both. “Let’s separate.” 13:9 flm1 If you go to the left, then I will go to the right 0 Possible meanings are (1) “If you go one way, then I will go the other” or (2) “If you go to the north, I will go to the south.” Abram let Lot choose the part of the land he wanted, and Abram would take what remained. 13:10 v189 the whole plain of the Jordan 0 This refers to the general region of the Jordan River. 13:10 ve9r was well watered 0 “had much water” 13:10 zs4c like the garden of Yahweh, like the land of Egypt 0 “like the garden of Yahweh or like the land of Egypt.” These were two different places. 13:10 p9t9 the garden of Yahweh 0 This is another name for the garden of Eden. 13:10 v2iw garden 0 Use the same word for “garden” as you used in [Genesis 2:8](../02/08.md). 13:10 z1zy This was before Yahweh destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah 0 This anticipates something that would happen later. It is important here because it explains why Lot settled in a region that later was not fertile. 13:11 c5bb the relatives 0 “the kinsmen” or “the families.” This refers to Lot and Abram with their households. 13:12 hc2t Abram lived 0 “Abram made his home” or “Abram stayed” 13:12 cpm2 the land of Canaan 0 “the land of the Canaanites” 13:12 umy1 He set up his tents as far away as Sodom 0 Possible meanings are (1) “He set up his tents near Sodom” or (2) “He moved his tents around in an area that reached all the way to Sodom.” 13:14 y61m after Lot had departed from him 0 “after Lot left Abraham” 13:17 xil7 walk through the length and breadth of the land 0 “walk around all over the whole land” 13:18 zy7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mamre 0 This was the name of the man who owned the oak trees. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 13:18 is6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hebron 0 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 13:18 xw41 an altar to Yahweh 0 “an altar for worshiping Yahweh” 14:intro hz9l 0 # Genesis 14 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:19-20.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Names of places\nSometimes the names of places in Scripture are referred to by the name used during the time of the writer. For example, the location referred to as Dan was not yet known by that name because Dan had not yet come to live there. Moses, the author of Genesis, would have known this location as Dan.\n\n### Melchizedek\nMelchizedek was both a priest and a king. Because of this, he parallels the roles of Jesus. Melchizedek is an important figure in the book of Hebrews. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### God Most High\n\nMelchizedek worshiped the God Most High. This is probably a reference to the true and only God who created the heavens and the earth and came to be known as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) 14:1 zbz3 It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 14:1 p95i in the days of 0 “in the time of” 14:1 e5wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Amraphel & Arioch & Kedorlaomer & Tidal 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 14:1 psb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shinar & Ellasar & Elam & Goiim 0 These are names of places. See how you translated “Shinar” in [Genesis 10:10](../10/10.md) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 14:2 s6jz they made war 0 “they went to war” or “they started a war” or “they prepared for war” 14:3 pdv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit These latter five kings joined together 0 The information that their armies were with them can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “These latter five kings and their armies joined together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 14:4 vk6f Twelve years they had served 0 The events in verses 4-7 happened before verse 3. Your language may have a way of showing this. 14:4 d7j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names they had served Kedorlaomer 0 They probably had to pay him taxes and serve in his army. Alternate translation: “they had been under the control of Kedorlaomer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 14:4 m72u they rebelled 0 “they refused to serve him” or “they stopped serving him” 14:5 k2wm came and attacked 0 They did this because the other kings rebelled. 14:5 k3kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Rephaim & the Zuzites & the Emites 0 These are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 14:5 kj3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ashteroth Karnaim & Ham & Shaveh Kiriathaim 0 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 14:5 pm1u Ham 0 This name in Hebrew is different from the name of Noah’s son, which is spelled the same way in English. 14:6 afr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Horites 0 This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 14:6 m4dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Seir & El Paran 0 These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 14:6 s52t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish El Paran, which is near the desert 0 This phrase helps readers understand where El Paran was. It can be translated as a separate sentence if necessary. Alternate translation: “El Paran. El Paran is near the desert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 14:7 my4b General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerses 8 and 9 repeats what was said in [Genesis 14:3](../14/03.md) and continues to tell what happened when the kings came together to fight. 14:7 rck2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go they turned and came 0 The word “they” refers to the four foreign kings who were attacking the region of Canaan. Their names were Amraphel, Arioch, Chedorlaomer, and Tidal. Alternate translation: “they turned and went” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 14:7 ed6d the Amorites who lived in Hazezon Tamar 0 This phrase tells which Amorite people were defeated. There were other Amorite people who lived in other places. 14:8 pq4d the king of Bela (also called Zoar) 0 The city of Bela was also called Zoar. This information could also be put at the end of the sentence. “the king of Bela went out and prepared for battle. Bela is also called Zoar.” 14:8 v7s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit prepared for battle 0 “joined battle” or “drew up battle lines.” Some translators may need to also say that the armies fought, as the UST does in verse 9. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 14:9 uq5u four kings against the five 0 Since the five kings were listed first, some languages might prefer to translate this as “five kings against four.” 14:10 yn7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now 0 This word introduces background information about the valley of Siddim. Your language may have another way of introducing background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 14:10 u9qi was full of tar pits 0 “had many tar pits.” These were holes in the ground that had tar in them. 14:10 f98l tar 0 a thick, sticky, black liquid that comes up from the ground. See how this is translated in [Genesis 11:3](../11/03.md). 14:10 mp8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah 0 Here the kings represent themselves and their armies. Alternate translation: the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah and their armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 14:10 kj2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they fell in there 0 Possible meanings are (1) some of their soldiers fell in the tar pits or (2) the kings themselves fell in the tar pits. Since [Genesis 14:17](../14/17.md) says that the king of Sodom went to meet Abram, the first meaning is more likely correct. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 14:10 ern2 Those who were left 0 “Those who did not die in battle and did not fall in the pits” 14:11 rk4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah 0 The words “Sodom” and “Gomorrah” are metonyms for the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “the wealth of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah” or “the property of the people of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 14:11 c7vp their provisions 0 “their food and drink” 14:11 e6qg went their way 0 “they went away” 14:12 g2sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish they also took Lot, Abram’s brother’s son, who was living in Sodom, along with all his possessions 0 The phrases “Abram’s brother’s son” and “who was living in Sodom” remind the reader of things that were written earlier about Lot. Alternate translation: “they also took Lot, along with all his possessions. Lot was Abram’s brother’s son and was living in Sodom at that time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 14:13 w39m One who had escaped came 0 “A man escaped from the battle and came” 14:13 g8u8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background He was living 0 “Abram was living.” This introduces background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 14:13 mmt3 were all allies of Abram 0 “were treaty-partners with Abram” or “had a peace agreement with Abram” 14:14 se1t his relative 0 This is a reference to Abram’s nephew Lot. 14:14 wc3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 318 trained men 0 “three hundred and eighteen trained men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 14:14 llz9 trained men 0 “men who were trained to fight” 14:14 gjn2 men who had been born in his house 0 “men who were born in Abram’s household.” They were children of Abram’s servants. 14:14 a2k3 pursued them 0 “chased them” 14:14 kgi3 Dan 0 This is a city in the far north of Canaan, far from Abram’s camp. 14:15 z2r4 He divided his men against them at night and attacked them 0 This probably refers to a battle strategy. “Abram divided the men into several groups, and they attacked their enemies from various directions” 14:16 fxf4 all the possessions 0 This refers to the things that the enemies had stolen from the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. 14:16 qp8w his goods 0 “Lot’s property that the enemies had stolen from Lot” 14:16 gt3k as well as the women and the other people 0 “as well as the women and other people that the four kings had captured” 14:17 s822 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit returned 0 The implied information about where he was returning to can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “returned to where he was living” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 14:18 cz1b Melchizedek, king of Salem 0 This is the first time this king is mentioned. 14:18 hqq1 bread and wine 0 People commonly ate bread and wine. See how you translated “bread” in [Genesis 3:19](../03/19.md) and “wine” in [Genesis 9:21](../09/21.md). 14:19 b6iz He blessed him 0 King Melchizedek blessed Abram. 14:19 wnf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Blessed be Abram by God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May God Most High, the Creator of heaven and earth, bless Abram” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 14:19 z9ck heaven 0 This refers to the place where God lives. 14:20 pvn4 God Most High, who has given 0 “God Most High, because he has given.” The phrase starting with “who has given” tells us something more about God Most High. 14:20 hyf9 Blessed be God Most High 0 This is a way of praising God. See how you translated “blessed be” in [Genesis 9:26](../09/26.md). 14:20 me4m into your hand 0 “into your control” or “into your power” 14:21 yzi9 Give me the people 0 The phrase “the people” may refer to the people of Sodom that the enemies had captured. Abram rescued them when he rescued Lot. 14:22 pw78 I have lifted up my hand 0 This means “I have taken an oath” or “I have made a promise.” 14:24 fd75 I will take nothing except what the young men have eaten 0 “I take from you only what my young men have already eaten.” Abram was refusing to accept anything for himself, but acknowledged that the soldiers had eaten some of the supplies during the journey back to Sodom after the battle. 14:24 xk3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the share of the men that went with me 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the share of the recovered property that belongs to the men who helped me get it back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 14:24 dn4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre 0 These are the allies of Abram ([Genesis 14:13](../14/13.md)). Because they were Abram’s allies they fought battles alongside him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “my allies Aner, Eshkol, and Mamre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 15:intro b77u 0 # Genesis 15 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Inheritance\nIn the ancient Near East, a person’s children inherited the property and land of their parents. Abraham doubted the fulfillment of God’s covenant because he did not have any children to whom to give his land. This showed a lack of faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]],[[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n### Fulfilling a promise\nIn the ancient Near East, two people performed a similar sacrifice by dividing animals in half. It was a way to say to the other person, “may this happen to me if I do not fulfill my promise.” The event recorded here indicates that God will fulfill his promise and only he is responsible for bringing it about. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### God’s covenant with Abraham\n\nGod made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. This covenant has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. 15:1 u7m1 After these things 0 “These things” refers to when the kings fought and Abram rescued Lot. 15:1 y6sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the word of Yahweh came to Abram in a vision, saying, “Fear 0 The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Abram in a vision. He said, ‘Fear” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Abram in a vision: ‘Fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 15:1 f5jx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor shield & reward 0 God used these two metaphors to tell Abram about his character and his relationship to Abram. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 15:1 q9jg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am your shield 0 Soldiers use a shield to protect themselves from their enemies. Alternate translation: “I will protect you like shield” or “I am your shield to protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 15:1 a84d I am & your very great reward 0 Possible meanings are (1) “I myself will be all that you need” or (2) “I will give you all you need.” 15:1 d6eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy reward 0 the result of a person’s actions. This seems to be a metonym for the gracious blessing God would give Abram. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 15:3 e54g Abram said, “Since you have given me 0 “Abram continued speaking and said, ‘Since you have given me’” 15:4 ym81 Then, behold 0 The word “behold” emphasizes the fact that the word of Yahweh came to Abraham again. 15:4 a5xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the word of Yahweh came to him, saying, “This 0 The idiom “The word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this idiom in [Genesis 15:1](./01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave him a message. He said, ‘This” or “Yahweh spoke this message to him: ‘This” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 15:4 jf7t This man 0 This refers to Eliezer of Damascus. 15:4 t2nt the one who will come from your own body 0 “the one that you will father” or “your very own son.” Abram’s own son would become his heir. 15:5 rzc6 number the stars 0 “count the stars” 15:5 s2td So will your descendants be 0 Just as Abram would not be able to count all the stars, he would not be able to count all his descendants because there would be so many. 15:6 wi6t He believed Yahweh 0 This means he accepted and trusted what Yahweh said was true. 15:6 vu8m he counted it to him as righteousness 0 “Yahweh counted Abram’s belief as righteousness” or “Yahweh considered Abram righteous because Abram believed him” 15:7 s8nq I am Yahweh, who brought you out of Ur 0 Yahweh was reminding Abraham of what he had already done so that Abraham would know that Yahweh had the power to give Abram what he promised him. 15:7 vpc6 to inherit it 0 “to receive it” or “so that you will possess it” 15:8 xgm4 how will I know 0 Abram was asking for more proof that Yahweh would give him the land. 15:11 ej2r the carcasses 0 “the dead bodies of the animals and birds” 15:11 ld5n Abram drove them away 0 “Abram chased the birds away.” He made sure the birds did not eat the dead animals. 15:12 mt8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Abram fell sound asleep 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Abraham slept deeply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 15:12 s67i a deep and terrifying darkness 0 “an extreme darkness that terrified him” 15:12 t6p7 overwhelmed him 0 “surrounded him” 15:13 v3tk strangers 0 people who are at home in one place but have to live in another place 15:13 ayu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will be enslaved and oppressed 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the owners of that land will enslave your descendants and oppress them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 15:14 u2c1 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh continued to speak to Abram while Abram dreamed. 15:14 chv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will judge 0 Here “judge” is a metonym for what will happen after God makes the judgment. Alternate translation: “I will punish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 15:14 i1hs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit that they will serve 0 The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that your descendants will serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 15:14 i716 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom abundant possessions 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “many possessions” or “great wealth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 15:15 zj2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism you will go to your fathers 0 This is a polite way of saying “you will die.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 15:15 ce5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche fathers 0 The word “fathers” is a synecdoche for all ancestors. Alternate translation: “ancestors” or “ancestral fathers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 15:15 m38i you will be buried in a good old age 0 “you will be very old when you die and your family buries your body” 15:16 t8tm In the fourth generation 0 Here one generation refers to a lifespan of 100 years. “After four hundred years” 15:16 kgu5 they will come here again 0 “your descendants will come back here.” Abraham’s descendants would come to the land where Abram was then living, the land that Yahweh had promised to give to him. 15:16 dfh5 has not yet reached its limit 0 “is not yet complete” or “will get much worse before I punish them” 15:17 bak2 behold 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 15:17 dq6q a smoking fire pot and a flaming torch passed between the pieces 0 God did this to show Abram that he was making a covenant with him. 15:17 b8ea passed between the pieces 0 “passed through between the two rows of animal pieces” 15:18 jca2 covenant 0 In this covenant God promises to bless Abram, and he will continue to bless him as long as Abram follows him. 15:18 n51q I hereby give this land 0 By saying this, God was giving the land to Abram’s descendants. God was doing this then, but the descendants would not go into the land until many years later. 15:19 z53u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites 0 These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham’s descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 15:20 s5a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaites 0 These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham’s descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 15:21 x8uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites 0 These are the names of groups of people who lived in that land. God would allow Abraham’s descendants to conquer these people and take their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 16:intro hcf5 0 # Genesis 16 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:11-12.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Plural marriage\nAbram married Hagar while he was also married to Sarai. Even though Abram had his wife’s permission, this was an immoral and sinful action. It also showed a lack of faith in God. Sarai quickly became jealous of Hagar. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 16:1 g63i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now 0 This word is used in English to introduce a new part of the story and background information about Sarai. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 16:1 qvt5 female servant 0 “slave-girl.” This type of slave would serve the woman of the household. 16:2 mi22 from having children 0 “from giving birth to children” 16:2 g7pn I will have children by her 0 “I will build my family through her” 16:2 d65g Abram listened to the voice of Sarai 0 “Abram did what Sarai said” 16:4 r8xr she looked with contempt on her mistress 0 “she despised her mistress” or “she thought that she was more valuable than her mistress” 16:4 n3w5 her mistress 0 Here this refers to Sarai. A mistress has authority over her slave. Alternate translation: “her owner” or “Sarai” 16:5 zy8r This wrong on me 0 “This injustice against me” 16:5 cs17 is because of you 0 “is your responsibility” or “is your fault” 16:5 pg3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism I gave my servant woman into your embrace 0 Sarai used the word “embrace” here to refer to him sleeping with her. Alternate translation: “I gave you my servant so that you would sleep with her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 16:5 da2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I was despised in her eyes 0 This can be active. Alternate translation: “she hated me” or “she began to hate me” or “she thought she was better than me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:5 yn9x Let Yahweh judge between me and you 0 “I want Yahweh to say whether this is my fault or your fault” or “I want Yahweh to decide which one of us is right.” The phrase “to judge between” means to decide which person is right in a dispute between them. 16:6 xrl3 See here 0 “Listen to me” or “Pay attention” 16:6 dgm6 in your power 0 “under your authority” 16:6 j5i9 Sarai dealt harshly with her 0 “Sarai treated Hagar very badly” 16:6 t433 she fled from her 0 “Hagar fled from Sarai” 16:7 e27g The angel of Yahweh 0 Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh made himself look like an angel or (2) this was one of Yahweh’s angels or (3) this was a special messenger from God (some scholars think it was Jesus). Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “the angel of Yahweh” using the normal word that you use for “angel.” 16:7 w6d6 wilderness 0 The wilderness area she went to was a desert. Alternate translation: “desert” 16:7 y62e Shur 0 This was the name of a place south of Canaan and east of Egypt. 16:8 mk7v my mistress 0 Here this refers to Sarai. A mistress has authority over her slave. See how “her mistress” is translated in [Genesis 16:4](../16/04.md). Alternate translation: “my owner” 16:9 rqm5 The angel of Yahweh said to her 0 “The angel of Yahweh said to Hagar” 16:9 r9gt your mistress 0 Sarai. See how “her mistress” is translated in [Genesis 16:4](../16/04.md). 16:10 km4g the angel of Yahweh 0 See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md). 16:10 aa1h the angel of Yahweh said to her, “I 0 When he said “I,” he was referring to Yahweh. When translating what is in the quote, do it as the angel of Yahweh did and use the word “I” when referring to Yahweh. 16:10 xr66 I will greatly multiply your descendants 0 “I will give you very many descendants” 16:10 sn9f too numerous to count 0 “so many that no one will be able to count them” 16:11 ee9v The angel of Yahweh 0 See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md). 16:11 mj7q Behold 0 “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention” 16:11 qqh8 bear a son 0 “give birth to a son” 16:11 t29c you will call his name 0 “you will name him.” The word “you” refers to Hagar. 16:11 x6x4 Ishmael, because Yahweh has heard 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “The name ‘Ishmael’ means ‘God has heard.’” 16:11 xmm5 affliction 0 She has been afflicted by distress and suffering. 16:12 rpu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He will be a wild donkey of a man 0 This was not an insult. It may mean that Ishmael would be independent and strong like a wild donkey. Alternate translation: “He will be like a wild donkey among men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:12 vyt4 He will be hostile against every man 0 “He will be every man’s enemy” 16:12 j1p2 every man will be hostile to him 0 “everyone will be his enemy” 16:12 q8j2 he will live apart from 0 This can also mean “he will live in hostility with.” 16:12 ihy3 his brothers 0 “his relatives” or “the other members of his family” 16:13 t9b6 Yahweh who spoke to her 0 “Yahweh, because he spoke to her” 16:13 jsy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do I really continue to see, & me? 0 Hagar used this rhetorical question to express her amazement that she was still alive even after she met God. People expected that if they met God, they would die. Here seeing represents living. Alternate translation: “I am surprised that I am still alive, … me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 16:14 ez2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “Beer Lahai Roi means ‘the well of the living one who sees me.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 16:14 c8h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered 0 The word “behold” here draws attention to the fact that the well was in a place that the author and his readers knew. Alternate translation: “in fact, it is between Kadesh and Bered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 16:15 x6tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Hagar gave birth 0 Hagar’s return to Sarai and Abram is implict. You can make this more explicit. Alternate translation: “So Hagar went back and gave birth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 16:15 g9my named his son, whom Hagar bore 0 “named his son by Hagar” or “named his and Hagar’s son” 16:16 cdy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Abram was 0 This introduces background information about Abram’s age when these things happened. Your language may have a special way to mark background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 16:16 e7x4 bore Ishmael to Abram 0 This means “gave birth to Abram’s son, Ishmael.” The focus is on Abram having a son. 17:intro ry14 0 # Genesis 17 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “The father of a multitude of nations”\nAbram came to have many descendants. He had so many descendants that many of his immediate descendants became large people groups and nations.\n\n### God’s covenant with Abraham\n\nGod made a covenant with Abram. This covenant was not conditioned upon anything that Abraham needed to do, but the fulfillment of its promises is conditioned upon the actions of each generation of his descendants. It has not yet been fulfilled in its entirety. It is important to note in this chapter that Isaac is the son who receives the promises associated with the covenant and not Ishmael. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### Circumcision\nCircumcision was an unusual practice in the ancient Near East. It served to separate the Hebrew people from the rest of the world. This chapter records the beginning of this practice among Abraham and his descendants. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])\n\n### Name change\nIn Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person’s life. The beginning of the practice of circumcision was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people. 17:1 e289 When Abram was ninety-nine years old 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 17:1 j61v God Almighty 0 “the all-powerful God” or “the God who has all power” 17:1 cp7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Walk before me 0 Walking is a metaphor for living, and “before me” or “in my presence” here is a metaphor for obedience. Alternate translation: “Live the way I want you to” or “Obey me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:2 e6dj Then I will confirm 0 “If you do this, then I will confirm” 17:2 n6qi I will confirm my covenant 0 “I will give my covenant” or “I will make my covenant” 17:2 x3wu covenant 0 In this covenant God promises to bless Abram, but he also requires Abram to obey him. 17:2 qt2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom multiply you exceedingly 0 Here “multiply you” is an idiom that means he will give him more descendants. Alternate translation: “greatly increase the number of your descendants” or “give you very many descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 17:3 m64l Abram bowed low with his face to the ground 0 “Abram threw himself face down on the ground” or “Abraham immediately lay down with his face to the ground.” He did this to show that he respected God and would obey him. 17:4 j6m4 As for me 0 God used this phrase to introduce what he would do for Abram as part of his covenant with Abram. 17:4 x8l2 behold, my covenant is with you 0 The word “behold” here says that what comes next is certain: “my covenant is certainly with you.” 17:4 x5p4 the father of a multitude of nations 0 “the father of a great number of nations” or “the one after whom many nations name themselves” 17:6 qgt7 I will make you exceedingly fruitful 0 “I will cause you to have very many descendants” 17:6 z2ge I will make nations of you 0 “I will cause your descendants to become nations” 17:6 u97r kings will descend from you 0 “among your descendants there will be kings” or “some of your descendants will be kings” 17:7 qx71 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod continues speaking to Abraham. 17:7 nr7x throughout their generations 0 “for each generation” 17:7 pbe9 for an everlasting covenant 0 “as a covenant that will last forever” 17:7 pr1d to be God to you and to your descendants after you 0 “to be your God and your descendants’ God” or “covenant” 17:8 hur8 Canaan, for an everlasting possession 0 “Canaan, as an everlasting possession” or “Canaan, to possess forever” 17:9 x9sd As for you 0 God uses this phrase to introduce what Abram would have to do as part of God’s covenant with him. 17:9 x8a9 keep my covenant 0 “observe my covenant” or “honor my covenant” or “obey my covenant” 17:10 jn4e This is my covenant 0 “This is a requirement of my covenant” or “This is part of my covenant.” This sentence introduces the part of the covenant that Abram must do. 17:10 ib6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Every male among you must be circumcised 0 This can be stated in an active form. Alternate translation: “You must circumcise every male among you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 17:10 xjr3 Every male 0 This refers to human males. 17:11 j6pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism You must be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin 0 Some communities may prefer a less descriptive expression such as “You must be circumcised.” If your translation of “be circumcised” already includes the word for “foreskin”, you do not need to repeat it. This can be made active. Alternate translation: “You must circumcise every male among you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 17:11 i3l8 the sign of the covenant 0 “the sign that shows that the covenant exists” 17:11 s7vs the sign 0 Possible meanings are (1) “the sign” or (2) “a sign.” The first means that there was one sign, and the second means that there may have been more than one sign. Here the word “sign” means a reminder of something that God had promised. 17:12 t92x General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod continues speaking to Abraham. 17:12 xpc8 Every male 0 “Every human male” 17:12 ev7m throughout your people’s generations 0 “in every generation” 17:12 ed5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive him who is bought with money 0 This refers to slaves. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “any male that you buy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 17:13 fim6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive my covenant will be in your flesh 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will mark my covenant in your flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 17:13 ea1n for an everlasting covenant 0 “as a permanent covenant.” Because it was marked in flesh, no one could easily erase it. 17:14 lpi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive uncircumcised male who is not circumcised 0 This can be stated in active form, and you may leave out words that will give wrong meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “male whom you have not circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 17:14 any2 Any uncircumcised male & foreskin will be cut off from his people 0 Possible meanings are (1) “I will cut off any uncircumcised male … foreskin from his people” or (2) “I want you to cut off any uncircumcised male … foreskin from his people.” 17:14 pi4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism cut off from his people 0 Possible meanings are (1) “killed” or (2) “sent away from the community.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 17:14 e2n7 He has broken my covenant 0 “He has not obeyed the rules of my covenant.” This is the reason that he would be cut off from his people. 17:15 w67t As for Sarai 0 The words “As for” introduce the next person God talks about. 17:16 fpk7 I will give you a son by her 0 “I will make her bear a son for you” 17:16 g1ax she will become the mother of nations 0 “she will be the ancestor of many nations” or “her descendants will become nations” 17:16 tb49 Kings of peoples will come from her 0 “Kings of peoples will descend from her” or “Some of her descendants will be kings of peoples” 17:17 cx58 said in his heart 0 “thought to himself” or “said to himself silently” 17:17 s8rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Can a child be born to a man who is a hundred years old? 0 Abraham used this rhetorical question because he did not believe that this could happen. Alternate translation: “Surely a man who is a hundred years old cannot father a child!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 17:17 ewn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son? 0 Again Abraham used a rhetorical question because he did not believe this could happen. The phrase “who is ninety years old” tells why Abraham did not believe that Sarah could bear a son. Alternate translation: “Sarah is ninety years old. Could she bear a son?” or “Sarah is ninety years old. Surely she could not bear a son!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 17:18 bc1n Oh that Ishmael might live before you 0 “Please let Ishmael inherit the covenant that you have made with me” or “Perhaps Ishmael could receive your covenant blessing.” Abraham suggested something that he believed really could happen. 17:19 q8lt No, but Sarah your wife will bear 0 God said this to correct Abraham’s belief that Sarah could not have a son. 17:19 u9hq you must name him 0 The word “you” refers to Abraham. 17:20 l6cf As for Ishmael 0 The words “As for” show that God is switching from talking about the baby that would be born to talking about Ishmael. 17:20 fvb5 Behold 0 “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 17:20 e3g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will make him fruitful 0 This is an idiom that means “will cause him to have many children.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 17:20 y6m2 will multiply him abundantly 0 “I will cause him to have many descendants” 17:20 ga2d princes 0 “chiefs” or “rulers.” Ishmael’s twelve sons are different from the twelve sons of Jacob who were the fathers of the twelve tribes of Israel. 17:21 rwv4 But my covenant I will establish with Isaac 0 God returns to talking about his covenant with Abraham and emphasizes that he would fulfill his promise with Isaac, not with Ishmael. 17:22 m8vf When he had finished talking with him 0 “When God had finished talking with Abraham” 17:22 sw9y God went up from Abraham 0 “God left Abraham” 17:23 nxp3 every male among the men of Abraham’s household 0 “every human male in Abraham’s household” or “every male person in Abraham’s household.” It refers to human males of all ages: babies, boys, and men. 17:27 rgk6 including those born into the household and those bought with money from a foreigner 0 “This includes those who were born in his household and those he had bought from foreigners” 17:27 a2ym those bought with money from a foreigner 0 This refers to servants or slaves. 17:27 xq3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive those bought 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom he had bought” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:intro ky5w 0 # Genesis 18 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Three men\nThe three men who visited Abraham were probably angels. This is evident from Abraham’s reaction to them. Also, it appears Abraham knew that he was speaking directly to Yahweh through these men. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/angel]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Disbelief\nWhen Sarah heard the news that she was going to have a baby, she laughed in disbelief because she was considered too old to have a baby. She also asked a rhetorical question in order to further show her disbelief. This would have been considered an insult to God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\nIn his exchange with God, Abraham did not show any sign of unbelief. Instead, he is asking God for mercy because he trusted in the character of God. He does not question God’s power to accomplish things as Sarah had done. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Sarah’s age\n\nIt should be apparent that Sarah was physically no longer able to have children because of her age. There is a natural period in a woman’s life when she stops being able to have children. The text assumes the reader understands that Sarah has already experienced this event. In English, this is called “menopause.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:1 a3at Mamre 0 This was the name of the man who owned the oak trees. 18:1 ra4w in the tent doorway 0 “at the opening of the tent” or “at the entrance of the tent” 18:1 u27f heat of the day 0 “hottest time of day” 18:2 t35m He looked up and, behold, he saw three men standing 0 “He looked up and saw, and behold, three men were standing” 18:2 m2pv behold, he saw 0 “he was surprised because he saw” 18:2 xd3c across from him 0 “nearby” or “there.” They were near him, but far enough away for him to run to them. 18:2 ygs8 bowed 0 This means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. 18:3 cj7j Lord 0 This is a title of respect. Possible meanings are (1) Abraham knew that one of these men was God or (2) Abraham knew that these men came on behalf of God. 18:3 s5jg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom if I have found favor in your sight 0 Here “found favor” is an idiom that means be approved of or that the Lord is pleased with him, and “your sight” is a metaphor representing the Lord’s evaluation. Alternate translation: “if you have evaluated me and approve” or “if you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:3 i86z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you in your sight 0 Abraham is speaking to one of the men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 18:3 ie2s do not pass by 0 “please do not keep on going past” 18:3 s6nr your servant 0 “me.” Abraham refers to himself this way in order to show respect to his guest. 18:4 cs93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Let a little water be brought 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let me bring you some water” or “My servant will bring you some water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:4 r83u a little water 0 “some water.” Saying “little” was a polite way of showing generosity. Abraham would give them more than enough water. 18:4 c7uk wash your feet 0 This custom helped tired travelers to refresh themselves after walking long distances. 18:5 p5cn a little food 0 “some food.” Saying “little” was a polite way of showing generosity. Abraham would give them more than enough food. 18:5 rmc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you your & you 0 Abraham speaks to all three of the men, so “you” and “your” are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 18:6 gl4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume three seahs 0 about 22 liters (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) 18:6 sbt6 bread 0 This bread was probably cooked quickly on a hot stone. It may have been flat or round like small loaves or rolls. 18:7 s4v8 he hurried 0 “the servant hurried” 18:7 hp5s to prepare it 0 “to cut it up and roast it” 18:8 k6lz curds 0 This refers to the solid part of fermented milk. It may have been yogurt or cheese. 18:8 c4vs the calf that had been prepared 0 “the roasted calf” 18:8 pp29 before them 0 “before the three visitors” 18:9 eq6d They said to him 0 “Then they said to Abraham” 18:10 gg9j He said, “I will certainly return to you 0 The word “He” refers to the man whom Abraham called “Lord” in [Genesis 18:3](../18/03.md). 18:10 iwn6 in the springtime 0 “when this same season comes next year” or “about this time next year” 18:10 aas2 see 0 The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 18:10 qvh9 in the tent doorway 0 “at the opening of the tent” or “at the entrance of the tent” 18:12 u12x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion After I am worn-out and my master is old, will I now have this pleasure? 0 You may want to add “of having a baby.” Sarah used this rhetorical question because she did not believe that she could have a child. Alternate translation: “I cannot believe that I will experience the joy of having a child. My master is also too old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:12 m2nn my master is old 0 This means “since my husband is also old.” 18:12 qrv3 my master 0 This is a title of respect that Sarah gave to her husband Abraham. 18:13 dfs6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why did Sarah laugh and say, ‘Will I really bear a child, when I am old’? 0 God used this rhetorical question to show that he knew what Sarah was thinking and that he was not pleased with it. He repeats Sarah’s rhetorical question ([Genesis 18:12](../18/12.md)) using different words. Alternate translation: “Sarah was wrong to laugh and say, ‘I will not bear a child because I am too old!’”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:14 i13f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Is anything too hard for Yahweh? 0 “Is there anything that Yahweh cannot do?” Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were speaking of someone else to remind Abraham that he, Yahweh, is great and can do anything. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that I, Yahweh, cannot do!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:14 rd96 At the time appointed by me, in the spring 0 “At the time I have appointed, which is in the spring” 18:15 fc88 Then Sarah denied it and said 0 “The Sarah denied it by saying” 18:15 c49f He replied 0 “Yahweh replied” 18:15 pq5b No, you did laugh 0 “Yes, you did laugh.” This means “No, that is not true; you did in fact laugh.” 18:16 mtk2 to see them on their way 0 “to send them on their way” or “to say ‘Farewell’ to them.” It was polite to go some distance with guests as they were leaving. 18:17 z943 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should I hide from Abraham what I am about to do 0 God used this rhetorical question to say that he was going to talk to Abraham about something very important and that it was best for him to do so. Alternate translation: “I should not and will not hide from Abraham what I am about to do” or “I should and will tell Abraham what I am about to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:18 e6qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Should I hide” in verse 17 ends here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:18 h854 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion since Abraham & in him? 0 The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Should I hide” in verse 17 ends here. God uses this rhetorical question to say that he was going to talk to Abraham about something very important and that it was best for him to do so. “I should not and will not hide … since Abraham in him.” or “I should and will tell … since Abraham in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:18 q36h since & him? 0 “This is because … him” 18:18 e9uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all the nations of the earth will be blessed in him 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the nations of the earth through Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:18 i8b1 will be blessed in him 0 “will be blessed because of Abraham” or “will be blessed because I have blessed Abraham.” For translating “in him” see how you translated “through you” in [Genesis 12:3](../12/03.md). 18:19 pxl9 that he may instruct 0 “that he will direct” or “so that he will command” 18:19 cwm4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person to keep the way of Yahweh & Yahweh may bring & he has said 0 Yahweh is speaking about himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “to obey what I, Yahweh, require … I, Yahweh, may bring … I have said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 18:19 ny3x to keep the way of Yahweh 0 “to obey the commands of Yahweh” 18:19 f8f7 to do righteousness and justice 0 “by doing righteousness and justice.” This tells how to keep the way of Yahweh. 18:19 v4z4 so that Yahweh may bring upon Abraham what he has said to him 0 “so that Yahweh may bless Abraham just as he said he would.” This refers to the covenant promise to bless Abraham and make him a great nation. 18:20 m237 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is so great 0 This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “outcry” is expressed as the verb “accuse.” Alternate translation: “so many people have been accusing the people of Sodom and Gomorrah of doing evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:20 jp1b their sin is so serious 0 “they have sinned so much” 18:21 fb8x I will now go down there 0 “I will now go down to Sodom and Gomorrah” 18:21 lki8 go down there and see 0 “go down there to find out” or “go down there to decide” 18:21 vp7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns see the outcry & that has come to me 0 Yahweh speaks as if he knew about this matter because he had heard the cries and accusations coming from the people who had suffered. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “outcry” is expressed as the verb “accuse.” Alternate translation: “as wicked as those who are accusing them say that they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:21 vp4d If not 0 “If they are not as wicked as the outcry suggests” 18:22 ms2h turned from there 0 “went out from Abraham’s camp” 18:22 yxr6 Abraham remained standing before Yahweh 0 “Abraham and Yahweh remained together” 18:23 b62y approached and said 0 “approached Yahweh and said” or “stepped closer to Yahweh and said” 18:23 g5he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sweep away 0 Abraham speaks of destroying people as if it were sweeping dirt with a broom. Alternate translation: “destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:23 awu4 the righteous with the wicked 0 “the righteous people with the wicked people” 18:24 pb7k General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAbraham continues talking to Yahweh. 18:24 h4eu Perhaps there are 0 “Suppose there are” 18:24 dz9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will you sweep it away and not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are there? 0 Abraham was hoping that Yahweh would say, “I will not sweep it away.” Alternate translation: “I think you would not sweep it away. Instead, you would spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:24 h8ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor sweep it away 0 “destroy it.” Abraham speaks of destroying people as if it were sweeping dirt with a broom. Alternate translation: “destroy the people who live there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:24 qq2a not spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous that are there? 0 Abraham was hoping that God would say “I will spare the place for the sake of the fifty righteous people there.” 18:24 d8ui spare the place 0 “let the people live” 18:24 zj59 for the sake of 0 “because of” 18:25 rj5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Far be it from you to do such a thing 0 Here “Far be it from you” is an idiom that means the person should never do something like that. Alternate translation: “I would never want you to do something like that” or “You should not want to do something like that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:25 re6w such a thing, killing 0 “such a thing as killing” or “such a thing, that is, killing” 18:25 hqx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the righteous should be treated the same as the wicked 0 This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “you should treat the righteous the same way you treat the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:25 m329 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will not the Judge of all the earth do what is just? 0 Abraham used this rhetorical question to say what he expected God to do. Alternate translation: “The Judge of all the earth will certainly do what is just!” or “Since you are the Judge of all the earth, you will surely do what is right!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:25 de6w Judge 0 God is often referred to as a judge because he is the one perfect judge who makes the final decisions about what is right or wrong. 18:27 dsz4 Look 0 The phrase “Look” here draws attention to the surprising information that follows. 18:27 fax5 I have undertaken to speak 0 “Pardon me for being so bold as to speak to you” or “Excuse me for daring to speak” 18:27 snd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person to my Lord 0 Abraham shows his respect to Yahweh by speaking to Yahweh as if he were speaking to someone else. Alternate translation: “to you, my Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 18:27 ew9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor only dust and ashes 0 This metaphor describes Abraham as a human being, who will die and whose body will turn into to dust and ashes. Alternate translation: “only a mortal man” or “as unimportant as dust and ashes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:28 ln28 five less than fifty righteous 0 “only forty-five righteous people” 18:28 zqs7 for lack of five 0 “if there are five fewer righteous people” 18:28 n8tk I will not destroy it 0 “I will not destroy Sodom” 18:29 uj4n He spoke to him 0 “Abraham spoke to Yahweh” 18:29 hah3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive if there are forty found there 0 This can be translated in active form. You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “if you find forty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 18:29 y28t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis for the forty’s sake 0 “for the sake of the forty” or “if I find forty there.” You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of the forty righteous people” or “if I find forty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 18:29 nup9 He replied 0 “Yahweh answered” 18:29 tyh3 I will not do it for the forty’s sake 0 “I will not destroy the cities if I find forty righteous people there” 18:30 vk5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive thirty will be found there 0 This can be translated in active form. You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “you will find thirty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 18:31 kep9 Look 0 The phrase “Look” here draws attention to the surprising information that follows. 18:31 e1em I have undertaken to speak 0 “Pardon me for being so bold as to speak to you” or “Excuse me for daring to speak.” See how this is translated in [Genesis 18:27](../18/27.md). 18:31 un9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive twenty will be found there 0 This can be translated in active form. You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “you will find twenty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 18:31 s4zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis for the twenty’s sake 0 “for the sake of the twenty” or “if I find twenty there.” You may have to fill in the ellipsis, “righteous people.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of the twenty righteous people” or “if I find twenty righteous people there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 18:32 a6tx Perhaps ten will be found there 0 “Perhaps you will find ten righteous people there” 18:32 q1p9 Perhaps ten 0 “Perhaps ten righteous people” or “ten good people” 18:32 ak2y Then he said 0 “And Yahweh answered” 18:32 d335 for the ten’s sake 0 “if I find ten righteous people there” 18:33 wum8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh went on his way 0 Here “went on his way” is an idiom that means he left, or he continued his journey. Yahweh appeared to Abraham in human form as a traveler. Alternate translation: “Yahweh departed” or “Yahweh continued on his journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 19:intro hb2x 0 # Genesis 19 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The evil desires of the Sodomites\nThe men of Sodom desired to forcibly have sexual relations with the angels who came to the city appearing as men. Such action is known as “rape.” Their desire was viewed as especially evil because Lot was obligated to protect his guests at all costs, even that of sacrificing his own children for his guests. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n### Hospitality\nHospitality, or being kind to a visitor, was very important in the Ancient Near East. Lot showed his guests loyalty by doing his utmost to protect them from the people of Sodom.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Contrasts\nIt is probable that Abraham’s faith and actions in chapter 18 are intended to contrast with the actions of the worldly Sodomites. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) 19:1 uh7h The two angels 0 The two men who have gone to Sodom ([Genesis 18:22](../18/22.md)) are really angels. 19:1 b4sb the gate of Sodom 0 “the entrance to the city of Sodom.” The city had a wall around it, and people had to go through a gate to get into it. This was a very important place in a city. Important people often spent time there. 19:1 ny92 bowed down with his face to the ground 0 He put his knees on the ground then touched his forehead and nose to the ground. 19:2 t9qp my masters 0 This was a term of respect Lot used for the angels. 19:2 egr4 I urge you to turn aside into your servant’s house 0 “Please come and stay in your servant’s house” 19:2 w78p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person your servant’s house 0 Lot refers to himself as their servant in order to show them respect. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 19:2 sp4m wash your feet 0 People liked to wash their feet after traveling. 19:2 sb2f rise up early 0 “wake up early” 19:2 a65m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we will spend the night 0 When the two angels said this, they were referring only to themselves, not to Lot. The two of them planned to spend the night in the square. Some languages would use the exclusive form of “we” here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 19:2 r62b town square 0 This is a public, outdoor place in the town. 19:3 vnk8 they went with him 0 “they turned and went with him” 19:4 lc42 before they lay down 0 “before the people in Lot’s house lay down to go to sleep” 19:4 iw1t the men of the city, the men of Sodom 0 “the men of the city, that is, the men of Sodom” or just “the men of the city of Sodom” 19:4 gyq4 the house 0 “Lot’s house” 19:4 vqe5 both young and old 0 “from the youngest to the oldest.” This means “men of all ages” and refers to the men of Sodom who were surrounding Lot’s house. 19:5 cu4h that came in to you 0 “that went into your house” 19:5 jfu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism we may know them 0 These words literally mean “we may know who they are,” but the men meant them as a euphemism for “we may have sexual relations with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 19:6 k84s after himself 0 “behind him” or “after he went through” 19:7 tg28 I beg you, my brothers 0 “I plead with you, my brothers” 19:7 s55m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my brothers 0 Lot spoke in a friendly way to the men of the city hoping that they would listen to him. Alternate translation: “my friends” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 19:7 ur1w do not act so wickedly 0 “do not do something so wicked” or “do not do such a wicked thing” 19:8 bc5c Look 0 “Pay attention” or “Look here” 19:8 pb1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism who have not known any man 0 This is a polite way of saying that the daughters had not had sexual relations with any man. You may need to use another euphemism in your language. See how you translated similar words in [Genesis 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 19:8 jn4w whatever is good in your eyes 0 “whatever you desire” or “whatever you think is right” 19:8 nig7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche under the shadow of my roof 0 The two men were guests in Lot’s home, so he needed to protect them. The word “roof” is a synecdoche for the whole house and a metaphor for Lot protecting them. Alternate translation: “into my house, and God expects me to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:9 k7mf Stand back! 0 “Step aside!” or “Get out of our way!” 19:9 sgx9 This one came here to live as a foreigner 0 “This one came here as an outsider” or “This foreigner came to live here” 19:9 ym7y This one 0 “Lot.” The men are speaking to each other. If this would be unclear in your language, you may have the men speak to Lot here, as in UST. 19:9 c9uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom and now 0 The speaker would not expect a foreigner to judge the people of that land. Alternate translation: “but even though he has no good reason to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 19:9 sa6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he has become our judge 0 Here “has become our judge” is an idiom that means Lot is acting as if he can tell the men what actions are right or wrong. Alternate translation: “he acts as if he has the authority to tell us what is right and what is wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 19:9 x79u Now we 0 “Because you are telling us that what we are doing is wrong, we” 19:9 xi8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom we will deal worse with you than with them 0 The men are angry that Lot said, “Do not act so wickedly” ([Genesis 19:7](../19/07.md)), so they are threatening to act more wickedly than Lot had feared at first. Alternate translation: “we will act more wickedly with you than we will with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 19:9 gdw3 They pressed hard against the man, against Lot, and came near to break down the door 0 Possible meanings are (1) “They kept coming closer to the man, to Lot, until they were close enough to break down the door” or (2) they physically pushed Lot up against the wall or door of the house and were about to break the door down. 19:9 q8f7 the man & Lot 0 This is two ways of referring to Lot. 19:10 u4re But the men 0 “But Lot’s two guests” or “But the two angels” 19:10 ri1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the men reached out their hands and brought & them and shut 0 Your language may need to add that the men opened the door first. Alternate translation: ‘the men opened the door far enough so they could reach out their hands and pull … them, and then they shut” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:11 urq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Lot’s visitors struck with blindness the men 0 The phrase “struck with blindness” is a metaphor; the visitors did not physically hit the men. Alternate translation: “Lot’s visitors blinded the men” or “they took away their sight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:11 kg3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism both young and old 0 “men of all ages.” This merism emphasizes that the visitors blinded all the men. This could indicate social standing rather than age. Alternate translation: “both small and great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 19:12 zat4 Then the men said 0 “Then the two men said” or “Then the angels said” 19:12 pl2x Do you have anyone else here? 0 “Are there any other members of your family in the city?” or “Do you have any other family members in this place?” 19:12 k1l8 whoever you have in the city 0 “any other members of your family living in this city” 19:13 zq54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we are about to destroy 0 The word “we” here is exclusive. Only the two angels would destroy the city; Lot would not destroy it. If your language has an exclusive form of “we,” use it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 19:13 q8rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns the accusations against it before Yahweh have become so loud 0 This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “accusations” is expressed as a verb. See how similar words are translated in [Genesis 18:20](../18/20.md). Alternate translation: “so many people have been telling Yahweh that the people of this city are doing evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 19:14 pd6h Lot went out 0 “So Lot left the house” 19:14 cb3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism his sons-in-law, the men who had promised to marry his daughters 0 The phrase “the men who had promised to marry his daughters” explains what “sons-in-law” means here. Alternate translation: “the men who were going to marry his daughters” or “his daughters’ fiancés” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 19:15 ch9a When the morning dawned 0 “Just before the sun came up” 19:15 r4pf Get going 0 “Go now” 19:15 ta9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you are not swept away in the punishment of the city 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so Yahweh does not also destroy you when he punishes the people of this city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 19:15 nd8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor not swept away in the punishment 0 God destroying the people of the city is spoken of as if a person were sweeping away dust. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:15 s4jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy of the city 0 Here “city” stands for the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 19:16 jp9l But he lingered 0 “But Lot hesitated” or “But Lot did not start to leave” 19:16 sa45 So the men grabbed 0 “So the two men grabbed” or “So the angels grabbed” 19:16 jl9w was merciful to him 0 “had compassion on Lot.” Yahweh is described as being “merciful” because he was sparing the lives of Lot and his family instead of destroying them when he destroyed the people of Sodom for the wrong they had done. 19:17 z72f When they had brought them out 0 “When the two men had brought Lot’s family out” 19:17 is11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Run for your lives! 0 This is a way of telling them to run so that they do not die. Alternate translation: “Run away and save your lives!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 19:17 wpz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Do not look back 0 The phrase “at the city” is understood. Alternate translation: “Do not look back at the city” or “Do not look back at Sodom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 19:17 hx63 on the plain 0 This means the plain of the Jordan River. This refers to the general region of the Jordan River. 19:17 n2if rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis so you are not swept away 0 It is understood that they would swept away with the people of the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “or else God will destroy you along with the people of the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 19:17 c7y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor not swept away 0 God destroying the people of the city is spoken of as if a person were sweeping away dust. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:19 q7pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Your servant has found favor in your eyes 0 The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “You have been pleased with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:19 zq9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Your servant has 0 Lot was showing respect by referring to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “I, your servant, have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 19:19 hc7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns you have shown me great kindness in saving my life 0 The abstract noun “kindness” can be stated as “kind.” Alternate translation: “you have been very kind to me by saving my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 19:19 i5uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification I cannot escape to the mountains, because the disaster will overtake me, and I will die 0 Being unable to get far enough away from Sodom when God destroys the city is spoken of as if “disaster” is a person that will chase and catch up with Lot. Alternate translation: “My family and I will certainly die when God destroys the people of Sodom, because the mountains are too far away for us to get there safely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 19:19 q5le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit my life & I cannot escape & overtake me, and I will die 0 It is implied that Lot’s family would die along with him. Alternate translation: “our lives … we cannot escape … overtake us, and we will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:20 m8z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion let me escape there (is it not a little one?), and my life will be saved 0 Lot used this rhetorical question to get the angels to notice that the city really is a small one. Alternate translation: “let me escape there. You can see how small it is. If you let us go there we will live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 19:20 c93m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit let me escape there 0 Lot’s full request can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead of destroying that city, let me escape there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:20 yx21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit my life will be saved 0 It is implied that the lives of Lot’s family will be saved along with his. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that we will live” or “so that we will survive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 19:21 x14h I am granting this request also 0 “I will do what you have asked” 19:22 np4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit cannot do anything 0 This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “cannot destroy the other cities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:22 y7sj Zoar 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Zoar sounds like the Hebrew word that means ‘little.’ Lot called this town ‘little’ in Genesis 19:20.” 19:23 z84a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The sun had risen upon the earth 0 “The sun had risen over the earth.” The phrase “upon the earth” can be left implicit as it is in the UST where it is not translated. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:23 zhv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit when Lot reached Zoar 0 It is implied that Lot’s family is with him. Alternate translation: “when Lot and his family arrived at Zoar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:24 f7cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh rained down upon Sodom and Gomorrah sulfur and fire from Yahweh out of the sky 0 The phrase “from Yahweh” stands for God’s power to cause the sulfur and fire to fall on the city. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused sulfur and fire to fall from the sky onto Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 19:24 c8se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys sulfur and fire 0 These two words are used together to describe one object. Alternate translation: “burning sulfur” or “fiery rain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 19:25 ubh2 those cities 0 This refers primarily to Sodom and Gomorrah, but also to three other towns. 19:25 kx2i the inhabitants of the cities 0 “the people who lived in the cities” 19:26 pf2p she became a pillar of salt 0 “she became like a statue of salt” or “her body became like a tall stone of salt.” Because she disobeyed the angel who told them not to look back at the city, God caused her to become something like a statue made out of rock salt. 19:28 zp8y behold 0 The word “behold” draws attention to the surprising information that follows. 19:28 p62z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the smoke of a furnace 0 This shows that it was a very large amount of smoke. Alternate translation: “like the smoke from a very large fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 19:29 vag9 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 29 is a summary of this chapter. 19:29 tj4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom God called Abraham to mind 0 This tells why God rescued Lot. To “call to mind” is a way of saying “remember.” This does not imply that God forgot about Abraham. It means he considered Abraham and had mercy on him. Alternate translation: “God thought about Abraham and had mercy on him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 19:29 h1uq out of the midst of the destruction 0 “away from the destruction” or “away from danger” 19:30 p16k Lot went up from Zoar to live in the mountains 0 The phrase “went up from” is used because Lot went to a higher elevation in the mountains. 19:31 me8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj The firstborn & the younger 0 Here “firstborn” and “younger” are nominal adjectives that refer to Lot’s two daughters according to their birth order. Alternate translation: “Lot’s first daughter … Lot’s last daughter” or “The older daughter … the younger daughter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 19:31 xk1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism to lie with us 0 These words are a euphemism for sexual relations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 19:31 fm8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy according to the way of all the world 0 Here “the world” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “as people everywhere do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 19:32 tlh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit drink wine 0 It can be made explicit that their goal was to get him drunk. Alternate translation: “drink wine until he gets drunk” or “get drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:32 cr2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism we will lie with him 0 To “lie with” someone is a euphemism for having sexual relations with that person. Alternate translation: “we will have sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 19:32 j57q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that we may extend our father’s line 0 This speaks about giving Lot descendants as if his family were a line that they are making longer. Alternate translation: “so that we can bear children who will be our father’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:33 ufz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lay with her father 0 This is probably a euphemism for sexual activity. Alternate translation:”had sexual relations with her father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 19:33 r7ai rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism when she lay down 0 Possible meanings are (1) these words are literal, a complement to “when she got up,” or (2) they are a euphemism for sexual relations. Alternate translation: “when she had sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 19:34 pyk6 Let us make him drink wine & father’s line 0 See how you translated these phrases in [Genesis 19:32](./32.md). 19:34 mb9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit drink wine 0 It can be made explicit that their goal was to get him drunk. Alternate translation: “drink wine until he gets drunk” or “get drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:34 qf2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that we may extend our father’s line 0 This speaks about giving Lot descendants as if his family were a line that they are making longer. Alternate translation: “so that we can bear children who will be our father’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:35 hm3h So they made & or when she got up 0 See how you translated similar phrases in [Genesis 19:33](./33.md). 19:35 l4nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lay with him 0 This is probably a euphemism for sexual activity. Alternate translation:”had sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 19:35 x62y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism when she lay down 0 Possible meanings are (1) these words are literal, a complement to “when she got up,” or (2) they are a euphemism for sexual relations. See how these words are translated in [Genesis 19:33](../19/33.md). Alternate translation: “when she had sexual relations with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 19:36 bq86 were pregnant by their father 0 “became pregnant by their father” or “conceived children with their father” 19:37 ur5a He became 0 “He is” 19:37 u4u4 the Moabites of today 0 “the Moab people who are now living” 19:37 lre9 of today 0 The word “today” refers to the time when the author of Genesis was living. The author was born and wrote this many years after Lot’s family lived and died. 19:38 tbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ben-Ammi 0 This is a male name. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 19:38 kpi7 the people of Ammon 0 “the descendants of Ammon” or “the Ammon people” 20:intro m5j1 0 # Genesis 20 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “She is my sister”\nAbraham was afraid the people of Gerar would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Sarah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Abraham’s sister, they would have shown favor to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Irony\nAbraham believed that the people of Gerar did not fear Yahweh, but when confronted by Yahweh, the king showed that he feared Yahweh. Instead, it was Abraham who did not show any fear of Yahweh when he sinned. This is irony. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 20:1 pym2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shur 0 This is a desert region on the eastern border of Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 20:2 zga1 sent for Sarah and took her 0 “made his men go get Sarah and bring her to him” 20:3 v444 God came to Abimelech 0 “God appeared to Abimelech” 20:3 tme7 Behold 0 “pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: “ 20:3 x7kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you are a dead man 0 This is a strong way of saying the king will die. Alternate translation: “you will certainly die soon” or “I will kill you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 20:3 l852 a man’s wife 0 “a married woman” 20:4 cxb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now & her 0 This word is used here to mark a change from the story to information about Abimelech. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 20:4 nbq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Abimelech had not come near her 0 This is a polite way of saying he did not have sex with her. Alternate translation: “Abimelech had not slept with Sarah” or “Abimelech had not touched Sarah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 20:4 gxv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy even a righteous nation 0 Here “nation” stands for the people. Abimelech is worried that God will punish not only him, but his people also. Alternate translation: “even a people who are innocent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:5 a3jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Did he not himself say to me, ‘She is my sister?’ Even she herself said, ‘He is my brother.’ 0 This has quotations within a quotation. They can be stated as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “Did he himself not tell me that she is his sister? Even she herself told me that he is her brother.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 20:5 c4vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Did he not himself say to me, ‘She is my sister?’ 0 Abimelech used this rhetorical question to remind God of something God already knew. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Abraham himself told me, ‘She is my sister.’” or “Abraham said that she is his sister.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 20:5 lx3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns Did he not himself say & Even she herself 0 The words “he himself” and “she herself” are used for emphasis to bring attention to Abraham and Sarah and to blame them for what happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 20:5 ey19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I have done this in the integrity of my heart and the innocence of my hands 0 Here “heart” stands for his thoughts or intentions. Also “hands” stands for his actions. Alternate translation: “I have done this with good intentions and actions” or “I have done this with no evil thoughts or actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:6 b1a5 God said to him 0 “God said to Abimelech” 20:6 r797 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the integrity of your heart you did this 0 Here “heart” stands for his thoughts or intentions. Alternate translation: “you did this with good intentions” or “you did this without evil intentions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:6 fkd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism to touch her 0 This is a euphemism for having sex with Sarah. Alternate translation: “to sleep with her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 20:7 x37f the man’s wife 0 “Abraham’s wife” 20:7 e8qh you will live 0 “I will let you live” 20:7 nj49 all who are yours 0 “all of your people” 20:8 egv2 He told all these things to them 0 “He told them everything that God had told him” 20:9 vne4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What have you done to us? 0 Abimelech used this rhetorical question to accuse Abraham. Alternate translation: “You have done something bad to us!” or “Look what you have done to us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 20:9 s7b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive to us 0 The word “us” here is exclusive and does not include Abraham and Sarah. If your language uses an exclusive form of “we” or “us,” use it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 20:9 za1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How have I sinned against you, that you have brought & sin? 0 Abimelech used this rhetorical question to remind Abraham that he had not sinned against Abraham. Alternate translation: “I have done nothing against you to cause you to bring … sin.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 20:9 jp85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that you have brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin 0 To cause someone to be guilty of sinning is spoken of as if “sin” was a thing that could be placed on a person. Alternate translation: “that you should make me and my kingdom guilty of such a terrible sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 20:9 e4jh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on my kingdom 0 Here “kingdom” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “on the people of my kingdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:9 x8wm You have done to me that which ought not to be done 0 “You should not have done this to me” 20:10 qyr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit What prompted you to do this thing? 0 “What caused you to do this?” or “Why did you do this?” What Abraham did can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Why did you tell me that Sarah is your sister?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 20:11 gvr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Because I thought, ‘Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Because I thought that since no one here fears God, someone may kill me so they can take my wife.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 20:11 nei7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy no fear of God in this place 0 Here “place” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “no one here in Gerar fears God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:11 y87a fear of God 0 This means to deeply respect God and show that respect by obeying him. 20:12 p538 Besides, she is indeed my sister 0 “Also, it is true that Sarah is my sister” or “Also, Sarah really is my sister” 20:12 ml6b the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother 0 “we have the same father, but we have different mothers” 20:13 ktu6 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 13 is a continuation of Abraham’s answer to Abimelech. 20:13 e2ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my father’s house 0 Here “house” stands for Abraham’s family. Alternate translation: “my father and the rest of my family” or “my father’s household” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:13 jl8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “He is my brother.”’ 0 This has quotations within quotations. They can be stated as indirect quotations. Alternate translation: “I said to Sarah that I wanted her to be faithful to me by telling people everywhere we go that I am her brother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 20:14 sh8w Abimelech took 0 “Abimelech brought some” 20:15 d1fq Abimelech said 0 “Abimelech said to Abraham” 20:15 f45t Look 0 “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” 20:15 pv15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom my land is before you 0 This is a way of saying “I make all of my land available to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 20:15 ch6w Settle wherever it pleases you 0 “Live wherever you want” 20:16 u7bg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a thousand 0 “1,000” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 20:16 tv82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor It is to cover any offense against you in the eyes of all who are with you 0 Giving money to prove to others that Sarah is innocent is spoken of as if he is placing a cover over an offense so no one can see it. Alternate translation: “I am giving this to him, so that those who are with you will know that you have done nothing wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 20:16 gpn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor in the eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “in the opinion” or “in the judgement” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 20:16 id4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive before everyone, you are completely made right 0 The passive phrase “made right” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone will know that you are innocent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 20:18 wr3n completely infertile 0 “totally unable to have children” 20:18 z9nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit because of Sarah, Abraham’s wife 0 The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because Abimelech had taken Abraham’s wife Sarah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:intro cru4 0 # Genesis 21 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sarah’s anger\nAfter Sarah was able to have her own child, and he survived infancy, she began to get angry with Abraham’s other son, Ishmael. He would have been a constant reminder of her own sin. God blessed Ishmael, but he was not able to inherit the promises given to Abraham. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])\n\n### Abandoning Ishmael\nAccording to the law at this time, Hagar was able to gain her freedom from slavery by abandoning any claim to receive an inheritance. This is why Hagar would have abandoned her son under the tree. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Treaty\nThe Gentile king, Abimelech, made a covenant or treaty with Abraham. It is possible that he did this because he recognized the power of Abraham’s God, but his exact reasons are unknown. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) 21:1 f988 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Yahweh paid attention to Sarah 0 Here the phrase “paid attention to” refers to Yahweh helping Sarah have a baby. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helped Sarah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:2 waa9 bore a son to Abraham 0 “gave birth to Abraham’s son” 21:2 xm5n in his old age 0 “when Abraham was very old” 21:2 ud3d at the set time of which God had spoken to him 0 “at the exact time that God had told him it would happen” 21:3 gbc9 Abraham named his son, the one who had been born to him, whom Sarah bore to him, Isaac 0 “Abraham named his newborn son, the one Sarah gave birth to, Isaac” or “Abraham named their newborn son Isaac” 21:4 wzz8 Abraham circumcised his son Isaac when he was eight days old 0 “When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him” 21:4 g3m9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers eight days 0 “8 days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 21:4 pp61 had commanded him 0 “had commanded Abraham to do” 21:5 j1u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers one hundred 0 “100” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 21:6 nu7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit God has made me laugh 0 Sarah was laughing because she was surprised and happy. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God has caused me to laugh joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:6 ns7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit every one who hears 0 What people would hear can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “everyone who hears about what God has done for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:7 t9ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who would have said to Abraham that Sarah would nurse children 0 This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one would have ever said to Abraham that Sarah will nurse children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 21:7 hs12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism nurse children 0 This is a polite way of referring to breast-feeding babies. Alternate translation: “feed a baby her own milk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 21:8 dp3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism The child grew and & Isaac was weaned 0 “Wean” here is a polite way of saying the child was finished with breast feeding. Alternate translation: “Isaac grew, and when he no longer needed his mother’s milk, Abraham had a large feast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 21:9 mm9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham 0 The name of Hagar’s son can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Ishmael, the son of Hagar the Egyptian and Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:9 d73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit mocking 0 It can be stated explicitly that he was jeering or laughing at Isaac. Alternate translation: “laughing at Isaac” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:10 t7tn she said to Abraham 0 “Sarah said to Abraham” 21:10 y4le Drive out 0 “send away” or “get rid of” 21:10 n7ry this slave woman and her son 0 This refers to Hagar and Ishmael. Sarah probably did not refer to them by name because she was angry with them. 21:10 jrm9 with my son, with Isaac 0 “with my son Isaac” 21:11 b5qj This thing was very grievous to Abraham 0 “Abraham was very unhappy about what Sarah said” 21:11 bb4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit because of his son 0 “because it was about his son.” It is implied that this means his son, Ishmael. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:12 r6u6 Do not be grieved because of the lad, and because of your servant woman 0 “Do not be upset about the boy and your handmaid” 21:12 t2a7 Listen to her words in all she says to you about this matter 0 “Do everything that Sarah says to you about them” 21:12 wzl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it is through Isaac that your descendants will be named 0 The phrase “will be named” means those born through Isaac are the ones God considers to be the descendants that he promised Abraham. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Isaac is the one who will be the forefather of the descendants I promised to give you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 21:13 k7jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will also make the son of the servant woman into a nation 0 The word “nation” means God will give him many descendants so that they become a great nation of people. Alternate translation: “I will make the servant woman’s son also become the father of a great nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:14 u9q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche took bread 0 Possible meanings are (1) this refers to food in general or (2) this refers to bread specifically. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 21:14 hbx9 a skin of water 0 “a bag of water.” The water container was made out of animal skin. 21:15 ad5u When the water in the waterskin was gone 0 “When the water bag was empty” or “When they had drank all of the water” 21:16 z7c3 about the distance of a bowshot away 0 This refers to the distance that a person could shoot an arrow with a bow. This is about 100 meters. 21:16 kuh9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Let me not look upon the death of the child 0 The abstract noun “death” can be stated as “die.” Alternate translation: “I do not want to watch the boy die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:16 i8r8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy she lifted up her voice and wept 0 Here “voice” stands for the sound of her crying. To “life up her voice” means to cry loudly. Alternate translation: “she cried out loudly and wept” or “she wept loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 21:17 y2cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the voice of the lad 0 “the boy’s voice.” Here “voice” stands for the sound of the boy crying or speaking. Alternate translation: “the sound of Ishmael” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:17 swz4 the angel of God 0 “a messenger from God” or “God’s messenger” 21:17 nh6r out of heaven 0 Here “heaven” means the place where God lives. 21:17 usq5 What troubles you 0 “What is wrong” or “Why are you crying” 21:17 bx2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the voice of the lad where he is 0 Here “voice” stands for the sound of the boy crying or speaking. Alternate translation: “the sound of the boy lying over there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:18 n4hf raise up the lad 0 “help the boy stand up” 21:18 ifp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will make him into a great nation 0 To make Ishmael into a great nation means God will give him many descendants who will become a great nation. Alternate translation: “I will make his descendants become a great nation” or “I will make him become the ancestor of a great nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:19 kqh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God opened her eyes, and she saw 0 God making Hagar aware of the well is spoken of as if he literally opened her eyes. Alternate translation: “God caused Hagar to see” or “God showed her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:19 l527 the skin 0 “the container made of skin” or “the bag” 21:19 q3fh the lad 0 “the boy” or “Ishmael” 21:20 i9tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom God was with the lad 0 Here the phrase “was with” is an idiom that means God helped or blessed the boy. Alternate translation: “God guided the boy” or “God blessed the boy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 21:20 dwr6 became an archer 0 “became very skilled at using a bow and arrows” 21:21 nwf2 got a wife 0 “found a wife” 21:22 d7es rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about at that time 0 This phrase marks the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 21:22 sx3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Phicol 0 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 21:22 fg4b captain of his army 0 “commander of his army” 21:22 j5ga his army 0 The word “his” refers to Abimelech. 21:22 ed3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom God is with you in all that you do 0 Here the phrase “is with you” is an idiom that means God helps or blesses Abraham. Alternate translation: “God blesses everything you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 21:23 s6v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Now therefore 0 The word “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. Alternate translation: “Therefore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:23 le59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom swear to me here by God 0 This is an idiom meaning to make a solemn oath witnessed by a higher authority, in this instance, God. Alternate translation: “promise me with God as your witness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 21:23 du1c that you will not deal falsely with me 0 “that you will not lie to me” 21:23 z3n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives will not deal falsely & with my descendants 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will deal honestly with me and my descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 21:23 s3ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Show to me & covenant faithfulness that I have shown to you 0 The two men had made a covenant with each other. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “loyal.” Alternate translation: “Be as faithful to me and to the land as I have been to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:23 cj4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to the land 0 Here “land” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:24 s11p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis I swear 0 This can be stated with the understood information. Alternate translation: “I swear to be as faithful to you and your people as you have been to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 21:25 v44s Abraham also complained to Abimelech 0 Possible meanings are (1) Abraham was complaining about what happened or (2) “Abraham also rebuked Abimelech” 21:25 ph9l concerning a well of water that Abimelech’s servants had seized from him 0 “because Abimelech’s servants had taken one of Abraham’s wells” 21:25 t12g seized from him 0 “taken from Abraham” or “had taken control of” 21:26 i3se I have not heard of it until today 0 “This is the first time I have heard about it” 21:27 ruw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech 0 This is a sign of friendship and that Abraham agrees to make covenant with Abimelech. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 21:28 jy7m Abraham set seven female lambs of the flock by themselves 0 “Abraham separated seven female lambs from the flock” 21:29 tqa1 What is the meaning of these seven female lambs that you have set by themselves? 0 “Why have you separated these seven lambs from the flock?” 21:30 t7mt you will receive 0 “you will take” 21:30 mf9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from my hand 0 Here “hand” stands for Abraham. Alternate translation: “from me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 21:30 z8ku it may be a witness 0 The word “it” refers to the gift of seven lambs. 21:30 k965 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns so that it may be a witness for me 0 The abstract noun “witness” can be stated as “to prove.” Alternate translation: “to prove to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:31 fs2d he called that place 0 “Abraham called that place” 21:31 nln8 Beersheba 0 Translators may add a footnote saying “Beersheba can mean either “well of the oath” or “well of seven.” 21:31 uup5 they both 0 “Abraham and Abimelech” 21:32 nu8h Phicol 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 21:22](../21/22.md). 21:33 nb3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown a tamarisk tree 0 This is an evergreen tree that can grow in the desert. It can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “a tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 21:33 hss3 the eternal God 0 “the God who lives forever” 21:34 q54a many days 0 “for a long time” 22:intro eq6l 0 # Genesis 22 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sacrificing his son\nAlthough Isaac was not Abraham’s only son, he was the son who was to inherit Abraham’s promised blessings. It is possible this parallels God’s actual sacrifice of his son, Jesus, for the sins of man. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Covenant affirmation\nAfter important events, it is common for Scripture to affirm the tenants of a covenant. This serves as a reminder of the covenant and affirms it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### God tests Abraham\nExtra care should be taken when translating “testing.” It is best to avoid using the same word used for “tempting” even though they overlap in meaning. This is because Scripture also says God does not tempt anyone. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/tempt]] and [James 2:13](../../jas/02/13.md)) 22:1 v5l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 22:1 l21s after these things 0 This phrase refers to the events in chapter 21. 22:1 n2k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit God tested Abraham 0 It is implied that God tests Abraham to learn if Abraham will be faithful to him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: God tested Abraham’s faithfulness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:1 wmg9 Here I am 0 “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” 22:2 riw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit your only son 0 It is implied that God knows that Abraham has another son, Ishmael. This emphasizes that Isaac is the son that God promised to give Abraham. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “your only son whom I have promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:2 wi8g whom you love 0 This emphasizes Abraham’s love for his son, Isaac. 22:2 f7eh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the land of Moriah 0 “the land called Moriah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 22:3 t9yx saddled his donkey 0 “loaded his donkey” or “put on his donkey what he needed for the journey” 22:3 yed4 young men 0 “servants” 22:3 u1yy set out on his journey 0 “started his journey” or “started traveling” 22:4 rp2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal On the third day 0 The word “third” is the ordinal number for three. Alternate translation: “After traveling for three days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 22:4 wqd9 saw the place afar off 0 “saw far away the place that God had spoken of” 22:5 n287 young men 0 “servants” 22:5 fay2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive We will worship 0 The word “we” refers only to Abraham and Isaac, but not to the young men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 22:5 h4ur come again to you 0 “return to you” 22:6 hdf8 put it on Isaac his son 0 “had Isaac, his son, carry it” 22:6 kw2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He took in his own hand 0 Here “his own hand” emphasizes that Abraham himself carried these things. Alternate translation: “Abraham himself carried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:6 lj2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the fire 0 Here “fire” stands for a pan containing burning coals or a torch or lamp. Alternate translation: “something for starting a fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:6 v6yy they went both of them together 0 “they left together” or “the two of them went together” 22:7 h248 My father 0 This is a loving way for a son to speak to his father. 22:7 j9ph Here I am 0 “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md). 22:7 vf73 my son 0 This is a loving way for a father to speak to his son. 22:7 m2y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the fire 0 Here “fire” stands for a pan containing burning coals or a torch or lamp. See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:6](../22/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:7 eb9g the lamb for the burnt offering 0 “the lamb that you will give as a burnt offering” 22:8 w7zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns God himself 0 Here “himself” emphasizes that it is God who will provide the lamb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 22:8 p2wc will provide 0 “will give us” 22:9 yn6m When they came to the place 0 “When Abraham and Isaac arrived at the place” 22:9 x21f he bound 0 “he tied up” 22:9 g9i8 on the altar, on top of the wood 0 “on top of the wood that was on the altar” 22:10 a5eg reached out with his hand and took up the knife 0 “picked up the knife” 22:11 d82r the angel of Yahweh 0 Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh made himself look like an angel or (2) this was one of Yahweh’s angels or (3) this was a special messenger from God (some scholars think it was Jesus). Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “the angel of Yahweh” using the normal word that you use for “angel.” See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md). 22:11 yu4c from heaven 0 This refers to the place where God lives. 22:11 w9zz Here I am 0 “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md). 22:12 m8d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Do not lay your hand upon the lad, nor do anything to harm him 0 The phrase “Do no lay your hand upon” is a way of saying “do not harm.” God said basically the same thing twice to emphasize that Abraham should not hurt Isaac. Alternate translation: “Do not hurt the boy in any way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:12 n4c5 now I know & from me 0 The words “I” and “me” refer to Yahweh. When translating what is in the quote, do it as the angel of Yahweh did and use the words “I” and “me” when referring to Yahweh. 22:12 n8sb you fear God 0 This refers to deeply respecting God and showing that respect by obeying him. 22:12 rcz2 seeing that 0 “because I see that” 22:12 nh8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives you have not withheld your son & from me 0 “you have not held back your son … from me.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you were willing to offer your son … to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 22:12 yqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit your son, your only son 0 It is implied that God knows that Abraham has another son, Ishmael. This emphasizes that Isaac is the son that God promised to give Abraham. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 22:2](../22/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:13 n7b6 behold 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 22:13 qy8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive was a ram caught in the bushes by his horns 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “was a ram whose horns were stuck in the bushes” or “was a ram stuck in the bushes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:13 i7l2 went and took the ram 0 “Abraham went over to the ram and took it” 22:14 fk9q will provide & will be provided 0 Use the same word for “provide” as you used in [Genesis 22:8](../22/08.md). 22:14 cbx8 to this day 0 “even now.” This means even to the time that the author was writing this book. 22:14 qmx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it will be provided 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will provide” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:15 qcn7 The angel of Yahweh 0 Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh made himself look like an angel or (2) this was one of Yahweh’s angels or (3) this was a special messenger from God (some scholars think it was Jesus). Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “The angel of Yahweh” using the normal word that you use for “angel.” See the note about this phrase in [Genesis 16:7](../16/07.md). 22:15 aa8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal a second time 0 The word “second” is the ordinal number for two. Alternate translation: “again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 22:15 e8jz from heaven 0 Here the word “heaven” refers to the place where God lives. 22:16 t7gg said—this is Yahweh’s declaration 0 “spoke this message from Yahweh” or “declared these words of Yahweh.” This is a formal way of saying that the words that follow come directly from Yahweh. 22:16 p814 by myself I have sworn 0 “I have promised and I am my witness.” To swear means to use the name of something or someone as the basis or power on which the oath is made. There is nothing more powerful for Yahweh to swear by than himself. 22:16 une6 you have done this thing 0 “you obeyed me” 22:16 jc1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives have not withheld your son 0 “have not kept back your son.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “were willing to offer your son to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 22:16 pyp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit your son, your only son 0 It is implied that God knows that Abraham has another son, Ishmael. This emphasizes that Isaac is the son that God promised to give Abraham. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 22:2](../22/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:17 rb7e surely bless 0 “certainly bless” 22:17 ejb4 I will greatly multiply your descendants 0 “I will cause your descendants to increase again and again” or “I will cause your descendants to be very many” 22:17 aih1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile as the stars of the heavens, and as the sand which is upon the seashore 0 God compared Abraham’s descendants to the stars and the sand. Just as people cannot count the huge number of stars or the grains of sand, so there would be so many of Abraham’s descendants that people would not be able to count them. Alternate translation: “beyond what you can count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 22:17 v86r as the stars of the heavens 0 Here the word “heavens” refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars. 22:17 q7zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche will possess the gate of their enemies 0 Here “gate” represents the whole city. To “possess the gate of their enemies” means destroying their enemies. Alternate translation: “will completely triumph over their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:18 tq9d General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe angel of Yahweh continues speaking to Abraham. 22:18 u7dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all the nations of the earth will be blessed 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I, the Lord, will bless all the people living everywhere” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:18 bl9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy nations of the earth 0 Here “nations” stands for the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:18 i6qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you have obeyed my voice 0 Here “voice” stands for what God said. Alternate translation: “you have obeyed what I said” or “you have obeyed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:19 eb78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Abraham returned 0 Only Abraham was named because he was the father, but it was implied that his son went with him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Abraham and his son went back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:19 vx4h young men 0 “servants” 22:19 e1ck they departed 0 “they left that place” 22:19 v5yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he lived at Beersheba 0 Only Abraham was mentioned because he was the leader of his family and servants, but it was implied that they were with him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Abraham and his people stayed in Beersheba” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:20 hai9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about after these things 0 “After these events.” The phrase “these things” refers to the events of Genesis 22:1-19. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 22:20 u5ru rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Abraham was told 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:20 a222 Milkah has borne children, as well 0 “Milkah has also borne children” 22:20 i8qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Milkah 0 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 22:21 hd5y They were Uz his firstborn, Buz his brother 0 “The name of his firstborn was Uz, and the names of the rest of his children were Buz his brother” 22:21 xm6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Uz & Buz & Kemuel & Aram 0 These are all names of men. Translate this so that it is clear that all of these except Aram are the sons of Nahor and Milkah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 22:22 qg5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Kesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel 0 These are all names of men. Translate this so that it is clear that all of these are the sons of Nahor and Milkah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 22:23 h2fe Bethuel became the father of Rebekah 0 “Later Bethel became the father of Rebekah” 22:23 xue2 These were the eight children that Milkah bore to Nahor, Abraham’s brother 0 “These were the eight children of Milkah and Nahor, Abraham’s brother.” This refers to the children that were listed in [Genesis 22:21-22](./21.md). 22:24 v3k2 His concubine 0 “Nahor’s concubine” 22:24 td3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Reumah 0 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 22:24 uvx4 also bore 0 “also gave birth to” 22:24 km7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah 0 These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:intro m5kz 0 # Genesis 23 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Abraham’s character\nAbraham’s interaction with the people show that he was greatly respected. This would have been unusual for a foreigner and indicates that Abraham was a man of great character. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Burial\nBurial was a common practice when Abraham lived, but only the wealthy were able to bury their dead relatives in this way. 23:1 by7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers Sarah lived a hundred and twenty-seven years 0 “Sarah lived 127 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 23:1 dq7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet These were the years of the life of Sarah 0 Some translations do not include this sentence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 23:2 bm76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Kiriath Arba 0 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:2 dik9 Abraham mourned and wept for Sarah 0 “Abraham was very sad and cried because Sarah died” 23:3 r87x rose up and went from his dead wife 0 “got up and left his wife’s body” 23:3 n5za rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the sons of Heth 0 Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” or “the Hittites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:4 tg1d among you 0 This idea may be expressed in terms of location. “in your country” or “here” 23:4 llx2 Please grant me a property 0 “Sell me some land” or “Allow me to buy a piece of land” 23:4 ehx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj my dead 0 The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as an adjective or a verb. Alternate translation: “my dead wife” or “my wife who has died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 23:5 w3ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names The sons of Heth 0 Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “The descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:6 s243 my master 0 This phrase is used to show respect to Abraham. 23:6 z2xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom a prince of God 0 This is an idiom. This probably means “a powerful man” or “a mighty leader.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 23:6 l6my rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj your dead 0 The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “your wife who has died” or “your wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 23:6 rh4j the choicest of our tombs 0 “the best of our burial places” 23:6 u2pe refuse you his tomb 0 “withhold his burial place from you” or “refuse to give to you his tomb” 23:7 h7w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage bowed down 0 This means to bend over or kneel down very low to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) 23:7 yw6s to the people of the land, to the sons of Heth 0 “to the sons of Heth who lived in the area” 23:7 qnd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the sons of Heth 0 Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:8 z68i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj my dead 0 The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “my wife who has died” or “my wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 23:8 c9j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ephron & Zohar 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:9 t978 the cave of Machpelah, which he owns, which is at the end of his field 0 “his cave that is at the end of his field in Machpelah” 23:9 h3f7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the cave of Machpelah 0 “the cave in Machpela.” Machpela was the name of an area or region. Ephron owned a field in Machpela and the cave that was in the field. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:9 n9as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish which he owns 0 This tells something about the cave. Ephron owned the cave. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 23:9 e8mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish which is at the end of his field 0 This also tells something about the cave. The cave was at the end of Ephron’s field. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 23:9 xw6j sell it to me publicly 0 “sell it to me in front of you all” or “sell it to me in your presence” 23:9 h1qr as a property 0 “as a piece of land that I may own and use” 23:10 idb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now Ephron was sitting among the sons of Heth 0 Here “Now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Ephron. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 23:10 w16a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ephron 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:10 qat3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the sons of Heth 0 Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:10 pmj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the hearing of the sons of Heth 0 The abstract noun “the hearing” can be stated as “hear” or “listening.” Alternate translation: “so that all the sons of Heth could hear him” or “while all the sons of Heth were listening” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:10 yq1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish all those who had come into the gate of his city 0 This tells which sons of Heth were listening. Alternate translation: “all those who had gathered at the gate of his city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 23:10 v5hh gate of his city 0 The city gate was where the leaders of the city would meet to make important decisions. 23:10 juf1 his city 0 “the city where he lived.” This phrase shows that Ephron belonged to that city. It does not mean that he owned it. 23:11 t9j5 my master 0 This phrase is used to show respect to Abraham. 23:11 zt96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the presence of the sons of my people 0 Here “presence” stands for the people serving as witnesses. Alternate translation: “with my fellow countrymen as my witnesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 23:11 td9w sons of my people 0 This means “my fellow countrymen” or “my fellow Hittites” 23:11 zdp4 my people 0 This phrase shows that Ephron was part of that group of people. It does not mean that he was their leader. 23:11 eq11 I give it to you to bury your dead 0 “I give it to you. Bury your dead” 23:11 d3q4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj your dead 0 The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “your wife who has died” or “your wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 23:12 sv7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage bowed himself down 0 This means to bend over or kneel down very low to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) 23:12 g1ce people of the land 0 “people who lived in that area” 23:13 s7vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the hearing of the people of the land 0 The abstract noun “the hearing” can be stated as “hear” or “listening” Alternate translation: “so that the people who lived in the area could hear” or “while the people who lived in the area were listening” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:13 d4k3 But if you are willing 0 The word “but” shows a contrast. Ephron wanted to give the field to Abraham; Abraham wanted to pay for it. Alternate translation: “No, but if you are willing” or “No, but if you agree with this” 23:13 t89n I will pay for the field 0 “I will give you money for the field” 23:13 xai6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj my dead 0 The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “my wife who has died” or “my wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 23:14 i9a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ephron 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:15 a9gk Please, my master, listen to me 0 “Hear me, my master” or “Listen to me, kind sir” 23:15 a6wp my master 0 This phrase is used to show respect to Abraham. 23:15 v7ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion A piece of land worth four hundred shekels of silver, what is that between me and you? 0 Ephron meant that since he and Abraham were both so wealthy, 400 pieces of silver was a small amount. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The piece of land is worth only four hundred shekels of silver. For you and me, that is nothing.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 23:15 pl1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight four hundred shekels of silver 0 This is about 4.5 kilograms of silver. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) 23:15 vh1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers four hundred 0 “400” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 23:15 v5rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj Bury your dead 0 The nominal adjective “dead” can be stated as a verb or simply as “wife.” Alternate translation: “Go bury your wife who has died” or “Go bury your wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 23:16 bu12 Abraham weighed out to Ephron the amount of silver 0 “Abraham weighed the silver and gave Ephron the amount” or “Abraham counted out to Ephron the amount of silver” 23:16 af6q the amount of silver that he had spoken 0 “the amount of silver that Ephron had said” 23:16 k56n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the hearing of the sons of Heth 0 The abstract noun “the hearing” can be stated as “hear” or “listening.” Alternate translation: “so that all the sons of Heth could hear him” or “while all the sons of Heth were listening” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:16 n255 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the sons of Heth 0 Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:16 z85u according to the standard measurement of the merchants 0 “using the standard measurement of weight that merchants used.” This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “He weighed the silver the same way that the merchants used to weigh it” 23:17 tt9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Machpelah 0 Machpela was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:17 x6jb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mamre 0 This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:17 ia83 that is, the field, the cave that was in it, and all the trees 0 This phrase explains what the author meant when he wrote “the field of Ephron.” It was not only the field, but also the cave and trees in the field. 23:17 d6s8 passed 0 “became property that belonged” 23:18 lsx4 to Abraham by purchase 0 These words complete the idea that begins with the word “passed” in verse 17. “became Abraham’s possession when he purchased it” or “belonged to Abraham after he bought it” 23:18 cr5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy in the presence of the sons of Heth 0 Here “presence” stands for the people serving as witnesses. Alternate translation: “with the people of Heth watching as witnesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 23:18 n2pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the sons of Heth 0 Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 23:18 g8u6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish all those who had come into the gate of his city 0 This tells which sons of Heth saw Abraham buy the property. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:10](../23/10.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 23:18 ygu6 gate of his city 0 The city gate was where the leaders of the city would meet to make important decisions. 23:18 e2hk his city 0 “the city where he lived.” This phrase shows that Ephron belonged to that city. It does not mean that he owned it. 23:19 ekx3 After this 0 “After he bought the field” 23:19 fv26 the cave of the field 0 “the cave in the field” 23:19 b38v the field of Machpelah 0 “the field in Machpelah” 23:19 ey3f that is, Hebron 0 Possible meanings are (1) Mamre was another name for Hebron or (2) Hebron was formerly called Mamre or (3) Mamre was very near the larger city of Hebron, so people usually called it Hebron. 23:20 cs4e passed to Abraham as a property for a burial place from the sons of Heth 0 “became Abraham’s property for a burial ground when he bought it from the sons of Heth” 23:20 fx6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the sons of Heth 0 Here “sons” stands for those who descended from Heth. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:3](../23/03.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Heth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 24:intro t2cz 0 # Genesis 24 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 24:60.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Intermarriage\n\nAbraham would not allow his son to marry anyone from the people of Canaan. This is because it would cause his son to worship other gods. Intermarriage and worshiping false gods are things that frequently caused Abraham’s descendants to struggle. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])\n\n### Abraham’s wealth\n\nThere are many instances recorded in this chapter which highlight Abraham’s significant wealth. He owned more than 10 camels and had large amounts of gold.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “Put your hand under my thigh”\n\nMany scholars believe this is a euphemism. Putting one’s hand on a man’s genitals was a way to make an important oath. It represented power and progeny. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 24:1 swv5 Now 0 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story. 24:2 ebr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Put your hand under my thigh 0 Abraham was about to ask the servant to swear to do something. Putting his hand under Abraham’s thigh would show that he would certainly do what he would swear to do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 24:3 f2nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative I will make you swear 0 This can be expressed as a command. Alternate translation: “swear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 24:3 a7dx swear by Yahweh 0 The term “swear by” means to use the name of something or someone as the basis or power on which the oath is made. “promise me with Yahweh as your witness” 24:3 hip1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism the God of heaven and the God of the earth 0 “the God of heaven and earth.” The words “heaven” and “earth” are used together to mean every thing that God created. Alternate translation: “the God of everything in heaven and earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 24:3 ren6 heaven 0 This refers to the place where God lives. 24:3 v2r5 from the daughters of the Canaanites 0 “from the Canaanite women” or “from the Canaanites.” This refers to Canaanite females. 24:3 i3p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche among whom I make my home 0 “among whom I live.” Here, “I” stands for Abraham and all of his family and servants. Alternate translation: “among whom we live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 24:4 a5wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative But you will go 0 This can be stated as a command. Alternate translation: “Swear that you will go” or “But go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 24:4 s3ne my relatives 0 “my family” 24:5 qpu6 What if 0 “What should I do if” 24:5 wkn5 will not be willing to follow me 0 “will not follow me” or “refuses to come back with me” 24:5 b9nk Must I take your son back to the land from which you came 0 “Should I take you son to live in the land from which you came” 24:6 g1bh Make sure that you do not take my son back there 0 The phrase “Make sure” emphasizes the command that follows. “Be careful not to take my son back there” or “You definitely must not take my son there” 24:7 b2tf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy who took me from my father’s house 0 Here “house” stands for the people in his family. Alternate translation: “who took me from my father and the rest of my family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:7 rg6g promised me with a solemn oath 0 “swore an oath to me” 24:7 ar65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes saying, ‘To your offspring I will give this land,’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “saying that he would give this land to my offspring” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 24:7 a25j he will send his angel 0 The words “he” and “his” refer to Yahweh. 24:8 w9ll General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nVerse 8 is a continuation of the instructions Abraham gave his servant. 24:8 j773 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo But if the woman is not willing to follow you 0 “But if the woman refuses to come with you.” Abraham was answering the servant’s question from [Genesis 24:5](../24/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 24:8 q3gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will be free from this oath of mine 0 “you will be released from the oath you made to me.” Not having to fulfill an oath is spoken of as if the person is free from an object to which he was bound. Alternate translation: “you will not have to do what you swore to me that you would do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:9 tty4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction put his hand under the thigh of Abraham his master 0 This was to show that he would certainly do what he was swearing to do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 24:9 lt8g swore to him 0 “made an oath to him” 24:9 k6wb concerning this matter 0 “concerning Abraham’s request” or “that he would do what Abraham said” 24:10 qz3v departed. He also took 0 The sentence starting with “He also took” gives additional information about what the servant took with him on the journey. He gathered them before he departed. 24:10 t2ji He also took with him all kinds of gifts from his master 0 This means he also took many good things that his master wanted to give to the woman’s family. 24:10 yq2h departed and went 0 “set out and went” or “he left and went” 24:10 nmn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the city of Nahor 0 Possible meanings are (1) the city where Nahor lived” or (2) “the city called Nahor.” If you can translate it without choosing a meaning, do so. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 24:11 x8ge He made the camels kneel down 0 Camels are tall animals with long legs. He made them bend their legs and lower their bodies to the ground. “He made the camels lie down” 24:11 c8xs well of water 0 “water well” or “well” 24:11 n18k draw water 0 “get water” 24:12 tp8i Then he said 0 “Then the servant said” 24:12 yyj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases grant me success today and show covenant faithfulness to my master Abraham 0 You can state this with the connecting word “by.” This makes clear how the servant wants God to show covenant faithfulness. Alternate translation: “Show covenant faithfulness to my master Abraham by granting me success today” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 24:12 i9ac rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns grant me success 0 “give me success.” The servant wanted to find a good wife for Abraham’s son. The abstract noun “success” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “help me to succeed” or “make me able to do what I have come here to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:12 n4s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns show covenant faithfulness to my master Abraham 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “be faithful to the covenant you have with my master Abraham” or “be faithful to my master Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:13 b9wq Look, here I am standing 0 “You can see me standing here” 24:13 y2ut the spring of water 0 “the spring” or “the well” 24:13 v4y7 the daughters of the men of the city 0 “the young women of the city” 24:14 xg68 Let it happen like this 0 “Let it happen this way” or “Make this happen” 24:14 uy2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes When I say to a young woman, ‘Please lower your pitcher so that I may drink,’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. This can be expressed with an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “When I ask a young woman to let me have a drink of water from her jar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 24:14 z6kj Please lower your pitcher 0 The women carried the pitchers on their shoulder. She would have to lower it to give the man a drink. 24:14 khg5 pitcher 0 a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids 24:14 je9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns that you have shown covenant faithfulness to my master 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “been faithful.” Alternate translation: “that you have been faithful to the covenant you have with my master Abraham” or “you have been faithful to my master Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:15 td2g It came about that 0 This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 24:15 jq3w behold 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 24:15 fm5s pitcher 0 This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md). 24:15 y3qz Rebekah was born to Bethuel son of Milkah, the wife of Nahor, Abraham’s brother 0 “Rebekah’s father was Bethuel. Bethuel’s parents were Milkah and Nahor. Nahor was Abraham’s brother” 24:15 y6za rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bethuel 0 Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 24:15 y7ld rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Nahor 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated his name in [Genesis 11:22](../11/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 24:15 xmc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Milkah 0 Milkah was Nahor’s wife and Bethuel’s mother. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 11:29](../11/29.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 24:16 s6tm She went down to the spring & and came up 0 The spring was somewhere lower in elevation than where the servant was standing. 24:17 lng1 to meet her 0 “to meet the young woman” 24:17 hb32 a little drink of water 0 “a little water” 24:17 tiz4 pitcher 0 This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md). 24:18 dr38 my master 0 “sir.” Here the woman uses this term of respect to refer to the man, though she is not his slave. 24:18 h8xp she quickly let down her pitcher on her hand 0 “she quickly lowered her pitcher.” She was carrying the pitcher on her shoulder. She had to lower it to get water for the servant. 24:19 jg5k I will draw water 0 “I will get water” 24:20 n27r So she hurried and emptied her pitcher 0 “So she quickly emptied her pitcher” 24:20 pkk9 the trough 0 “the animals’ water trough.” A trough is a long open container for holding water for animals to drink. 