translationCore-Create-BCS_gu_tN/en_tn_60-JAS.tsv

1	Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
2	JAS	1	1	j000	translate-names	Ἰάκωβος	1	James	આ એક માણસનું નામ છે, ઈસુના સાવકા ભાઈનું. તેના વિષેની માહિતી યાકૂબના પત્રની પ્રસ્તાવનાના ભાગ ૧ માં જુઓ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
3	JAS	1	1	j001	figs-metonymy	ταῖς δώδεκα φυλαῖς	1	to the twelve tribes	યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રૂપે ઇઝરાયેલ રાષ્ટ્ર વિષે વાત કરે છે એ હકીકત સાથે કે તે ૧૨ કુળોનું બનેલું હતું. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઇઝરાયેલના રાષ્ટ્રને” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4	JAS	1	1	l4i7	figs-metaphor	ταῖς δώδεκα φυλαῖς	1	to the twelve tribes	યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રૂપે ઈસુના શિષ્યો વિષે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે તે ઇઝરાયેલનું રાષ્ટ્ર હોય, કેમ કે ઈશ્વરના લોકોના સમુદાયનું વિસ્તરણ તે રાષ્ટ્રમાંથી દરેક રાષ્ટ્રના લોકો જેઓ ઈસુને અનુસરતા હતા તેમનો સમાવેશ કરતાં વિસ્તૃત થયું હતું. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈસુને અનુસરનારાઓને” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5	JAS	1	2	j004	figs-hyperbole	πᾶσαν χαρὰν ἡγήσασθε	1	Consider it all joy	યાકૂબ અતિરેક પર ભાર મૂકવા માટે **સઘળાં** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. તેનો અર્થ એ નથી કે જ્યારે વિશ્વાસીઓ **પરીક્ષાઓનો** સામનો કરે છે ત્યારે બધી ખરાબ બાબતોના સંદર્ભમાં તેઓએ ખુશ હોવું જોઈએ. તેનાથી વિપરીત, તેનો અર્થ એ છે કે **પરીક્ષાઓ** તેમને આનંદિત થવા માટેનો સર્વસામાન્ય પ્રસંગ પૂરો પાડે છે કેમ કે ઈશ્વર તેમનામાં મૂલ્યવાન બાબતોનો વિકાસ કરે છે. આ બાબતોનું વર્ણન તે આગળની કલમમાં કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમારે ખૂબ ખુશ થવું જોઈએ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
6	JAS	1	2	j005	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	ઈસુમાં સાથી વિશ્વાસીઓના ઉલ્લેખ માટે યાકૂબ લાક્ષણિક રીતે **ભાઈઓ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર જેમ યુ.એસ.ટી. માં છે તેમ: “મારા સાથી વિશ્વાસીઓ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7	JAS	1	2	j007	figs-metaphor	περιπέσητε	1	you fall into	**પરીક્ષાઓ** વિષે યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રૂપ પ્રમાણે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે તે એક ખાડો અથવા પોલાણ હોય **જેની અંદર** વિશ્વાસીઓ પડી શકે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમે સામનો કરો” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
8	JAS	1	3	j009		γινώσκοντες ὅτι	1	knowing that	જેમ યુ.એસ.ટી. કરે છે તેમ અહિ નવા વાક્યની શરૂઆત કરવી મદદરૂપ બની શકે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “હું ઈચ્છું છું તમે તે જાણો” અથવા “તમને તેનો ખ્યાલ આવવો જોઈએ”
9	JAS	1	4	unh4	figs-doublet	τέλειοι καὶ ὁλόκληροι	1	perfect and whole	શબ્દો **સંપૂર્ણ** અને **સમગ્ર,** સમાન બાબતનો અર્થ ધરાવે છે. ભાર મૂકવા માટે યાકૂબ તેમનો ઉપયોગ એકસાથે કરે છે. આ સંદર્ભમાં, **સંપૂર્ણ** શબ્દનો અર્થ કોઈ પણ ખામીઓ વિનાના હોવાનો નથી. તેનાથી વિપરીત, કશુંક જે તેના ધ્યેયે પંહોચી ગયું છે તેને તે ઉલ્લેખે છે. **સમગ્ર** શબ્દ, કશુંક તેના ભાગો અથવા ટુકડાઓની ગેરહાજરી અનુભવતું નથી, તેને વર્ણવે છે. એકસાથે, આ શબ્દો પરિપકવ ખ્રિસ્તી ચારીત્ર્યને વર્ણવે છે. જો તમારી ભાષામાં વધુ સ્પષ્ટ હોય તો, આ શબ્દોની જોડનું ભાષાંતર તમે એક અભિવ્યક્તિ દ્વારા કરી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “સંપૂર્ણપણે પરિપકવ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
10	JAS	1	4	l7ef		ἐν μηδενὶ λειπόμενοι	1	lacking in nothing	તમારા ભાષાંતરમાં આને તમે હકારાત્મક રીતે જણાવી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમારે જરૂરી હોય તે સઘળું હોવું” or “તમારે જરૂરી હોય તે સર્વ હોવું”