24:21 ui6c The man 0 “The servant” 24:21 q4p6 watched her 0 “watched Rebekah” or “watched the young woman” 24:21 b11e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to see 0 Learning something is often spoken of as if it were seeing. Alternate translation: “to know” or “to determine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:21 i3b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit had prospered his journey 0 “had fulfilled the purpose of his journey” or “had made his journey successful.” You can make explicit what specifically the servant was trying to determine. Alternate translation: “was showing him the woman who would become Isaac’s wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 24:21 x4zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis or not 0 You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “or not prospered his journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 24:22 slf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight a gold nose ring weighing half a shekel 0 “a gold nose ring that weighed six grams.” The weight indicates the value of the ring. Alternate translation: “an expensive gold nose ring” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) 24:22 w1h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight two gold bracelets for her arms weighing ten shekels 0 “two gold bracelets for her arms that weighed 110 grams.” The weight shows their size and value. Alternate translation: “two large gold bracelets for her arms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]]) 24:23 r4h2 Whose daughter are you 0 “Who is your father” 24:23 e8zs is there room in your father’s house 0 “is there a place in your father’s house” 24:23 vu7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive for us 0 Apparently other men went on this journey with Abraham’s servant. Here “us” refers to the servant and those traveling with him, but not to those to whom he was speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 24:23 ij83 to spend the night 0 “to stay tonight” or “to stay for the night” 24:24 qx3y She said 0 “Rebekah said” or “the young woman said” 24:24 h5cc to him 0 “to the servant” 24:24 tu27 I am the daughter of Bethuel son of Milkah, whom she bore to Nahor 0 “Bethuel is my father, and his parents are Milkah and Nahor” 24:25 ki2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis We have plenty of both straw and feed 0 It is understood that the straw and feed are for the camels. You can make clear this understood information. Alternate translation: “We have plenty of straw and feed for the camels” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 24:25 g1si for you to spend the night 0 “for you to stay tonight” or “where you can stay for the night” 24:25 j8dw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you for you 0 Here “you” refers to the servant and those traveling with him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 24:26 wj5p the man 0 “the servant” 24:26 rf3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bowed down 0 This is a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 24:27 pf99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns has not forsaken his covenant faithfulness and his trustworthiness toward my master 0 “has not stopped showing his covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness to my master.” The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “to be faithful and trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “has not stopped being faithful to his covenant and trustworthy toward my master” or “has not stopped being faithful and trustworthy to my master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:27 eme3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes has not forsaken 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “continues to show” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 24:27 xfl3 my master’s relatives 0 “my master’s family” or “my master’s clan” 24:28 s6bc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ran and told her mother’s household 0 Here “household” stands for all the people living in her mother’s house. Alternate translation: “ran to the house and told her mother and everyone there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:28 xw7q all of these things 0 “everything that had just happened” 24:29 yd93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now 0 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author tells background information about Rebekah. The author introduces her brother, Laban, to the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]]) 24:30 n1zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events When he had seen the nose ring & and when he had heard the words of Rebekah his sister 0 These things happened before he ran out to the man. This tells why Laban ran out to the man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) 24:30 si84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations when he had heard the words of Rebekah his sister, “This is what the man said to me,” 0 This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “when he had heard his sister Rebekah tell what the man had said to her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 24:30 qav2 behold, he 0 The word “behold” here adds emphasis to what follows. “it was just as she had said: he” 24:31 w2vg Come, you 0 “Come in, you” or “Enter, you” 24:31 rud7 you blessed of Yahweh 0 “you whom Yahweh has blessed” 24:31 tn1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you 0 Here the word “you” refers to Abraham’s servant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 24:31 gk45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why are you standing outside? 0 Laban used this question to invite Abraham’s servant into his house. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You do not need to stay outside.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 24:32 n6xf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go So the man came to the house 0 The word “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 24:32 h7z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he unloaded the camels 0 It is not clear who did this work. This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Laban’s servants unloaded the camels” or “the camels were unloaded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 24:32 hhx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The camels were given straw and feed, and water was provided 0 This does not say who did the work. If you state this in active form use “Laban’s servants” as the subject. Alternate translation: “Laban’s servants gave straw and feed to the camels, and they provided water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 24:32 jti6 to wash his feet & him 0 “for Abraham’s servant and the men who were with him to wash their feet” 24:33 x4b4 They set 0 Here, the word “they” refers to Laban’s family members or to the household servants. 24:33 th5z set food before him 0 “gave food to the servant” 24:33 d4p6 said what I have to say 0 “spoken my words” or “told you why I am here” 24:35 x58h he has become great 0 Here the word “he” refers to Abraham. 24:35 w53i become great 0 “become very wealthy” 24:35 ff88 He has given 0 The word “he” refers to Yahweh. 24:36 l6kq General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAbraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family. 24:36 em4l bore a son to my master 0 “gave birth to a son” 24:36 sw5h he has given & to him 0 “my master has given … to his son” 24:37 bu75 My master made me swear, saying 0 “My master made me swear that I would do what he told me to do. He said” 24:37 gr54 from the daughters of the Canaanites 0 This refers to Canaanite females. Alternate translation: “from the Canaanite women” or “from the Canaanites” 24:37 nd18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in whose land I make my home 0 “among whom I live.” Here, “I” stands for Abraham and all of his family and servants. Alternate translation: “among whom we live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 24:38 ye3t to my relatives 0 “to my own clan” 24:39 pgj8 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAbraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family. 24:39 xvk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo Perhaps the woman will not follow me. 0 This is something that could possibly happen. Alternate translation: “What if the woman will not come back with me?” or “What should I do if the woman will not come back with me?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 24:40 mp4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor before whom I walk 0 Serving Yahweh is spoken of as if Abraham were walking in Yahweh’s presence. Alternate translation: “whom I serve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:40 uj9t he will prosper your way 0 “he will make your journey successful” 24:40 f64z family line 0 “family” 24:41 x3ph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you. Then you will be free from my oath 0 This is a hypothetical situation that Abraham did not think was likely to happen. Possible meanings are (1) “There is only one way for you to be free from my oath: if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you, then you will be free from my oath” or, (2) building on verse 40, “If you go to my father’s family and ask for a girl, you will have done what I told you to do. If they will not give her to you, then you will be free from the oath you swore to me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 24:41 ijt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will be free from my oath 0 “you will be released from the oath you made to me.” Not having to fulfill an oath is spoken of as if the person is free from an object to which he was bound. Alternate translation: “you will not have to do what you swore to me that you would do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:41 wll8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go if you come to my relatives 0 Languages use the words come and go differently. Alternate translation: “if you arrive at my relatives’ home” or “if you go to my relatives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 24:42 t1j2 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAbraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family. 24:42 m7ps the spring 0 “the well” 24:43 ey1m let the young woman who comes & the woman to whom I say 0 The servant goes back to stating his request. These are the first two things he has to say about the woman whom he hopes will come. 24:43 ru4z to draw water 0 “to get water” 24:43 ays7 pitcher 0 This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md). 24:44 k1f8 the woman who says to me, “Drink & camels” 0 The thought that begins with the words “let the young woman who comes” in verse 43 ends here. This is the third of the three things the servant has to say about the woman whom he hopes will come. 24:44 t41f let her be the woman 0 The servant finishes his request. 24:45 jux7 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAbraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family. 24:45 w249 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor speaking in my heart 0 To pray silently in one’s mind is spoken of as if he were speaking in his heart. The word “heart” refers to his thoughts and his mind. Alternate translation: “praying” or “praying quietly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:45 s82z behold, Rebekah came 0 “suddenly Rebekah came” or “I was surprised because I saw Rebekah coming” 24:45 s4y4 pitcher 0 This is a medium-size jar made of clay used for holding and pouring liquids. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:14](../24/14.md). 24:45 v94w she went down to the spring 0 The phrase “went down” is used because the spring was somewhere lower than where the servant was standing. 24:45 r9da spring 0 opening in the ground from which fresh water comes 24:46 kvw1 watered the camels 0 “gave water to the camels” 24:47 q3rt General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAbraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family. 24:47 wg1u The daughter of Bethuel, Nahor’s son, whom Milkah bore to him 0 “My father is Bethuel. His parents are Nahor and Milkah” 24:47 xxd2 ring & bracelets 0 In this story, all of these items were made of gold. See how you translated these in [Genesis 24:22](../24/22.md). 24:48 e8rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction I bowed down 0 This is a sign of humility before God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 24:48 h58h led me by the right way 0 “brought me here” 24:48 zhy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases who had led me 0 The connecting word “because” can be used to show this is why the servant worshiped God. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh led me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 24:48 p249 my master’s relative 0 This refers to Bethuel, the son of Abraham’s brother Nahor. 24:49 v7x5 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nAbraham’s servant continues speaking to Rebekah’s family. 24:49 u6eh Now therefore 0 “Now.” Here “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 24:49 yac9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit if you are prepared to show covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness to my master, tell me 0 How they could show the covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “tell me if you will be faithful and trustworthy to my master by giving Rebekah to be his son’s wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 24:49 q5fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you 0 The word “you” refers to Laban and Bethuel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 24:49 bf6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns faithfulness and trustworthiness 0 These abstract nouns can be stated as “faithful and trustworthy.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:49 r8l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis But if not 0 The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “But if you are not prepared to treat my master with family faithfulness and trustworthiness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 24:49 yjd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so that I may turn to the right hand or to the left 0 Possible meanings are (1) deciding what to do is spoken of as if the person will physically turn one direction or another. Alternate translation: “so that I will know what do” or (2) the servant wants to know if he needs to travel somewhere else. Alternate translation: “so that I may continue on my journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 24:50 jew5 Bethuel 0 This was the father of Laban and Rebekah. 24:50 x54j The thing has come from Yahweh 0 “Yahweh has caused all of this to happen” 24:50 e21v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom we cannot speak to you either bad or good 0 They are saying they do not have the authority to decide whether what God has done is good or bad. Alternate translation: “we dare not judge what Yahweh is doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 24:51 y3tx Look, Rebekah is 0 “You can see Rebekah here” 24:51 zkd6 Rebekah is before you 0 “Here is Rebekah” 24:52 f6nn their words 0 “what Laban and Bethuel said” 24:52 s5s4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction he bowed himself down 0 Bowing down before God is an expression of worship to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 24:53 c4x7 articles of silver and articles of gold 0 “silver and gold items” or “things made of silver and gold” 24:53 yqa2 precious gifts 0 “expensive gifts” or “valuable gifts” 24:54 w8v9 he and the men who were with him 0 “Abraham’s servant and his men” 24:54 ssz6 stayed there overnight 0 “slept there that night” 24:54 v8m5 arose in the morning 0 “got up the next morning” 24:54 fw75 Send me away 0 “Let me leave and return” 24:55 a6ia a few more days, at least ten 0 “at least ten more days” 24:55 ce7w After that 0 “Then” 24:56 pr3s he said 0 “Abraham’s servant said” 24:56 sl94 to them 0 “to Rebekah’s brother and mother” 24:56 dav8 Do not hinder me 0 “Do not delay me” or “Do not make me wait” 24:56 jnv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Yahweh has prospered my way 0 Here “way” stands for a journey. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused me to succeed in the purpose my journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:56 g87g Send me on my way 0 “Allow me to leave” 24:59 qez3 So they sent their sister Rebekah 0 “So the family sent Rebekah” 24:59 e462 their sister 0 Rebekah was Laban’s sister. Alternate translation: “their relative” or “Laban’s sister” 24:59 uvk2 her female servant 0 This refers to the female servant who had fed Rebekah when she was a baby, cared for her when she was a child, and still served her. 24:60 ck3m Our sister 0 Rebekah was not the sister to everyone in her family. But they called her this to show that they loved her. Alternate translation: “Our dear Rebekah” 24:60 lz94 may you be the mother of thousands of ten thousands 0 Here “mother” stands for ancestor. Alternate translation: “may you be the ancestor of millions of people” or “may you have very many descendants” 24:60 k4au rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers thousands of ten thousands 0 This means a very large number or an uncountable number. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 24:60 lj6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy may your descendants possess the gate of those who hate them 0 Armies would break through the gate of their enemies’ cities and conquer the people. Alternate translation: “may your descendants completely defeat those who hate them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:61 m2sa Then Rebekah arose, and she and her servant girls mounted the camels 0 “Then Rebekah and her servant girls went and got on the camels” 24:61 s54m Thus the servant took Rebekah, and went his way 0 “In this way Abraham’s servant took Rebekah with him and returned to where he had come from” 24:62 de8g Now 0 This word marks a change in the story. It was telling about the servant finding a wife, and now it will tell about Isaac. 24:62 a6ll Beer Lahai Roi 0 This is the name of a water well in the Negev. See how you translated it in [Genesis 16:14](../16/14.md). 24:63 l5s8 Isaac went out to meditate in the field in the evening 0 “One evening Isaac went out to the field to think.” This must have been a long time after the servant and Rebekah left her home since they had to travel a long distance. 24:63 r5zl When he looked up and saw, behold, there were camels coming! 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. “When he looked up he was surprised to see camels coming” 24:64 ct8r Rebekah looked 0 “Rebekah looked up” 24:64 xm2p she jumped down from the camel 0 “she quickly got off the camel” 24:65 ai22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction So she took her veil, and covered herself 0 “So she covered her face with her veil.” This is a sign of respect and modesty towards the man she will marry. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 24:65 x2me veil 0 a piece of cloth used to cover a person’s head, shoulders and face 24:67 c5ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet took Rebekah, and she became his wife 0 Both of these phrases mean that Isaac married Rebekah. Alternate translation: “married Rebekah” or “took her as his wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 24:67 h9zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive So Isaac was comforted 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So Rebekah comforted Isaac” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:intro ig86 0 # Genesis 25 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 25:23.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Polygamy\nAbraham married another wife. This was sinful of him. Many other Hebrew leaders came to marry multiple wives. This is known as “polygamy.” It has never been an acceptable practice. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### Inheritance\nIn the ancient Near East, inheritance was passed on through the eldest son. Even though Esau and Jacob were twins, it is very important that Esau was born first. It was his birthright to receive his inheritance, but he foolishly gave it up. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### God fulfill’s his promise\nGod begins to fulfill the promise he gave to Abraham about making his descendants numerous. Many of these children through his concubines would become large people groups. This may not be easy to understand without the remainder of the Old Testament and the history it records. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 25:1 cu8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nSee [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]. 25:4 rx7z All these 0 This refers to the people named in verses 2-4. 25:5 l5pw Abraham gave all that he owned to Isaac 0 “Isaac inherited all that Abraham owned.” It was normal for the father to divide his wealth when he was old and not leave that for others to do after he died. 25:7 wx9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers These were the days of the years of Abraham’s life which he lived, 175 years 0 “These were … he lived, one hundred and seventy-five years.” Abraham lived 175 years. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 25:8 p4ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Abraham breathed his last and died 0 “Abraham took his last breath and died.” The phrases “breathed his last” and “died” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Abraham died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 25:8 ej3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism breathed his last 0 This is a polite way of saying a person died. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 25:8 g4ax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet at a good old age, an old man with a full life 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Abraham lived a very long time. Alternate translation: “when he had lived a very long time and was very old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 25:8 yns7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor an old man with a full life 0 Living a long life is spoken of as if life were a container that becomes full. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:8 x8xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he was gathered to his people 0 This means that after Abraham died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he joined his family members who had already died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:9 mwj2 the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron 0 Ephron owned a field in Machpelah and the cave that was in that field. Abraham bought the field from Ephron. 25:9 q9gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Machpelah 0 Machpelah was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 25:9 cy2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ephron & Zohar 0 These are names of men. See how you translated these men’s names in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 25:9 s1d5 which is near Mamre 0 Machpela was near Mamre. 25:9 k9tk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mamre 0 This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this place name in [Genesis 23:17](../23/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 25:10 sbt9 This field Abraham had bought 0 “Abraham had bought this field” 25:10 f1i4 sons of Heth 0 “the descendants of Heth” or “the Hittites.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:5](../23/05.md). 25:10 d9zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Abraham was buried 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They buried Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:11 qdt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beer Lahai Roi 0 This name means “the well of the living one who sees me.” See how you translated this place name in [Genesis 16:14](../16/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 25:12 uwb2 Now 0 This word is used in English to introduce a new part of the story and information about Ishmael. 25:13 gn6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nSee [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]. 25:16 xgd3 These were Ishmael’s sons, and these were their names, by their villages, and by their encampments; twelve princes according to their tribes 0 This can be stated as two sentences. “These were the names of Ishmael’s twelve sons. They led tribes that were named after them, and they each had their own villages and campsites” 25:16 e5ag rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twelve 0 “12” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 25:16 iy7y princes 0 Here the word “princes” means that the men were leaders or rules of the tribes; it does not mean that they were the sons of a king. 25:17 nem6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers These were the years of the life of Ishmael, 137 years 0 “These were … Ishmael, one hundred and thirty-seven years.” Ishmael lived 137 years. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 25:17 s1vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet breathed his last and died 0 The terms “breathed his last” and “died” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 25:17 p7dl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom was gathered to his people 0 This means that after Ishmael died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he joined his family members who had already died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:18 q1vv They lived 0 “His descendants settled” 25:18 z9aa from Havilah to Ashhur 0 “between Havilah and Ashhur” 25:18 pk2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Havilah 0 Havilah was located somewhere in the Arabian Desert. See how you translated this in [Genesis 2:11](../02/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 25:18 ev35 as one goes toward 0 “in the direction of” 25:18 p8m3 They lived in hostility with each other 0 Possible meanings are (1) “they did not live in peace together,” or (2) “they lived away from their other relatives.” 25:19 t67i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit These were the events concerning Isaac, Abraham’s son 0 This sentence introduces the account of Isaac’s descendants in Genesis 25:19-35:29. Alternate translation: “This is the account of the descendants of Isaac, Abraham’s son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 25:20 gih8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty years old 0 “40 years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 25:20 g4lq when he took as his wife Rebekah 0 “when he married Rebekah” 25:20 xn63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bethuel 0 Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 25:20 dft3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Paddan Aram 0 This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 25:21 wr2b she was childless 0 “she was unable to become pregnant” 25:21 zn2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Rebekah his wife conceived 0 It can be made explicit that Rebekah was pregnant with two babies at the same time: “Rebekah, his wife, became pregnant with twins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 25:22 as86 The children struggled together within her 0 “the babies inside her kept bumping against each other” or “The babies pushed against each other within her” 25:22 gza2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The children & within her 0 Rebekah was pregnant with twins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 25:22 u1xs She went to ask Yahweh about this 0 “She went and asked Yahweh about this.” It is not clear where she went. She may have gone somewhere private to pray, or she may have gone somewhere to offer a sacrifice. 25:23 y9m7 said to her 0 “said to Rebekah” 25:23 m836 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry Two nations & serve the younger 0 This is poetic language. If your language has a way to indicate poetry, you could use it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) 25:23 s1wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Two nations are in your womb 0 Here “two nations” stands for the two children. Each child will be the father of a nation. Alternate translation: “Two nations will come from the twins within you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 25:23 lxl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy two peoples will be separated from within you 0 Here “two peoples” stands for the two children. Each child will be the father of a people. This can be translated with an active verb. Alternate translation: “when you give birth to these two children they will be rivals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:23 pgz5 the older will serve the younger 0 Possible meanings are (1) “the older son will serve the younger son” or (2) “the descendants of the older son will serve the descendants of the younger son.” If possible, translate it so that people could understand either meaning. 25:24 urq6 behold, there 0 “she was surprised to learn that there” 25:25 wyy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile red all over like a hairy garment 0 Possible meanings are (1) his skin was red and he had a lot of hair on his body or (2) he had a lot of red hair on his body. Alternate translation: “red and hairy like a garment made of animal hair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 25:25 p7lj Esau 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Esau sounds like the word ‘hairy.’” 25:26 u57z grasping Esau’s heel 0 “holding the back part of Esau’s foot” 25:26 gls8 Jacob 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Jacob means ‘he grasps the heel.’” 25:26 i7ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers sixty years old 0 “60 years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 25:27 a46v became a skillful hunter 0 “became good at hunting and killing animals for food” 25:27 ee9p a quiet man 0 “a peaceful man” or “a less active man” 25:27 n923 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor who spent his time in the tents 0 This speaks about time as if it were a commodity that someone could spend. Alternate translation: “who remained in the tents much of the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:28 t4i8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now 0 This word is used to mark a change in focus, shifting from the story to background information about Isaac and Rebekah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 25:28 yr46 Isaac loved 0 Here the word “loved” means “favored” or “preferred.” 25:28 m6rw because he ate the animals that he had hunted 0 “because he ate the animals that Esau had hunted” or “because he enjoyed eating the wild animal meat that Esau caught” 25:29 z5en Jacob cooked 0 Since this is the beginning of a story about something that happened one time, some translators may want to start it with a phrase like “One day, Jacob cooked” in a similar manner to the UST. 25:29 n13g cooked some stew 0 “boiled some food” or “cooked some soup.” This stew was made of boiled lentils ([Genesis 25:34](../25/34.md)). 25:29 ms24 he was weak from hunger 0 “he was weak because he was very hungry” or “he was very hungry” 25:30 se91 I am exhausted 0 “I am weak from hunger” or “I am very hungry” 25:30 x1uk Edom 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Edom means ‘red.’” 25:31 nk7u birthright 0 right as firstborn to inherit most of the father’s wealth 25:32 efr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole I am about to die 0 Esau was exaggerating to emphasize how hungry he was. Alternate translation: “I am so hungry I feel like I could die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 25:32 h8jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What good is the birthright to me? 0 Esau used a question to emphasize that eating was more important than a birthright. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “My inheritance is no good to me if I die of hunger!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 25:33 b4qn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit First swear to me 0 What Jacob wanted Esau to swear can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “First swear to me that you will sell me your birthright” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 25:34 v7ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown lentils 0 These are like beans, but their seeds are very small, round, and somewhat flat. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 25:34 r6tg Esau despised his birthright 0 “Esau showed that he did not value his birthright” 26:intro cwz4 0 # Genesis 26 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\nWhen things in the land were bad, Isaac did not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he ran to the safety of Egypt. Even when Abraham’s descendants did not trust in Yahweh’s faithfulness to fulfill his covenant, Yahweh remained faithful to his covenant and blessed Isaac. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### Wells\nIn the ancient Near East, wells were very important strategically. Therefore, they were a sign of power and a sign of God’s blessing being upon Isaac.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “She is my sister”\nIsaac was afraid the Egyptians would see him as a foreigner and upon seeing his beautiful wife, they would try to kill him. This would free Rebekah to marry someone else. Apparently, it would have been easy for them to kill a foreigner without punishment. If she was Isaac’s sister, they would have shown favor to him. This is the same thing his father, Abraham, did. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) 26:1 n54s Now 0 This word is used here to mark a new part of the story. 26:1 vwi7 a famine happened 0 “there was a famine” or “there was another famine” 26:1 ags3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in the land 0 You can state explicitly the land to which this refers. Alternate translation: “in the land where Isaac and his family lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:1 a6wl that had been in the days of Abraham 0 “that had happened during Abraham’s life” or “that had happened while Abraham was alive” 26:2 p1xe General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh begins to speak to Isaac. 26:2 t4aj appeared to him 0 “appeared to Isaac” 26:2 mqf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Do not go down to Egypt 0 It was common to speak of leaving the promised land as “going down” to another place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 26:3 v9hh for to you and to your descendants, I will give all these lands 0 “for I will give all these lands to you and your descendants” 26:3 ekq9 I will fulfill the oath that I swore to Abraham your father 0 “I will do what I promised Abraham your father I would do” 26:4 tu5b General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nYahweh continues speaking to Isaac. 26:4 y44e I will multiply your descendants 0 “I will cause you to have very many descendants.” 26:4 k6jq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like the stars of heaven 0 This speaks about the number of Isaac’s descendants as if they were the same as the number of stars. See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:17](../22/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 26:4 jm8x heaven 0 This refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars. 26:4 hpl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive all the nations of the earth will be blessed 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all the nations of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 26:5 nr7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Abraham obeyed my voice and kept my instructions, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws 0 The phrases “obeyed my voice” and “kept my instructions, my commandments, my statutes, and my laws” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Abraham obeyed me and did everything I commanded him to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 26:5 brk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche obeyed my voice 0 Here “voice” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “obeyed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 26:6 wr4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit So Isaac settled in Gerar 0 Only Isaac is mentioned because he is the leader of the family, but his whole family was with him. Alternate translation: “So Isaac and his family settled in Gerar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:7 rr88 He feared to say 0 Here “fear” refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to himself or others. “He was afraid to say” 26:7 j128 to get Rebekah 0 “in order to take Rebekah” 26:8 z63l He saw, behold, Isaac 0 The word “behold” shows that what Abimelech saw surprised him. Alternate translation: “And he was surprised to see that Isaac” 26:8 i16v was caressing Rebekah 0 Possible meanings are (1) he was touching her the way a husband touches his wife or (2) he was laughing and talking with her the way a husband talks with his wife. 26:9 hv6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Abimelech called Isaac to him 0 Abimelech probably sent someone to tell Isaac that Abimelech wanted to see him. Alternate translation: “Abimelech sent someone to bring Isaac to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:9 aeb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Why did you say, ‘She is my sister’? 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Why did you say that she is your sister?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 26:9 m9n4 to get her 0 “so he could take her” 26:10 t2ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is this you have done to us? 0 Abimelech used this question to scold Isaac. Alternate translation: “You should not have done this to us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 26:10 s759 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism might easily have lain with your wife 0 The word “lain” here is a euphemism for “had sexual relations.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 26:10 t1mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you would have brought guilt upon us 0 This speaks about causing someone to be guilty as if “guilt” were an object that is placed on someone. Alternate translation: “you would have caused us to be guilty of taking a man’s wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:10 l5d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive upon us 0 Here “us” refers to Abimelech and his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 26:11 ztx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Whoever touches this man 0 Here “touches” means to touch in a harmful way. Alternate translation: “Whoever harms this man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 26:11 fk2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive will surely be put to death 0 Abimelech may have intended to tell someone to kill anyone who might harm Isaac or Rebekah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will put him to death” or “I will order my men to kill him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 26:12 tl8n General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis begins a new part of the story. It changes from telling about Isaac calling Rebekah his sister, and it starts to tell about how Isaac became very rich and the Philistines were jealous of him. 26:12 f6x6 in that land 0 “in Gerar” 26:12 d294 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a hundredfold 0 This means “one hundred times as much as he planted.” It can be translated more generally as “a very large crop.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 26:13 i68k The man became rich 0 “Isaac became rich” or “He became rich” 26:13 p5mh grew more and more until he became very great 0 “he gained more and more until he became very wealthy” 26:14 jv6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit sheep 0 This may also include goats. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:14 h37m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy a large household 0 Here “household” stands for workers or servants. Alternate translation: “many servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:14 f17g The Philistines envied him 0 “The Philistines were jealous of him” 26:15 rue9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases Now 0 Here this word does not mean “at this moment.” It is indicating where the action in the story begins. It can be translated with the connecting word “So” to show that this is a result of what happened in [Genesis 26:12-14](./12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 26:15 xy1c in the days of Abraham his father 0 The phrase “in the days of” stands for a person’s lifetime. Alternate translation: “when Abraham, his father, was living” or “during his father Abraham’s lifetime” 26:16 f5ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases Abimelech said 0 Possible meanings are (1) this is another action to force Isaac and his people to leave. Alternate translation: “Then Abimelech said” or “Finally Abimelech said” or (2) Abimelech made this decision because he saw that his people were jealous and acting in a hostile way towards Isaac. Alternate translation: “Therefore Abimelech said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 26:16 e8vy much mightier than we 0 “much stronger than we are” 26:17 tz3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit So Isaac departed 0 Only Isaac is mentioned because he is the leader, but his family and servants went with him. Alternate translation: “So Isaac and his household left” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:18 r15b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Isaac dug out 0 Here “Isaac” stands for Isaac and his servants. Alternate translation: “Isaac and his servants dug out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 26:18 hly9 which they had dug 0 “which Abraham’s servants had dug” 26:18 c6vy in the days of Abraham his father 0 “during his father Abraham’s lifetime” or “when Abraham, his father, was living” 26:18 sn3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events The Philistines had stopped them up 0 This was the reason that Isaac dug them out. Possible ways to translate this are: (1) Since this happened first, this sentence can come before the sentence about Isaac digging them out, as in the UST. or (2) This sentence can start with “Isaac did this because the Philistines had stopped them up.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) 26:18 jfl7 had stopped them up 0 “had filled them with earth” 26:19 b9ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom flowing water 0 This phrase refers to a natural spring they uncovered when they were digging a new well. It provided a continuous flow of fresh drinking water. Alternate translation: “fresh water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 26:20 m6un herdsmen 0 men who tended livestock 26:20 ls3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive This water is ours 0 Here “ours” refers to the herdsmen of Gerar. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 26:20 nw21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Esek 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Esek means ‘quarrel’ or ‘argue.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 26:21 kan5 Then they dug 0 “Then Isaac’s servants dug” 26:21 t12r they quarreled 0 “the herdsmen of Gerar argued with Isaac’s herdsmen” 26:21 ss3i so he gave it 0 “so Isaac gave it” 26:21 ny83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sitnah 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Sitnah means ‘oppose’ or ‘accuse.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 26:22 gd8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Rehoboth 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Rehoboth means ‘make room for’ or ‘empty place.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 26:22 kj55 us & we 0 Isaac was speaking about himself and his household. 26:23 ct3x Isaac went up from there to Beersheba 0 Here “went up” is probably a reference to going north. Say that he departed in the most natural way for your language. Alternate translation: “Isaac left there and went to Beersheba” 26:24 sq69 multiply your descendants 0 “will cause your descendants to increase greatly” or “will cause your descendants to be very many” 26:24 j1jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit for my servant Abraham’s sake 0 “for my servant Abraham” or you can make the full meaning explicit. Alternate translation: “because I promised my servant Abraham that I would do this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:25 g525 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Isaac built an altar there 0 You can make explicit why Isaac built an altar. Alternate translation: “Isaac built an altar there to sacrifice to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:25 pam6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy called on the name of Yahweh 0 To “call on” means to pray or to worship. Here “name” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “prayed to Yahweh” or “worshiped Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:26 k6ep went to him 0 “went to Isaac” 26:26 ls17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ahuzzath 0 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 26:26 lca7 his friend 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Abimelech’s friend” or (2) “Abimelech’s advisor.” 26:26 mcz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Phicol 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated his name in [Genesis 21:22](../21/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 26:28 pw9y they said 0 This refers to Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol. One of them spoke and the other two agreed with what he said. It does not mean they all spoke at the same time. Alternate translation: “one of them said” 26:28 pt6d We have clearly seen 0 “We know” or “We are certain” 26:28 wg9d So let us make a covenant 0 “So we want to make a covenant” 26:29 b7sa and as we have treated you well 0 This can also be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. “We have done only good to you” 26:29 qgj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you are blessed by Yahweh 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has blessed you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 26:30 ur1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Isaac made a feast for them, and they ate and drank 0 Eating a meal together was a part of making a covenant with one another. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:30 wvz4 for them 0 Here “them” refers to “Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol” 26:30 rb7d they ate 0 Here “they” refers to Isaac, Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol. Alternate translation: “they all ate” 26:31 bpu3 They rose early 0 “They awoke early” 26:33 l4xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names He called the well Shibah 0 “So he called the well Shibah.” Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Shibah sounds like the word that means ‘oath.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 26:33 ymy1 Beersheba 0 Translators may add a footnote saying “Beersheba can mean either “well of the oath” or “well of seven.” (See note on [Genesis 21:32](../21/32.md)) 26:34 mr5x General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nMost of Genesis 26 was about Isaac. These verses are about his older son Esau. 26:34 n2fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers forty 0 “40” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 26:34 f6p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he took a wife 0 “he married.” You can state explicitly that he married two women. Alternate translation: “he took two wives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 26:34 n6q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Judith & Basemath 0 These are the names of Esau’s wives. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 26:34 vpc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Beeri & Elon 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 26:34 es97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Hittite 0 “the descendant of Heth” or “a descendant of Heth.” The Hittite people were the descendants of Heth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 26:35 tfu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They brought sorrow to Isaac and Rebekah 0 Here “they” refers to Judith and Basemath. To make someone sorrowful or miserable is spoken of as if “sorrow” were an object that a person could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “They made Isaac and Rebekah sorrowful” or “Isaac and Rebekah were miserable because of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:intro r9m3 0 # Genesis 27 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 27:27-29 and in 27:39-40.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Blessing\nIn the ancient Near East, a father’s blessing was very important. This spoken blessing was legally binding. Jacob previously received the birthright from Esau and was guaranteed the double portion of land money that was supposed to be inherited by the older son, Esau. In this chapter, Jacob tricks Isaac into giving him Esau’s blessing. This means that he is to inherit the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/birthright]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) 27:1 dk7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor his eyes were dim 0 This speaks about being nearly blind as if the eyes were a lamp and the light has nearly gone out. Alternate translation: “he was nearly blind” or “he was almost blind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:1 xl56 Here I am 0 “I am here” or “I am listening.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md). 27:2 chx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit See here 0 The phrase “see here” adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:2 r5ug rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I do not know the day of my death 0 It is implied that Isaac knows he will die soon. Alternate translation: “I may die any day now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:2 djk1 death 0 This refers to physical death. 27:3 g526 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaac continues giving instructions to his older son Isaac. 27:3 dk3j your weapons 0 “your hunting equipment” 27:3 q9sp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit your quiver 0 A quiver is a case for holding arrows. Alternate translation: “your quiver of arrows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:3 r6x1 hunt game for me 0 “hunt a wild animal for me” 27:4 z48e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Make delicious food for me, the sort that I love 0 The word “delicious” refers to something that tastes very good. Alternate translation: “Cook for me the tasty meat that I love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:4 wt6a bless you 0 In Bible times, a father would often pronounce a formal blessing on his children. 27:5 xjr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 This verse is background information for the description of the events that follow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 27:5 wkc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now 0 This verse is background information for the description of the events that follow. The word “now” shows that the author is going to begin to talk about Rebekah and Jacob. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 27:5 f3na Rebekah heard it when Isaac spoke to Esau his son 0 “Rebekah heard Isaac speaking to his son Esau” 27:5 wpq7 to Esau his son 0 Esau was the son of both Isaac and Rebekah. The author calls Esau “his son” to emphasize that Isaac preferred Esau over Isaac. 27:6 jlu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 This verse continues the background information that begins with the words “Now Rebekah heard” in verse 5. It is background information for the description of the events that follow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 27:6 fr9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases Rebekah spoke to Jacob 0 This verse continues the background information that begins with the words “Esau went … bring it back” in verse 5. It is background information for the description of the events that follow. After Esau leaves, Rebekah speaks to Jacob because of what she has heard. “So when Esau went … bring it back, Rebekah spoke to Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 27:6 j6cj to Jacob her son 0 Jacob was the son of both Isaac and Rebekah. The author calls Jacob “her son” here to emphasize that Rebekah preferred Jacob over Esau. 27:6 yc8h See here 0 The phrase “see here” adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” 27:7 nl2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes ‘Bring me game and make me delicious food, that I may eat it and bless you in the presence of Yahweh before my death.’ 0 These are the words that the author introduces with the words “He said” in verse 6. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “He told Esau to hunt a wild animal, and to make the tasty meat that he loves. Then before he dies, your father will bless Esau in the presence of Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 27:7 chc2 Bring me game 0 “Bring me a wild animal that you hunt and kill” 27:7 epu1 make me delicious food 0 “cook for me the tasty meat that I love.” See how this was translated in [Genesis 27:4](../27/04.md). 27:7 tq2y bless you in the presence of Yahweh 0 “bless you before Yahweh” 27:7 ei7n before my death 0 “before I die” 27:8 f173 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nRebekah continues to speak to her younger son Jacob. 27:8 y3a9 Now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 27:8 g188 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy obey my voice as I command you 0 Rebekah said “my voice” to refer to what she was saying. Alternate translation: “obey me and do what I tell you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:9 vla2 I will make delicious food from them for your father, just like he loves 0 The word “delicious” refers to something that tastes very good. See how a similar sentence was translated in [Genesis 27:4](../27/04.md). 27:10 jnw9 You will take it to your father 0 “Then take it to your father” 27:10 y1kp so that he may eat it, so that he may bless you 0 “and after he eats it, he will bless you” 27:10 j39b he may bless you 0 The word “bless” refers to the formal blessing a father pronounces on his children. 27:10 g1ev before his death 0 “before he dies” 27:11 qtd3 I am a smooth man 0 “I am a man with smooth skin” or “I am not hairy” 27:12 t3a4 I will seem to him as a deceiver 0 “he will think that I am a liar” or “he will know that I am deceiving him” 27:12 s8h4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I will bring a curse upon me and not a blessing 0 Being cursed or blessed is spoken of as if a curse and a blessing are objects that are placed on a person. Alternate translation: “Then because of this, he will curse me and not bless me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:13 svh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor My son, let any curse fall on me 0 “let your curse be on me, my son.” Being cursed is spoken of as if the curse were on object that is placed on the person. Alternate translation: “let your father curse me instead of you, my son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:13 yj3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy obey my voice 0 Rebekah said “my voice” to refer to what she was saying. Alternate translation: “obey what I tell you” or “obey me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:13 p12u bring them to me 0 “bring me the young goats” 27:14 fje9 made delicious food, just like his father loved 0 The word “delicious” refers to something that tastes very good. See how a similar sentence was translated in [Genesis 27:4](../27/04.md). 27:16 cd2u She put the skins of the young goats on his hands 0 The goat skins still had the hair on them. 27:17 zjt6 She put the delicious food and the bread that she had prepared into the hand of her son Jacob 0 “She gave to her son Jacob the delicious food and bread which she had prepared” 27:18 ak4j Here I am 0 “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md). 27:19 rss2 I have done as you said to me 0 “I have done what you told me to do” 27:19 h2fq some of my game 0 The word “game” refers to wild animals that someone hunts and kills. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:3](../27/03.md). 27:20 rke8 He said 0 “Jacob replied” 27:20 wk6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom brought it to me 0 This is an idiom meaning that God caused it to happen. Alternate translation: “helped me to succeed while hunting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 27:21 jmh1 whether you are my true son Esau or not 0 “if you are really my son Esau” 27:22 zy8a Jacob went over to Isaac his father 0 “Jacob approached Isaac his father” 27:22 g574 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The voice is Jacob’s voice 0 Here Issac speaks of Jacob’s voice as representing Jacob. Alternate translation: “You sound like Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:22 yi47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche but the hands are the hands of Esau 0 Here Issac speaks of Esau’s hands as representing Esau. Alternate translation: “but your hands feel like Esau’s hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:24 wi51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events He said 0 Isaac asks this question before blessing his son. Alternate translation: “But first Isaac asked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) 27:25 sqb8 eat of your game 0 The word “game” refers to a wild animal that people hunt and kill. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:7](../27/07.md). 27:25 w6sf he drank 0 “Isaac drank it” 27:27 tr1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he smelled the smell of his clothes and blessed him 0 It can be made explicit that the clothes smelled like Esau’s clothes. Alternate translation: “he smelled his clothes and they smelled like Esau’s clothes, so Isaac blessed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:27 nr5p he smelled 0 “Isaac smelled” 27:27 e57u the smell 0 “the scent” 27:27 t86t blessed him 0 “then he blessed him.” This refers to the formal blessing a father pronounces on his children. 27:27 m1kb See, the smell of my son 0 The word “see” is used as an emphatic figure of speech to mean “it is true.” Alternate translation: “Truly, the smell of my son” 27:27 s46h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom that Yahweh has blessed 0 Here the word “blessed” means that Yahweh has caused good things to happen to the field and it has become fruitful. Alternate translation: “that Yahweh has caused to be very productive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 27:28 q1wj General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is Isaac’s blessing. He thought he was speaking to Esau, but he was speaking to Jacob. 27:28 e1me rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you give you 0 Here “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. But the blessing would also apply to Jacob’s descendants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:28 v1nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit dew of heaven 0 “Dew” is drops of water that form on the plants during the night. This can be made explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: “night mist from heaven to water your crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:28 wst4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor fatness of the earth 0 Having fertile land is spoken of as if the earth were fat or rich. Alternate translation: “good soil for producing crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:28 hlu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit plenty of grain and new wine 0 If “grain” and “wine” are unknown, this can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “plenty of food and drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:29 z9hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you & your 0 Here these pronouns are singular and refer to Jacob. But the blessing also applies to Jacob’s descendants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:29 i4ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy nations bow down 0 Here “nations” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “people from all nations bow down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:29 qa8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bow down 0 This means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 27:29 z1qi Be master over your brothers 0 “Become a master over your brothers” 27:29 lvg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your brothers & your mother’s sons 0 Isaac is speaking this blessing directly to Jacob. But, it also applies to Jacob’s descendants who will rule over the descendants of Esau and the descendants of any other of Jacob’s brothers that he may have. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:29 vc3p may your mother’s sons bow down to you 0 “your mother’s sons will bow down to you” 27:29 af44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive May every one who curses you be cursed 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May God curse everyone who curses you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 27:29 rwr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive may every one who blesses you be blessed 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May God bless everyone who blesses you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 27:30 dae7 had scarcely gone out from the presence of Isaac his father 0 “had just left the tent of Isaac his father” 27:31 htl4 delicious food 0 “tasty meat that I love.” See how this was translated in [Genesis 27:3](../27/03.md). 27:31 jjd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person some of your son’s game 0 Here “your son’s” was a polite way of Esau referring to his own food he prepared. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 27:31 r39y your son’s game 0 The word “game” refers to wild animals that people hunt to eat. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:7](../27/07.md). 27:31 p6yp bless me 0 This refers to the formal blessing a father pronounces on his children. 27:32 qzp4 said to him 0 “said to Esau” 27:33 s8l1 Isaac trembled 0 “Isaac began to shake” 27:33 vrt1 hunted this game 0 Game refers to a wild animal that people hunt and kill. See how “game” was translated in [Genesis 27:7](../27/07.md). 27:34 g5y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he cried with a very great and bitter cry 0 Esau’s anguish was similar to the taste of something bitter. Alternate translation: “he cried loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:35 xrv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has taken away your blessing 0 This is a figure of speech meaning Jacob took what was Esau’s. Alternate translation: “I have blessed him instead of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:36 vpk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is he not rightly named Jacob? 0 Esau uses a question to emphasize his anger at Jacob. Alternate translation: “Jacob is certainly the right name for my brother!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 27:36 rq3b Jacob 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Jacob means ‘he grasps the heel.’ In the original language the name ‘Jacob’ also sounds like the word for ‘he deceives.’” 27:36 s7al rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He took away my birthright 0 This speaks about a birthright as if it were an object that a person could take away. Alternate translation: “What was once my birthright is now his because he tricked me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:36 d3f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor now he has taken away my blessing 0 This speaks about a blessing as if it were an object that person could take away. Alternate translation: “now he has tricked you into blessing him instead of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:36 bej9 Have you not reserved a blessing for me 0 Esau knows that his father cannot bless him with the same things that he blessed Jacob. Esau is asking if there is anything left to say to him that Isaac did not say while blessing Jacob. 27:37 z3vr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What more can I do for you, my son? 0 Isaac uses a question to emphasize that there is nothing else he can do. Alternate translation: “There is nothing else I can do for you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 27:38 xf7q Have you not even one blessing for me, my father 0 This can be stated in positive form. “My father, do you have one more blessing for me” 27:39 yu4i said to him 0 “said to Esau” 27:39 j4p8 Look, the place 0 “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the place” 27:39 ykr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor far from the richness of the earth 0 This is a figure of speech referring to the earth’s fertility. Alternate translation: “far from the fertile soil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:39 xpl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit dew of the sky above 0 “Dew” is drops of water that form on the plants during the night. This can be made explicit in the translation. Alternate translation: “the night mist from the sky to water your crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:40 vn48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your & you 0 In 27:39-40 these pronouns are singular and refer to Esau, but what Isaac says also applies to Esau’s descendants (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:40 tzg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy By your sword you will live 0 Here “sword” stands for violence. Alternate translation: “You will rob and kill people in order to get what you need to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:40 rvk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will shake his yoke from off your neck 0 This speaks about someone having a master as if the master’s control over the person were a yoke that the person had to carry. Alternate translation: “you will free yourself from his control” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:41 ajl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Esau said in his heart 0 Here “heart” stands for Esau himself. Alternate translation: “Esau said to himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:41 f5u3 days of mourning for my father are near 0 This refers to a number of days a person grieves when a family member dies. 27:42 xuy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive The words of Esau her older son were told to Rebekah 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Rebekah about Esau’s plan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 27:42 f45j See 0 “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 27:42 n35u is consoling himself 0 “is making himself feel better” 27:43 n2yn Now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 27:43 h9zp flee to Laban 0 “leave here quickly and go to Laban” 27:44 f6w6 for a while 0 “for a period of time” 27:44 nuh4 until your brother’s fury subsides 0 “until you brother calms down” 27:45 bkx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor until your brother’s anger turns away from you 0 No longer being angry is spoken of as if the anger turns to a different direction away from the person. Alternate translation: “until he is no longer angry with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:45 s57p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should I lose you both in one day? 0 Rebekah uses a question to emphasize her concern. Alternate translation: “I do not want to lose both of you in one day!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 27:45 b5v1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I lose you both in one day 0 It is implied that if Esau kills Jacob, then they will execute Esau as a murderer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:45 mt31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism I lose 0 This is a polite way of referring to her sons dying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 27:46 z2lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole I am weary of life 0 Rebekah is exaggerating to emphasize how upset she is about the Hittite women that Esau married. Alternate translation: “I am terribly upset” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 27:46 d19k the daughters of Heth 0 “these Hittite women” or “descendants of Heth” 27:46 ujy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom like these women, some of the daughters of the land 0 The phrase “daughters of the land” means the local females. Alternate translation: “like these women who live in this land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 27:46 z91x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion what good will my life be to me? 0 Rebekah uses a question to emphasize how upset she would be if Jacob marries a Hittite woman. Alternate translation: “My life will be awful!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 28:intro t611 0 # Genesis 28 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nEven though Jacob tricked his father in order to receive Esau’s blessing, the chapter repeats the blessing, ensuring he inherits the blessings promised to Abraham. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jacob’s dream\nJacob had a dream or received a vision. The purpose of this dream is to show that, despite Jacob’s sin, God is giving Abraham’s covenant promises to Jacob and his descendants. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### Bethel\nThis was an important city for Abraham and his descendants. It is possible that there is some theological significance to the city of Bethel. 28:1 nl2p You must not take 0 “Do not take” 28:2 jcc6 Arise, go 0 “Go right away” 28:2 ptv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Paddan Aram 0 This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 28:2 dv3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house of 0 This refers to a person’s descendants or other relatives. Alternate translation: “family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:2 m29w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bethuel 0 Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 28:2 dh9y your mother’s father 0 “your grandfather” 28:2 fqr7 one of the daughters 0 “from the daughters” 28:2 a74b your mother’s brother 0 “your uncle” 28:3 u2mm General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nIsaac continues speaking to Jacob 28:3 qw5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet make you fruitful and multiply you 0 The word “multiply” explains how God would make Jacob “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “give you many children and descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 28:4 nas7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May he give you the blessing of Abraham, to you, and to your descendants after you 0 This speaks about blessing someone as if a blessing were an object that a person can give. The abstract noun “the blessing” can be stated as “bless.” Alternate translation: “May God bless you and your descendants as he blessed Abraham” or “May God give to you and your descendants what he promised to Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:4 eja3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor that you may inherit the land 0 God giving the land of Canaan to Jacob and his descendants is spoken of as if a child were inheriting money or possessions from his father. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:4 da2s the land where you have been living 0 “the land where you have been staying” 28:4 yx4w which God gave to Abraham 0 “which God promised to Abraham” 28:5 c4ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Paddan Aram 0 This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 28:5 ses3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bethuel 0 Bethuel was Rebekah’s father. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 22:22](../22/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 28:6 b2pg General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe story changes from Jacob to Esau 28:6 mjy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now 0 This word is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Esau. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 28:6 ic25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Paddan Aram 0 This was another name for the region of Mesopotamia, which about the same location as modern Iraq. See how this was translated in [Genesis 25:20](../25/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 28:6 avf6 to take a wife 0 “to take a wife for himself” 28:6 epz3 He also saw that Isaac had blessed him 0 “Esau also saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob” 28:6 xj5i You must not take 0 “Do not take” 28:6 sp4g women of Canaan 0 “daughters of Canaan” or “Canaanite women” 28:8 gmv1 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis continues the background information about Esau. 28:8 h454 Esau saw 0 “Esau realized” 28:8 a14e the women of Canaan did not please Isaac his father 0 “his father Isaac did not approve of the women of Canaan” 28:8 sp9b women of Canaan 0 “daughters of Canaan” or “the Canaanite women” 28:9 pn6x So he went 0 “Because of that, he went” 28:9 e5ya besides the wives that he had 0 “in addition to the wives that he already had” 28:9 l4pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mahalath 0 This is the name of one of Ishmael’s daughters. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 28:9 su64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Nebaioth 0 This is the name of one of Ishmael’s sons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 28:10 uh6w General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe story switches back to Jacob 28:11 ru38 He came to a certain place and stayed there all night, because the sun had set 0 “He came to a certain place and, because the sun had set, he decided to stay for the night” 28:12 mwk8 He dreamed 0 “Jacob had a dream” 28:12 z48g set up on the earth 0 “with the bottom of it touching the ground” 28:12 pn7d reached to heaven 0 This refers to the place where God lives. 28:13 ax75 Behold 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 28:13 wwx2 Yahweh stood above it 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Yahweh was standing at the top of the stairway” or (2) “Yahweh was standing next to Jacob” 28:13 a91d Abraham your father 0 Here “father” means “ancestor.” Alternate translation: “Abraham your ancestor” or “Abraham your forefather” 28:14 j413 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nGod continues to talk to Jacob in a dream. 28:14 wu5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Your descendants will be like the dust of the earth 0 God compares Jacob’s descendants to the dust of the earth to emphasize their huge number. Alternate translation: “You will have more descendants than you can count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 28:14 pyi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy you will spread far out to the west 0 The word “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. Here Jacob represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “your descendants will spread out to the west” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:14 fby4 you will spread far out 0 This means the people will extend the borders of their land and occupy more territory. 28:14 hn6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche to the west, to the east, to the north, and to the south 0 This phrases are used together to mean “all directions.” Alternate translation: “in all directions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 28:14 i1qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Through you and through your descendants will all the families of the earth be blessed 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bless all families on the earth through you and your descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 28:15 yb1m Behold, I am 0 “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: I am” 28:15 n4tr for I will not leave you. I will do all 0 “for I will not leave you until I have done all” 28:15 gr8q I will keep you 0 “I will keep you safe” or “I will protect you” 28:15 em1w I will bring you into this land again 0 “I will bring you back to this land” 28:16 t191 awoke out of his sleep 0 “woke up from his sleep” 28:17 h8p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet the house of God & the gate of heaven 0 The phrase “the gate of heaven” explains that this place is the entrance to “the house of God” and “the entrance to where God lives.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 28:17 hc3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor This is the gate of heaven 0 This speaks about the entrance to the place where God lives as if it were a literal kingdom that had a gate that someone has to open to let people in. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:18 e2b6 pillar 0 This is a memorial pillar, that is, simply a large stone or boulder set up on its end. 28:18 grd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction poured oil upon the top of it 0 This action symbolizes that Jacob is dedicating the pillar to God. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “poured oil on the top of it in order to dedicate the pillar to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 28:19 hv4e Bethel 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Bethel means ‘house of God.’” 28:19 u3i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Luz 0 This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 28:20 bas3 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJacob begins to make a vow to Yahweh. 28:20 p422 vowed a vow 0 “made a vow” or “solemnly promised God” 28:20 dm3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person If God will & clothes to wear 0 Jacob is speaking to God in the third person. This can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “If you will … clothes to wear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 28:20 ye9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on this road on which I am walking 0 This stands for Jacob’s journey to find a wife and to return home. Alternate translation: “on this journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:20 vwl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche will give me bread to eat 0 Here “bread” stands for food in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 28:21 t1uz Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe vow that began with the words “If God will … clothes to wear” in verse 20 continues here. 28:21 my56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person so that I return safely & then Yahweh will be my God 0 The vow that began with the words “If God will … clothes to wear” in verse 20 continues here. Jacob is speaking to God in the third person. This can be stated in the second person. “If you will … clothes to wear … so that I return safely … then you, Yahweh, will be the God that I will worship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 28:21 lw1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to my father’s house 0 Here “house” stands for Jacob’s family. Alternate translation: “to my father and the rest of my family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:22 auv9 a sacred stone 0 This means that the stone will mark the place where God appeared to him and it will be a place where people can worship God. Alternate translation: “God’s house” or “God’s place” 29:intro cbq8 0 # Genesis 29 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\nThis chapter records the conflict between Jacob’s wives, Rachel and Leah. This account continues into the next chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Shepherds\nAlthough the exact reasoning for the shepherds’ unwillingness to give water to the sheep is unknown, it is probable they were being lazy. The actions of these shepherds contrast Jacob’s actions.\n\n### Kissing\nIt was common in the ancient Near East for relatives to greet each other with a kiss. There was nothing sexual about this type of kissing.\n\n### Marriage\nIt was customary in the ancient Near East for a man to work for a woman’s father in order to earn the right to marry her. It is unknown how common it was for a father to have his younger daughter marry before an older daughter. It was also sinful for Jacob to marry more than one wife. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 29:1 lq7q the people of the east 0 This means the people of Paddan Aram, which is a land east of the land of Canaan. 29:2 jxn8 and, behold, three flocks of sheep were lying there by it 0 The word “behold” marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of doing this. 29:2 hn73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background For out of that well 0 “For from that well.” This phrase marks a change from the story to background information about how the shepherds watered the flocks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 29:2 lfz9 they would water 0 “the shepherds would water” or “those taking care of the sheep would water” 29:2 e7ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the well’s mouth 0 Here “mouth” is a way of referring to an opening. Alternate translation: “the opening of the well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 29:4 uup8 Jacob said to them 0 “Jacob said to the shepherds” 29:4 th3u My brothers 0 This is a polite way to greet a stranger. 29:5 l8t8 Laban son of Nahor 0 Here “son” refers to a male descendant. Another possible meaning is “Laban the grandson of Nahor.” 29:6 g1kl and, look there, Rachel his daughter is coming with the sheep 0 “Now look! Rachel his daughter is coming with the sheep” 29:7 vjn6 it is the middle of the day 0 “the sun is still high in the sky” or “the sun is still shining brightly” 29:7 wsp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for the flocks to be gathered together 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for you to gather the flocks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 29:7 kul5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit to be gathered together 0 This means to gather them together inside a fence for them to stay for the night. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 29:7 eea1 let them graze 0 “let them eat grass in the field” 29:8 vp42 We cannot water them 0 “We have to wait to water them.” This has to do with timing, not permission. 29:8 w41a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive until all the flocks are gathered together 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the other shepherds gather their flocks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 29:8 q2rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom from the well’s mouth 0 Here “mouth” is way of referring to an opening. Alternate translation: “from the well” or “from the opening of the well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 29:8 f3hm and we will water the sheep 0 “then we will water the sheep” 29:10 lk18 his mother’s brother 0 “his uncle” 29:10 l4ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the well’s mouth 0 Here “mouth” is a way of referring to an opening. Alternate translation: “the well” or “the opening of the well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 29:11 dr7v Jacob kissed Rachel 0 In ancient Near East, it is common to greet a relative with a kiss. However, it is normally done between men. If your language has an affectionate greeting for a relative, use that. If not, use what is appropriate. 29:11 bje4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit wept loudly 0 Jacob weeps because he is so happy. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 29:12 rxl5 her father’s relative 0 “related to her father” 29:13 vkr1 his sister’s son 0 “his nephew” 29:13 g5et embraced him 0 “hugged him” 29:13 arl7 kissed him 0 In ancient Near East, it is common to greet a relative with a kiss. However, it is normally done between men. If your language has an affectionate greeting for a relative, use that. If not, use what is appropriate. 29:13 ze3q Jacob told Laban all these things 0 “then Jacob told Laban everything he told Rachel” 29:14 klc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy my bone and my flesh 0 This phrase means they are directly related. Alternate translation: “my relative” or “a member of my family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:15 i5a9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should you serve me for nothing & my relative? 0 Laban uses a question to emphasize that he should pay Jacob for working for him. The question can be translated as a statement. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is certainly right that I should pay you for working for me even though you are my relative.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 29:16 yvd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now Laban had 0 The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Laban and his daughters. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 29:17 daa9 Leah’s eyes were tender 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Leah’s eyes were pretty” or (2) “Leah’s eyes were plain” 29:18 jsx9 Jacob loved Rachel 0 Here the word “loved” refers to a romantic attraction between a man and a woman. 29:19 d6zk than that I should give her to another man 0 “rather than give her to another man” 29:20 p6uz and they seemed to him only a few days 0 “but the time seemed to him to be only a few days” 29:20 p7wx for the love he had for her 0 “on account of the love he had for her” or “because of his love for her” 29:21 nz7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Give me my wife, for my days have been completed—so that I may marry her! 0 The phrase “have been completed” can be stated in active form. The statement is emphatic. Alternate translation: Give me my wife, so that I may marry her, for I have completed the length of time that I was to work for you!”Give me Rachel so that I may marry her, for I have worked seven years for you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 29:22 kln5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy made a feast 0 “prepared a wedding feast.” Most likely Laban had others prepare the feast. Alternate translation: “had others prepare a wedding feast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:23 q4m4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism who went in to her 0 “who had sexual relations with her.” You may need to use other, more polite words here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 29:24 yic2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Laban gave his female servant Zilpah & her servant 0 Here the author gives background information about Laban giving Zilpah to Leah. Most likely he gave Zilpah to Leah before the wedding. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 29:24 n874 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zilpah 0 This is the name of Leah’s female servant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 29:25 m2hu behold, it was Leah 0 “Jacob was surprised to see it was Leah in bed with him.” The word “behold” here shows that Jacob was surprised by what he saw. 29:25 ji15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is this you have done to me? 0 Jacob uses a question to express his anger and surprise. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I cannot believe you did this to me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 29:25 g6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Did I not serve you for Rachel? 0 Jacob uses these questions to express his hurt that Laban had tricked him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I served you for seven years to marry Rachel!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 29:26 gfg2 It is not our custom to give 0 “In our family we do not give” 29:27 ly1t Complete the bridal week of this daughter 0 “Finish celebrating Leah’s bridal week” 29:27 vma8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit we will give you the other also 0 The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “next week we will give you Rachel also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 29:28 a6qr Jacob did so, and completed Leah’s week 0 “And Jacob did what Laban asked, and finished celebrating Leah’s bridal week” 29:29 g7yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bilhah 0 This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 29:30 zix1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Jacob went in to Rachel 0 “Jacob had sexual relations with Rachel.” You may need to use other, more polite words here. See how similar words are translated in [Genesis 29:23](../29/23.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 29:30 q996 he loved Rachel 0 This refers to the romantic love between a man and a woman. 29:31 s19a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Leah was not loved 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Jacob did not love Leah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 29:31 lk3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole not loved 0 This is an exaggeration to emphasize that Jacob loved Rachel more than Leah. Alternate translation: “loved less than Rachel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 29:31 t2ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor so he opened her womb 0 God causing Leah to be able to become pregnant is spoken of as if God is opening her womb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:31 snn8 was childless 0 “was not able to become pregnant” 29:32 w9x3 Leah conceived and bore a son 0 “Leah became pregnant and gave birth to a son” 29:32 j9j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names she called his name Reuben 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Reuben means ‘See, a son.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 29:32 p4ip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Yahweh has looked upon my affliction 0 Leah was experiencing emotional pain because Jacob had rejected her. The abstract noun “affliction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh saw that I was suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 29:33 ff7r Then she conceived 0 “Then Leah became pregnant” 29:33 jl8z bore a son 0 “gave birth to a son” 29:33 djc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Yahweh has heard that I am unloved 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has heard that my husband does not love me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 29:33 dlg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names she called his name Simeon 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Simeon means ‘heard.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 29:34 tv8t will my husband be attached to me 0 “my husband will embrace me” 29:34 q2up I have borne him three sons 0 “I have given birth to three sons for him” 29:34 bz8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names his name was called Levi 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Levi means ‘attached.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 29:35 x9x6 She conceived again 0 “Leah became pregnant again” 29:35 acb5 bore a son 0 “gave birth to a son” 29:35 xp9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names she called his name Judah 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Judah means ‘praise.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 30:intro g8rn 0 # Genesis 30 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues the story of the conflict between Rachel and Leah.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Women and their children\nIn the ancient Near East, it was important for a married woman to have many children. If a woman did not have many children, people believed it brought shame upon her. This is one of the reasons why Rachel and Leah were always jealous of each other. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/jealous]])\n\n### Speckled and spotted\nSpeckled and spotted sheep were considered to be imperfect. Therefore, they were considered to be much less valuable than the spotless sheep. Despite Jacob’s fair offer, Laban once again tried to cheat him out of something he deserved. Jacob anticipated Laban’s cheating. 30:1 b8mq When Rachel saw that she bore Jacob no children 0 “When Rachel realized that she was unable to become preganant” 30:1 ct56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole I will die 0 Rachel is exaggerating to show how upset she is about not having children. Alternate translation: “I will feel completely worthless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 30:1 v6l6 Give me children 0 “Cause me to become pregnant” 30:2 rs2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Jacob’s anger burned against Rachel 0 Jacob’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “Jacob was very angry with Rachel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:2 b7dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Am I in the place of God, who has kept you from having children? 0 This is a rhetorical question that Jacob uses to scold Rachel. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am not God! I am not the one who is preventing you from having children!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 30:3 dh9k She said 0 “Rachel said” 30:3 y5pn See 0 “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 30:3 rc5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit there is my servant Bilhah & I will have children by her 0 At that time, this was an acceptable way for a barren woman to have children that would legally belong to her. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 30:3 u6p8 Bilhah 0 This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). 30:3 fqb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Go in to her 0 This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. You may need to use different words in your language. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 30:3 jt2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom on my knees 0 This is a way of saying that the child that Bilhah gives birth to will belong to Rachel. Alternate translation: “for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 30:3 fu33 I will have children by her 0 “and in this way she will cause me to have children” 30:4 m19u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Jacob went in to her 0 This is a polite way of talking about sexual relations. You may need to use different words in your language. Alternate translation: “Jacob had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 30:5 e6rx Bilhah 0 This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). 30:5 j1wf bore Jacob a son 0 “gave birth to a son for Jacob” 30:6 m82y she called his name 0 “Rachel gave him the name” 30:6 qy9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names called his name Dan 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Dan means ‘he judged.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 30:7 d11y Bilhah & conceived again 0 “Bilhah … became pregnant again” 30:7 e4tc bore Jacob a second son 0 “gave birth to a second son for Jacob” 30:8 xbz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom With mighty wrestlings have I wrestled with my sister 0 The phrase “wrestlings have I wrestled” is an idiom used for emphasis. It is also a metaphor that speaks of Rachel’s attempts to have a child like her sister as if she were having a physical fight with Leah. Alternate translation: “I have had a great struggle to have children like my older sister, Leah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:8 p9q6 have prevailed 0 “I have won” or “I have succeeded” 30:8 gy77 called his name Naphtali 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Naphtali means ‘my struggle.’” 30:9 n7if When Leah saw that 0 “When Leah became aware that” 30:9 ct6f she took Zilpah, her servant, and gave her to Jacob as a wife 0 “she gave Zilpah, her servant, to Jacob as a wife” 30:9 mw56 Zilpah 0 This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). 30:10 pf1k bore Jacob a son 0 “gave birth to a son for Jacob” 30:11 ml48 This is fortunate! 0 “How fortunate!” or “What good luck!” 30:11 hmk8 called his name Gad 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Gad means ‘fortunate.’” 30:12 sp7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zilpah 0 This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 30:12 cbx9 bore Jacob a second son 0 “gave birth to a second son for Jacob” 30:13 c2du I am happy! 0 “How blessed I am!” or “How happy I am!” 30:13 i9pt the daughters 0 “the women” or “the young women” 30:13 q84q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names called his name Asher 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Asher means ‘happy.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 30:14 k7d6 Reuben went 0 “Reuben went out” 30:14 yv13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom in the days of wheat harvest 0 Here the phrase “in the days of” is an idiom that refers to the season or time of year. Alternate translation: “at the time of year of the wheat harvest” or “during the wheat harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 30:14 t6zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown mandrakes 0 This is a fruit that was said to increase fertility and the desire to sleep with one’s lover. Alternate translation: “love fruit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 30:15 uq87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is it a small matter to you & my husband? 0 “Do you not care … my husband?” This is a rhetorical question used to scold Rachel. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is bad enough … my husband.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 30:15 h684 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you now want & too? 0 This is a rhetorical question, used to scold Rachel. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now you want … too!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 30:15 ku4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Then he will lie with you 0 Here “lie with” is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Then Jacob will have sexual intercourse with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 30:16 y5di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism You must come in to me 0 Here “come in to” is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “You must have sexual intercourse with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 30:16 c6r1 with my son’s mandrakes 0 “for the price of my son’s mandrakes.” See how you translated “mandrake” in [Genesis 30:14](../30/14.md). 30:17 k8h8 she conceived 0 “She became pregnant” 30:17 ew6t bore Jacob a fifth son 0 “gave birth to a fifth son for Jacob” 30:18 k9kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has given me my wages 0 God rewarding Leah is spoken of as if he were a boss paying wages to someone who works for him. Alternate translation: “God has given my due” or “God has rewarded me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:18 n1d3 She called his name Issachar 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Issachar means ‘there is a reward.’” 30:19 u4y3 Leah conceived again 0 “Leah became pregnant again” 30:19 i5p8 bore a sixth son to Jacob 0 “gave birth to a sixth son for Jacob” 30:20 my2k She called his name Zebulun 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Zebulun means ‘honor.’” 30:21 glq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names called her name Dinah 0 This is the name of Leah’s daughter. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 30:22 tj2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom God called Rachel to mind and listened to her 0 The phrase “call to mind” means to remember. This does not mean God forgot about Rachel. It means he considered her request. Alternate translation: “God considered Rachel and granted to her what she wanted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 30:23 ql6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God has taken away my shame 0 God causing Rachel to no longer feel ashamed is spoken of as if “shame” were an object that person could take away from someone else. The abstract noun “shame” can be stated as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “God has caused me to no longer feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:24 lyt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names She called his name Joseph 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says: “The name Joseph means ‘may he add.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 30:24 lif6 Yahweh has added to me another son 0 Rachel’s first sons were through her female servant Bilhah. 30:25 a2ai After Rachel had borne Joseph 0 “After Rachel gave birth to Joseph” 30:26 jpd7 and let me go 0 “so I can go” 30:26 n1c9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns you know the service I have given you 0 Jacob is reminding Laban of their contract ([Genesis Gen 29:27](../29/26.md)). The abstract noun “service” can be stated as “served.” Alternate translation: “you know that I have served you long enough” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:27 wnz1 Laban said to him 0 “Laban said to Jacob” 30:27 f6ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor If now I have found favor in your eyes 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If I have found favor with you” or “If you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:27 hl6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom found favor 0 This is an idiom that means that someone is approved of by someone else. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 30:27 f5lu wait, because 0 “please stay, because” 30:27 ww4z I have learned by using divination 0 “I have discovered by my own spiritual and magical practices” 30:27 nl2u for your sake 0 “because of you” 30:28 unx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Name your wages 0 This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “Tell me how much I have to pay to keep you here” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 30:29 wk5n Jacob said to him 0 “Jacob said to Laban” 30:29 va18 how your livestock have fared with me 0 “how well your livestock have done since I started taking care of them” 30:30 wm8b For you had little before I came 0 “your herds were small before I worked for you” 30:30 cxf4 and it has increased abundantly 0 “but now your wealth has greatly increased” 30:30 yq88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Now when will I provide for my own household also? 0 “Now when will I take care of my own family?” Jacob uses a question to emphasize that he wants to start providing for his own family. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now I want to take care of my family!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 30:31 guq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit What will I pay you 0 “What can I pay you” or “What can I give you.” This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “What can I pay you so that you stay and work for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 30:31 p7p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases If you will do this thing for me 0 The connecting word “But” can be used at the beginning to show that what Jacob is about to say contrasts with what he just said. Alternate translation: “But if you will do this thing for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 30:31 b25k this thing 0 The phrase “this thing” refers to what Jacob will propose in verse 32. 30:31 b9ys feed your flock and keep it 0 “feed and take care of your flock” 30:32 d9j2 removing from it every speckled and spotted sheep, and every black one among the sheep, and the spotted and speckled among the goats 0 “and remove every sheep with spots, every black sheep, and every goat with spots” 30:32 nqn7 These will be my wages 0 “This will be the cost of keeping me here” 30:33 rd2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification My integrity will testify for me later on 0 The word “integrity” means “honesty.” This speaks about integrity as if it were a person who could testify for or against another person. Alternate translation: “And later you will know if I have been honest with you or not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 30:33 c2ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Every one that is not speckled and spotted among the goats, and black among the sheep, if any are found with me, will be considered to be stolen 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find any goats without spots or any sheep that are not black, you can consider them stolen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 30:34 uk57 Let it be according to your word 0 “Let it be as you say” or “We will do what you have said” 30:35 w5h3 that were striped and spotted 0 “that had stripes and spots” 30:35 vgj7 that were speckled and spotted 0 “that had spots” 30:35 yj5c every one that had white in it 0 “every goat that had some white in it” 30:35 wxg5 all the black ones among the sheep 0 “all the black sheep” 30:35 kx5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy gave them into the hand 0 Here “hand” stands for control or care. Alternate translation: “had his sons take care of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:37 q2ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown fresh poplar & almond & plane tree 0 These are all trees with white wood. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 30:37 i1xk peeled white streaks in them, and made the white inner wood appear that was in the sticks 0 “peeled off pieces of bark so that the white wood underneath would show” 30:38 m1gg the watering troughs 0 long open containers for holding water for animals to drink 30:39 w5f7 The flocks bred 0 “The animals of the flocks conceived” or “The animals mated” 30:39 u7ap produced striped, speckled, and spotted young 0 “gave birth to babies with stripes and spots” 30:40 i58f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Jacob separated 0 It can be made explicit that this happened over several years. Alternate translation: “During the several years following, Jacob separated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 30:40 ff1z face toward 0 “look toward” 30:40 y79l he separated out his flocks for himself alone 0 “he set his flocks apart” 30:41 l916 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche before the eyes of the flock 0 Here the flock’s “eyes” represent the sheep and emphasize what they see. Alternate translation: “so that the flock could see them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 30:41 s3qy among the sticks 0 “in front of the sticks” 30:42 sm36 the feebler animals 0 “the weaker animals” 30:42 z6j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit So the feebler animals were Laban’s, and the stronger were Jacob’s 0 “So the weaker offspring belonged to Laban, while the stronger offspring belonged to Jacob.” You can make this even more explicit. Alternate translation: “So the weaker offspring did not have stripes or spots and so belonged to Laban, while the stronger offspring did have stripes or spots and so belonged to Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 30:43 qp8n The man 0 “Jacob” 30:43 be3r became very prosperous 0 “greatly prospered” or “became very wealthy” 31:intro zw5h 0 # Genesis 31 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s blessing\nWhen Jacob left Paddam Aram, he left very wealthy. Despite his punishment of exile from Canaan, God still blessed Jacob and his family. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])\n\n### Household gods\nAlthough a few scholars believe the possession of the household gods was a sign of inheritance, this seems unlikely. It is probable that Rachel believed these idols would bring them “good luck” and would bring them great blessing. This was sinful because they were to trust in Yahweh, who already promised to bless them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Irony\nLaban’s sons complained that Jacob cheated them out of their father’s possessions. It was their father who tried to cheat Jacob out of what he promised to give Jacob. Jacob treated his brother Esau in the same way. Jacob cheated Esau out of their father’s blessing. 31:1 q6pl Now 0 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story. 31:1 bae1 Jacob heard the words of Laban’s sons, that they said 0 “Jacob heard that Laban’s sons were saying” 31:1 j4tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole Jacob has taken away all that was our father’s 0 Laban’s sons were exaggerating because they were angry. Alternate translation: “Everything that Jacob has taken belonged to our father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 31:2 dj32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Jacob saw the look on Laban’s face. He saw that his attitude toward him had changed 0 These two sentences mean basically the same thing. The second explains the look that Jacob saw on Laban’s face. Alternate translation: “Jacob noticed that Laban was no longer pleased with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:3 dy3j your fathers 0 “your father Isaac and your grandfather Abraham” 31:4 s242 Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field to his flock 0 “Jacob sent for Rachel and Leah and told them to meet him out in the field with the flocks” 31:5 zwf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences and said to them 0 You can start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “He said to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]]) 31:5 m3hk I see your father’s attitude toward me has changed 0 “I have noticed your father is no longer pleased with me” 31:6 j527 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You know that it is with all my strength that I have served your father 0 The word “you” here refers to both Rachel and Leah. It also adds emphasis. Alternate translation: “You yourselves know that I have served your father with all my strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 31:7 z2br has deceived me 0 “has lied to me” or “has not treated me fairly” 31:7 gi9n my wages 0 “what he said he would pay me” 31:7 j7hr to hurt me 0 Possible meanings are (1) physical harm or (2) to cause Jacob to suffer in any way. 31:8 czw6 The speckled animals 0 “The animals with spots” 31:8 cah9 the flock bore 0 “the flock gave birth to” 31:8 yfc5 The striped 0 “The animals with stripes” 31:9 z1nb In this way God has taken away the livestock of your father and given them to me 0 “This is how God gave your father’s animals to me” 31:10 ff24 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJacob continues his story to his wives Leah and Rachel. 31:10 b7lk Once at the time of breeding season 0 “During the breeding season” 31:10 g7hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche mating with the flock 0 Here “flock” represents only the female goats. Alternate translation: “mating with the female goats of the flock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:10 bp2h were striped, speckled, and spotted 0 “had stripes, little spots, and big spots” 31:11 sp9t angel of God 0 Possible meanings are (1) God himself appeared as a man or (2) one of God’s messengers appeared. Since the phrase is not well understood, it is best to simply translate it as “the angel of God,” using the normal word that you use for “angel.” 31:11 t3sj I said 0 “And I answered” 31:11 z5w7 Here I am 0 “Yes, I am listening” or “Yes, what is it?” See how you translated this in [Genesis 22:1](../22/01.md). 31:12 qi7z General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe angel of the Lord continues to talk to Jacob ([Genesis 31:10](../31/10.md)). 31:12 ta2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Lift up your eyes 0 This is a way of saying “Look up.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 31:12 zf86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche that are breeding with the flock 0 Here “flock” stands for only the female goats. Alternate translation: “that are breeding with the female goats of the flock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:12 w88y are striped, speckled, and spotted 0 “have stripes and spots” 31:13 c737 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction where you anointed a pillar 0 Jacob poured oil on the pillar to dedicate it to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 31:13 qa2q the land of your birth 0 “the land where you were born” 31:14 bwh9 Rachel and Leah answered and said to him 0 This does not mean they talked at the same time. It emphasizes they agreed with each other. 31:14 ir9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is there any portion or inheritance for us in our father’s house? 0 Rachel and Leah use a question to emphasize that there is nothing left for their father to give. Alternate translation: “There is absolutely nothing left for us to inherit from our father!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 31:15 sxw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Are we not treated by him as foreigners? 0 They use a question to show their anger about how their father treats them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Our father treats us like a foreign women instead of daughters!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:15 y7ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit For he has sold us 0 This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “He has sold us for his own gain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 31:15 z4i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor has also completely devoured our money 0 Laban completely using up the money that he should have given to his daughters is spoken of as if he were a wild beast that ate the money as if it were food. Alternate translation: “he completely used up our money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:16 vbk7 are now ours and our children’s 0 “belongs to us and to our children” 31:16 vi8d Now then 0 Here “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 31:16 g6k9 whatever God has said to you, do it 0 “do all that God has told you” 31:17 vr3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his sons 0 Jacob took all of his children. It only mentions the sons because they are important as his heirs. Alternate translation: “his children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 31:18 n4b2 He drove all his livestock 0 “He drove all his cattle.” Here “livestock” is referring to all his domesticate animals. 31:18 xzk2 including the livestock he had acquired in Paddan Aram 0 “and the other herd of cattle which he took ownership of when he was in Paddan Aram” 31:18 pgg7 Then he set out to go to his father Isaac in the land of Canaan 0 “He went to the land of Canaan, where his father Isaac lived” 31:19 ct6p When Laban had gone to shear his sheep 0 “When Laban had left to cut the wool off of his sheep” 31:21 rq4h the River 0 This refers to the Euphrates River. 31:21 e57v headed toward 0 “traveled toward” 31:21 xdn1 the hill country of Gilead 0 “the mountains of Gilead” or “Mount Gilead” 31:22 w2bp On the third day 0 It was Jewish custom to count the day of departure as day one. Alternate translation: “Two days after they had left” 31:22 fsz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Laban was told 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Laban” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:22 rjd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit that Jacob had fled 0 Only Jacob is mentioned because he is the leader of the family. It can be made explicit that his family went with him. Alternate translation: “that Jacob had fled with his wives and children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 31:23 v1il So he took 0 “So Laban took” 31:23 c1wi pursued him 0 “chased after Jacob” 31:23 vs2j for a seven days’ journey 0 Laban spent seven days walking to catch up to Jacob. 31:23 x5mw He overtook him 0 “He caught up to him” 31:24 i4gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now God came to Laban the Aramean in a dream at night 0 The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Laban. Alternate translation: “That night God came to Laban in a dream” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 31:24 s2du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism Be careful that you speak to Jacob neither good nor bad 0 The phrase “good nor bad” are used together to mean “anything.” Alternate translation: “Do not say anything to try and stop Jacob from leaving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 31:25 c3nf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Laban overtook Jacob. Now Jacob had pitched his tent in the hill country. Laban also camped with his relatives in the hill country of Gilead 0 The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Jacob and Laban. Alternate translation: “When Laban caught up with Jacob, Jacob had set up camp in the hill country. Then Laban and his relatives also camped in the hill country of Gilead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 31:26 dg9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile carried away my daughters like prisoners of war 0 Laban speaks about Jacob taking his family with him back to the land of Canaan as if Jacob took them as prisoners after a battle and is forcing them to go with him. Laban is exaggerating because he is angry and is trying to make Jacob feel guilty for what he did. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 31:27 a98f flee secretly 0 “run away in secret” 31:27 g8iz with celebration 0 “with joy” 31:27 bg4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy with tambourine and with harps 0 These instruments stand for music. Alternate translation: “and with music” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:27 a23y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown tambourine 0 a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 31:28 esl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations to kiss my grandsons 0 Here “grandsons” would include all grandchildren whether male or female. Alternate translation: “to kiss my grandchildren” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 31:28 cr1s Now you have done foolishly 0 “You have acted foolishly” 31:28 y6dz Now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 31:29 lza8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you It is in my power to do you harm 0 The word “you” is plural and refers to everyone with Jacob. Alternate translation: “I have enough people with me to harm all of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 31:29 qs6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism Be careful that you speak to Jacob neither good nor bad 0 The words “good nor bad” are used together to mean “anything.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 31:24](../31/24.md). Alternate translation: “Do not say anything to try and stop Jacob from leaving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 31:30 bz9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you you have gone away 0 This “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 31:30 f8iz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to your father’s house 0 Here “house” stands for family. Alternate translation: “to be home with your father and the rest of your family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:30 e3jc my gods 0 “my idols” 31:31 qd9f Because I was afraid and thought that you would take your daughters from me by force I left secretly 0 “I left in secret because I was afraid that you would take your daughters from me by force” 31:32 e35z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes Whoever has stolen your gods will not continue to live 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will kill whoever has stolen your gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 31:32 zh3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive In the presence of our relatives 0 The word “our” refers to Jacob’s relatives and includes Laban’s relatives. All the relatives will watch to make sure everything is fair and honest. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 31:32 l4l6 identify whatever with me is yours and take it 0 “look for whatever we have that is yours and take it” 31:32 mjz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background For Jacob did not know that Rachel had stolen them 0 This changes from the story to background information about Jacob. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 31:33 rd4w the two female servants 0 This refers to Zilpah and Bilhah. 31:33 f3n9 he did not find them 0 “he did not find his idols” 31:34 s5c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now Rachel & upon them 0 The word “now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Rachel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 31:34 j5k2 saddle 0 a seat placed on the back of an animal so a person can ride on it 31:35 cd8t my master 0 Calling someone “my master” is a way of honoring them. 31:35 h3tw that I cannot stand up before you 0 “because I am unable to stand up in your presence” 31:35 rx2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism for I am having my period 0 This refers to the time of the month when a woman bleeds from her womb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 31:36 ka2t He said to him 0 “Jacob said to Laban” 31:36 wcv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism What is my offense? What is my sin, that you have hotly pursued after me? 0 The phrases “What is my offense” and “What is my sin” mean basically the same thing. Jacob is asking Laban to tell him what he did wrong. Alternate translation: “What have I done wrong that you should pursue me like this?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:36 rd64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom hotly pursued after me 0 Here the word “hotly” means Laban urgently chased Jacob intending to capture him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 31:37 lf9u What have you found of all your household goods? 0 “What have you found that belongs to you?” 31:37 jgu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive Set them here before our relatives 0 Here the word “our” refers to Jacob’s relatives and includes Laban’s relatives. Alternate translation: “Lay anything you have found in front of our relatives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 31:37 q8tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive they may judge between us two 0 Here “two of us” refers to Jacob and Laban. The phrase “to judge between” means to decide which person is right in a dispute. Alternate translation: “they may judge between the two of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 31:38 l12d General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJacob continues to speak to Laban. 31:38 a2zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twenty years 0 “20 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 31:38 rum5 ewes 0 female sheep 31:38 lk1u have not miscarried 0 This means they have not had a pregnancy end early and unexpectedly with the lamb or kid born dead. 31:39 kc4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive What was torn by beasts I did not bring to you 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When a wild animal killed one of your animals I did not bring it to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:39 ji5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Instead, I bore the loss of it 0 For Jacob to count Laban’s dead animals as a loss from his own flock is spoken of as if it was a burden he would bear on his shoulders. Alternate translation: “Instead of counting it a loss from your flock, I counted it as a loss from my flock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:40 tf6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor There I was; in the day the heat consumed me, and the frost by night 0 Suffering in the hot and cold temperatures is spoken of as if the temperatures were animals that were eating Jacob. Alternate translation: “I stayed with your flocks even during hottest part of the day and the coldest part of the night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:41 gx9i General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJacob continues to speak to Laban. 31:41 j81s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers These twenty years 0 “These last 20 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 31:41 l5lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers fourteen years 0 “14 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 31:41 w1k8 changed my wages ten times 0 “changed what he said he would pay me ten times.” See how you translated “my wages” in [Genesis 31:7](../31/07.md). 31:42 hcc4 Unless the God of my father, the God of Abraham, and the one Isaac fears, had been with me 0 Jacob is referring to the same God not to three different gods. Alternate translation: “If the God of Abraham and Isaac, my father, had not been with me” 31:42 fy4h the God of my father 0 Here the word “father” refers to his parent, Isaac. 31:42 v1d1 the one Isaac fears 0 Here the word “fears” refers to the “fear of Yahweh,” which means to deeply respect him and show that respect by obeying him. 31:42 tin2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy empty-handed 0 This stands for having nothing. Alternate translation: “with absolutely nothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:42 eqx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns God has seen my oppression and how hard I worked 0 The abstract noun “oppression” can be stated as “oppressed.” Alternate translation: “God has seen how hard I worked and how you oppressed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:43 ah9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion But what can I do today to these my daughters, or to their children whom they have borne? 0 Laban uses a question to emphasize that there is nothing he can do. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “But, there is nothing I can do to bring my daughters and grandchildren back with me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 31:44 pm7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification let it be for a witness 0 Here the word “witness” does not refer to a person, but it is used figuratively and refers to the covenant that Jacob and Laban are making. The covenant is spoken of as if it were a person who is there when they agree to act peacefully to one another. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 31:45 q2sh pillar 0 This means that a large stone was simply set up on its end to mark the place where this important event happened. 31:46 mz54 made a pile 0 “stacked them on top of each other” 31:46 c4fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then they ate there by the pile 0 Eating a meal together was a part of making the covenant with one another. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 31:47 grz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jegar Saha Dutha 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Jegar Saha Dutha means ‘heap of witness’ in Laban’s language.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 31:47 tn6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Galeed 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Galeed means ‘heap of witness’ in Jacob’s language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 31:48 y6zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification This pile is a witness between me and you 0 The stones do not actually bear witness as a person. Alternate translation: “This pile will be a reminder between me and you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 31:48 f3tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Galeed 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Galeed means ‘heap of witness’ in Jacob’s language. See how you translated this in [Genesis 31:47](../31/47.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 31:49 d4iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mizpah 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Mizpah means ‘watchtower.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 31:49 ip35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy when we are out of sight one from another 0 Here “out of sight” stands for no longer being in each other’s presence. Alternate translation: “when we are no longer with each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:50 e3ip although no one else is with us 0 Here “us” refers to Laban and Jacob. Alternate translation: “even if no one else is there to see us” 31:50 h365 see 0 “look” or “remember” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” 31:52 jh98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification This pile is a witness, and the pillar is a witness 0 These piles of stones were to act as a remembrance and a boundary marker for Jacob and Laban regarding their peace agreement. They are spoken of as if they are human witnesses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 31:53 zmt6 May the God of Abraham, and the god of Nahor, the gods of their father, judge between us 0 Abraham is Jacob’s grandfather. Nahor is Laban’s grandfather. The father of Abraham and Nahor is Terah. Not all of them worshipped Yahweh. 31:53 r6hl the Fear of his father Isaac 0 Here the word “Fear” refers to Yahweh, who Isaac deeply respected and showed that respect by obeying him. 31:54 fmy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit called his relatives to eat a meal 0 Eating a meal together was part of making the covenant with one another. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 31:55 w76k Early in the morning & returned home 0 Verse 55 is the first verse of chapter 32 in the original Hebrew text, but the last verse of chapter 31 in most modern Bibles. We suggest that you follow the numbering of Bibles in your national language. 31:55 kif6 blessed 0 This means expressing a desire for positive and beneficial things to happen to someone. 32:intro udr3 0 # Genesis 32 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jacob does not trust Yahweh\nJacob does not trust in Yahweh. Instead, he fears that his brother Esau could kill him and his family. He should have known that Yahweh would continue to bless him and protect his family. He should have trusted in Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])\n\n### Name change\n\nIn Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person’s life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “A man wrestled with him”\nScholars are divided over the identity of the person Jacob wrestled with. It was probably an angel, but some believe he wrestled with Jesus before he came to earth. The translator will probably have difficulty trying to keep ambiguity in identifying this individual because the word “man” usually indicates a normal, living person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 32:2 fr1q Mahanaim 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Mahanaim means ‘two camps.’” 32:3 f84p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Seir 0 This is a mountainous area in the region of Edom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 32:4 ayv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes This is what you will say to my master Esau: This is what your servant Jacob says: ‘I have been & have delayed my return until now. 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “‘This is what I want you to tell my master Esau. Tell him that I have been … have delayed my return until now.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 32:4 n3lr my master Esau 0 Jacob is using polite language and refers to his brother as “my master.” 32:4 y932 your servant Jacob 0 Jacob is using polite language and refers to himself as “your servant.” 32:5 ne7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes I have oxen & in your eyes. 0 This continues the quotation within a quotation that begins with the words “I have been” in verse 4. The direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. “This is what I want you to tell my master Esau. Tell him that I have been … Tell him that I have oxen … in his eyes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 32:5 vi1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom that I may find favor in your eyes 0 When a person finds favor in the eyes of another, the second person approves of the first person. Here “eyes” are a metonym for the person seeing something, and seeing a person is a metaphor for deciding whether what that person sees is good or bad. Alternate translation: “that you may approve of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:6 h954 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers four hundred men 0 “400 men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 32:7 ra4u afraid 0 This refers to the unpleasant feeling a person has when there is a threat of harm to himself or others. 32:7 e2dk upset 0 distressed, troubled 32:8 n1e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to one camp and attacks it, then the camp that is left will escape 0 Here “camp” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “to attack the people in one camp, then the people in the other camp will escape” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 32:9 fdw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit God of my father Abraham, and God of my father Isaac, Yahweh 0 This does not refer to different gods, but to the one God they all worship. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is God of my grandfather Abraham and my father Isaac” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 32:9 c3nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Yahweh, who said to me, ‘Return to your country and to your kindred, and I will prosper you,’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you who said that I should return to my country and to my kindred, and that you would prosper me,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 32:9 ah51 to your kindred 0 “to your family” 32:9 v7p9 I will prosper you 0 “I will do good for you” or “I will treat you well” 32:10 i1jg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive I am not worthy of all your acts of covenant faithfulness and of all the trustworthiness that you have done for your servant 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “loyal.” Alternate translation: “I do not deserve for you to remain faithful to your covenant or for you to be loyal to me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 32:10 gfq5 your servant 0 This is a polite way of saying “me.” 32:10 ri5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom now I have become two camps 0 Here the phrase “I have become” is an idiom meaning what he now possesses. Alternate translation: “and now I have enough people, flocks, and possessions with me to make two camps” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:11 b4a5 rescue me 0 “save me” 32:11 b2lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from the hand of my brother, from the hand of Esau 0 Here the word “hand” refers to power. The two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second clarifies that the brother whom Jacob intended was Esau. Alternate translation: “from the power of my brother, Esau” or “from my brother, Esau” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 32:11 amt5 I am afraid of him, that he will 0 “I am afraid that he will” 32:12 x5kw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes But you said, ‘I will certainly make you prosper. I will make your descendants & number.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “But you said that you would certainly prosper me, and that you would make my descendants … number” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 32:12 w429 make you prosper 0 “do good to you” or “treat you well” 32:12 n5pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I will make your descendants like the sand of the sea 0 This speaks about the very large number of Jacob’s descendants as if their number will be like the grains of sand on the seashore. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 32:12 bc4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive which cannot be numbered for their number 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which no one can count because of their number” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 32:14 zj6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers two hundred 0 “200” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 32:14 a35f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twenty 0 “20” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 32:15 ew39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers thirty & forty & ten 0 “30 … 40 … 10” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 32:15 k3iy their colts 0 “their young” 32:16 il9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom These he gave into the hand of his servants, every herd by itself 0 Here “into the hand” means to give control over them. Alternate translation: “He divided them into small herds, and gave each of his servants control over one herd” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:16 hh9w put a space between each of the herds 0 “let each herd travel at a distance from the other herds” 32:17 ti5k He instructed 0 “He commanded” 32:17 h449 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes asks you & that are in front of you?’