11	JAS	1	5	q2df		αἰτείτω παρὰ…Θεοῦ	1	let him ask from God	વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તેને ઈશ્વર પાસે માંગવા દો”
12	JAS	1	6	y2mk	figs-doublenegatives	μηδὲν διακρινόμενος	1	doubting nothing	જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો તમે આ બમણા નકારાત્મક, જે નકારાત્મક ક્રિયાપદ **શંકાશીલ** અને નકારાત્મક કર્મ **કાંઈ નહિ** નો સમાવેશ કરે છે, તેનું ભાષાંતર કરવા વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ચોક્કસ ખાતરી સાથે કે ઈશ્વર જવાબ આપશે” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
13	JAS	1	6	p12l	figs-simile	ἔοικεν κλύδωνι θαλάσσης, ἀνεμιζομένῳ καὶ ῥιπιζομένῳ	1	has become like a wave of the sea, wind-blown and tossed	આ સરખામણીનો હેતુ છે કે કોઇપણ જે શંકા કરશે તે સમુન્દ્રમાંના મોજાં સમાન હશે, જે વિવિધ દિશાઓમાં ફર્યા કરશે. તમારા ભાષાંતરમાં, આ અર્થને તમે બિન-અલંકારિક રીતે વ્યક્ત કરી શકો છો. (જો કે, તમે ઉપમાને પુનઃઉલ્લેખ કરી શકો છો, હવે પછીની નોંધમાં સૂચવવામાં આવ્યું છે તેમ) વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “શું કરવું તે વિષે તે પોતાનું મન બદલ્યા કરશે” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
14	JAS	1	6	j011	translate-unknown	κλύδωνι θαλάσσης, ἀνεμιζομένῳ καὶ ῥιπιζομένῳ	1	a wave of the sea, wind-blown and tossed	જો તમે ઉપમાનો ઉપયોગ તમારા ભાષાંતરમાં કરવા ઈચ્છતા હો પરંતુ તમારા વાચકો જો **સમુન્દ્રના મોજા** થી પરિચિત હોય નહિ, તો તમે બીજા ઉદાહરણનો ઉપયોગ કરી શકો છો જેનાથી તેઓ પરિચિત હોય. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પવનમાં ફરતી રણની રેતી” અથવા “ઘાસના ઊંચા દાંડા પવનમાં આગળ અને પાછળ ફરતા હોય છે” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
15	JAS	1	6	j012	figs-activepassive	κλύδωνι θαλάσσης, ἀνεμιζομένῳ καὶ ῥιπιζομένῳ	1	a wave of the sea, wind-blown and tossed	જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધરે સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો, આને તમે સક્રિય સ્વરૂપમાં કહી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “સમુન્દ્રનું મોજું કે જેને પવન હવામાં ઉડાડી અને ફંગોળી રહ્યો છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
16	JAS	1	7	j013	figs-gendernotations	μὴ γὰρ οἰέσθω ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος	1	For let that man not think	**પુરુષ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ સામાન્ય સંદર્ભમાં કરી રહ્યો છે જે બંને, પુરુષો અને સ્ત્રીઓનો સમાવેશ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આવા વ્યક્તિ વિચાર કરતા નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
17	JAS	1	8	b5t6	figs-metaphor	ἀνὴρ δίψυχος	1	a double-minded man	યાકૂબ આ વ્યક્તિ વિષે અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે જાણે તે વ્યક્તિને બે મન હોય, એક મનથી એક બાબત કરવાનું નક્કી કરે છે અને બીજું મન કાંઇક અલગ કરવાનું નક્કી કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “એક વ્યક્તિ કે જે નિર્ણય કરી શકતો નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
18	JAS	1	8	j014	figs-gendernotations	ἀνὴρ δίψυχος	1	a double-minded man	પુરુષ શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ સામાન્ય સંદર્ભમાં કરી રહ્યો છે જે બંને, પુરુષો અને સ્ત્રીઓનો સમાવેશ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર:  “એક વ્યક્તિ કે જે નિર્ણય કરી શકતો નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