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “asks you who your master is, where you are going, and who owns these animals that are ahead of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 32:17 lnl5 To whom do you belong? 0 “Who is your master?” 32:17 hl31 Whose animals are these that are in front of you? 0 “Who owns these animals that are in front of you?” 32:18 e7wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Then you will say, ‘They are your servant Jacob’s. They are a gift sent to my master Esau. See, he is also coming after us.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Then I want you to tell him that all of these things belong to Jacob, his servant, and he his giving them to his master, Esau. And tell him that Jacob is on the way to meet him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 32:18 i8qf your servant Jacob’s 0 Jacob is referring to himself in a polite way as Esau’s servant. 32:18 nk58 to my master Esau 0 Jacob is referring to Esau is a polite way as his master. 32:18 a5zw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive coming after us 0 Here “us” refers to the servant speaking and the other servants bringing herds to Esau. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 32:19 mb2s gave instructions to the second group 0 “commanded the second group” 32:20 l71w You must also say, ‘Your servant Jacob 0 Possible meanings are (1) “You will say also, ‘Your servant Jacob’” or (2) “You will say, ‘Also, Your servant Jacob.’” 32:20 kth9 I will appease him 0 “I will calm him down” or “I will make his anger go away” 32:20 fz2r he will receive me 0 “he will welcome me kindly” 32:21 mgp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy So the gifts went on ahead of him 0 Here “gifts” stands for the servants taking the gifts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 32:21 bet5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns He himself stayed 0 Here “himself” emphasizes that Jacob did not go with the servants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 32:22 ak58 his two women servants 0 “his two servant wives.” This means Zilpah and Bilhah. 32:22 ts8h ford 0 a shallow place in a river that is easy to cross 32:22 tkp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jabbok 0 This is the name of a river. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 32:23 uu6x all his possessions 0 “all that he had” 32:24 ui74 until daybreak 0 “until dawn” 32:25 ugk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Jacob’s hip was dislocated as he wrestled with him 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The man injured Jacob’s hip as he wrestled with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 32:25 f6zk hip 0 the place where the upper leg bone connects to the hip 32:26 wh2x for the dawn is breaking 0 “the sun will rise soon” 32:26 hd6q bless 0 Here “bless” means to pronounce a formal blessing on someone and to cause good things to happen to that person. 32:26 pb6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives I will not let you go unless you bless me 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Absolutely not! You must bless me first, then I will let you go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 32:28 a2ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Israel 0 Translators may add a footnote that says “The name Israel means ‘He struggles with God.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 32:28 kel8 with men 0 Here “men” means “people” in general. 32:29 if16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion He said, “Why is it that you ask my name?” 0 “He said, ‘Why would you ask about my name?’” This rhetorical question was meant to shock, rebuke and cause Jacob to ponder over what just happened between him and the other man he just wrestled with. Alternate translation: “Do not ask me for my name!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 32:30 m49w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Peniel 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Peniel means ‘the face of God.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 32:30 n4r1 face to face 0 Being “face to face” means that two people are seeing each other in person, at a close distance. 32:30 p6dk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive and my life is delivered 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “yet he spared my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 32:32 v4a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background That is why to this day 0 This marks a change from the story to background information about the descendants of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 32:32 n4af to this day 0 This means to the day that the author was writing this. 32:32 t93f ligaments of the hip 0 This refers to the muscle that connects the thigh bone to the thigh socket. 32:32 l5px hip joint 0 “thigh socket” 32:32 j363 while dislocating 0 “while striking” 33:intro tc2t 0 # Genesis 33 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jacob’s fear\nJacob feared his brother. He showed Esau great respect and sought to protect his family from Esau’s power. He did not fear and trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n### Favoritism\nJacob showed favoritism towards Rachel and Joseph. He arranged the family according to those he loved the most. Rachel and Joseph were the most protected from a potential attack by Esau. He would have rather had everyone else die, in order to spare their lives. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 33:1 ck16 behold 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to a surprising new part of the story. 33:1 c4ai rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers four hundred men 0 “400 men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 33:1 lqj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Jacob divided the children & female servants 0 This does not mean Jacob divided the children evenly so that each woman had the same amount of children with her. Jacob divided the children so that each one went with his or her mother. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 33:1 h467 female servants 0 “servant wives.” This refers to Bilhah and Zilpah. 33:3 f927 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns He himself went on ahead of them 0 Here “himself” emphasizes that Jacob went alone in front of the others. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 33:3 prz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction He bowed 0 Here the word “bow” means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 33:4 xq93 meet him 0 “meet Jacob” 33:4 ptu7 embraced him, hugged his neck, and kissed him 0 This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Esau put his arms around Jacob, hugged him, and kissed him” 33:4 d91x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Then they wept 0 This can be translated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then Esau and Jacob cried because they were happy to see each other again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 33:5 bni9 he saw the women and the children 0 “he saw the women and children who were with Jacob” 33:5 n88j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person The children whom God has graciously given your servant 0 The phrase “your servant” is a polite way for Jacob to refer to himself. Alternate translation: “These are the children God has kindly given me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 33:6 huv5 female servants 0 “servant wives.” This refers to Bilhah and Zilpah. 33:6 ndg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bowed down 0 This is a sign of humility and respect before another person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 33:8 xl2u What do you mean by all these groups that I met? 0 The phrase “all these groups” refers to the groups of servants that Jacob sent to give gifts to Esau. Alternate translation: “Why did you send all of those different groups to meet me?” 33:8 p6x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom To find favor in the sight of my master 0 The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “So that you, my master, would be pleased with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:8 b54p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person my master 0 The phrase “my master” is a polite way of referring to Esau. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 33:9 fvu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis I have enough 0 The word “animals” or “property” is understood. Alternate translation: “I have enough animals” or “I have enough property” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 33:10 c8jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom if I have found favor in your eyes 0 The phrase “found favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Here “eyes” are a metonym for sight, and sight is a metaphor representing his evaluation. Alternate translation: “if you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:10 g919 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my gift from my hand 0 Here “hand” refers to Jacob. Alternate translation: “this gift that I am giving to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:10 cv9s my hand, for indeed 0 This can be translated as a new sentence: “my hand. For certainly” 33:10 qp99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile I have seen your face, and it is like seeing the face of God 0 The meaning of this simile is unclear. Possible meanings are (1) Jacob is happy that Esau has forgiven him like God has forgiven him or (2) Jacob is amazed to see his brother again like he was amazed to see God or (3) Jacob is humbled to be in Esau’s presence like he was humbled to be in God’s presence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 33:10 ni5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I have seen your face 0 Here “face” stands for Esau. It may be best to translate as “face” because of the importance of the word “face” here with “face of God” and “face to face” in [Genesis 32:30](../32/30.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:11 i3ez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that was brought to you 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that my servants brought to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 33:11 c581 God has dealt graciously with me 0 “God has treated me very well” or “God has blessed me very much” 33:11 r6mp Thus Jacob urged him, and Esau accepted it 0 It was customary to refuse a gift first, but then to accept the gift before the giver was offended. 33:13 j3jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person My master knows 0 This is a polite and formal way of referring to Esau. Alternate translation: “You, my master, know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 33:13 k72p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the children are young 0 The meaning can be stated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “the children are too young to travel fast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 33:13 lzl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive If they are driven hard even one day 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If we force them to go too fast even for one day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 33:14 be6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Please let my master go on ahead of his servant 0 This is a polite and formal way of Jacob referring to himself. Alternate translation: “My lord, I am your servant. Please go ahead of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 33:14 k77x at the pace of the livestock that are before me 0 “at the speed the animals I am looking after can go” 33:14 he5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Seir 0 This is a mountainous area in the region of Edom. See how you translated this in [Genesis 32:3](../32/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 33:15 e3u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do that? 0 Jacob uses a question to emphasize that Esau does not need to leave men. Alternate translation: “Do not do that!” or “You do not need to do that!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 33:15 rl9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person my lord 0 This is a polite and formal way of referring to Esau. Alternate translation: “you, my lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 33:17 k3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Succoth 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Succoth means ‘shelters.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 33:17 k4xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit built himself a house 0 It is implied that the house is also for his family. Alternate translation: “built a house for himself and his family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 33:17 ykg8 for his livestock 0 “for the animals he looked after” 33:18 yt2u General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis starts a new part of the story. The author describes what Jacob did after he rested in Succoth. 33:18 jve3 When Jacob came from Paddan Aram 0 “After Jacob left Paddan Aram” 33:18 qr2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit When Jacob & he arrived & He camped 0 This only mentions Jacob because he is the leader of the family. It is implied that his family was with him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 33:18 rx3s He camped near 0 “He set up his camp near” 33:19 a6wu piece of ground 0 “piece of land” 33:19 xu69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hamor 0 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 33:19 y9i5 Shechem’s father 0 Shechem is the name of a city and the name of a man. 33:19 kh7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a hundred 0 “100” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 33:20 ps43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names El Elohe Israel 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name El Elohe Israel means ‘God, the God of Israel.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 34:intro gv6g 0 # Genesis 34 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel\nJacob’s name was changed to Israel. It is his descendants who inherited the promised blessings given to him and to Isaac and Abraham. This is the first time his descendants are collectively referred to as the people group Israel. The people group Israel is identified through the covenant of circumcision. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Implicit information\nJacob’s reacted to the rape of Dinah with indifference. This is possibly because she was not a daughter of Rachel. His reaction was both unwise and improper. This action brought shame on the whole family. Therefore, Jacob’s sons corrected this wrong and plotted against Hamor and Shechem.\n\nShechem raped Dinah, but then he said he loved her. By raping her, he ensured that no one else would want to marry her. This is not love. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 34:1 g89z Now 0 Here this word is used to mark a new part of the story. 34:1 q1ki rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dinah 0 This is the name of Leah’s daughter. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 30:21](../30/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 34:2 y29n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Hivite 0 This is the name of a people group. See how you translated the similar word “Hivites” in [Genesis 10:17](../10/17.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 34:2 x58u the prince of the land 0 This is referring to Hamor not Shechem. Also, “prince” here does not mean son of a king. It means Hamor was the leader of the people in that area. 34:2 hx1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys He took her and lay with her 0 Possible meanings are (1) “took” and “lay with” are two separate actions. Alternate translation: “he grabbed her and had sexual relations with her” or (2) “took” and “lay with” are a hendiadys, two words used to describe one action, Alternate translation: “raped her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 34:2 mrp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lay with her 0 This is a polite way of speaking of sexual relations. You may have to use other words in your translation. Alternate translation: “had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 34:3 d96a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He was drawn to Dinah 0 “He was very attracted to her.” This speaks about Shechem loving Dinah and wanting to be with her as if something were forcing him to come to Dinah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He wanted very much to be with Dinah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 34:3 bz11 spoke tenderly to her 0 He tried to convince her that he loved her and that he wanted her to love him also. 34:5 wy9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now Jacob 0 “Now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Jacob. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 34:5 k25j Jacob heard that he 0 The word “he” refers to Shechem. 34:5 mp97 he had defiled 0 This means that Shechem had greatly dishonored and disgraced Dinah by forcing her to sleep with him. 34:5 sk45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom held his peace 0 This is a way of saying that Jacob did not say or do anything about the matter. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:6 r1kg Hamor & went out to Jacob 0 “Hamor … went to meet Jacob” 34:7 yd2w The men were offended 0 “The men were very insulted” or “They were shocked” 34:7 xe5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he had disgraced Israel 0 Here the word “Israel” refers to every member of Jacob’s family. Israel as a people group was disgraced. Alternate translation: “he had humiliated the family of Israel” or “he had brought shame on the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 34:7 wki8 lying with Jacob’s daughter 0 “having sexual relations with Jacob’s daughter” 34:7 ud6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive for such a thing should not have been done 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for he should not have done such a terrible thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 34:8 ud45 Hamor spoke with them 0 “Hamor spoke with Jacob and his sons” 34:8 q43r loves your daughter 0 Here the word “love” refers to romantic love between a man and a woman. Alternate translation: “loves her and wants to marry her” 34:8 gx32 give her to him as a wife 0 In some cultures, the parents decide whom their children will marry. 34:9 ec6v Intermarry with us 0 To intermarry is to marry a member of a different racial, social, religious or tribal group. Alternate translation: “Allow marriages between your people and ours” 34:10 pv18 the land will be open to you 0 “the land will be available to you” 34:11 x9iz Shechem said to her father 0 “Shechem said to Dinah’s father Jacob” 34:11 gev1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Let me find favor in your eyes, and whatever you tell me I will give 0 The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If you will approve of me, then I will give you whatever you ask” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:12 w7wc bride price 0 In some cultures, it is customary for a man to give money, property, cattle, and other gifts to the bride’s family at the time of marriage. 34:13 h21q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns The sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father with deceit 0 The abstract noun “deceit” can be stated as the verb “lied.” Alternate translation: “But the sons of Jacob lied to Shechem and Hamor when they answered them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 34:13 uxy5 Shechem had defiled Dinah 0 This means that Shechem had greatly dishonored and disgraced Dinah by forcing her to sleep with him. See how you translated “defiled” in [Genesis 34:5](../34/05.md). 34:14 un4d They said to them 0 “Jacob’s sons said to Shechem and Hamor” 34:14 yku7 We cannot do this thing, to give our sister 0 “We cannot agree to give Dinah in marriage” 34:14 c7ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive for that would be a disgrace to us 0 “for that would cause us shame.” Here “us” refers to Jacob’s sons and all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 34:16 w7nl give our daughters to you & take your daughters to ourselves 0 This means they will allow a person from Jacob’s family to marry a person who lives in Hamor’s land. 34:18 vm37 Their words pleased Hamor and his son Shechem 0 “Hamor and his son Shechem agreed with what Jacob’s sons said” 34:19 yza5 to do what they said 0 “to become circumcised” 34:19 vjf5 Jacob’s daughter 0 “Jacob’s daughter Dinah” 34:19 ve5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit because he was the most honored person in all his father’s household 0 This can be translated as a new sentence. It can be made explicit that Shechem knew the other men would agree to be circumcised because they greatly respected him. Alternate translation: “Shechem knew all the men in his father’s household would agree with him because he was the most honored among them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 34:20 bl5k the gate of their city 0 It was common for leaders to meet at the city gate to make official decisions. 34:21 ub3p These men 0 “Jacob, his sons, and the people of Israel” 34:21 gg84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive peace with us 0 Here “us” includes Hamor, his son and all the people they spoke with at the city gate. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 34:21 peg8 let them live in the land and trade in it 0 “let them live and trade in the land” 34:21 qgk2 for, really, the land is large enough for them 0 Shechem uses the word “really” to add emphasis to his statement. “because, certainly, the land is large enough for them” or “because, indeed, there is plenty of land for them” 34:21 i8u8 take their daughters & give them our daughters 0 This refers to marriages between the women of one group and the men of the other group. See how you translated similar phrases in [Genesis 34:9](../34/09.md). 34:22 pyn5 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nHamor and Shechem his son continue to talk to the city elders. 34:22 g2kq Only on this condition will the men agree to live with us and become one people: If every male among us is circumcised, as they are circumcised 0 “Only if every man among us is circumcised, as the men of Israel are circumcised, will they agree to live among us and unite with us as one people” 34:23 n7gu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Will not their livestock and their property—all their animals be ours? 0 Shechem uses a question to emphasize that Jacob’s livestock and property will belong to the people of Shechem. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “All of their animals and property will be ours.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 34:24 m2ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Every male was circumcised 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So Hamor and Shechem had someone circumcise all the men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 34:25 xfn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal On the third day 0 “third” is the ordinal number for three. It can be stated without the ordinal number. Alternate translation: “After two days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 34:25 w2yp when they were still in pain 0 “when the men of the city were still in pain” 34:25 usz1 each took his sword 0 “took their swords” 34:25 p39e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy they attacked the city 0 Here “city” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “they attacked the people of the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 34:25 cm25 security, and they killed all the males 0 This can be translated as a new sentence. “security. Simeon and Levi killed all the men of the city” 34:27 jn2q the dead bodies 0 “the dead bodies of Hamor, Shechem, and their men” 34:27 r6r4 looted the city 0 “stole everything in the city that was valuable” 34:27 dr6w because the people had defiled their sister 0 Shechem alone had defiled Dinah, but Jacob’s sons considered Shechem’s entire family and everyone in the city responsible for this act. 34:27 gep2 had defiled 0 This means that Shechem had greatly dishonored and disgraced Dinah by forcing her to sleep with him. See how you translated “defiled” in [Genesis 34:5](../34/05.md). 34:28 ikb2 They took their flocks 0 “Jacob’s sons took the people’s flocks” 34:29 u4y1 all their wealth 0 “all their possessions and money” 34:29 lb76 All their children and their wives, they captured 0 “They captured all their children and wives” 34:30 tk7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor brought trouble on me 0 Causing someone to experience trouble is spoken of as if trouble were an object that is brought and placed on a person. Alternate translation: “caused great problems for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:30 g5qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor to make me stink to the inhabitants of the land 0 Causing the people in the surrounding areas to hate Jacob is spoken of as if Jacob’s sons made him smell bad physically. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “You have made me repulsive to the people who live in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:30 di4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche I am few in number & against me and attack me, then I will be destroyed, I and my household 0 Here the words “I” and “me” refer to all of Jacob’s household. Jacob only says “I” or “me” since he is the leader. Alternate translation: “My household is small … against us and attack us, then they will destroy all of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 34:30 f8i3 gather themselves together against me and attack me 0 “form an army and attack me” or “form an army and attack us” 34:30 pr2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive then I will be destroyed 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will destroy me” or “they will destroy us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 34:31 l9v7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Should Shechem have dealt with our sister as with a prostitute? 0 Simeon and Levi use a question to emphasize that Shechem did what was wrong and deserved to die. Alternate translation: “Shechem should not have treated our sister as if she were a prostitute!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 35:intro r5b3 0 # Genesis 35 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Name change\n\nIn Scripture, a change in name always occurs at a highly significant point in a person’s life. The return of Jacob to Canaan was a significant event in the history of the Hebrew people.\n\n### Covenant\nThe covenant God made with Abraham is repeated here. It indicates that all of Jacob’s descendants will inherit the promises of this covenant. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) 35:1 m48u go up to Bethel 0 The phrase “go up” is used because Bethel is higher in elevation than Shechem. 35:1 a7yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Build an altar there to God 0 God speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “Build an altar there to me, your God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 35:2 zm9p said to his household 0 “said to his family” 35:2 s6f2 Put away the foreign gods that are among you 0 “Throw away your idols” or “Get rid of your false gods” 35:2 ke2n purify yourselves, and change your clothes 0 This was the custom of cleansing oneself morally and physically before going to worship God. 35:2 p78p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction change your clothes 0 Putting on a new clothes was a sign that they had made themselves clean before approaching God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 35:3 uv67 in the day of my distress 0 “in the time of my distress” or “when I was in trouble” 35:4 k9aj So they gave 0 “so everyone in Jacob’s household gave” or “so all of his family and servants gave” 35:4 v6i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy that were in their hand 0 Here “in their hand” stands for what they own. Alternate translation: “that were in their possession” or “that they had” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 35:4 q9se the rings that were in their ears 0 “their earrings.” Possible meanings are (1) the gold in the earrings could have been used to make more idols or (2) they took these earrings from the city of Shechem after they attacked it and killed all the people. The earrings would have reminded them of their sin. 35:5 kv2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor God made panic to fall on the cities 0 God causing the people of the cities to be afraid of Jacob and his family is spoken of as if panic were an object that fell on the cities. The abstract noun “panic” can be stated as “afraid.” Alternate translation: “God made the people in the surrounding cities afraid of Jacob and those with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:5 nn7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy on the cities 0 Here “cities” stands for the people who live in the cities. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 35:5 gee5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the sons of Jacob 0 It is implied that no one attacked anyone in Jacob’s family. But two of the sons, Simeon and Levi had attacked the Canaanites relatives of Shechem after he seized and slept with Jacob’s daughter. Jacob was afraid they would seek revenge in [Genesis 34:30](../34/30.md). Alternate translation: “Jacob’s family” or “Jacob’s household” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:6 ex8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Luz 0 This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Genesis 28:19](../28/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:7 ku6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names El Bethel 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name El Bethel means ‘God of Bethel.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:7 i3c5 there God had revealed himself to him 0 “there God made himself known to Jacob” 35:8 bz6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Deborah 0 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:8 xvy6 Rebekah’s nurse 0 A nurse is a woman who takes care of another woman’s child. The nurse was highly honored and important to the family. 35:8 je7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive She was buried down from Bethel 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They buried her down from Bethel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:8 v837 down from Bethel 0 The phrase “down from” is used because they buried her in a place that was lower in elevation than Bethel. 35:8 cv5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Allon Bakuth 0 Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Allon Bakuth means ‘Oak tree where there is weeping.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:9 sbc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit When Jacob came from Paddan Aram 0 It can be made explicit that they were in Bethel. Alternate translation: “After Jacob left Paddan Aram, and while he was in Bethel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:9 x1ha blessed 0 Here “bless” means to pronounce a formal blessing on someone and to cause good things to happen to that person. 35:10 z15l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but your name will no longer be called Jacob 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but your name will no longer be Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:11 i7mm God said to him 0 “God said to Jacob” 35:11 z2vl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Be fruitful and multiply 0 God told Jacob to produce children so that there would be many of them. The word “multiply” explains how he was to be “fruitful.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 1:22](../01/22.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 35:11 p3b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy A nation and a company of nations will come from you 0 Here “nation” and “nations” refer to Jacob’s descendants who will establish these nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 35:13 ev4e God went up from him 0 Here “went up” is used because where God dwells is typically thought of as being up or above the world. Alternate translation: “God left him” 35:14 b5hy pillar 0 This is a memorial pillar which was simply a large stone or boulder set up on its end. 35:14 epr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction He poured out a drink offering over it and poured oil on it 0 This is a sign that he is dedicating the pillar to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 35:15 j65s Bethel 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says “The name Bethel means ‘house of God.’” 35:16 ap5k Ephrath 0 This is another name for the town of Bethlehem. 35:16 vy4h She had hard labor 0 “She was having a very difficult time giving birth to the child” 35:17 x4mh While she was in hardest labor 0 “When the labor pain was at its worst” 35:17 s3cm midwife 0 a person who helps a woman when she is giving birth to a child 35:18 hn3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom As she was dying, with her dying breath 0 A “dying breath” is a person’s last breath before he or she dies. Alternate translation: “Just before she died, as she was taking her last breath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 35:18 dty6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ben-Oni 0 Translator may add a footnote that says “The name Ben-Oni means ‘son of my sorrow.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:18 d44e Benjamin 0 Translator may add a footnote that says “The name Benjamin means ‘son of the right hand.’” The phrase “right hand” indicates a place of special favor. 35:19 v664 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive was buried 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they buried her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:19 cj7f on the way 0 “alongside the road” 35:20 n32v It is the marker of Rachel’s grave to this day 0 “It marks Rachel’s grave still to this day” 35:20 lj22 to this day 0 “up to the present time.” This means to the time that the author was writing this. 35:21 iq45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Israel traveled on 0 It is implied that Israel’s family and servants are with him. The full meaning of this information can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:22 s2bs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism lay with 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “had sexual relations with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 35:22 w9fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bilhah 0 This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:22 m9qr Now Jacob had twelve sons 0 This sentence begins a new paragraph, which continues into the following verses. 35:22 lv7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twelve sons 0 “12 sons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 35:25 vbv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bilhah 0 This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:26 bk2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zilpah 0 This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:26 tc13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit who were born to him in Paddan Aram 0 It is implied that this does not include Benjamin who was born in the land of Canaan near Bethlehem. It only mentions Paddan Aram since that is where most of them were born. The full meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who were born to him in Paddan Aram, except Benjamin who was born in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:27 f44e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go Jacob came to Isaac 0 Here “came” can be stated as “went.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 35:27 a58a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mamre 0 This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this in [Genesis 13:18](../13/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:27 bc7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Kiriath Arba 0 This is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:2](../23/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 35:28 x251 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers one hundred eighty years 0 “180 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 35:29 rk3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet Isaac breathed his last and died 0 “Isaac took his last breath and died.” The phrases “breathed his last” and “died” mean basically the same thing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 25:8](../25/08.md). Alternate translation: “Isaac died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 35:29 p3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism breathed his last 0 This is a polite way of saying a person died. See how you translated this in [Genesis 25:8](../25/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 35:29 fpy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom was gathered to his ancestors 0 This means that after Isaac died, his soul went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he joined his family members who had already died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:29 bxx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet an old man full of days 0 The phrases “old man” and “full of days” mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that Isaac lived a very long time. Alternate translation: “after he had lived a very long time and was very old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 36:intro st7p 0 # Genesis 36 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Esau’s descendants\nEsau’s descendants became known as the Edomite people group. They also become a great nation. This nation is prominent in the rest of the Old Testament. God graciously blessed Esau and he had many descendants. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 36:1 zj65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit These were the descendants of Esau (also called Edom) 0 “These are the descendants of Esau, who is also called Edom.” This sentence introduces the account of Esau’s descendants in Genesis 36:1-8. Alternate translation: “This is an account of the descendants of Esau, who is also called Edom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:2 ac64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adah & Oholibamah 0 These are names of Esau’s wives. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:2 hna3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Elon the Hittite 0 “Elon the descendant of Heth” or “Elon a descendant of Heth.” This is the name of a man. See how you translate this in [Genesis 26:34](../26/34.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:2 s9ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Anah & Zibeon 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:2 hd6t Hivite 0 This refers to a larger group of people. See how you translated it in [Genesis 10:17](../10/17.md). 36:3 g86y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Nebaioth 0 a man’s name (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:3 k2u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Basemath 0 This is the name of one of Esau’s wives. See how you translated this in [Genesis 26:34](../26/34.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:3 n8tf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Nebaioth 0 This is the name of one of Ishmael’s sons. See how you translated this in [Genesis 28:9](../28/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:4 w5z8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adah & Basemath 0 These are names of Esau’s wives. See how you translated these in [Genesis 36:2-3](./02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:4 s7t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Eliphaz & Reuel 0 These are names of Esau’s sons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:5 rp9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Oholibamah 0 These are names of Esau’s wives. See how you translated these in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:5 m5u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jeush & Jalam & Korah 0 These are names of Esau’s sons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:6 k2ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit which he had gathered in the land of Canaan 0 This refers to all of the things that he had accumulated while living in the land of Canaan. Alternate translation: “which he had accumulated while living in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:6 u7vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom went into a land 0 This means to moved to another place and live there. Alternate translation: “went to live in another land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 36:7 y3im their possessions 0 “Esau’s and Jacob’s possessions” 36:7 kr6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit could not support them because of their livestock 0 The land was not large enough to support all of the livestock that Jacob and Esau owned. Alternate translation: “was not big enough to support all of their livestock” or “was not big enough for both Esau’s flocks and Jacob’s flocks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:7 ui47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom where they had settled 0 The word “settled” means to move somewhere and live there. Alternate translation: “where they had moved to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 36:9 yd4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit These were the descendants of Esau 0 This sentence introduces the account of Esau’s descendants in Genesis 36:9-43. Alternate translation: “This is an account of the descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:9 vme3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in the hill country of Seir 0 This means that they lived in the hill country of Seir. The full meaning of this may be made explicit. Alternate translation: “who lived in the hill country of Seir” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:10 kf9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Eliphaz & Reuel 0 These are names of Esau’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:4](../36/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:10 b61h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adah & Basemath 0 These are names of Esau’s wives. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:2-3](./02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:11 uw62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Teman, Omar, Zepho, Gatam, and Kenaz 0 These are names of the sons of Eliphaz. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:12 q2xy rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Amalek 0 a son of Eliphaz (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:12 c8w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Timna 0 This is the name of Eliphaz’s concubine. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:13 qe6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Reuel 0 This is the name of a son of Esau. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:13 eka4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Nahath & Zerah & Shammah & Mizzah 0 These are names of Reuel’s sons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:13 tv77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Basemath 0 This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated this in [Genesis 36:3](./03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:14 n41e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Oholibamah 0 This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated these in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:14 sz5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Anah & Zibeon 0 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:14 u6hp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jeush, Jalam, and Korah 0 These are names of Esau’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:5](./05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:15 zg7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Eliphaz 0 This is the name of one of Esau’s sons. See how you translated his name in [Genesis 36:4](../36/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:15 lut6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Teman, Omar, Zepho, Kenaz 0 These are names of Eliphaz’s sons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:16 zr8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Korah, Gatam, and Amalek 0 These are names of Eliphaz’s sons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:16 j4yq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adah 0 This is the name of one of Esau’s wives. See how you translated her name in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:17 ts2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Reuel 0 This is the name of a son of Esau. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:17 uk29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, Mizzah 0 These are the names of Reuel’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:13](../36/13.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:17 h6as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in the land of Edom 0 This means that they lived in the land of Edom. Alternate translation: “who lived in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:17 pn88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Basemath 0 This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:3](./03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:18 bz8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Oholibamah 0 This is the name of a wife of Esau. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:2](./02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:18 lpz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jeush, Jalam, Korah 0 These are the names of Esau’s sons. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:5](./05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:18 bs35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Anah 0 This the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:2](../36/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:20 nf56 Seir 0 The word “Seir” is the name of a man and of a country. 36:20 pj69 the Horite 0 The word “Horite” refers to a people group. See how you translated it in [Genesis 14:6](../14/06.md). 36:20 lrw4 the inhabitants of the land 0 “who lived in the land of Seir, which is also called Edom” 36:20 e8fa rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:21 g54a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:22 ui8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Lotan & Hori and Heman 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:22 r36g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Timna 0 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:23 c6jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shobal 0 This is the name of man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:20](../36/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:23 smz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Alvan, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho, and Onam 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:24 zng8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zibeon 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:20](../36/20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:24 l94x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Aiah and Anah 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:25 t8gx Anah & Dishon 0 These are names of men. See how you translated “Anah” in [Genesis 36:20](./20.md). 36:25 esu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Oholibamah 0 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:26 tb3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dishon & Hemdan, Eshban, Ithran, and Keran 0 These are names of men. See how you translated “Dishon” in [Genesis 36:21](./21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:27 w3mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ezer & Bilhan, Zaavan, and Akan 0 These are names of men. See how you translated “Ezer” in [Genesis 36:20-21](./20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:28 u49l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dishan & Uz and Aran 0 These are names of men. See how you translated “Dishan” in [Genesis 36:21](./21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:29 fkl1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the Horites 0 This is the name of a people group. See how you translated this in [Genesis 14:6](../14/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:29 g2zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah 0 These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:20](./20.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:30 cp7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dishon, Ezer, Dishan 0 These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 36:21](./21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:30 yki3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in the land of Seir 0 This means that they lived in the land of Seir. Alternate translation: “of those who lived in the land of Seir” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:32 v99w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bela & Beor 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:32 h4lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom the name of his city 0 This means that this was the city where he lived. Alternate translation: “the name of the city where he lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 36:32 e1xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dinhabah 0 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:33 sr5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bela & Jobab & Zerah 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:33 cuf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bozrah 0 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:34 d4sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jobab 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:33](../36/33.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:34 ne5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Husham 0 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:34 l23l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Husham who was of the land of the Temanites 0 This means that Husham lived in the land of the Temanites. Alternate translation: “Husham who lived in the land of the Temanites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:34 b498 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Temanites 0 descendants of a man named Teman (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:35 ct4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Husham & Hadad & Bedad 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:35 ar3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The name of his city 0 This means that this was the city where he lived. Alternate translation: “The name of the city where he lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 36:35 i9ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Avith 0 These are names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:36 en7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hadad & Samlah 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:36 f4j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Samlah of Masrekah 0 “Samlah from Masrekah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:36 rd2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Masrekah 0 These are names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:37 b1jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Samlah 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 36:36](../36/36.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:37 hji7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit then Shaul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his place 0 Shaul lived in Rehoboth. Rehoboth was by the Euphrates river. This information may be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “then Shaul reigned in his place. He was from Rehoboth which is by the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:37 c5xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shaul 0 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:37 d42q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Rehoboth 0 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:38 c5rd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shaul & Baal-Hanan & Akbor 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:39 jf15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Baal-Hanan & Akbor & Hadar & Matred & Me Zahab 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:39 kk3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The name of his city 0 This means that this was the city where he lived. Alternate translation: “The name of the city where he lived” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 36:39 sz99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Pau 0 These are names of places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:39 vn2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mehetabel 0 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:39 f6vx the daughter of Matred, the granddaughter of Me Zahab 0 “she was the daughter of Matred, and the granddaughter of Me Zahab” 36:40 bim6 the heads of clans 0 “the leaders of the clans” 36:40 n8cf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit according to their clans and their regions, by their names 0 The clans and the regions were named after the heads of the clans. Alternate translation: “the names of their clans and the regions where they lived were named after them. These are their names” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 36:40 yu9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Timna, Alvah, Jetheth 0 These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:41 q8em rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Oholibamah, Elah, Pinon 0 These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:42 f4dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Kenaz, Teman, Mibzar 0 These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:43 bjb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Magdiel, and Iram 0 These are names of people groups. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 36:43 f84q their settlements 0 “their dwelling places” or “the places they lived” 36:43 zc7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy This was Esau 0 This list is said “to be” Esau, which means that it is the whole list of his descendants. Alternate translation: “This is the list of the descendants of Esau” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:intro s17y 0 # Genesis 37 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter begins to record the account of Jacob’s sons. The rest of the book of Genesis focuses on Jacob’s sons, especially Joseph. This chapter also references Jacob as “Israel” beginning in this chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Favoritism\nJacob’s favoritism became a great problem for his sons. They are always jealous of Joseph because he is the favorite son. The beautiful garment Jacob gave to Joseph greatly strained the relationship between Joseph and his brothers. Joseph dreams he will rule all of his brothers, even though he is not the oldest son. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])\n\n### God’s power\nThe account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 37:1 y34b the land where his father was staying, in the land of Canaan 0 “in the land of Canaan where his father had lived” 37:2 gx4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche These were the events concerning Jacob 0 This sentence introduces the account of Jacob’s children in Genesis 37:1-50:26. Here “Jacob” refers to his whole family. Alternate translation: “This is the account of Jacob’s family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 37:2 h2a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seventeen years old 0 “17 years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 37:2 kg73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bilhah 0 This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 37:2 g6zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zilpah 0 This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 37:2 gp4s wives 0 These women were servants of Leah and Rachel whom they had given to Jacob to produce children. 37:2 fj2x an unfavorable report about them 0 “a bad report about his brothers” 37:3 in67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now 0 This word is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Israel and Joseph. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 37:3 hu4a loved 0 This refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. 37:3 fd1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom of his old age 0 This means that Joseph was born when Israel was an old man. Alternate translation: “who was born when Israel was an old man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:3 n9xs He made him 0 “Israel made Joseph” 37:3 m9ni a beautiful garment 0 “a beautiful robe” 37:4 ua1k would not speak kindly to him 0 “could not speak in a courteous manner to him” 37:5 z7xa Joseph dreamed a dream, and he told his brothers about it. They hated him even more 0 This is a summary of the events that will happen in 37:6-11. 37:5 req1 They hated him even more 0 “And Joseph’s brothers hated him even more than they hated him before” 37:6 c6ln Please listen to this dream which I dreamed 0 “Please listen to this dream that I had” 37:7 hu4k General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJoseph tells his brothers about his dream. 37:7 zk8j Behold 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 37:7 v7ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we were 0 The word “we” refers to Joseph and includes all of his brothers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 37:7 lp7e tying bundles of grain 0 When grain is reaped it is tied into bundles and stacked until it is time to separate the grain from the straw. 37:7 p45z behold 0 Here the word “behold” here shows that Joseph was surprised by what he saw. 37:7 yu7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification my bundle rose and stood upright & your bundles came around and bowed down 0 Here the bundles of grain are standing and kneeling as if they were people. These bundle represent Joseph and his brothers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 37:8 yak9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Will you really reign over us? Will you actually rule over us? 0 Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Joseph’s brothers are using questions to mock Joseph. They can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You will never be our king, and we will never bow down to you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 37:8 pjm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive reign over us 0 The word “us” refers to Joseph’s brothers but not Joseph. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 37:8 gtl3 for his dreams and for his words 0 “because of his dreams and what he said” 37:9 kyz2 He dreamed another dream 0 “Joseph had another dream” 37:9 tzi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers eleven stars 0 “11 stars” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 37:10 fqz5 his father rebuked him. He said to him 0 “Israel scolded him, saying” 37:10 c1l9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What is this dream that you have dreamed? Will your mother & to the ground to you? 0 Israel uses questions to correct Joseph. This can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “This dream you had is not real. Your mother, brothers, and I will not bow down before you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 37:11 r99i jealous 0 This means being angry because someone else is successful or more popular. 37:11 ml87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom kept the matter in mind 0 The means that he kept thinking about the meaning of Joseph’s dream. Alternate translation: “kept thinking about what the dream might mean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:13 is7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Are not your brothers tending the flock in Shechem? 0 Israel uses a question to begin a conversation. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You brothers are tending the flock in Shechem.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 37:13 mkc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Come 0 Here it is implied that Israel is asking Joseph to prepare himself to leave and go see his brothers. Alternate translation: “Get ready” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:13 py59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I am ready 0 He is ready to leave. “I am ready to go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:14 qey4 He said to him 0 “Israel said to Joseph” 37:14 w1ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom bring me word 0 Israel wants Joseph to come back and tell him about how his brother and flocks are doing. Alternate translation: “come tell me what you find out” or “give me a report” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:14 lr5e out of the Valley 0 “from the Valley” 37:15 un9m A certain man found Joseph. Behold, Joseph was wandering in a field 0 “A certain man found Joseph wandering in a field” 37:15 d2cb Behold 0 This marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. It may involve different people than the previous events. Your language may have a way of doing this. 37:15 s9np What do you seek? 0 “What are you looking for?” 37:16 a4w2 Tell me, please, where 0 “Please tell me where” 37:16 w68c tending the flock 0 “shepherding their flock” 37:17 kti6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dothan 0 This is the name of a place that is about 22 kilometers from Shechem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 37:18 b5ik They saw him from a distance 0 “Joseph’s brothers saw him while he was far away” 37:18 j6pl they plotted against him to kill him 0 “they made plans to kill him” 37:19 e925 this dreamer is approaching 0 “here comes the one who has the dreams” 37:20 gv2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Come now, therefore 0 This wording shows that the brothers acted upon their plans. Alternate translation: “So now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:20 q5ub wild animal 0 “dangerous animal” or “ferocious animal” 37:20 tf98 devoured 0 to eagerly have eaten 37:20 f645 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony We will see what will become of his dreams 0 His brothers planned to kill him, therefore it is ironic that they would speak of his dream coming true, since he would be dead. Alternate translation: “That way we will make sure his dreams do not come true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 37:21 hcd3 heard it 0 “heard what they were saying” 37:21 h7vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from their hand 0 The phrase “their hand” refers to the brothers’ plan to kill him. Alternate translation: “from them” or “from their plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:21 tgx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Let us not take his life 0 The phrase “take his life” is a euphemism for killing someone. Alternate translation: “Let us not kill Joseph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 37:22 ia68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes Shed no blood 0 The negation can be placed on the verb. Also, “shedding blood” is a euphemism for killing someone. Alternate translation: “Do not spill any blood” or “Do not kill him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 37:22 pp4s that he might rescue him 0 This can be translated as a new sentence: “Rueben said this so that he might rescue Joseph” 37:22 w33s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy out of their hand 0 The phrase “their hand” refers to the brothers’ plan to kill him. Alternate translation: “from them” or “from their plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:22 qi79 to bring him back 0 “and return him” 37:23 avb4 It came about that when 0 This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 37:23 hk1a they stripped him of his beautiful garment 0 “they tore his beautiful garment off of him” 37:23 r88s beautiful garment 0 “beautiful robe.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 37:3](../37/03.md). 37:25 z1zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche They sat down to eat bread 0 “Bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “They sat down to eat food” or “Joseph’s brothers sat down to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 37:25 u8ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor They lifted up their eyes and looked, and, behold, a caravan 0 Here looking up is spoken of as if a person literally lifted up his eyes. Also, the word “behold” is used here to draw the reader’s attention to what the men saw. Alternate translation: “They looked up and they suddenly saw a caravan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:25 vw51 bearing 0 carrying 37:25 ry7t spices 0 seasonings 37:25 c9x3 balm 0 an oily substance with a sweet smell used for healing and protecting skin. “medicine” 37:25 c48b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit traveling to carry them down to Egypt 0 “bringing them down to Egypt.” This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “bringing them down to Egypt to sell them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:26 jqq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion What profit is it if we kill our brother and cover up his blood? 0 This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not gain a profit by killing our brother and covering up his blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 37:26 t3nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor cover up his blood 0 This is a figure of speech referring to hiding Joseph’s death. Alternate translation: “hide his murder” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:27 z5vv to the Ishmaelites 0 “to these men who are descendants of Ishmael” 37:27 drn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom not lay our hands upon him 0 This means not to harm or injure him. Alternate translation: “not hurt him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:27 x3zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he is our brother, our flesh 0 The word “flesh” is a metonym that stands for a relative. Alternate translation: “he is our blood relative” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:27 ih6w His brothers listened to him 0 “Judah’s brothers listened to him” or “Judah’s brothers agreed with him” 37:28 fs89 Midianite & Ishmaelites 0 Both names refer to the same group of traders that Joseph’s brothers meet. 37:28 plq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers for twenty pieces of silver 0 “for the price of 20 pieces of silver” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 37:28 sty7 carried Joseph into Egypt 0 “took Joseph to Egypt” 37:29 u33n Reuben returned to the pit, and, behold, Joseph was not in the pit 0 “Reuben returned to the pit, and was surprised to see that Joseph was not there.” The word “behold” here shows that Reuben was surprised to find out Joseph was gone. 37:29 q2rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He tore his clothes 0 This is an act of deep distress and grief. This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: “He was so grieved that he tore his clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:30 rz5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion The boy is not there! And I, where can I go? 0 Reuben uses questions for emphasis the problem that Joseph was missing. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The boy is gone! I cannot go back home now!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 37:31 mg6n Joseph’s garment 0 This refers to the beautiful garment that his father made for him. 37:31 v9ds the blood 0 “the goat’s blood” 37:32 uw8d they brought it 0 “they brought the garment” 37:33 jk1r has devoured him 0 “has eaten him” 37:33 i3f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Joseph has certainly been torn to pieces 0 Jacob thinks that a wild animal has torn Joseph’s body apart. Alternate translation: “It has certainly torn Joseph to pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:34 br9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Jacob tore his garments 0 This is an act of deep distress and grief. This can be written more clearly. Alternate translation: “Jacob was so grieved that he tore his garments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:34 x4zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit put sackcloth upon his loins 0 Here “loins” refers to the middle part of the body or the waist. Alternate translation: “put on sackcloth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:35 rd4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rose up 0 Here the childrens’ coming to their father is spoke of as “rising up.” Alternate translation: “came to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:35 inp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive but he refused to be comforted 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he would not let them comfort him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:35 qls4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Indeed I will go down to Sheol mourning 0 The means that he be mourning from now until when he dies. Alternate translation: “Indeed when I die and go down to Sheol I will still be mourning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:36 p1k8 The Midianites sold him 0 “The Midianites sold Joseph” 37:36 zpi7 the captain of the bodyguard 0 “the leader of the soldiers who guarded the king” 38:intro m9uv 0 # Genesis 38 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter focuses on Jacob’s son Judah.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “Spilling his seed”\nOnan was to provide for his brother’s widow and give her an heir. This phrase indicates that he used Tamar to fulfill his own sexual desires rather than help her. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n### God preserves Judah’s line\nThe Canaanite woman, Tamar, deceived her father-in-law, Judah, into having sexual relations with her. If it had not been for this act, Judah would not have any descendants to carry on his family line. Although her actions were wrong, God used them to protect his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) 38:1 d341 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about at that time that Judah 0 This introduces a new part of the story that focuses on Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 38:1 mm6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah 0 Hirah is the name of a man who lived in the village of Adullam. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:2 g2ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names whose name was Shua 0 Shua is a Canaanite woman who married Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:2 ri4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism he went in to her 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 38:3 tdy5 She became pregnant 0 “Judah’s wife became pregnant” 38:3 b2qs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive He was named Er 0 This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “His father named him Er” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:3 uw47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Er 0 Judah’s son (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:4 j52v called his name 0 “named him” 38:4 d5vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Onan 0 Judah’s son (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:5 qtm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shelah 0 Judah’s son (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:5 q8z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Kezib 0 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:6 yph1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Er 0 This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:3](../38/03.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:7 dn6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom was wicked in the sight of Yahweh 0 The phrase “in the sight” refers to Yahweh seeing Er’s wickedness. Alternate translation: “was wicked and Yahweh saw it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 38:7 i5dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Yahweh killed him 0 Yahweh killed him because he was wicked. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh killed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:8 tk66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Onan 0 This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:4](../38/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:8 kks8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Go in to your brother’s wife 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with your brother’s wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 38:8 a6ev Do the duty of a brother-in-law to her 0 This refers to a custom that when the oldest brother dies before he and his wife have a son, the next oldest brother would marry and have sexual relations with the widow. When the widow gave birth to the first son, that son was considered the son of the oldest brother and he would receive the oldest brother’s inheritance. 38:9 h2uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism he went in to 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 38:10 d3ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom was evil in the sight of Yahweh 0 The phrase “in the sight” refers to Yahweh seeing Onan’s wickedness. Alternate translation: “was evil and Yahweh saw it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 38:10 pa7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Yahweh killed him also 0 Yahweh killed him because what he did was evil. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “So Yahweh killed him also” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:11 w812 his daughter-in-law 0 “his oldest son’s wife” 38:11 tu93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in your father’s house 0 This means her to live in here father’s house. Alternate translation: “and live in your father’s house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:11 xx8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit until Shelah, my son, grows up 0 Judah intends for Tamar to marry Shelah when he grows up. Alternate translation: “and when Shelah, my son, grows up, he can marry you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:11 e1y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shelah 0 This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:5](../38/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:11 ib5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit For he feared, “He might also die, just like his brothers 0 Judah feared that if Shelah married Tamar he would also die like his brothers did. Alternate translation: “For he feared, ‘If he marries her he may also die like his brothers did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:12 fpu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shua’s 0 This is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:2](../38/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:12 ws3g Judah was comforted and 0 “When Judah was no longer grieving, he” 38:12 f28q his sheepshearers at Timnah 0 “Timnah, where his men were shearing sheep” 38:12 cx57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Timnah 0 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:12 gmi5 he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite 0 “His friend Hiram, from Adullam, went with him” 38:12 ep2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hirah the Adullamite 0 “Hiram” is the name of a man, and “Adullam” is the name of a village where he lived. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:1](../38/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:13 pf3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive Tamar was told 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told Tamar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:13 g6yw Look, your father-in-law 0 “Listen.” Here the word “look” is used to get Tamar attention. 38:13 dt3t your father-in-law 0 “your husband’s father” 38:14 z7kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Enaim 0 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:14 l825 of her widowhood 0 “that widows wear” 38:14 z8wu veil 0 a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face 38:14 w9p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit wrapped herself 0 This means that she hid herself with her clothing so that people would not recognize her. Traditionally, part of women’s clothing were large pieces of cloth they wrapped themselves with. Alternate translation: “wrapped herself in her clothing so that people would not recognize her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:14 i1it by the road 0 “along the road” or “on the way” 38:14 ph6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she had not been given to him as a wife 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Judah had not given her to Shelah as a wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:15 wl6g When Judah saw her 0 The word “her” here refers to Tamar, but your reader should understand that Judah did not know that the woman he was looking at was Tamar. 38:15 y8kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit because she had covered her face 0 Judah did not think she was a prostitute just because her face was covered but also because she was sitting in the gate. Alternate translation: “because she had covered her head and sat where prostitutes often sat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:16 i3uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He went to her by the road 0 Tamar was sitting by the road. Alternate translation: “He went to where she was sitting by the road” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:16 q479 Come, please 0 “Come with me, please” or “Come now, please” 38:17 rjw2 from the flock 0 “from my flock of goats” 38:18 dv74 seal and cord & staff 0 A “seal” is similar to a coin with a design engraved on it, used to imprint melted wax. The “cord” was put through the seal so the owner could wear it around his neck. A staff was long wooden stick that helped in walking over rough ground. 38:18 tz55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism he went in to her 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “he had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 38:18 e1lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she became pregnant by him 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he caused her to become pregnant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:19 t44a veil 0 This was a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face. See how you translated these in [Genesis 38:14](../38/14.md). 38:19 df5s clothing of her widowhood 0 “clothing that widows wear.” See how you translated these in [Genesis 38:14](../38/14.md). 38:20 ck76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adullamite 0 a person who lives in the village of Adullam. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:1](../38/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:20 c471 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive receive the pledge 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take back the pledge”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:20 gj77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche from the woman’s hand 0 Here “hand” emphasizes that they were in here possession. The woman’s hand refers to the woman. Alternate translation: “from the woman” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 38:21 yd96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Adullamite 0 a person who lives in the village of Adullam. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:1](../38/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:21 f9j4 the men of the place 0 “some of the men who lived there” 38:21 wg3u cultic prostitute 0 “prostitute who serves in the temple” 38:21 tr6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Enaim 0 This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:14](../38/14.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:23 wmj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit that we not be put to shame 0 When people found out what had happened they would ridicule Judah and laugh at him. This can be made clear and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “or else people will laugh at us when they find out what happened” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:24 n17v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 38:24 v2xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it was told to Judah 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone told Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:24 ps9t Tamar your daughter-in-law 0 “Tamar, your oldest son’s wife” 38:24 cli3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she is pregnant by it 0 Here the word “it” refers to the “prostitution” that she committed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it has made her pregnant” or “she is pregnant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:24 gs86 Bring her here 0 “Bring her out” 38:24 u7ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive let her be burned 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will burn her to death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:25 b976 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive When she was brought out 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When they brought her out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:25 h9p8 her father-in-law 0 “her husband’s father” 38:25 sd68 seal and cords and staff 0 A “seal” is similar to a coin with a design engraved on it, used to make an impression in melted wax. The “cord” was put through the seal so the owner could wear it around his neck. A staff was long wooden stick that helped in walking over rough ground. See how you translated this in [Genesis 38:18](../38/18.md). 38:26 r4f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Shelah 0 This is the name of one of Judah’s sons. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 38:5](../38/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:26 fdr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism did not lie with her again 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “did not have sexual relations with her again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 38:27 i46v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about at the time 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 38:27 aqm9 behold 0 The word “behold” alerts us to the surprise that Tamar was carrying twins, which was previously unknown. 38:28 p9yq It came about as she was giving birth 0 This phrase “It came about” marks an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 38:28 xui1 one put out a hand 0 “one of the babies put out his hand” 38:28 l4m5 midwife 0 This is a person who helps a woman when she is giving birth to a child. See how you translated this in [Genesis 35:17](../35/17.md). 38:28 qm8p scarlet thread 0 “bright red thread” 38:28 hph2 on his hand 0 “around his wrist” 38:29 ciu7 behold 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 38:29 ra5t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit How you have broken out! 0 This shows the midwife’s surprise to seeing the second baby come out first. Alternate translation: “So this is how you break your way out first!” or “You have burst out first!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:29 n6hp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he was named 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she named him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:29 d8yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Perez 0 This is the name of a boy. Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Perez means ‘breaking out.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 38:30 zzy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zerah 0 This is the name of a boy. Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Zerah means ‘scarlet or bright red.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 39:intro a8n6 0 # Genesis 39 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s power\nThe account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. This is a sign of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]])\n\n### Joseph’s character\nGenesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph’s ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph’s character in this chapter is upright. He chose to do what was right, even when it could cause him harm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 39:1 e2vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Joseph was brought down to Egypt 0 Travelling to Egypt is always considered as going “down” in contrast to going “up” to the promised land. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Ishmaelites had taken Joseph to Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 39:2 f9fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Yahweh was with Joseph 0 This means that Yahweh helped Joseph and was always with him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh guided Joseph and helped him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 39:2 fn2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor He lived in the house 0 Here the author speaks of working in the master’s house as if it were living in the master’s house. Only the most trusted servants were permitted to work in their master’s house. AT : “he worked in the house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:2 j4w7 his Egyptian master 0 Joseph was now Potiphar’s slave. 39:3 xvx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom His master saw that Yahweh was with him 0 This means that the master saw how Yahweh was helping Joseph. Alternate translation: “His master saw that Yahweh was helping him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 39:3 jq22 that Yahweh prospered everything that he did 0 “Yahweh caused everything that Joseph did to prosper” 39:4 hd1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Joseph found favor in his sight 0 “To find favor” means to be approved by someone. The idiom “in his sight” refers to a person’s opinion. Possible meanings are (1) Alternate translation: “Potiphar was pleased with Joseph” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh was pleased with Joseph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 39:4 wv9x He served Potiphar 0 This means that he was Potiphar’s personal servant. 39:4 ld27 Potiphar made Joseph manager over his house, and everything that he possessed 0 “Potiphar put Joseph in charge of his household and everything that belonged to Potiphar” 39:4 t3u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor put under his care 0 When something is “put under someone’s care,” it means that the person is responsible for its care and safe-keeping. Alternate translation: “he had Joseph care for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:5 nr78 It came about from the time that he made him manager over his house and over everything he possessed, that Yahweh blessed the Egyptian’s house because of Joseph 0 You may need to use the words “Joseph” and “the Egyptian” before using pronouns to refer to them. “The Egyptian made Joseph manager over his house and over everything he possessed, and it came about from the time that Yahweh blessed the Egyptian’s house because of Joseph” 39:5 ys1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background It came about 0 This phrase is used here to tell the reader that these two verses are background information for the next event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 39:5 vv9x he made him manager over his house and over everything he possessed 0 “Potiphar put Joseph in charge of his household and everything that belonged to him” 39:5 f9hu blessed 0 Here “blessed” means to cause good and beneficial things to happen to the person or thing that is being blessed. 39:5 c9t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The blessing of Yahweh was on 0 Here the author speaks of the blessing that Yahweh gave as if it were a physical covering put over something. Alternate translation: “Yahweh blessed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:5 d2m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit everything that Potiphar had in the house and in the field 0 This refers his household and his crops and livestock. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Potiphar’s household and all of his crops and livestock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 39:6 cqj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Potiphar put everything that he had under Joseph’s care 0 When something is “put under someone’s care,” it means that the person is responsible for its care and safe-keeping. Alternate translation: “So Potiphar put Joseph in charge of everything that he had” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:6 hx4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He did not have to think about anything except the food that he ate 0 He did not have to worry about anything in his household; he only had to make decisions about what he wanted to eat. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Potiphar only had to think about what he wanted to eat. He did not have to worry about anything else in his house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 39:6 ia1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now 0 The word “now” marks a break in the story line as the author gives background information about Joseph. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 39:6 wy9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet handsome and attractive 0 Both of the words have same meaning. They refer to Joseph’s pleasing appearance. He was likely good-looking and strong. Alternate translation: “handsome and strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 39:7 bu7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about after this that 0 “And so.” This phrase is used here to mark a new event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 39:7 x6db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Lie with me 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “have sexual relations with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 39:8 g7nr Look 0 “Listen.” Joseph uses this word to get Potiphar’s wife’s attention. 39:8 hl45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives my master does not pay attention to what I do in the house 0 “my master has no concern about his household with me in charge.” This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “my master trusts me with his household” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 39:8 v8lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has put everything that he owns under my care 0 When something is “put under someone’s care,” it means that the person is responsible for its care and safe-keeping. Alternate translation: “he has put me in charge of everything that belongs to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:9 xvi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor No one is greater in this house than I am 0 Here the author speaks of authority as if it were greatness. Alternate translation: “I have more authority in this house than anyone else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:9 x4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes He has not kept back anything from me but you 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “He has given me everything except you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 39:9 gk4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How then can I do this great wickedness and sin against God? 0 Joseph uses a question for emphasis. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I certainly cannot do such a wicked thing and sin against God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 39:10 vm2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit She spoke to Joseph day after day 0 This means that she kept asking him to sleep with her. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “She kept on asking Joseph to sleep with her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 39:10 f48l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism to lie with her 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “to have sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 39:10 c1pu to be with her 0 “to be near her” 39:11 fgn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about 0 “And so.” This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 39:11 uf8u None of the men of the house 0 “None of the other men who worked in the house” 39:12 x9k8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism Lie with me 0 This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “Have sexual relations with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 39:12 i97q fled, and went outside 0 “and quickly ran outside” or “and quickly ran out of the house” 39:13 ix34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about 0 “Then” The phrase “it came about” is used here to mark the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 39:13 ufa4 had fled outside 0 “had quickly ran out of the house” 39:14 ikv6 the men of her house 0 “the men who worked in her house” 39:14 tuv8 See 0 “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” 39:14 k9h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism He came in to me to lie with me 0 Here Potiphar’s wife is accusing Joseph of trying to seize her and have sexual relations with her. “He came into my room to have sexual relations with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 39:15 n1kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about when he heard me scream, that he 0 “When he heard me scream, he.” The phrase “it came about” is used here to mark the next event in the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 39:16 ma4z his master 0 “Joseph’s master.” This refers to Potiphar. 39:17 xu1x She told him this explanation 0 “She explained it like this” 39:17 qu1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive brought to us 0 The word “us” refers to Potiphar, his wife, and includes the rest of the household. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 39:17 s2dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism came in to mock me 0 “came in to make a fool of me.” Here, the word “mock” is a euphemism for “to seize and to sleep with.” Alternate translation: “came into where I was and tried to force me to sleep with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 39:18 u1cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about that 0 “Then.” Potiphar’s wife uses this phrase to mark the next event in the account she is telling him about Joseph trying to sleep with her. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 39:18 r27a fled outside 0 “ran quickly out of the house” 39:19 z9ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about that 0 “And so.” This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 39:19 nr6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his master 0 “Joseph’s master.” This refers to Potiphar. This information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s master, Potiphar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 39:19 clp9 heard the explanation his wife told him 0 “heard his wife explain to him.” The word “his” and “him” here refer to Potiphar. 39:19 wt6m he became very angry 0 “Potiphar became very angry” 39:20 w9a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the place where the king’s prisoners were confined 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the place where the king put his prisoners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 39:20 w9ky He was there 0 “Joseph stayed there” 39:21 j7f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom But Yahweh was with Joseph 0 This refers to how Yahweh took care of Joseph and was kind to him. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh was kind to Joseph” or “But Yahweh took care of Joseph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 39:21 s8kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns showed covenant faithfulness to him 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “was faithful to his covenant with him” or “faithfully loved him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 39:21 wd2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He gave him favor in the sight of the prison warden 0 This means Yahweh caused the prison warden to approve of Joseph and to treat him well. Alternate translation: “Yahweh caused the prison warden to be pleased with Joseph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 39:21 y3zt the prison warden 0 “the prison manager” or “the man in charge of the prison” 39:22 wbf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor gave into Joseph’s hand 0 Here “hand” represents Joseph’s power or trust. Alternate translation: “put Joseph in charge of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:22 ma4g Whatever they did there, Joseph was in charge of it 0 “Joseph was in charge of everything they did there” 39:23 j1y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom because Yahweh was with him 0 This refers to how Yahweh helped Joseph and guided him. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh guided Joseph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 39:23 kpn2 Whatever he did, Yahweh prospered 0 “Yahweh caused everything that Joseph did to prosper” 40:intro ef8h 0 # Genesis 40 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s power\nThe account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])\n\n### Interpretation of dreams\nThe interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) 40:1 nwl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about that 0 This phrase is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 40:1 bab1 the cupbearer 0 This is the person who brought drinks to the king. 40:1 i7i3 king’s baker 0 This is the person who made food for the king. 40:1 kuf4 offended their master 0 “upset their master” 40:2 ch6u the chief of the cupbearers and the chief of the bakers 0 “the leading cupbearer and the leading baker” 40:3 xu5i He put them in custody in the house of the captain of the guard 0 “He put them in the prison that was in the house that was overseen by the captain of the guard” 40:3 ba8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He put them 0 The king did not put them in prison but rather he commanded for them to be imprisoned. Alternate translation: “He had them put” or “He commanded his guard to put” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:3 r4uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive in the same prison where Joseph was confined 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This was the same prison that Joseph was in” or “This was the same prison Potiphar put Joseph in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 40:4 zrd7 They remained in custody for some time 0 “They remained in prison for a long time” 40:6 a1d1 Joseph came to them 0 “Joseph came to the cupbearer and the baker” 40:6 yub6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Behold, they were sad 0 The word “behold” here shows that Joseph was surprised by what he saw. Alternate translation: “He was surprised to see that they were sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 40:7 lc9x Pharaoh’s officials who were with him 0 This refers to the cupbearer and the baker. 40:7 q9qf in custody in his master’s house 0 “In prison in him master’s house.” “His master” refers to Joseph’s master, the captain of the guard. 40:8 fin5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do not interpretations belong to God? 0 Joseph uses a question for emphasis. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Interpretations belong to God!” or “It is God who can tell the meaning of dreams!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 40:8 va6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Tell me, please 0 Joseph asks for them to tell him their dreams. Alternate translation: “Tell me the dreams, please” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 40:9 srp7 The chief of the cupbearers 0 The most important person who brings drinks to the king. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md). 40:9 w5j9 In my dream, behold, a vine was in front of me 0 “In my dream, I saw a vine in front of me!” The cupbearer uses word “behold” here to show that he was surprised by what he saw in his dream and to alert Joseph to pay attention. 40:10 ehe4 the clusters of grapes ripened 0 “its clusters ripened into grapes” 40:11 dy72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit squeezed them 0 This means that he squeezed the juice out of them. Alternate translation: “squeezed the juice from them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 40:12 xg18 This is the interpretation of it 0 “Here is what the dream means” 40:12 v4nl The three branches are three days 0 “The three branches represent three days” 40:13 v3j1 Within three days 0 “In three more days” 40:13 ra1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor will lift up your head 0 Here Joseph speaks of Pharaoh releasing the cupbearer from prison as if Pharaoh were causing him to lift up his head. Alternate translation: “will release you from prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 40:13 x76t restore you to your office 0 “will give you back your job” 40:13 jxm9 just as when 0 “just as you did when” 40:14 vhy3 please show kindness to me 0 “please be kind to me” 40:14 ril5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Mention me to Pharaoh and bring me out of this prison 0 Joseph means for the cupbearer to tell Pharaoh about him so that Pharaoh will release him from prison. Alternate translation: “Help me get out of this prison by telling Pharaoh about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 40:15 h47u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive For indeed I was abducted 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For indeed people took me” or “For indeed the Ishmaelites took me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 40:15 eec8 the land of the Hebrews 0 “the land where the Hebrew people live” 40:15 ael9 Here also have I done nothing that they should put me in this dungeon 0 “and also while I have been here in Egypt, I have done nothing for which I deserved to be put in prison” 40:16 b5rq the chief of the bakers 0 This refers to the leading person who made food for the king. See how this was translated in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md). 40:16 g1t1 I also had a dream, and 0 “I also had a dream, and in my dream,” 40:16 z4gg behold, three baskets of bread were on my head 0 “there were three baskets of bread on my head!” The baker uses word “behold” here to show that he was surprised by what he saw in his dream and to alert Joseph to pay attention. 40:17 ya56 baked goods for Pharaoh 0 “baked foods for Pharaoh” 40:18 xb3a This is the interpretation 0 “Here is what the dream means” 40:18 g2ud The three baskets are three days 0 “The three baskets represent three days” 40:19 r5pe will lift up your head from you 0 Joseph also used the phrase “will lift up your head” when he spoke to the cupbearer in [Genesis 40:13](../40/13.md). Here it has a different meaning. Possible meanings are (1) “will lift up your head to put a rope around your neck” or (2) “will lift up your head to cut it off.” 40:19 wcp5 flesh 0 Here “flesh” literally means the soft tissue on a person’s body. 40:20 va7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about on the third day that 0 “Afterward, on the third day.” The phrase “it came about” is used here to mark a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 40:20 dfq1 He made a feast 0 “He had a feast” 40:20 s2fj the chief of the cupbearers 0 This was the leading person who prepared and served drinks to the king. See how these were translated in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md). 40:20 j63e the chief of the bakers 0 This refers to the leading person who made food for the king. See how this was translated in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md). 40:21 i37q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He restored the chief of the cupbearers to his responsibility 0 The chief of the cupbearer’s “responsibility” refers to his job as chief of the cupbearers. Alternate translation: “He gave the chief of the cupbearers his job back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:22 iet6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy But he hanged the chief of the bakers 0 Pharaoh did not personally hang the baker, rather he commanded for him to be hanged. Alternate translation: “But he commanded for the chief of the bakers to be hanged” or “But he commanded his guards to hang the chief of the bakers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:22 hh6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit just as Joseph had interpreted to them 0 This refers to when Joseph interpreted their dreams. Alternate translation: “just as Joseph had said would happen when he interpreted the two men’s dreams” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 41:intro h6hd 0 # Genesis 41 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s power\nThe account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])\n\n### Interpretation of dreams\nThe interpretation of dreams was important in the ancient Near East. It was seen as possible only through divine power. Yahweh gave Joseph the power to interpret dreams in order to bring himself glory and to protect Joseph and the Hebrew people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])\n\n### Joseph’s character\nGenesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph’s ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph’s character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]l, [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 41:1 tw22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 41:1 y4mv at the end of two full years 0 Two years passed after Joseph correctly interpreted the dreams of Pharaoh’s cupbearer and baker, who had been in prison with Joseph. 41:1 l2v3 Behold, he stood 0 The word “behold” here marks the beginning of another event in the larger story. Your language may have a way of doing this. Alternate translation: “He was surprised because he was standing” 41:1 d55g he stood 0 “Pharaoh was standing” 41:2 n2rr desirable and fat 0 “healthy and fat” 41:2 ka4y grazed in the reeds 0 “were eating the grass along the side of the river” 41:2 g7bg reeds 0 tall, thin grasses that grow in wet areas 41:3 jk79 Behold, seven other cows 0 The word “behold” here shows that Pharaoh was again surprised by what he saw. 41:3 jmx4 undesirable and thin 0 “sick and thin” 41:3 c414 bank of the river 0 “beside the river” or “riverside.” This is the higher ground along the edge of a river. 41:4 k1gu undesirable and thin 0 “weak and skinny.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md). 41:4 hp6k desirable and fat 0 “healthy and well-fed.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md). 41:4 we5y woke up 0 “awakened” 41:5 c4an rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal a second time 0 The word “second” is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 41:5 ua5x Behold, seven heads 0 The word “behold” here shows that Pharaoh was surprised by what he saw. 41:5 h4g3 heads of grain 0 The heads are parts of the corn plant on which the seeds grow. 41:5 cd5d came up on one stalk 0 “grew up on one stem.” The stalk is the thick or tall part of a plant. 41:5 g3qk on one stalk, wholesome and good 0 “on one stock and they were healthy and beautiful” 41:6 v7ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive thin and scorched by the east wind 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that were thin and burned because of the hot wind from the east” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 41:6 s21b the east wind 0 Wind from the east blew in from the desert. The heat of the east wind was often very destructive. 41:6 tvj9 sprouted up 0 “grew up” or “developed” 41:7 r9xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis The thin heads 0 The words “of grain” are understood. Alternate translation: “The thin heads of grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 41:7 v2mi swallowed up 0 “ate.” Pharaoh is dreaming that unhealthy corn could eat healthy corn just like a person eats food. 41:7 uar4 wholesome and full heads 0 “healthy and good heads.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:5](../41/05.md). 41:7 e7u2 woke up 0 “awakened” 41:7 s4lc behold 0 The word “behold” here shows that Pharaoh was surprised by what he had seen. 41:7 eke4 it was a dream 0 “he had been dreaming” 41:8 x955 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 41:8 b73z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his spirit was troubled 0 Here the word “spirit” refers to his inner being or his emotions. Alternate translation: “he was troubled in his inner being” or “he was troubled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 41:8 na7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis He sent and called 0 It is understood that he sent servants. Alternate translation: “He sent his servants to call” or “He sent his servants to summon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 41:8 jy8h all the magicians and wise men of Egypt 0 Ancient kings and rulers used magicians and wise men as advisers. 41:9 e1hz chief cupbearer 0 The most important person who brings drinks to the king. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md). 41:9 wmd3 Today I am thinking about my offenses 0 The word “Today” is used for emphasis. His “offenses” are that he should have told Pharaoh something much earlier but he did not. Alternate translation: “I just realized that I forgot to tell you something” 41:10 a77g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Pharaoh was angry 0 The cupbearer is referring to Pharaoh in third person. This is a common way for someone with less power to speak to someone with greater power. Alternate translation: “You, Pharaoh, were angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 41:10 yn3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person with his servants 0 Here “his” refers to Pharaoh. Here “servants” refers to the cupbearer and the chief baker. Alternate translation: “with us, your servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 41:10 e32b put me in custody in the house of the captain of the guard, the chief baker and me 0 “put the chief baker and me in the prison where the captain of the guard was in charge.” Here “house” refers to the prison. 41:10 iz6m the captain of the guard 0 The soldier in charge of the royal guards. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:3](../40/03.md). 41:10 jp2m the chief baker 0 The most important person who made food for the king. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 40:2](../40/02.md). 41:11 f7vz We dreamed a dream the same night, he and I 0 “One night we both had dreams” 41:11 uy9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive We dreamed 0 Here “We” refers to the chief cupbearer and the chief baker. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 41:11 ku89 We dreamed each man according to the interpretation of his dream 0 “Our dreams had different meanings” 41:12 g7p9 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThe chief cupbearer continues to speak to Pharaoh. 41:12 zu8t There was with us there 0 “In prison there was with the chief baker and me” 41:12 cjy9 the captain of the guard 0 The soldier in charge of the royal guards. See how you translated this in [Genesis 40:3](../40/03.md). 41:12 lrw5 We told him and he interpreted for us our dreams 0 “We told him our dreams and he explained their meanings to us” 41:12 t5dz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person He interpreted for each of us according to his dream 0 Here “his” refers to the cupbearer and baker individually, not to the one interpreting the dream. Alternate translation: “He explained what was going to happen to both of us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 41:13 p1s7 It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 41:13 zhk8 as he interpreted for us, so it happened 0 “what he explained about the dreams is what later happened” 41:13 fv56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Pharaoh restored me to my post 0 Here the cupbearer uses Pharaoh’s title in speaking to him as a way of honoring him. Alternate translation: “You allowed me to return to my job” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 41:13 w4yi the other one 0 “the chief baker” 41:13 fxy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person he hanged 0 Here “he” refers to Pharaoh. And, it stands for the soldiers that Pharaoh commanded to hang the chief baker. Alternate translation: “you ordered your soldiers to hang” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:14 m2th rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Pharaoh sent and called for 0 It is understood that Pharaoh sent servants. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh sent his servants to get Joseph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 41:14 l2yw out of the dungeon 0 “out of the jail” or “out of the prison” 41:14 gm9k He shaved himself 0 It was common practice to shave both the facial and head hair when preparing to go before Pharaoh. 41:14 hi7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go came in to Pharaoh 0 Here “came” can be stated as “went.” Alternate translation: “went before Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 41:15 ye9x there is no interpreter for it 0 “no one can explain the meaning” 41:15 gl3z you can interpret it 0 “you can explain its meaning” 41:16 fy4i It is not in me 0 “I am not the one who can explain the meaning” 41:16 sva8 God will answer Pharaoh with favor 0 “God will answer Pharaoh favorably” 41:17 m7d9 behold, I stood 0 Pharaoh uses the word “behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information. 41:17 arm4 bank of the Nile 0 This is the higher ground along the edge of the Nile River. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md). Alternate translation: “beside the Nile” 41:18 j94b Behold, seven cows 0 Pharaoh uses the word “Behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information. 41:18 q5si fat and desirable 0 “well-fed and healthy.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md). 41:18 ppr3 grazed among the reeds 0 “were eating the grass along the side of the river.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md). 41:19 m34x Behold, seven other cows 0 Pharaoh uses the word “Behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information. 41:19 hdi9 undesirable, and thin 0 “weak, and skinny.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md). 41:19 ls2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns such undesirableness 0 The abstract noun “undesirableness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “such ugly cows” or “such worthless looking cows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 41:20 hr6a fat cows 0 “well-fed cows.” See how you translated this phrase in [Genesis 41:2](../41/02.md). 41:21 svd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive it could not be known that they had eaten them 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one would have been able to tell that the thin cows had eaten the fat cows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 41:22 jga7 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nPharaoh continues telling Joseph his dreams. 41:22 kz2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit I looked in my dream 0 This begins Pharaoh’s next dream after he woke up and went back to sleep. Alternate translation: “Then I dreamed again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 41:22 pj1p behold, seven heads 0 Pharaoh uses the word “Behold” to make Joseph pay attention to surprising information. 41:22 rt6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis seven heads 0 The words “of grain” are understood. Alternate translation: “seven heads of grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 41:22 p2uk came up upon one stalk 0 “grew up on one stem.” The stalk is the thick or tall part of a plant. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:5](../41/05.md). 41:23 sy8n withered 0 dead and dried 41:23 ia4j sprang up 0 “grew up” or “developed” 41:24 g4ud rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis The thin heads 0 The words “of grain” are understood. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:7](../41/07.md). Alternate translation: “The thin heads of grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 41:24 lf37 swallowed up 0 “ate.” Pharaoh is dreaming that unhealthy corn could eat healthy corn just like a person eats food. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:7](../41/07.md). 41:24 zf3j there was none that could 0 “there was not a single one that could” or “none of them could” 41:25 q6cy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The dreams of Pharaoh are the same 0 It is implied that the meanings are the same. Alternate translation: “Both dreams mean the same thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 41:25 q4kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person What God is about to do, he has declared to Pharaoh 0 Joseph speaks to Pharaoh in the third person. This is a way of showing respect. It can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “God is showing you what he will soon do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 41:26 xnj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis seven good heads 0 The words “of grain” are understood. Alternate translation: “seven good heads of grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 41:27 k368 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJoseph continues his interpretation of Pharaoh’s dreams 41:27 is68 thin and undesirable cows 0 “skinny and weak cows.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:3](../41/03.md). 41:27 rw51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive seven thin heads scorched by the east wind 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “seven thin heads of grain scorched because of the hot wind from the east” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 41:28 ik53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person That is the thing which I spoke to Pharaoh & revealed to Pharaoh 0 Joseph speaks to Pharaoh in the third person. This is a way of showing respect. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “These events will happen just as I have told you … revealed to you, Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 41:28 xq53 he has revealed 0 “he has made known” 41:29 uzi8 Look, seven 0 “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: seven” 41:29 q9lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor seven years of great abundance will come throughout all the land of Egypt 0 This speaks about the years of abundance as if time is something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “there will be seven years in which there will be plenty of food throughout the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:30 a869 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJoseph continues interpreting Pharaoh’s dreams. 41:30 y7lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Seven years of famine will come after them 0 This speaks about the seven years of famine as if they are something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “Then there will be seven years when there is very little food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:30 zb38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism all the abundance will be forgotten & and the famine will devastate the land 0 Joseph expresses an idea in two ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 41:30 gz1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy all the abundance will be forgotten in the land of Egypt 0 Here “land” refers to the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt will forget about the years in which there was plenty of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 41:30 tuu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy will devastate the land 0 Here “land” refers to the soil, the people, and the entire country. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:31 a4xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism The abundance will not be remembered & because of the famine that will follow 0 Joseph expresses an idea in two ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 41:31 qf5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor because of the famine that will follow 0 This speaks about the famine as if it were a thing that travels and follows behind something else. Alternate translation: “because of the time of famine that will happen afterwards” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:32 k4qw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive That the dream was repeated to Pharaoh is because the matter has been established by God 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave you two dreams to show you that he will certainly cause these things to happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 41:33 i8w9 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJoseph continues to address Pharaoh 41:33 qex3 Now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 41:33 a6dg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person let Pharaoh look 0 Joseph speaks to Pharaoh in third person. This is a way of showing respect. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “You, Pharaoh, should look” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 41:33 w17p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom put him over the land of Egypt 0 The phrase “put him over” means to give someone authority. Alternate translation: “give him authority over the kingdom of Egypt” or “put him in charge of the kingdom of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:33 t3pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy land of Egypt 0 Here “land” stands for all the people and everything in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:34 vy8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction let them take a fifth of the crops of Egypt 0 The word “fifth” is a fraction. Alternate translation: “let them divide the crops of Egypt into five equal parts, then take one of those parts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) 41:34 q92v in the seven abundant years 0 “during the seven years in which there is plenty of food” 41:35 w1if General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJoseph continues to counsel Pharaoh 41:35 ea47 Let them gather 0 “Allow the overseers to gather” 41:35 ru7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor of these good years that are coming 0 This speaks of years as if they are something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “during the good years that will soon happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:35 rc85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom store up grain under the authority of Pharaoh 0 The phrase “under the authority of Pharaoh” means Pharaoh gives them authority. Alternate translation: “use the authority of Pharaoh to store the grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:35 q2j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy They should preserve it 0 The word “they” refers to the overseers and represents the soldiers that they should command to guard the grain. Alternate translation: “The overseers should leave soldiers there to guard the grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:36 r5dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The food will be a supply for the land 0 Here “land” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “This food will be for the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:36 ytd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy In this way the land will not be devastated by the famine 0 Here “land” stands for the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This way the people will not starve during the famine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 41:37 d6hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor This advice was good in the eyes of Pharaoh and in the eyes of all his servants 0 The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh and his servants thought this was a good plan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:37 lvg2 his servants 0 This means Pharaoh’s officials. 41:38 xmh3 such a man as this 0 “a man like the one Joseph described” 41:38 wl54 in whom is the Spirit of God 0 “in whom the Spirit of God lives” 41:39 v53h there is none so discerning 0 “no one else is as capable in making decisions.” See how you translated “discerning” in [Genesis 41:33](../41/33.md). 41:40 ej2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy You will be over my house 0 Here “house” stands for Pharaoh’s palace and the people in the palace. The phrase “will be over” means Joseph will have authority over. Alternate translation: “You will be in charge of everyone in my palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:40 f76b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive according to your word will all my people be ruled 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will rule over my people and they will do what you command” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 41:40 v1tq Only in the throne 0 Here “throne” stands for Pharaoh’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “Only in my role as king” 41:41 r2t9 See, I have put you 0 The word “See” adds emphasis to what Pharaoh says next. Alternate translation: “Look, I have put you” 41:41 vl42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom I have put you over all the land of Egypt 0 The phrase “put you over” means to give authority. Here “land” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “I put you in charge of everyone in Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:42 f9g4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Pharaoh took off his signet ring & gold chain on his neck 0 All of these actions symbolize that Pharaoh is giving Joseph the authority to do everything that Joseph planned. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 41:42 i15i signet ring 0 This ring had Pharaoh’s seal engraved on it. This gave Joseph the authority and money needed to carry out his plans. 41:42 vl94 clothes of fine linen 0 “Linen” here is a smooth, strong cloth made from the blue-flowered flax plant. 41:43 i4am rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction He had him ride in the second chariot which he possessed 0 This act makes clear to the people that Joseph is second only to Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 41:43 u4gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Bend the knee 0 “Bow down and honor Joseph.” To bend the knee and bow down was a sign of honor and respect. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 41:43 wmr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Pharaoh put him over all the land 0 The phrase “put you over” means to give authority. Here “land” refers to the people. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Genesis 41:41](../41/41.md). Alternate translation: “I put you in charge of everyone in Egypt”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:44 v9ec I am Pharaoh, and apart from you 0 Pharaoh is emphasizing his authority. Alternate translation: “As Pharaoh, I command that apart from you” 41:44 els8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy apart from you, no man will lift his hand or his foot in all the land of Egypt 0 Here “hand” and “foot” stand for a person’s actions. Alternate translation: “no person in Egypt will do anything without your permission” or “every person in Egypt must ask your permission before they do anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:44 y8gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations no man 0 Here “man” refers to any person in general, whether male or female. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 41:45 wx8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zaphenath-Paneah 0 Translators may add the following footnote: The name Zaphenath-Paneah means “a revealer of secrets.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 41:45 c92a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction He gave him Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On, as a wife 0 Priests in Egypt were the highest and most privileged caste. This marriage signifies Joseph’s place of honor and privilege. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 41:45 g53x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names gave him Asenath 0 “Asenath” is the name of the woman whom Pharaoh gave to Joseph as his wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 41:45 j862 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names daughter of Potiphera 0 “Potiphera” is the father of Asenath. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 41:45 fhe9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names priest of On 0 On is a city, also called Heliopolis, which was “the City of the Sun” and the center of worship of the sun god Ra. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 41:45 rx5u Joseph went out over the land of Egypt 0 Joseph traveled over the land to supervise the preparations for the coming drought. 41:46 u8rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers thirty years old 0 “30 years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 41:46 iwd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy when he stood before Pharaoh 0 Here “stood before” stands for Joseph starting to serve Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “when he started to serve Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:46 x22j went throughout all the land of Egypt 0 Joseph is inspecting the country as he prepares to carry out his plans. 41:47 l6p5 In the seven bountiful years 0 “During the seven good years” 41:47 ye1w the land produced abundantly 0 “the land produced big harvests” 41:48 m4bl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He gathered up & He put 0 Here “He” stands for Joseph’s servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph ordered his servants to gather … They put” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 41:49 yr1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Joseph stored up grain like the sand of the sea 0 This compares the grain to the sand of sea to emphasize its great quantity. Alternate translation: “The grain that Joseph stored was as plentiful as the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:49 l1uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Joseph stored up & he stopped 0 Here “Joseph” and “he” stand for Joseph’s servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph had his servants store up … they stopped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 41:50 r3fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor before the years of famine came 0 This speaks about years as if they are something that travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “before the seven years of the famine began” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:50 ut7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Asenath 0 a woman’s name. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 41:50 k2hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names daughter of Potiphera 0 “Potiphera” is the father of Asenath. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 41:50 yb1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names priest of On 0 On is a city, also called Heliopolis, which was “the City of the Sun” and the center of worship of the sun god Ra. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 41:51 d3cd Manasseh 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name ‘Manasseh’ means ‘to cause to forget.’” 41:51 b4g6 father’s household 0 This refers to Joseph’s father Jacob and his family. 41:52 js3c Ephraim 0 Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name ‘Ephraim’ means ‘to be fruitful’ or ‘to have children.’” 41:52 l6jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom made me fruitful 0 Here “fruitful” means to prosper or to have children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:52 nz8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns in the land of my affliction 0 The abstract noun “affliction” can be stated as “I have suffered.” Alternate translation: “in this land where I have suffered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 41:54 z4db in all lands 0 In all the surrounding nations beyond Egypt, including the land of Canaan. 41:54 ixd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit but in all the land of Egypt there was food 0 It is implied that there was food because of Joseph commanded his people to store food during the seven good years. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 41:55 c2ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy When all the land of Egypt was famished 0 Here “land” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “When all the Egyptians were starving” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:56 qr6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom The famine was over all the face of the whole land 0 The word “face” refers to the surface of the land. Alternate translation: “The famine had spread throughout the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:56 fa43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Joseph opened all the storehouses and sold to the Egyptians 0 Here “Joseph” stands for Joseph’s servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph had his servants open all the storehouses and sell grain to the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 41:57 t13u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy All the earth was coming to Egypt 0 Here “earth” stands for the people from all regions. Alternate translation: “People were coming to Egypt from all the surrounding regions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:57 ci2w in all the earth 0 “throughout the land.” It is likely that all the different trading partners and nations that were part of the Egyptian trading routes effected by the drought came to Egypt for grain. 42:intro c5l2 0 # Genesis 42 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Famine\nApparently this famine extended beyond Egypt and encompassed the land of Canaan too. Because of Egypt’s size and power, it would not have been unusual for people to go there in times of need. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Joseph’s test\nJoseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. 42:1 c5d3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent Now Jacob became 0 The word “Now” marks a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 42:1 p1y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why do you look at one another? 0 Jacob uses a question to scold his sons for not doing anything about the grain. Alternate translation: “Do not just sit here!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 42:2 h23z Go down there 0 It was common to speak of going from Canaan to Egypt as going “down.” 42:3 vr9m went down 0 It was common to speak of going from Canaan to Egypt as going “down.” 42:3 i5iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy from Egypt 0 Here “Egypt” refers to the people selling grain. Alternate translation: “from those selling grain in Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 42:4 rt23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Jacob did not send Benjamin, Joseph’s brother, with his brothers 0 Benjamin and Joseph had the same father and mother; their mother was different from the mothers of the other brothers. Jacob did not want to risk sending Rachel’s last son. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:5 p382 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go The sons of Israel came to buy among those who came 0 The word “came” can be translated as “went.” Also, the words “grain” and “Egypt” are understood. Alternate translation: “The sons of Israel went to by grain along with other people who went to Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 42:6 e78a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now Joseph 0 “Now” marks a change from the story to background information about Joseph. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 42:6 xw5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit over the land 0 Here “land” refers to Egypt. Alternate translation: “over Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:6 cck6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit all the people of the land 0 Here “land” includes Egypt and other surrounding countries. Alternate translation: “all the people of all the nations that came to buy grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:6 bdb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go Joseph’s brothers came 0 Here “came” can be translated as “went.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 42:6 s5ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bowed down to him with their faces to the ground 0 This is a way of showing respect. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 42:7 nq51 Joseph saw his brothers and recognized them 0 “When Joseph saw his brothers, he recognized them” 42:7 cu87 he disguised himself to them 0 “he acted like he was not their brother” or “he did not let them know that he was their brother” 42:7 n3p8 Where have you come from? 0 This was not a rhetorical question even though Joseph knew the answer. It was part of his choice to keep his identity from his brothers. 42:9 dv8w You are spies 0 Spies are people who secretly try to get information about a country to help another country. 42:9 y5kw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You have come to see the undefended parts of the land 0 The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “You have come to find out where we are not guarding our land so that you can attack us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:10 l89u my master 0 This is a way to refer to someone to honor them. 42:10 e1z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Your servants have 0 The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “We, your servants, have” or “We have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 42:12 i9sn He said to them 0 “Joseph said to his brothers” 42:12 ca6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit No, you have come to see the undefended parts of the land 0 The full meaning can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “No, you have come to find out where we are not guarding our land so that you can attack us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:13 vj1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers twelve brothers 0 “12 brothers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 42:13 wv8h See, the youngest 0 “Listen to us, the youngest.” The word “See” is used to emphasize what they say next. 42:13 g7cm the youngest is this day with our father 0 “right now our youngest brother is with our father” 42:14 ff9z It is what I said to you; you are spies 0 “like I already said, you are spies.” See how you translated “spies” in [Genesis 42:9](../42/09.md). 42:15 iq1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive By this you will be tested 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This is how I will test you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 42:15 j3zj By the life of Pharaoh 0 This phrase indicates a solemn oath. Alternate translation: “I swear by the life of Pharaoh” 42:16 dz9i Send one of yourselves and let him get your brother 0 “Choose one of you to go get your brother” 42:16 fxw4 You will remain in prison 0 “The rest of you will remain in prison” 42:16 dnr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive that your words may be tested, whether there is truth in you 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that I may find out if you are telling the truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 42:17 fat5 in custody 0 “in prison” 42:18 qus3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal on the third day 0 The word “third” is an ordinal number. Alternate translation: “after the second day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) 42:18 gh5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis Do this and live 0 The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “If you will do what I say, I will let you live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 42:18 h8lm fear God 0 This refers to deeply respecting God and showing that respect by obeying him. 42:19 r62p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive let one of your brothers be confined in this prison 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “leave one of your brothers here in prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 42:19 s1pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you but you go 0 Here “you” is plural and refers to all the brothers that will not stay in prison. Alternate translation: “but the rest of you go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 42:19 f5t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy carry grain for the famine of your houses 0 Here “houses” stands for families. Alternate translation: “carry grain home to help your family during this famine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 42:20 r5ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive so your words will be verified 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so I may know what you say is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 42:20 p88a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit you will not die 0 This implies that Joseph would have his soldiers execute the brothers if he finds out they are spies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:21 s33g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in that we saw the distress of his soul 0 The word “soul” stands for Joseph. Alternate translation: “because we saw how distressed Joseph was” or “because we saw that Joseph was suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 42:21 hc4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Therefore this distress has come upon us 0 The abstract noun “distress” can be stated as the verb “suffering.” Alternate translation: “That is why we are suffering like this now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 42:22 brj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Did I not tell you, ‘Do not sin against the boy,’ but you would not listen? 0 Reuben uses a question to scold his brothers. Alternate translation: “I told you not to hurt the boy, but you would not listen!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 42:22 n5z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Did I not tell you, ‘Do not sin against the boy,’ but 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Did I not tell you not to sin against the boy, but” or “I told you not to harm the boy, but” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 42:22 eap3 Now, see 0 Here “Now” does not mean “at this moment,” but both “Now” and “see” are used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 42:22 pn25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his blood is required of us 0 Here “blood” stands for Joseph’s death. His brothers thought Joseph was dead. The phrase “is required of us” means they must be punished for what they did. Alternate translation: “we are getting what we deserve for his death” or “we are suffering for having killed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 42:23 lqt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background They did not know & an interpreter between them 0 This shifts from the main story line to background information that explains why the brothers thought Joseph could not understand them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 42:23 p4pm an interpreter 0 An “interpreter” is someone who translates what one person says into another language. Joseph placed an interpreter between himself and his brothers to make it seem like he did not speak their language. 42:24 ciy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit He turned from them and wept 0 It is implied that Joseph wept because he was emotional after hearing what his brothers said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:24 wf1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit spoke to them 0 Joseph was still speaking a different language and using the interpreter to speak to his brothers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:24 w4b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche bound him before their eyes 0 Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. Alternate translation: “bound him in their sight” or “bound him as they watched” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 42:25 y2fl to give them provisions 0 “to give them the supplies they needed” 42:25 bf12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It was done for them 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The servants did for them everything that Joseph commanded” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 42:27 gcn4 As one of them opened his sack to give his donkey feed in the lodging place, he saw his money. Behold, it was in the opening of his sack 0 “When they stopped at a place for the night, one of the brothers opened his sack to get food for his donkey. In the sack he saw his money!” 42:27 w3t1 Behold 0 The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 42:28 g184 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive My money has been put back 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has put my money back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 42:28 df3i Look at it 0 “Look in my sack!” 42:28 b9ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Their hearts sank 0 To become afraid is spoken of as if their heart were sinking. Here “hearts” stands for courage. Alternate translation: “They became very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 42:30 q8iz lord of the land 0 “the lord of Egypt” 42:30 d1km spoke roughly 0 “spoke harshly” 42:30 zie5 we were spies 0 Spies are people who secretly try to get information about a country to help another country. See how you translated “spies” in [Genesis 42:9](../42/09.md). 42:31 i7g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes We said to him, ‘We are honest men. We are not spies. 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “We told him that we are honest men and not spies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 42:32 e88f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes We are twelve brothers, sons of our father. One is no longer alive & land of Canaan.’ 0 The quotation within a quotation that began with the words “We said to him, ‘We are honest men … not spies. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “We told him that we are honest men … not spies. We said that we are twelve brothers, sons of our father, and that one brother is no longer alive … land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 42:32 xh3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis One is no longer alive 0 The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “One brother is no longer alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 42:32 e6lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the youngest is this day with our father 0 The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “the youngest brother is with our father right now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 42:33 fu6f the lord of the land 0 “The lord of Egypt” 42:33 a8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy take grain for the famine in your houses 0 Here “houses” stands for “family.” Alternate translation: “take grain to help your family during the famine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 42:33 gg5l go your way 0 “go home” or “leave” 42:34 ny2q you will trade in the land 0 “I will allow you to buy and sell in this land” 42:35 fhb9 It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 42:35 nu84 behold, every 0 “they were surprised because every” 42:36 y5x1 You have bereaved me of my children 0 “you have deprived me of my children” or “you have caused me to lose two of my children” 42:36 h9h6 All these things are against me 0 “all these things hurt me” 42:37 a4d7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Put him in my hands 0 This is a request for Reuben to take Benjamin with him and to care for him on the journey. Alternate translation: “Put me in charge of him” or “Let me take care of him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:38 j7bu My son will not go down with you 0 It was common to use the phrase “go down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “My son, Benjamin, will not go with you to Egypt” 42:38 gb7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you with you 0 Here “you” is plural and refers to Jacob’s older sons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 42:38 vm4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit For his brother is dead and he alone is left 0 The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “For my wife, Rachel, only had two children. Joseph is dead and Benjamin is the only one left” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:38 jj7h on the road in which you go 0 “while you a traveling to Egypt and back” or “while you are away.” Here “road” stands for traveling. 42:38 mk1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom then you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol 0 To “bring down … to Sheol” is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word “down” because it was commonly believed sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: “then you will cause me, an old man, to die of sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 42:38 b5eg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my gray hair 0 This stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: “me, an old man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:intro b7av 0 # Genesis 43 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel’s concern\nIsrael is concerned over his favored son, Benjamin. He is also confused about the reason the Egyptian official treated them so kindly. This caused him some concern. It is possible he thought his sons were lying to him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]]) 43:1 l7ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis The famine was severe in the land 0 The word “Canaan” is understood. This information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “The famine was severe in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 43:2 af37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 43:2 j2pr when they had eaten 0 “when Jacob and his family had eaten” 43:2 y9y8 they had brought 0 “Jacob’s older sons had brought” 43:2 cwa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive buy us 0 Here “us” refers to Jacob, his sons, and the rest of the family. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 43:3 a11c Judah told him 0 “Judah told his father Jacob” 43:3 xp8m The man 0 This refers to Joseph, but the brothers did not know it was Joseph. They referred to him as “the man” or “the man, the lord of the land” as in [Genesis 42:30](../42/30.md). 43:3 t3f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes warned us, ‘You will not see my face unless your brother is with you.’ 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “warned us that we would not see his face unless we brought our youngest brother with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 43:3 w1ix solemnly warned us 0 “was very serious when he warned us, saying” 43:3 jb64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche You will not see my face 0 Judah uses this phrase twice in 43:3-5 to emphasize to his father that they cannot return to Egypt without Benjamin. The phrase “my face” refers to the man, who is Joseph. Alternate translation: “You will not see me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:3 enw5 your brother is with you 0 Judah is referring to Benjamin, Rachel’s last born before she died. 43:5 db22 we will not go down 0 It was common to use the phrase “go down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. 43:6 e9fz Why did you treat me so badly 0 “Why did you cause me so much trouble” 43:7 q6ea The man asked details 0 “The man asked many questions” 43:7 x1z8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive about us 0 Here “us” is exclusive and refers to the brothers who went to Egypt and spoke with “the man.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 43:7 c5sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes He said, ‘Is your father still alive? Do you have another brother?’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He asked us directly if our father was still alive and if we had another brother.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 43:7 g7db We answered him according to these questions 0 “We answered the questions he asked us” 43:7 j654 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How could we have known that he would say & down? 0 The sons use a question emphasize that the did not know what the man would tell them to do. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We did not know he would say … down!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 43:7 wzh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes he would say, ‘Bring your brother down?’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “he would tell us to bring our brother down to Egypt.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 43:7 v3xy Bring your brother down 0 It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. 43:8 l94l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism We will rise and go that we may live and not die, both we, you, and also our children 0 The phrases “we may live” and “not die” mean the same thing. Judah is emphasizing that they have to buy food in Egypt in order to survive. Alternate translation: “We will go now to Egypt and get grain so our whole family will live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 43:8 mh3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive We will rise 0 Here “We” refers to the brothers who will travel to Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 43:8 k6f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive we may live 0 Here “we” refers to the brothers, Israel, and the whole family. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 43:8 cpz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive both we 0 Here “we” refers to the brothers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 43:8 uy53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you we, you 0 Here “you” is singular and refers to Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 43:8 tl69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive also our children 0 Here “our” refers to the brothers. This refers to the small children who were most likely to die during a famine. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 43:9 y9c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns I will be a guarantee for him 0 The abstract noun “guarantee” can be stated as the verb “promise.” Alternate translation: “I will promise to bring him back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 43:9 c8cl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit You will hold me responsible 0 How Jacob will hold Judah responsible can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will make me answer to you about what happens to Benjamin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 43:9 bru3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor let me bear the blame 0 This speaks about “blame” as if it were an object that a person has to carry. Alternate translation: “you may blame me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 43:10 c1nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo For if we had not delayed 0 Judah is describing something that could have happened in the past but did not. Judah is scolding his father for waiting so long to send his sons to Egypt to get more food. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 43:10 gig8 we would have come back here a second time 0 “we would have returned twice” 43:11 qd28 If it be so, now do this 0 “If this is our only choice, then do it” 43:11 vqb7 Carry down 0 It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. 43:11 dp26 balm 0 an oily substance with a sweet smell used for healing and protecting skin. See how you translated this word in [Genesis 37:25](../37/25.md). Alternate translation: “medicine” 43:11 a7it spices 0 seasonings. See how you translated these words in [Genesis 37:25](../37/25.md). 43:11 qbj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown pistachio nuts 0 small, green tree nuts (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 43:11 d1a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown almonds 0 tree nuts with a sweet flavor (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 43:12 vd8z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Take double money in your hand 0 Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Take double the money with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:12 wm87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The money that was returned in the opening of your sacks, carry again in your hand 0 Here “hand” stands for the whole person. The phrase “that was returned” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take back to Egypt the money someone put in your sacks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 43:13 xn4a Take also your brother 0 “Take also Benjamin” 43:13 l12h go again 0 “return” 43:14 e786 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns May God Almighty give you mercy before the man 0 The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “May God Almighty cause the man to be kind to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 43:14 vf2h your other brother 0 “Simeon” 43:14 u7v1 If I am bereaved of my children, I am bereaved 0 “If I lose my children, then I lose my children.” This means that Jacob knows he must accept whatever happens to his sons. 43:15 f3ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche in their hand they took 0 Here “hand” refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: “they took” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:15 xlh5 went down to Egypt 0 It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. 43:16 ld98 Benjamin with them 0 “Benjamin with Joseph’s older brothers” 43:16 w4n3 the steward of his house 0 The “steward” was responsible for managing Joseph’s household activities. 43:17 cfq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go He brought the men 0 Here “brought” can be translated as “took.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 43:17 wk2w to Joseph’s house 0 “into Joseph’s house” 43:18 ft1a The men were afraid 0 “Joseph’s brothers were afraid” 43:18 rw47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive they were brought to Joseph’s house 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they were going into Joseph’s house” or “the steward was taking them into Joseph’s house” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 43:18 rx9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive It is because of the money that was returned in our sacks the first time we were brought in 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The steward is bringing us into the house because of the money that someone put back in our sacks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 43:18 tl4h that he may seek an opportunity against us. He might arrest us 0 This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “He is waiting for the opportunity to accuse us, so that he might arrest us” 43:20 pmz6 we came down 0 It is common to use the phrase “came down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. 43:21 y72v Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe brothers continue speaking to the steward of the house. 43:21 e2g8 It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 43:21 pjc8 when we reached the lodging place 0 “when we came to the place that we were going to stay for the night” 43:21 nc2k behold 0 The word “behold” here shows that the brothers were surprised by what they saw. 43:21 hf98 every man’s money was in the opening of his sack, our money in full weight 0 “each one of us found the full amount of his money in his sack” 43:21 be34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche We have brought it back in our hands 0 Here “hands” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “We have brought the money back with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:22 nd43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Other money we have also brought down in our hand to buy food 0 Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “We have also brought more money to buy food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:22 q64s brought down 0 It common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. 43:23 g7nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns Peace be to you 0 The abstract noun “Peace” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Relax” or “Calm yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 43:23 y651 Your God and the God of your father 0 The stewards is not speaking about two different Gods. Alternate translation: “Your God, the God your father worships” 43:24 wwj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit washed their feet 0 This custom helped tired travelers to refresh themselves after walking long distances. The full meaning of this statement may be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 43:24 q981 feed to their donkeys 0 “Feed” is dry food that is set aside for animals 43:26 jf2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche they brought the gifts which were in their hand 0 Here “hand” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “the brothers brought the gifts they had with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:26 a4p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bowed down before him 0 This is a way of showing honor and respect. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 43:28 uc51 Your servant our father 0 They refer to their father as “Your servant” to show respect. Alternate translation: “Our father who serves you” 43:28 lk7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction They prostrated themselves and bowed down 0 These words basically mean the same thing. They laid down in front of the man to show him respect. Alternate translation: “They bowed down in front of him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 43:29 ca4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom he lifted up his eyes 0 This means “he looked up.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 43:29 vr6v his mother’s son, and he said 0 This can be translated with a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his mother’s son. Joseph said” 43:29 j5nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is this your youngest brother & me? 0 Possible meanings are (1) Joseph is truly asking a question to confirm that this man is Benjamin, or (2) it is a rhetorical question. Alternate translation: “So this is your youngest brother … me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 43:29 en2a my son 0 This is a friendly way one man speaks to another man of lower rank. Alternate translation: “young man” 43:30 w15d hurried to go out of the room 0 “hurried out of the room” 43:30 ttv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom for he was deeply moved about his brother 0 The phrase “deeply moved” refers to having a strong feeling or emotion when something important happens. Alternate translation: “for he had strong feelings of compassion for his brother” or “for he had strong feelings of affection for his brother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 43:31 s76h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit saying 0 It can be made explicit to whom Joseph is speaking. Alternate translation: “and said to his servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 43:31 jr7a Serve the food 0 This means to distribute the food so that people may eat. 43:32 dj49 The servants served Joseph by himself and the brothers by themselves. The Egyptians there ate with him by themselves 0 This means that Joseph, the brothers, and the other Egyptians are eating in three different places within the same room. Alternate translation: “The servants served Joseph by himself and the brothers by themselves and the Egyptians, who were eating with him, by themselves” 43:32 k54i The Egyptians there ate with him by themselves 0 These are probably other Egyptian officials who ate with Joseph, but they still sat separately from him and the Hebrew brothers. 43:32 bz5r because the Egyptians could not eat bread with the Hebrews, for that is detestable to the Egyptians 0 This can be translated as a new sentence: “They did this because the Egyptians thought it was shameful to eat with the Hebrews” 43:32 dn35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche could not eat bread 0 Here “bread” stands for food in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:33 uk7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit The brothers sat before him 0 It is implied that Joseph had arranged where each brother would sit. You can make clear the implied information. Alternate translation: “The brothers sat across from the man, according to how he arranged their places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 43:33 v5sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism the firstborn according to his birthright, and the youngest according to his youth 0 The “firstborn” and the “youngest” are used together to mean all the brothers were sitting in order according to their age. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 43:33 c4tk The men were astonished together 0 “The men were very surprised when they realized this” 43:34 nus6 But Benjamin’s portion was five times as much as any of his brothers 0 The phrase “five times” can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “But Benjamin received a portion that was much bigger than what his brothers received” 44:intro r27n 0 # Genesis 44 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Judah’s sacrifice\nJudah is willing to sacrifice himself in order to save Benjamin, the favored son of Jacob. Judah’s descendants will become the leaders of the Israelites and the godliest of the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Joseph’s test\n\nJoseph tests his brothers to see if they are good. They treat their brother Benjamin better than they treated Joseph and tried to protect him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/test]]) 44:1 bf9w General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis begins a new event in the story. Most likely this is the next morning after the feast. 44:1 nsj3 steward of his house 0 The “steward” was responsible for managing Joseph’s household activities. 44:1 md4j every man’s money 0 Their money was silver coins most likely in a small bag. 44:1 bx7r in his sack’s opening 0 “in his sack” 44:2 pgt5 Put my cup, the silver cup 0 “Put my silver cup” 44:2 in3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis in the sack’s opening of the youngest 0 The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “in the youngest brother’s sack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 44:3 d7pr The morning dawned 0 “The morning light shown” 44:3 cwc8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the men were sent away, they and their donkeys 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they sent the men away, along with their donkeys” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:4 d17q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why have you returned evil for good? 0 This question is used to scold the brothers. Alternate translation: “You have treated us badly, after we were good to you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:5 kx3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Is this not the cup from which my master drinks, and the cup that he uses for divination? 0 This question is used to scold the brothers. Alternate translation: “You already know that this is the cup that my master uses for drinking and for fortune telling!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:5 am17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism You have done evil, this thing that you have done 0 This repeats “you have done” for emphasis. Alternate translation: “What you have done is very evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:6 rt6m spoke these words to them 0 “spoke what Joseph told him to say” 44:7 cd44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Why does my master speak such words as these? 0 Here “words” stands for what was said. The brothers refer to the steward as “my master.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “Why are you saying this, my master?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:7 zls8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Far be it from your servants that they would do such a thing. 0 The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants” and “they.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “We would never do such a thing!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:7 uhb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Far be it from your servants 0 Something that a person would never do is spoken of as if it were an object that person wants to put very far from himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:8 mb88 Look, the money 0 “Listen to what we are about to say and you will see that we are speaking the truth: the money” 44:8 z4pq the money that we found in our sacks’ openings 0 “you know the money that we found in our sacks” 44:8 cwc6 we brought again to you out of the land of Canaan 0 “we brought back to you from Canaan” 44:8 zeg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion How then could we steal out of your master’s house silver or gold? 0 The brothers use a question to emphasize that they would not steal from the lord of Egypt. Alternate translation: “So we would never take anything from your master’s house!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:8 pbw8 silver or gold 0 These words are used together to mean that they would not steal anything of any value. 44:9 kpk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person With whomever of your servants it is found 0 The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the first person. Also, “it is found” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If you find that one of us has stolen the cup” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:9 g5cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person we also will be my master’s slaves 0 The phrase “my master” refers to the steward. This can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “you may take us as your slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:10 a2vd Now also let it be according to your words 0 “Very well. I will do what you said.” Here “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 44:10 abw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive He with whom the cup is found will be my slave 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If I find the cup in one of your sacks, that person will be my slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:11 kv7v brought his sack down 0 “lowered his sack” 44:12 hf7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis the oldest & the youngest 0 The word “brother” is understood. Alternate translation: “the oldest brother … the youngest brother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 44:12 b5xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive youngest, and the cup was found in Benjamin’s sack 0 This can be translated as a new sentence and in active form. Alternate translation: “youngest. The steward found the cup in Benjamin’s sack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:13 v8rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Then they tore their clothes 0 The word “they” refers to the brothers. Tearing clothes was a sign of great distress and sorrow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 44:13 mp1k donkey and returned 0 “donkey, and they returned” 44:14 hjg6 He was still there 0 “Joseph was still there” 44:14 ywn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction they bowed before him 0 “they fell before him.” This is a sign of the brothers wanting the lord to be merciful to them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 44:15 v25g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Do you not know that a man like me practices divination? 0 Joseph uses a question to scold his brothers. Alternate translation: “Surely you know that a man like me can learn things by magic!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:16 gj3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism What can we say to my master? What can we speak? Or how can we justify ourselves? 0 All 3 questions mean basically the same thing. They use these questions to emphasize that there is nothing they can say to explain what happened. Alternate translation: “We have nothing to say, my master. We cannot speak anything of value. We cannot justify ourselves.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:16 hvc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person What can we say to my master & my master’s slaves 0 Here “my master” refers to Joseph. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “What can we say to you … your slaves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:16 uek8 God has found out the iniquity of your servants 0 Here “found out” does not mean God just found out what the brothers did. It means God is now punishing them for what they did. Alternate translation: “God is punishing us for our past sins” 44:16 bb9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person the iniquity of your servants 0 The brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “our iniquity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:16 ga33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche he also in whose hand the cup was found 0 Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Also, “was found” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who had your cup” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:17 m8l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Far be it from me that I should do so 0 Something that a person would never do is spoken of as if it were an object the person wants put far away from him. Alternate translation: “It is not like me to do something like that” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:17 v7cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche The man in whose hand the cup was found 0 Here “hand” stands for the whole person. Also, “was found” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The man who had my cup” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:18 fj99 came near to 0 “approached” 44:18 s63z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person let your servant 0 Judah refers to himself as “your servant.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with more authority. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “let me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:18 px7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche speak a word in my master’s ears 0 The word “ear” is a synecdoche that stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “speak to you, my master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 44:18 jg84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person in my master’s ears 0 Here “my master” refers to Joseph. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with more authority. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:18 awr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor do not let your anger burn against your servant 0 Being angry is spoke of as if it were a burning fire. Alternate translation: “please do not be angry with me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:18 na6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit for you are just like Pharaoh 0 Judah compares the master to Pharaoh to emphasize the great power that the master has. He is also implying that he does want the master to become angry and execute him. Alternate translation: “for you are as powerful as Pharaoh and could have your soldiers kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 44:19 hz8e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes My master asked his servants, saying, ‘Do you have a father or a brother?’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “My master asked us if we have a father or a brother.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 44:19 ky6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person My master asked his servants 0 Judah refers to Joseph with the words “my master” and “his.” He also refers to himself and his brothers as “his servants.” Alternate translation: “You, my master, asked us, your servants” or “You asked us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:20 rzw2 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJudah continues to speak before Joseph 44:20 xks4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes We said to my master, ‘We have a father & his father loves him.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And we said to my master that we have a father … his father loves him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 44:20 k9ph his father loves him 0 This refers to love for a friend or family member. 44:21 g2ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Then you said to your servants, ‘Bring him down to me that I may see him.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And you said to your servants that we should bring our youngest brother to you so that you may see him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 44:21 w231 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Then you said to your servants 0 Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants.” Alternate translation: “Then you said to us, your servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:21 n4pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Bring him down to me 0 It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Bring him to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 44:22 t6fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person we said to my master 0 Judah refers to Joseph as “my master.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “we said to you, my master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:22 bt2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes After that, we said to my master, ‘The boy cannot & father would die.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “In response, we said to my master that the boy cannot … father would die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 44:22 jbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit his father would die 0 It is implied that their father would die from sorrow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 44:23 s5na General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJudah continues his story to Joseph 44:23 i4ft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Then you said to your servants, ‘Unless your youngest brother comes down with you, you will not see my face again.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Then you said to your servants that unless our youngest brother comes with us, we would not see you again.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 44:23 evq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Then you said to your servants 0 Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “Then you said to us, your servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:23 vsx5 comes down 0 It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. 44:23 tkh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche you will not see my face again 0 Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “you will not see me again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 44:24 yg64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent Then it came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 44:24 sjv1 we went up to your servant my father 0 It was common to use the phrase “went up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan. 44:24 j6ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person we told him the words of my master 0 Judah refers to Joseph as “my master.” Alternate translation: “we told him what you said, my master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:25 r9xc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Our father said, ‘Go again, buy us some food.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Our father told us to go again to Egypt to buy food for us and our families.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 44:26 xf8c go down 0 It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. 44:26 uuv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Then we said, ‘We cannot go down. If our youngest brother & is with us.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “Then we said to him that we cannot go down to Egypt. We told him that if our youngest brother is with us … is with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 44:26 ka8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche to see the man’s face 0 Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “to see the man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 44:27 uzr7 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJudah continues his story to Joseph. 44:27 tq3g Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the beginning of a three-level quote. 44:27 pq3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive said to us 0 Here “us” does not include Joseph. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 44:27 k115 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you You know 0 Here “You” is plural and refers to the brothers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 44:28 eym1 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe three-level quote that began in verse 27 continues. 44:28 uw3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive he is torn in pieces 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a wild animal has torn him to pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:29 vv4v Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe three-level quote that began in verse 27 ends here. 44:29 c679 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Now if you also take this one from me, and harm comes to him, you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol 0 The three-level quote that began with the words “Your servant … said to us, ‘You know … two sons” in verse 27 and continued with the words “and I said, ‘Surely … since” in verse 28 ends here. You may need to change one or more of these levels to indirect quotes. “This is what your servant my father said to us: ‘You know that my wife bore me two sons. One of them went out from me and I said that surely he had been torn in pieces, and I have not seen him since. Now if you also take this one from me, and harm comes to him, you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol.’” or “Your servant my father told us that we knew that his wife had borne him two sons. One of them went out from him, and he said that surely that son had been torn in pieces, and he has not seen him since. He then said that if we also took this one from him, and harm came to him, we would bring down his gray hair with sorrow to Sheol.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 44:29 lty3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor harm comes to him 0 Something bad happening to a person is spoken of as if “harm” were something that travels and comes to a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:29 vh67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom you will bring down my gray hair with sorrow to Sheol 0 To “bring down … to Sheol” is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word “down” because it was commonly believed Sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: “then you will cause me, an old man, to die of sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 44:29 ka8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche my gray hair 0 This stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: “me, an old man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 44:30 g959 Now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 44:30 u459 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo therefore, when I come 0 Judah begins to describe to Joseph a realistic but hypothetical case of what he will expect will happen to Jacob when he returns without Benjamin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 44:30 xk9l when I come to your servant 0 Here “come” can be translated as “go” or “return.” 44:30 l7ey the lad is not with us 0 “the boy is not with us” 44:30 ap7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor since his life is bound up in the boy’s life 0 The father saying he would die if his son died is spoken of as if their two lives were physically bound together. Alternate translation: “since he said he would die if the boy did not come back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:31 l65e Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nJudah finishes describing to Joseph the realistic but hypothetical case that began with the words “therefore, when I come” in verse 30. 44:31 w4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo sorrow to Sheol 0 Judah finishes describing to Joseph the realistic but hypothetical case that began with the words “therefore, when I come” in verse 30. This is what he expects will happen to Jacob when he returns without Benjamin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 44:31 um5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo it will come about 0 Judah is speaking about a hypothetical case in the future as if it would certainly happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 44:31 nfb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Your servants will bring down the gray hair of your servant our father with sorrow to Sheol 0 To “bring down … to Sheol” is way of saying they will cause him to die and go to Sheol. He uses the word “down” because it was commonly believed Sheol is somewhere underground. Alternate translation: “And we will have caused our old father to die of sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 44:31 kn4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Your servants 0 Judah refers to himself and his brothers as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “And we, your servants” or “And we” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:31 sx7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the gray hair of your servant our father 0 Here “gray hair” stands for Jacob and emphasizes his old age. Alternate translation: “our old father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 44:32 j35u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns For your servant became a guarantee for the boy to my father 0 The abstract noun “guarantee” can be stated with the verb “promised.” Alternate translation: “For I promised my father concerning the boy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 44:32 uz64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person For your servant 0 Judah refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “For I, your servant” or “For I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:32 ks1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor then I will bear the guilt to my father 0 Being considered guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were something that a person carries. Alternate translation: “then my father may blame me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:33 liw2 Now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 44:33 u7sg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person let your servant 0 Judah refers to himself as “your servant.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “let me, your servant” or “let me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:33 vk2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person to my master 0 Judah refers to Joseph as “my master.” Alternate translation: “to you, my master” or “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 44:33 utg6 let the boy go up 0 It was going to use the phrase “go up” when speaking about traveling from Egypt to Canaan. 44:34 p2qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion For how can I go up to my father if the boy is not with me? 0 Judah uses a question to emphasize the grief he would have if Benjamin did not return home. Alternate translation: “I cannot return to my father if the boy is not with me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:34 v8ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor I am afraid to see the evil that would come on my father 0 A person suffering terribly is spoken of as if “evil” were a thing that comes upon a person. Alternate translation: “I am afraid to see how much my father would suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:intro rm1s 0 # Genesis 45 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nJoseph finally reveals himself to his brothers in this chapter. This chapter forms the conclusion of the story which began in chapter 43.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s power\nThe account of Joseph focuses on the power of God. God is able to protect his people despite the evil actions of some. He also is able to continue to bless them despite their circumstances. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])\n\n### Joseph’s character\nGenesis just recorded a period of time where Joseph’s ancestors and brothers struggled with sin. Joseph’s character in this chapter is upright. It gained him great favor in the eyes of Pharaoh and helped to save his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 45:1 mrg5 could not control himself 0 This means he could not control his emotions. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “was about to start crying” 45:1 rt15 by him 0 “near him” 45:2 f3np rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy house of Pharaoh 0 Here “house” stands for the people in the Pharaoh’s palace. Alternate translation: “everyone in Pharaoh’s palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:3 kf33 shocked in his presence 0 “terrified of him” 45:4 lxs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit whom you sold into Egypt 0 The meaning can be stated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “whom you sold as a slave to the trader who brought me to Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:5 v699 Do not be grieved 0 “do not be upset” or “do not be distressed” 45:5 umb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit that you sold me here 0 The meaning can be stated more explicitly. Alternate translation: “that you sold me as a slave and sent me here to Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:5 ir3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy to preserve life 0 Here “life” stands for the people that Joseph saved from dying during the famine. Alternate translation: “so I could save many lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:6 zig1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy there are still five years in which there will be neither plowing nor harvest 0 “there will be five more years without planting or harvesting.” Here “neither plowing nor harvest” stands for the fact that the crops still will not grow because of the famine. Alternate translation: “and the famine will last five more years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:7 jf2m to preserve you as a remnant in the earth 0 “so that you and your families would not completely perish from the earth” or “to make sure your descendants would survive” 45:7 t199 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns to keep you alive by a great deliverance 0 The abstract noun “deliverance” can be stated as “rescuing.” Alternate translation: “to keep you alive by rescuing you in a mighty way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 45:8 p1lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor he has made me a father to Pharaoh 0 Joseph advising and helping Pharaoh is spoken of as if Joseph were Pharaoh’s father. Alternate translation: “he has made me a guide to Pharaoh” or “he has made me the chief adviser to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:8 kca3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy of all his house 0 Here “house” stands for the people who live in his palace. Alternate translation: “of all his household” or “of all his palace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:8 ca6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy ruler of all the land of Egypt 0 Here “land” stands for the people. Alternate translation: “ruler over all the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:8 lzu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ruler 0 Here Joseph means that he is ruler in second place to Pharaoh, the king of Egypt. This understood information can be made clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:9 k6hq Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the beginning of a three-level quotation. 45:9 yy9l go up to my father 0 It was common to use the phrase “go up” when speaking about going from Egypt to Canaan. Alternate translation: “go back to my father” 45:9 sv9l Come down to me 0 It was common to use the phrase “come down” when speaking about going from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Come here to me” 45:10 k7g4 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe three-level quotation that began in verse 9 continues here. 45:11 igl7 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe three-level quotation that began in verse 9 ends here. 45:11 y695 I will provide & all that you have 0 The three-level quotation that began with the words “say to him” in verse 9 ends here. You may need to reduce the number of levels by making some levels indirect quotes. “say to him that his son Joseph says that God has made him master of all Egypt, so he must go down to Joseph and not delay. He will live in the land of Goshen, and he will be near Joseph, he and his children and his children’s children, and his flocks and his herds, and all that he has. Joseph will provide for him there, for there are still five years of famine, so that he does not come to poverty, him, his household, and all that he has.” or “say to him, ‘Your son Joseph says that God has made him master of all Egypt, so he must go down to Joseph and not delay. He will live in the land of Goshen, and he will be near Joseph, he and his children and his children’s children, and his flocks and his herds, and all that he has. Joseph will provide for him there, for there are still five years of famine, so that he does not come to poverty, him, his household, and all that he has.’” 45:11 ez8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor come to poverty 0 This speaks about “poverty” as if it were a destination. Alternate translation: “waste away” or “starve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:12 xp38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche your eyes see, and the eyes of my brother Benjamin 0 The word “eyes” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “All of you and Benjamin can see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 45:12 zli9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche that it is my mouth that speaks to you 0 The word “mouth” stands for the entire person. Alternate translation: “that I, Joseph, am speaking to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 45:13 azs1 about all my honor in Egypt 0 “how the people in Egypt greatly honor me” 45:13 s2cn my father down here 0 It was common to use the word “down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. Alternate translation: “my father here to me” 45:14 dzy6 He hugged his brother Benjamin’s neck and wept, and Benjamin wept on his neck 0 “Joseph hugged his brother Benjamin, and they both wept” 45:15 j5kf He kissed all his brothers 0 In ancient Near East, it is common to greet a relative with a kiss. If your language has an affectionate greeting for a relative, use that. If not, use what is appropriate. 45:15 ups2 wept over them 0 This means Joseph was crying while he kissed them. 45:15 fi2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit After that his brothers talked with him 0 Earlier they were too afraid to speak. Now they feel they can speak freely. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “After that his brothers talked freely with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:16 w82u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes The news of the matter was told in Pharaoh’s house: “Joseph’s brothers have come.” 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. It may also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone in Pharaoh’s palace heard that Joseph’s brothers had come.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 45:16 m3aj Pharaoh’s house 0 This stands for Pharaoh’s palace. 45:17 yz9e Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the beginning of a two-level quotation. 45:18 t6en Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe two-level quotation that began in verse 17 ends here. 45:18 gql9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Get your father & fat of the land.’ 0 The two-level quotation that began in verse 17 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Pharaoh told Joseph to tell his brothers, ‘Do this: Load your animals and go to the land of Canaan. Get your father and your households and come to me. I will give you the good of the land of Egypt, and you will eat the fat of the land.’” or “Pharaoh to Joseph to tell his brothers to do this: to load their animals and go to the land of Canaan, and also to get their father and their households and go to him. Pharaoh would give them the good of the land of Egypt, and they would eat the fat of the land.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 45:18 dd6i I will give you the good of the land of Egypt 0 “I will give you the best land in Egypt” 45:18 hwn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will eat the fat of the land 0 The best food that a land produces is spoken of as if it were the fat portion of the land. Alternate translation: “you will eat the best food in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:19 sm78 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nPharaoh continues to tell Joseph what to tell his brothers. 45:19 qce4 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the beginning of a two-level quotation. 45:19 ua9u Now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 45:19 t1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive you are commanded 0 This can be stated in active form. You may also need to add the words “to tell them,” which the writer left out of this ellipsis. Alternate translation: “I also command you to tell them” or “also tell them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 45:19 n72f take carts out 0 “Carts” are wagons with two or four wheels. Animals pull the carts. 45:20 sdl7 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe two-level quote that began in verse 19 ends here. 45:20 v1pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Do not be concerned about your possessions, for the good of all the land of Egypt is yours.’ 0 The two-level quote that began in verse 19 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Now you are commanded to tell them to take carts out of the land of Egypt for their children and for their wives, to get their father, and to come. They are not to be concerned about their possessions, for the good of all the land of Egypt will be theirs.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 45:21 xs2g gave them provisions for the journey 0 “gave them what they needed for traveling” 45:22 g75s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit he gave each man changes of clothing 0 Each man received a set of clothes except for Benjamin who received 5 sets of clothes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:22 p9qe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers three hundred pieces 0 “300 pieces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 45:23 rt4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ten donkeys & and ten female donkeys 0 The donkeys were included as part of the gift. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:24 idu3 do not quarrel 0 Possible meanings include (1) “do not argue” and (2) “do not become afraid” 45:25 wlf6 went up out of Egypt 0 It was common to use the word “up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan. 45:26 z3lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy he is ruler over all the land of Egypt 0 Here “land of Egypt” stands for the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “he rules all the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:26 ry8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche His heart was astonished 0 Here “heart” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “and he was astonished” or “he was very surprised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 45:26 vye7 he could not believe what they told him 0 “he did not accept that what they said was true” 45:27 mhh3 They told him 0 “They told Jacob” 45:27 sa3u all the words of Joseph that he had said to them 0 “everything that Joseph had said to them” 45:27 w59p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche the spirit of Jacob their father revived 0 The word “spirit” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Jacob their father recovered” or “Jacob their father became very excited” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 46:intro x4fu 0 # Genesis 46 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Going to Egypt\nYahweh allowed Israel to go to Egypt. He was to trust in Yahweh and his covenant faithfulness. God continued to bless them in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])\n\n### Shepherds\n\nBecause of the regular flooding of the Nile River, Egypt’s economy revolved around farming more than raising animals. Therefore, the Egyptians despised the nomadic lifestyle of shepherds. Joseph’s instructions permitted the Hebrew people to live separately from the Egyptians. 46:1 wwd6 went to Beersheba 0 “came to Beersheba” 46:2 kz9s Here I am 0 “Yes, I am listening” 46:3 cmw1 to go down to Egypt 0 It was common to use the phrase “go down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. 46:3 p7pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you I will make you a great nation 0 The “you” is singular and refers to Jacob. Here Jacob refers to his descendants that will become a large nation. Alternate translation: “I will give you many descendants, and they will become a great nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 46:4 swu1 into Egypt 0 “to Egypt” 46:4 iy6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you I will surely bring you up again 0 The promise was made to Jacob, but the promise would be fulfilled to all of Israel’s descendants. Alternate translation: “I will surely bring your descendants out of Egypt again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 46:4 fyu6 bring you up again 0 It was common to use the word “up” when speaking about traveling from Egypt to Canaan. 46:4 ai3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Joseph will close your eyes with his own hand 0 The phrase “close you eyes with his own hand” is a way of saying that Joseph will be present when Israel dies and it will be Joseph who will close Jacob’s eyelids at the time of his death. Alternate translation: “Joseph will even be present with you at the time of your death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 46:4 tf56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit will close your eyes 0 It was a custom to pull down the eyelids when a person died with their eyes open. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 46:5 x9d6 rose up from 0 “set out from” 46:5 ajk2 in the carts 0 “Carts” are wagons with two or four wheels. Animals pull the carts. See how you translated “carts” in [Genesis 45:19](../45/19.md). 46:6 vyr2 they had accumulated 0 “they had acquired” or “they had gained” 46:7 ej4h He brought with him 0 “Jacob brought with him” 46:7 ebv8 his sons’ sons 0 “his grandsons” 46:7 t8ch his sons’ daughters 0 “his granddaughters” 46:8 fk8r These were the names 0 This refers to the names of the people that the author is about to list. 46:8 q7m9 of the children of Israel 0 “of Israel’s family members” 46:9 t2t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hanok, Pallu, Hezron, and Karmi 0 These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:10 k7n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jakin, Zohar, and Shaul 0 These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:11 w95q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Gershon, Kohath, and Merari 0 These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:12 da1j Er, Onan, Shelah 0 These were the sons of Judah by his wife, Shua. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 38:3-5](../38/03.md). 46:12 ez5z Perez, and Zerah 0 These were the sons of Judah by his daughter-in-law, Tamar. See how you translated these names in [Genesis 38:29-30](../38/29.md). 46:12 lq9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hezron & Hamul 0 These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:13 fpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Tola, Puah, Lob & Shimron 0 These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:14 irx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Sered, Elon & Jahleel 0 These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:15 qn3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Dinah 0 This is the name of Leah’s daughter. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 30:21](../30/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:15 qz75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers His sons and his daughters numbered thirty-three 0 Here “sons” and “daughters” refer to Jacob’s sons, daughters, and grandchildren related to Leah. Alternate translation: “Altogether he had 33 sons, daughters, and grandchildren” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 46:16 w97z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zephon, Haggi, Shuni, Ezbon, Eri, Arodi & Areli 0 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:17 zz1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Imnah, Ishvah, Ishvi & Beriah & Heber & Malkiel 0 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:17 awy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Serah 0 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:18 bi7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Zilpah 0 This is the name of Leah’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:18 d1ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers These sons she bore to Jacob—sixteen in all 0 This refers to 16 children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren that were related to Zilpah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 46:20 gd14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Asenath 0 a woman’s name. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:20 au9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Potiphera 0 a man’s name. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:20 g9su rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names priest of On 0 On is a city, also called Heliopolis, which was “the City of the Sun” and the center of worship of the sun god Ra. See how you translated this in [Genesis 41:45](../41/45.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:21 w67p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bela, Beker, Ashbel, Gera, Naaman, Ehi, Rosh, Muppim, Huppim, and Ard 0 These are names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:22 t8z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers fourteen in all 0 This refers to the 14 sons and grandsons related to Rachel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 46:23 gq68 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Hushim 0 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:24 pij4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Jahziel, Guni, Jezer & Shillem 0 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:25 d3s4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Bilhah 0 This is the name of Rachel’s female servant. See how you translated this name in [Genesis 29:29](../29/29.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 46:25 x6pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seven in all 0 This refers to the 7 children and grandchildren related to Bilhah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 46:26 k6c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers sixty-six 0 “66” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 46:27 pe1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seventy 0 “70” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 46:28 af76 to show the way before him to Goshen 0 “to show them the way to Goshen” 46:29 nna1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Joseph prepared his chariot and went up 0 Here “Joseph” stands for his servants. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s servants prepared his chariot and Joseph went up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 46:29 r3s4 went up to meet Israel 0 The phrase “went up” is used because Joseph is traveling to a higher elevation to meet his father. Alternate translation: “went to meet Israel” 46:29 ju8s hugged his neck, and wept on his neck a long time 0 “put his arms around his father, and wept for a long time” 46:30 wty1 Now let me die 0 “Now I am ready to die” or “Now I will die happy” 46:30 b5zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche since I have seen your face, that you are still alive 0 Here “face” stands for the entire person. Jacob was expressing joy at seeing Joseph. Alternate translation: “since I have seen you alive again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 46:31 k2gt Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the beginning of a two-level quotation. 46:31 nvk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his father’s house 0 Here “house” stands for his family. Alternate translation: “his father’s family” or “his father’s household” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 46:31 n1ch I will go up and tell Pharaoh 0 It was common to use the phrase “go up” when referring to someone going to speak with someone with greater authority. Alternate translation: “I will go tell Pharaoh” 46:32 j12e Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe two-level quotation that began in verse 31 ends here. 46:32 vgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes The men are shepherds & all that they have 0 The two-level quotation that began with the words “I will go up” in verse 31 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I will go up and tell Pharaoh and say that my brothers and my father’s house, who were in the land of Canaan, have come to me. I will tell him that the men are shepherds, for they have been keepers of livestock, and that they have brought their flocks, their herds, and all that they have.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 46:33 j1xj Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThis is the beginning of a two-level quotation. 46:33 ef4p It will come about 0 This phrase is used here to mark an important event that is about to happen in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. 46:34 nwi4 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe two-level quotation that began in verse 33 ends here. 46:34 c7ig rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes you should say, ‘Your servants have been keepers of livestock from our youth until now, both we, and our forefathers.’ 0 The two-level quotation that began with the words “when Pharaoh … asks” in verse 33 ends here. This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. “when Pharaoh … asks what your occupation is, that you should say that you have been keepers of livestock from your youth until now, both you and your forefathers. Do this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 46:34 q7bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Your servants 0 Joseph’s family are to refer to themselves as “your servants” when they speak to Pharaoh. This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “We, your servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 46:34 ic29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns every shepherd is an abomination to the Egyptians 0 The abstract noun “abomination” can be translated with the adjective “disgusting.” Alternate translation: “Egyptians think shepherds are disgusting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 47:intro ep9j 0 # Genesis 47 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Abrahamic covenant\nPart of the Abrahamic covenant was that Yahweh would bless those who bless Abraham’s descendants. Since Pharaoh cared for the Hebrew people, Yahweh blessed the Egyptians while the Hebrew people lived in Egypt. The Hebrew people also multiplied greatly as this covenant promised. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### Jacob was not buried in Egypt\nIn the ancient Near east, a person was typically buried in their hometown. Since Egypt was not the Israelites’ home, Jacob did not wish to be buried in Egypt. This was a lesson to the Israelites that Canaan was their true home, the promised land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) 47:1 lup6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events Joseph went in and told Pharaoh 0 It is not clear whether Joseph went with his father and family from Canaan to Goshen and then alone from Goshen to see the Pharaoh, back to Goshen for his five brothers, and then back to Pharaoh, as the ULT implies, or whether he brought the five brothers with him the first time he went from Goshen to Pharaoh, as the UST states. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) 47:2 p3cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events He took five of his brothers and introduced them 0 It is not clear whether Joseph went with his father and family from Canaan to Goshen and then alone from Goshen to see the Pharaoh, back to Goshen for his five brothers, and then back to Pharaoh, as the ULT implies, or whether he brought the five brothers with him the first time he went from Goshen to Pharaoh, as the UST states. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) 47:3 k8ea Your servants are shepherds 0 “Your servants shepherd flocks” 47:3 ybw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person Your servants 0 Joseph’s brothers refer to themselves as “your servants.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with more authority. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “We, your servants” or “We” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 47:3 acn2 as our ancestors 0 “both we and our forefathers” or “both we and our ancestors” 47:4 a2nh We come as temporary residents in the land 0 “We have come to stay for a while in Egypt” 47:4 ehv5 There is no pasture 0 “There is no grass to eat” 47:4 s7ih now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 47:6 c9gx The land of Egypt is before you 0 “The land of Egypt is open to you” or “All of the land of Egypt is available to you” 47:6 ur7y Settle your father and your brothers in the best region, the land of Goshen 0 “Settle your father and your brothers in the land of Goshen, which is the best region” 47:6 u42c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit If you know any capable men among them 0 It is implied that they are capable of taking care of animals. Alternate translation: “If you know of any men among them who have great skill taking care of animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 47:7 s3k5 Jacob blessed Pharaoh 0 Here “blessed” means to express a desire for positive and beneficial things to happen to that person. 47:8 wx65 How long have you lived? 0 “How old are you?” 47:9 vqc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers The years of my travels are a hundred and thirty 0 The phrase “years of my travels” refers to how long he has lived on the earth traveling from one place to another. Alternate translation: “I have traveled on the earth for 130 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 47:9 tu4s The years of my life have been few & not been as long as those of my ancestors 0 Jacob means his life is short compared to the lives of Abraham and Isaac. 47:9 ak8x painful 0 Jacob has experienced much pain and trouble during his life. 47:11 mzq5 Then Joseph settled his father and his brothers 0 “Then Joseph took care of his father and his brothers and helped them establish where they would live” 47:11 qaf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names the land of Rameses 0 This is another name for the land of Goshen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 47:12 jgf9 according to the number of their dependents 0 Here, the word “dependents” means the small children in the family. Alternate translation: “according to how many small children were in their families” 47:13 yc6d Now 0 This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the author starts to tell a new part of the story. 47:13 kw4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The land of Egypt and the land of Canaan 0 This refers to the people living in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt and the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 47:13 gtx9 wasted away 0 “became thin and weak” 47:14 a79v Joseph gathered all the money that was in the land of Egypt and in the land of Canaan, by selling grain to the inhabitants 0 “The people of Egypt and Canaan spent all of their money buying grain from Joseph” 47:14 u1kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Joseph gathered & Joseph brought 0 Most likely Joseph ordered his servants to gather and bring the money. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 47:15 z2fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy When all the money of the lands of Egypt and Canaan was spent 0 Here “lands” stands for the people who live in the lands. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When the people of Egypt and Canaan used up all their money” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 47:15 qiu6 of the lands of Egypt and Canaan 0 “from the land of Egypt and from the land of Canaan” 47:15 p8d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Why should we die in your presence because our money is gone? 0 The people used a question to emphasize how desperate they are to buy food. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please, do not let us die because we have used up all of our money!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 47:17 f7im rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche He fed them with bread 0 Here “bread” stands for food in general. Alternate translation: “He gave them food” or “He provided them with food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 47:18 l3sq they came to him 0 “the people came to Joseph” 47:18 q8xj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person We will not hide from my master 0 The people refer to Joseph as “my master.” This is a formal way of speaking to someone with greater authority. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “We will not hide from you, our master” or “We will not hide from you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 47:18 vl3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy There is nothing left in the sight of my master 0 Here “sight” stands for Joseph himself. Alternate translation: “We have nothing left to give you, our master” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 47:19 alz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Why should we die before your eyes, both we and our land? 0 The word “eyes” refers to Joseph’s sight. The people use a question to emphasize how desperate they are to buy food. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not just watch as we die and our land is ruined!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 47:19 xwc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Why should we die & both we and our land 0 The land becomes useless and ruined because there is no seed to plant; thus it is spoken of as if the land would die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:20 m6pl In this way, the land became Pharaoh’s 0 “So the land became Pharaoh’s” 47:22 my2p It was only the land of the priests that Joseph did not buy 0 “But he did not buy the land of the priests” 47:22 n3w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive the priests were given an allowance 0 An “allowance” is an amount of money or food that someone regularly gives to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh gave the priests a certain amount of food each day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 47:22 c3vq They ate from the allotment which Pharaoh gave them 0 “They ate from what Pharaoh gave them” 47:23 g4ki and you will plant 0 “that you might sow” 47:24 m3xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction At the harvest, you must give a fifth to Pharaoh, and four parts will be your own 0 The word “fifth” is a fraction. Alternate translation: “At harvest time you will divide the crops into five parts. You will give one part back to Pharaoh for payment and the four parts are for your own” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]]) 47:24 qd1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis for food for your households and your children 0 You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “for food for your households and for food for your children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 47:25 m8l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom May we find favor in your eyes 0 The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “May you be pleased with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:26 rb65 in the land of Egypt 0 “over the land of Egypt” or “throughout the land of Egypt” 47:26 k76z to this day 0 This means to the time that the author was writing this. 47:26 e9nv one-fifth 0 See how you translated “a fifth” in [Genesis 47:24](../47/24.md). 47:27 w2lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet They were fruitful and multiplied greatly 0 The word “multiplied” explains how they were “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “They had very many children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 47:27 jw6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom were fruitful 0 Here “fruitful” means to prosper or to have children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 47:28 d2ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seventeen years 0 “17 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 47:28 cq8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers so the years of Jacob’s life were one hundred forty-seven years 0 “so Jacob lived to be 147 years old” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 47:29 h7ri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor When the time approached for Israel to die 0 This speaks about time as if it travels and comes to a place. Alternate translation: “When it was almost time for Israel to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:29 p6yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy If now I have found favor in your eyes 0 Here “eyes” is a metonym for sight, and “sight” stands for thoughts or opinions. Alternate translation: “If I have found favor with you” or “If I have pleased you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:29 zwh5 now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 47:29 utx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom found favor 0 This means that someone is approved of by someone else. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 47:29 sfx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction put your hand under my thigh 0 This act is a sign of making a serious promise. See how you translated this in [Genesis 24:2](../24/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 47:29 a37l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns show me faithfulness and trustworthiness 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “treat me in a faithful and trustworthy manner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 47:29 u82i Please do not bury me in Egypt 0 The word “please” adds emphasis to this request. 47:30 mbz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism When I sleep with my fathers 0 Here “sleep” is a polite way to refer to dying. Alternate translation: “When I die and join my family members who died before me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 47:31 pw9e Swear to me 0 “Promise me” or “Make an oath to me” 47:31 p35p swore to him 0 “promised him” or “made an oath to him” 48:intro sm2c 0 # Genesis 48 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 48:15-16, and in 58:20.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessing\nThe blessing of Jacob is given to Joseph, and his sons Manasseh and Ephraim. It is probably distinct from inheriting the promises Yahweh gave to Abraham because Scripture talks about all of Israel’s descendants inheriting those promises. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) 48:1 fzl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent It came about 0 This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) 48:1 th1g one said to Joseph 0 “someone said to Joseph” 48:1 ncd4 Look, your father 0 “Listen, your father.” Here the word “look” is used to get Joseph’s attention. 48:1 haa1 So he took 0 “So Joseph took” 48:2 jt59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive When Jacob was told 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone told Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 48:2 q2vl your son Joseph has arrived to see you 0 “your son Joseph has come to you” 48:2 pyg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Israel gathered strength and sat up in bed 0 Here the author speaks of Israel struggling to sit up in bed as if he were gathering “strength” as someone gathers actual things. Alternate translation: “Israel made a great effort to sit up in bed” or “Israel struggled as he sat up in bed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 48:3 fs4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Luz 0 This is the name of a city. See how you translated the name of this city in [Genesis 28:19](../28/19.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 48:3 p7zc in the land of Canaan. He blessed me 0 This can be translated with the new sentence starting in a different place. Alternate translation: “in the land of Canaan, and he blessed me” 48:3 ctg7 blessed 0 This refers to God pronouncing a formal blessing on someone. 48:4 llq8 and said to me 0 This can be translated with the new sentence starting in a different place. Alternate translation: “And he said to me” 48:4 a6k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes said to me, ‘Behold, I will make you fruitful, and multiply you. I will make of you an assembly of nations. I will give this land to your descendants as an everlasting possession.’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “said to me that he would make me fruitful and multiply me. And, he said that he would make me an assembly of nations and he would give this land to my descendants as an everlasting possession.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 48:4 j6vg Behold 0 God used the word “behold” here to alert Jacob to pay attention to what he was about to tell him. 48:4 j6ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet I will make you fruitful, and multiply you 0 The phrase “multiply you” explains how God would make Jacob “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “I will give you very many descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 48:4 u2iy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will make of you an assembly of nations 0 Here “you” refers to Jacob, but it stands for Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “I will make your descendants into many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:4 nwj2 an everlasting possession 0 “a permanent possession” 48:5 xs2x Now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 48:5 y3v7 Ephraim and Manasseh will be mine 0 Ephraim and Manasseh each will receive a portion of land just like Joseph’s brothers. 48:6 a5iu they will be listed under the names of their brothers in their inheritance 0 Possible meanings are (1) the rest of Joseph’s children would inherit land as part of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh or (2) Joseph will be given separate land from Ephraim and Manasseh and Joseph’s other children will inherit that land. Alternate translation: “as for their inheritance, you will list them under the names of their brothers” 48:7 kg2u Ephrath 0 This is another name for the town of Bethlehem. See how you translated the name of this city in [Genesis 35:16](../35/16.md). 48:8 drw1 Whose are these? 0 “Whose sons are these?” 48:9 dr78 bless 0 A father would often pronounce a formal blessing on his children or grandchildren. 48:10 k75z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background Now Israel’s eyes & could not see 0 The word “Now” is used here to mark a change from the story to background information about Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) 48:10 t7x3 he kissed them 0 “Israel kissed them” 48:11 jtm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche to see your face again 0 Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “to see you again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 48:12 ne7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction between Israel’s knees 0 When Joseph placed his sons on Israel’s lap or knees it was a sign that Israel was adopting them. This gave the children special inheritance rights from Jacob. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 48:12 sca4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction then he bowed with his face to the earth 0 Joseph bowed down to show honor to his father. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 48:13 fgl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel’s right hand 0 Joseph places the boys so that Israel will put his right hand on Manasseh. Manasseh was the oldest brother and the right hand was the sign he would receive the greater blessing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 48:14 fm1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction his right hand and laid it upon Ephraim’s head 0 Placing the right hand on Ephraim’s head was the sign that he would receive the greater blessing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 48:15 g5ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche Israel blessed Joseph 0 Here “Joseph” also stands for Ephraim and Manasseh. Since Joseph is the father, he is the only one mentioned here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 48:15 nw5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor The God before whom my fathers Abraham and Isaac walked 0 Serving God is spoken of as if it were walking before God. Alternate translation: “The God who my grandfather Abraham and father Isaac served” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 48:15 r9ve rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit who has cared for me 0 God has taken care of Israel like a shepherd takes care of his sheep. Alternate translation: “who has cared for me like a shepherd cares for his animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 48:16 hs6i the angel 0 Possible meanings are (1) this refers to the angel that God sent to protect Jacob or (2) this refers to God who appeared in angel form to protect Jacob. 48:16 i8qg protected me 0 “delivered me” 48:16 dd6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy May my name be named in them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac 0 Here “name” stands for the person. The phrase “my name be named in them” is an idiom that means a person is remembered because of another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people remember Abraham, Isaac, and me because of Ephraim and Manasseh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 48:16 tm7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy May they grow into a multitude on the earth 0 Here “they” refers to Ephraim and Manasseh, but it stands for their descendants. Alternate translation: “May they have many descendants who will live all over the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:18 bj69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction Put your right hand upon his head 0 The right hand was the sign of the greater blessing which the oldest son was supposed to receive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 48:19 utt2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He also will become a people, and he also will be great 0 Here “He” refers to Manasseh, but it stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “Your older son will have many descendants, and they will become a great people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:20 bb6k that day with these words 0 “that day, saying” 48:20 ip5g The people of Israel will pronounce blessings by your names saying 0 “The people of Israel will speak your names when they are blessing others” 48:20 vs1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes by your names saying, ‘May God make you like Ephraim and like Manasseh’ 0 This is a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “by your names. They will ask God to make others like Ephraim and like Manasseh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 48:20 aaz4 like Ephraim and like Manasseh 0 Israel saying Ephraim’s name first is another way he indicates that Ephraim will be greater than Manasseh. 48:20 py5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Israel put Ephraim before Manasseh 0 Giving Ephraim the greater blessing and making him more important than Manasseh is spoken of as if Israel physically put Ephraim in front of Manasseh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 48:21 vk8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you will be with you & bring you back & your fathers 0 Here “you” and “your” are plural and refer to all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 48:21 p9kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom will be with you 0 This is an idiom that means God will help and bless the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “God will help you” or “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 48:21 ild4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go will bring you back 0 Here “bring” can be translated as “take.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 48:21 w4x7 land of your fathers 0 “land of your ancestors” 48:22 m9zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor To you, as one who is above your brothers, I give to you the mountain slope 0 Possible meanings are (1) Joseph having more honor and authority than his brothers is spoken of as if he were physically above them. Alternate translation: “To you, who is greater than your brothers, I give the mountain slope” or (2) Jacob means he is giving more land to Joseph than he is giving to Joseph’s brothers. Alternate translation: “To you, I give one more ridge than I give your brothers. I give to you the mountain slope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 48:22 e2r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you To you 0 Here “you” is singular and refers to Joseph. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 48:22 q143 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the mountain slope that I took from the Amorites with my sword and my bow 0 Here “sword” and “bow” stands for fighting in battle. Alternate translation: “the portion of land I fought for and took from the Amorites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:intro lp3i 0 # Genesis 49 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 49:1-27.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Prophecies\nThese statements made by Jacob to his sons are probably prophecies. These prophecies are concerned with the descendants of each of Jacob’s sons who would become the twelve tribes of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “The scepter will not depart from Judah”\nThis prophecy indicates Judah will be the ruling tribe of Israel. The future kings of Israel all come from the tribe of Judah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### “I buried Leah”\nSince Moses wrote the book of Genesis, this is an editorial comment he makes in the text as the narrator. 49:1 zs4v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nThis begins Jacob’s final blessings to his sons. This continues through [Genesis 49:27](../49/27.md). Jacob’s blessings are written in poetic form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) 49:2 n3y4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Assemble yourselves and listen, you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father 0 Both sentences say the same thing for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Come and listen carefully to your father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:2 j4es rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person you sons of Jacob. Listen to Israel, your father 0 Jacob is referring to himself in the third person. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “my sons. Listen to me, your father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 49:3 n7ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength 0 The phrases “my firstborn, my might” and “the beginning of my strength” mean the same thing. The words “might” and “strength” stand for Jacob’s ability to produce children. The words “firstborn” and “beginning” mean that Reuben is his first child. Alternate translation: “my first child after I became a man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:3 s34g outstanding in dignity, and outstanding in power 0 This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “You are first in honor and power” or “You surpass everyone else in honor and power” 49:4 ch7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile Uncontrollable as rushing water 0 Jacob compares Reuben to water in a strong current to emphasize that he cannot control his anger and he is not stable. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 49:4 n314 you will not have the preeminence 0 “you shall not be first among your brothers” 49:4 cbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy because you went up to your father’s bed. Then you defiled it; you went up to my couch 0 Here “bed” and “couch” stand for Jacob’s concubine, Bilhah. Jacob is referring to when Reuben slept with Bilhah ([Genesis 35:22](../35/22.md)). Alternate translation: “because you went to my bed and slept with Bilhah my concubine. You have shamed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:4 r7nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism you went up to your father’s bed & you went up to my couch 0 Both statements mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:5 lxj9 Simeon and Levi are brothers 0 This does not just mean they are brothers by birth. Jacob is emphasizing that they worked together to kill the people of Shechem. 49:5 xhz7 Weapons of violence are their swords 0 “They use their swords to hurt and to kill people” 49:6 p25e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche O my soul & my heart 0 Jacob uses the words “soul” and “heart” to refer to himself and is saying that other people, and perhaps God also, honor him so much that he does not wish to join with those who make plans to do evil. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 49:6 dh2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism do not come into their council; do not join in their meetings 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Jacob combines them to emphasize that he does not want to participate in their wicked plans. Alternate translation: “I certainly will not join with them to make any plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:6 mfx3 they hamstrung oxen 0 This refers to Simeon and Levi crippling oxen just for fun. 49:6 m9vp hamstrung 0 This refers to cutting the sinews of an animal’s leg so that it cannot walk. 49:7 t851 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor May their anger be cursed, for it was fierce—and their fury, for it was cruel 0 God cursing Simeon and Levi is spoken of as if God were cursing their anger and fury. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Lord says, ‘I will curse them because of their fierce anger and their cruel fury” or “I, the Lord, will curse them because of their fierce anger and their cruel fury” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 49:7 e2ns May their anger be cursed 0 In prophecy, the prophet will often speak the words of God as if God himself were speaking. This emphasizes how closely united the prophet and God are. 49:7 vx1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis their fury, for it was cruel 0 The words “I will curse” are understood. Alternate translation: “I will curse their fury, for it was cruel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 49:7 bl42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy I will divide them in Jacob and scatter them in Israel 0 The word “I” refers to God. The word “them” refers to Simeon and Levi but they are a metonym standing for their descendants. The words “Jacob” and “Israel” are a metonym standing for all people of Israel. Alternate translation: “I will divide their descendants and scatter them among all the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:8 lk4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your brothers will praise you & Your father’s sons will bow down before you 0 These two statements mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:8 n457 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases will praise you. Your hand 0 The second sentence states the reason for the first sentence. This can be made clear with “for” or “because.” Alternate translation: “will praise you. For your hand” or “will praise you because your hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 49:8 al75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom Your hand will be on the neck of your enemies 0 This is a way of saying “You will conquer your enemies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:8 yjj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction bow down 0 This means to bend over to humbly express respect and honor toward someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 49:9 f58g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Judah is a lion’s cub 0 Jacob speaks about Judah as if he were a lion’s cub. Jacob is emphasizing Judah’s strength. Alternate translation: “Judah is like a young lion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:9 hzl6 My son, you have gone up from your victims 0 “You, my son, have come back from eating your prey” 49:9 tf4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile like a lioness 0 Jacob also compares Judah to a female lion. The lioness is the primary hunter and protector of her cubs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 49:9 xsu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion Who would dare to awaken him? 0 Jacob uses a question to emphasize how terrifying Judah is to other people. Alternate translation: “No one wants to wake him up.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 49:10 eev8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet 0 The “scepter” and the “staff” are long decorated sticks that kings carried. Here they are metonymies that stand for the power to rule. And, “Judah” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The power to rule will always be with the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:10 p8q1 until Shiloh comes. The nations will obey him 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Shiloh” means “tribute.” Alternate translation: “until the nations obey him and bring him tribute” or (2) “Shiloh” refers to the city of Shiloh. Alternate translation: “until the ruler comes to Shiloh. Then the nations will obey him” Many people consider this a prophecy about the Messiah, who is a descendant of King David. David is a descendant of Judah. 49:10 i8y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy The nations will obey him 0 Here “nations” refer to the people. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations will obey him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:11 bgs1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Binding his donkey & to the choice vine 0 Both statements mean the same thing. It is implied that the vines are so full of grapes that the master does not mind that his donkey eats some of them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 49:11 h3ji his & he 0 Possible meanings for all occurrences of “his” or “he” are (1) they refer to Judah’s descendants. Alternate translation: “their … they” or (2) they refer to the ruler in [Genesis 49:10](../49/10.md), which may refer to the Messiah. 49:11 m97e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism he has washed & in the blood of grapes 0 Both statements mean the same thing. It implies that there are so many grapes that they can wash their clothes in the juice. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 49:11 g59h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture he has washed 0 Often in prophecy events that will happen in the future are described as something that has already happened in the past. This emphasizes that this event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “they will wash” or “he will wash” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) 49:11 c5rw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the blood of grapes 0 This speaks about the grape juice as if it were blood. This emphasizes how red the juice is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:12 y4wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile His eyes will be as dark as wine 0 This refers to the color of a person’s eyes to the red color of wine. Possible meanings are (1) dark eyes imply healthy eyes or (2) people eyes will be red from drinking too much of wine. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 49:12 va4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile his teeth as white as milk 0 This compare the color of the person’s teeth to the white color of milk. This implies that there will be so many healthy cows they will have much milk to drink. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 49:13 d53q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Zebulun will live 0 This refers to the descendants of Zebulun. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Zebulun will live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:13 jb4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He will be a harbor 0 Here “He” stands for sea towns that the people of Zebulun will inhabit or build. These cities will provide shelter for ships. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:13 rl71 harbor 0 a part of the sea that is next to land and is a safe place for ships 49:14 v1n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Issachar is a strong donkey 0 Jacob speaks about Issachar and his descendants as if they are a donkey. This emphasizes that they will work very hard. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Issachar will be like a strong donkey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:14 yd1r Issachar is 0 Often in prophecy events that will happen in the future are described as something that is already happening. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. It can be stated in the future tense. Alternate translation: “Issachar will be” or “The descendants of Issachar will be” 49:14 n39a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor lying down between the sheepfolds 0 Possible meanings are (1) “lying down between the packs they were carrying” or (2) “lying down between two sheep pens.” Either way, Jacob speaks about Issachar’s descendants as if they are donkeys that have worked hard and are lying down to rest. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:15 u9r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy He sees & He will 0 These words refer to the descendants of Issachar (verse 14). Alternate translation: “They see … They will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:15 fp1p a good resting place and the pleasant land 0 “a resting place that is good and that the land is pleasant” 49:15 r8tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom He will bend his shoulder to the burden 0 The phrase “bend his shoulder to the burden” is a way of saying “work very hard to carry the load” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:15 vc3z become a servant for the task 0 “will work for others as slaves” 49:16 p8vr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Dan will judge his people 0 Here “Dan” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Dan will judge their people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:16 qup4 his people 0 Possible meanings for “his people” are (1) “the people of Dan” or (2) “the people of Israel” 49:17 wp5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Dan will be a snake beside the road 0 Jacob speaks about Dan and his descendants as if they were snakes. Though a snake is small, it can bring down a rider off his horse. So Dan, though a small tribe, is very dangerous to its enemies. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Dan will be like a snake beside the road” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:18 b7p5 I wait for your salvation, Yahweh 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated as “save.” Alternate translation: “I wait for you, Yahweh, to save me” 49:18 z88u I wait 0 The word “I” refers to Jacob. 49:19 c2sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Gad & attack him, but he 0 Here “Gad” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Gad … attack them, but they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:19 m5nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche at their heels 0 Here “heels” stands for the raiders who are running away from the descendants of Gad. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 49:20 v9mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Asher’s food & and he 0 Here “Asher” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “Asher’s descendants’ food … and they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:20 fx3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom food will be rich 0 Here “rich” is a way of saying “delicious.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:21 y5rq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Naphtali is & he will 0 Here “Naphtali” stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Naphtali are … they will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:21 tc9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Naphtali is a doe let loose 0 Jacob speaks about the descendants of Naphtali as if they were a female deer that is free to run. This may emphasize that they will be swift messengers. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Naphtali will be like deer set free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:21 g69w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor have beautiful fawns 0 A “fawn” is a baby deer. The meaning of the Hebrew word is unclear. Some versions translate it as “have beautiful words” or “speak beautiful things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:22 np8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Joseph is a fruitful bough 0 Here “Joseph” is a metonym that stands for his descendants. Jacob speaks about them as if they were a tree branch that produces a lot of fruit. This emphasizes that they will greatly increase in number. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Joseph are a fruitful bough” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:22 ka7p bough 0 a main branch of a tree 49:22 pvd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor whose branches climb over the wall 0 Branches that grow and extend over a wall are spoken of as if they were climbing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:24 r5uu General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJacob continues to bless Joseph and his descendants. 49:24 u5f5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his bow will remain steady 0 The person holding the bow steady is spoken of as if the bow itself will remain steady. It is implied he is holding it steady as he aims at his enemy. Alternate translation: “he will hold his bow steady as he aims at his enemy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 49:24 a3qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy his bow & his hands 0 Here “his” refers to Joseph who stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “their bow … their hands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:24 u5ku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche his hands will be skillful 0 Here the whole person is represented by the “hands” since they are used to hold the bow. Alternate translation: “his arms will remain strong as he aims his bow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 49:24 qq1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy the hands of the Mighty One 0 The “hands” are expressing the power of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the power of the Mighty One” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:24 biy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy because of the name of the Shepherd 0 Here “name” refers to the entire person. Alternate translation: “because of the Shepherd” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:24 u61z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the Shepherd 0 Jacob speak of Yahweh as if he were a “Shepherd.” This emphasizes that Yahweh guides and protects his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:24 rg4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the Rock 0 Jacob speaks of Yahweh as if he were a “Rock” that people can climb upon to find safety from enemies. This emphasizes that Yahweh protects his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:25 x55h General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJacob continues to bless Joseph and his descendants ([Genesis 49:22-23](./22.md)). 49:25 hrc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy help you & bless you 0 Here “you” refers to Joseph who stands for his descendants. Alternate translation: “help your descendants … bless them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:25 ds53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy blessings of the sky 0 Here “sky” stands for the rain that helps the crops to grow. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:25 e3jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy blessings of the deep that lies beneath 0 Here “deep” stands for the water underneath the ground that supplies rivers and wells. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:25 dg7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy blessings of the breasts and womb 0 Here “breasts and womb” stand for the ability for a mother to have children and feed them milk. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 49:26 gm81 General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJacob continues to bless Joseph and his descendants. 49:26 zta3 the ancient mountains 0 The meaning of the original language is not certain. Some Bible translations have “my ancestors” instead of “ancient mountains.” 49:26 n5wp May they be on the head of Joseph 0 Here “they” refers to the blessings of his father. 49:26 q7ri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor upon the crown of the head of the prince of his brothers 0 Jacob desires for these blessings to be passed on to even the most important of his descendants. Alternate translation: “on the head of the most important of Joseph’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:26 k1ak prince of his brothers 0 “most important of his brothers” 49:27 bv1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Benjamin is a hungry wolf 0 Here “Benjamin” is a metonym that stands for his descendants. Jacob speaks about Benjamin’s descendants as if they were a hungry wolf. This emphasizes that they will be fierce warriors. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Benjamin will be like hungry wolves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:28 r8a3 These are the twelve tribes of Israel 0 “These” refers to the sons Jacob mentioned in 49:1-27. Each son became the leader of his own tribe. 49:28 lr9f when he blessed them 0 Here the word “blessed” refers to the speaking of formal blessings. 49:28 jm87 Each one he blessed with an appropriate blessing 0 “He gave each son a fitting blessing” 49:29 fvw5 he instructed them 0 “he commanded them” 49:29 ta6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism I am about to go to my people 0 This is a polite way of saying he is about to die. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:29 a84e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism go to my people 0 Jacob is referring to where his inner man will go when he dies. He expects to join Abraham and Isaac in the afterlife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:29 gjm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ephron the Hittite 0 This is the name of a man. “Hittite” means “descendent of Heth.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 49:30 d85j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Machpelah 0 Machpelah was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 49:30 n89d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mamre 0 This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this in [Genesis 13:18](../13/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 49:31 kz7r General Information: 0 # General Information:\n\nJacob continues speaking to his sons. 49:32 fac4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit in it were purchased 0 The purchase can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “in it were purchased by Abraham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 49:32 e1hm from the people of Heth 0 “from the Hittites” 49:33 jq2w finished these instructions to his sons 0 “finished instructing his sons” or “finished commanding his sons” 49:33 xwq5 he pulled his feet into the bed 0 Jacob was sitting on the bed. Now, Jacob turns and puts his feet in the bed so he can lie down. 49:33 m28w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism breathed his last 0 This is a polite way of saying a person died. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 49:33 p5pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism went to his people 0 After Jacob died, his inner man went to the same place as his relatives who died before him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:intro di45 0 # Genesis 50 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Embalming\nEmbalming was practiced in Egypt on very important people when they died. They removed the liquids from the body then wrapped it in an attempt to preserve the body from decay.\n\n### Joseph’s character\nJoseph’s character was so upright that Pharaoh’s officials went with him to Canaan to bury Jacob. This was a very large funeral procession. He also learned lessons from earlier in his life and unified his family. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 50:1 b6bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom that he collapsed on the face of his father 0 The term “he collapsed” is an idiom for being overcome. Alternate translation: “that he fell on his father in grief” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:2 a9rq his servants the physicians 0 “his servants who took care of dead bodies” 50:2 f9rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism to embalm his father 0 To “embalm” is a special way of preserving a dead body before it is buried. Alternate translation: “to prepare his father’s body for burial” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 50:3 k3hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers They took forty days 0 “They took 40 days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 50:3 f2gd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers seventy days 0 “70 days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 50:4 g586 Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nA three-level quotation is introduced with the words “Joseph spoke … saying.” The second level begins with the words “If now I have found favor in your eyes, please speak to Pharaoh, saying.” 50:4 my64 days of weeping 0 “days of mourning him” or “days of weeping for him” 50:4 u1ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Joseph spoke to the house of Pharaoh 0 Here “house of Pharaoh” stands for the officials that make up Pharaoh’s royal court. Alternate translation: “Joseph spoke to Pharaoh’s officials” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 50:4 a4vt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom If now I have found favor in your eyes 0 The phrase “find favor” is an idiom which means to be approved of by someone. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If I have found favor with you” or “If you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:5 id8m Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe three-level quotation that began with the words “Joseph spoke … saying” in verse 4 continues. The second level of that quotation, which began with the words “If now I have found favor in your eyes, please speak to Pharaoh, saying” in verse 4 continues. 50:5 lj73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes My father made me swear, saying, “See, I am about to die. Bury me in my tomb that I dug for myself in the land of Canaan. There you will bury me.” Now let me go up & I will return. 0 This is the second level of the three-level quotation that begins with the words “If now I have” in verse 4. It contains a quote within it. This embedded quote can be translated as an indirect quote. “My father made me swear, saying that he was about to die and that I was to bury him in his tomb that he dug for himself in the land of Canaan. I was to bury him there. Now let me go up … I will return.” The entire second-level quotation can also be translated as an indirect quote. “If now I have found favor in your eyes, please speak to Pharaoh and tell him that my father made me swear, saying that he was about to die and that I was to bury him in his tomb that he dug for himself in the land of Canaan. I was to bury him there. Now let me go up … I will return.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 50:5 ebi8 See, I am about to die & you will bury me 0 This is the third level of the three-level quotation that begins with the words “If now I have” in verse 4. 50:5 c9ec See, I am about to die 0 “See, I am dying” 50:5 fsn1 let me go up 0 It was common to use the phrase “go up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan. 50:6 lw5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Pharaoh answered 0 It is implied that the members of the court spoke to Pharaoh, and now Pharaoh is replying to Joseph. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 50:6 r63u as he made you swear 0 “as you swore to him” 50:7 l6vl Joseph went up 0 It was common to use the phrase “went up” when speaking of traveling from Egypt to Canaan. 50:7 b8t6 All the officials & the elders & the senior officials 0 All of Pharaoh’s most important leaders attended the burial procession. 50:7 dt27 the elders of his household 0 Here “household” refers to Pharaoh’s royal court. 50:8 c423 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events with all Joseph’s household and his brothers, and his father’s household 0 This can be translated as a new sentence: “Joseph’s household, his brothers, and his father’s household also went with him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) 50:9 skq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy Chariots 0 Here this stands for the men riding in the chariots. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 50:9 fl9t It was a very large group of people 0 “It was a very large gathering” 50:10 g71k When they came 0 The word “they” refers to the participants in the burial procession. 50:10 b54f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names floor of Atad 0 Possible meanings are (1) the word “Atad” means “thorn” and it may refer to a place where large amounts of thorns grew, or (2) it may be the name of the person who owns the threshing floor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 50:10 d971 they mourned with very great and grievous sorrow 0 “they were extremely sad and they mourned very much” 50:10 p63w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers a seven-day 0 “a 7-day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 50:11 er7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names in the floor of Atad 0 Possible meanings are (1) “on the threshing floor that belonged to a man named Atad” or (2) “in the threshing floor at a place called Atad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 50:11 c318 This is a very sad occasion for the Egyptians 0 “The mourning of the Egyptians is very great” 50:11 rj7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Abel Mizraim 0 The translator can add a footnote that says: “The name Abel Mizraim means “the mourning of Egypt.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 50:12 fj26 So his sons 0 “So Jacob’s sons” 50:12 fj1d just as he had instructed them 0 “just as he had directed them” 50:13 xv7j His sons carried him 0 “His sons took his body” 50:13 wfc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Machpelah 0 Machpela was the name of an area or region. See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:9](../23/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 50:13 c6qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Mamre 0 This was another name for the city of Hebron. It may have been named after Mamre, the friend of Abraham who lived there. See how you translated this in [Genesis 13:18](../13/18.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 50:13 zfv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names Ephron the Hittite 0 This is the name of a man. “Hittite” means “descendent of Heth.” See how you translated this in [Genesis 23:8](../23/08.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 50:14 d43t Joseph returned into Egypt 0 “Joseph returned to Egypt” 50:14 jv7b all who had accompanied him 0 “all who had come with him” 50:15 dn26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor What if Joseph holds on to anger against us 0 Here anger is spoken of as if it was something physical that Joseph could hold in his hands. Alternate translation: “What if Joseph is actually still angry with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:15 q73l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor wants to repay us in full for all the evil we did to him 0 Avenging oneself against someone who harmed him is spoken of as if the person were paying they other person what they are owed. Alternate translation: “wants revenge for the evil thing we did to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:16 j5db Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nA three-level quotation begins with the words “Your father gave.” 50:16 c5nj Your father gave instructions before he died, saying 0 Jacob was the father of all the brothers. Here they say “your father” to emphasize that Joseph needs to pay attention to what his father said. Alternate translation: “Before our father died he said” 50:17 dl1v Connecting Statement: 0 # Connecting Statement:\n\nThe three-level quotation that begins with the words “Your father gave” in verse 16 ends here. 50:17 f2jh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes Tell Joseph this, “Please forgive the transgression of your brothers and their sin when they did evil to you.” 0 The three-level quotation that begins with the words “Your father gave” in verse 16 ends here. This is the second-level quotation, and it contains a third-level quotation that can be stated as an indirect quotation. “Tell Joseph to please forgive your transgression and your sin when you did evil to him.” Both the second- and third-level quotations can be translated as indirect quotations. “Your father instructed us before he died to tell you to please forgive our transgression and our sin when we did evil to you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 50:17 syf6 and their sin when they did evil to you 0 “for the wicked things they did to you” 50:17 aq9q Now 0 This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. 50:17 l42j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person please forgive the servants of the God of your father 0 The brothers are referring to themselves as “the servants of the God of your father.” This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “please forgive us, the servants of the God of our father” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 50:17 lhx9 Joseph wept when they spoke to him 0 “Joseph wept when he heard this message” 50:18 j51r rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction lay facedown before him 0 They lay down with their faces toward the ground. This is a