19	JAS	1	8	k89p	figs-metaphor	ἀκατάστατος ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ	1	unsettled in all his ways	યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરી રહ્યો છે જાણે કે જીવને માર્ગો રજૂ કર્યા હોય લોકોને જીવવા માટે, અને તે આ વ્યક્તિ માટે અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરી રહ્યો છે જાણે કે કયો માર્ગ પસંદ કરવો તે આ વ્યક્તિ નક્કી કરી શકતો નથી. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “એક કે જે નક્કી કરી શકતો નથી કાંતો એક બાબત કરવી અથવા બીજી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20	JAS	1	9	j015		καυχάσθω δὲ ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ταπεινὸς	1	Now let the lowly brother boast	**અભિમાન કરવું,** એ શબ્દોને યાકૂબ હકારાત્મક સંદર્ભમાં ઉપયોગ કરી રહ્યો નથી. તે તેનો અર્થ અન્ય લોકો પર બડાઈ મારવી અથવા પોતાને વખાણવું, તેમ પાપરૂપી રીતે કરતો નથી. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “હવે નિમ્ન કક્ષાના ભાઈને સંતોષ લેવા દો”
21	JAS	1	9	j016	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφὸς	1	brother	ઈસુમાં સાથી વિશ્વાસી ભાઈનો ઉલ્લેખ કરવા યાકૂબ આ શબ્દ **ભાઈ** નો ઉપયોગ અલંકારિક રીતે કરે છે. જુઓ કે તમે આ શબ્દનું ભાષાંતર ૧:૨ માં કેવી રીતે કર્યું છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “વિશ્વાસી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
22	JAS	1	9	j017	figs-abstractnouns	τῷ ὕψει αὐτοῦ	1	his exaltation	જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો, અમૂર્ત નામ **ઉન્નતિ** પાછળના વિચારને તમે સમકક્ષ શબ્દસમૂહ દ્વારા વ્યક્ત કરી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઉચ્ચ સ્થાન તે ગ્રહણ કરે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
23	JAS	1	9	yxs5	figs-metaphor	τῷ ὕψει αὐτοῦ	1	his exaltation	યાકૂબ અવકાશી રૂપકનો ઉપયોગ કરીને ગરીબ વિશ્વાસીઓને વર્ણવે છે જાણે કે તેઓ ઉચ્ચ સ્થાને હતા. તે એવું જણાવવા માંગે છે કે તેઓ માટે ઈશ્વરે વિશેષ કાળજી દર્શાવી છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તેના માટે ઈશ્વરે વિશેષ કાળજી જે ઈશ્વરે દર્શાવી છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
24	JAS	1	10	uzk7	figs-ellipsis	ὁ δὲ πλούσιος, ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	but the rich in his lowliness	યાકૂબ અમુક શબ્દોને છોડી દે છે જે ઘણી ભાષાઓમાં એક વાક્યને પરિપૂર્ણ કરવા જરૂરી બનશે. આ શબ્દોનો ઉમેરો આગળની કલમમાંથી કરી શકાય. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પરંતુ ધનવાનને તેના નિમ્નપણામાં અભિમાન કરવા દો” અથવા “પરંતુ ધનવાનને તેના નિમ્નપણામાં સંતોષ માણવા દો” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
25	JAS	1	10	j018	figs-abstractnouns	τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	his lowliness	જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો, તમે અમૂર્ત નામ **નમ્રતા/દીનતા** પાછળના વિચારને એક સમાન શબ્દસમૂહ  દ્વારા વ્યક્ત કરી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “નિમ્ન સ્થાન તે જે ગ્રહણ કરે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
26	JAS	1	10	j019	figs-metaphor	τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	his lowliness	યાકૂબ એક અવકાશી રૂપકનો ઉપયોગ કરી ધનવાન વિશ્વાસીને વર્ણવે છે, જાણે કે તેઓ નિમ્ન સ્થાને હતા એમ દર્શાવવા માટે કે ઈશ્વરે તેમના નમ્રતા શીખવી છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “નમ્રતા જે ઈશ્વરે તેમને શીખવી છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
27	JAS	1	10	ulk4	figs-explicit	τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	his lowliness	જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મદદરૂપ હોય તો, તમે સ્પષ્ટપણે નિર્દેશ કરી શકો છો, જેમ યુ.એસ.ટી. કરે છે તેમ કે, ઈશ્વરે ધનવાન વિશ્વાસીઓને નમ્રતા શીખવી છે તેમ બતાવીને કે તેઓની સંપત્તિ તેઓને બીજા કરતાં વધુ સારા બનાવતી નથી. (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
28	JAS	1	10	j020	figs-euphemism	παρελεύσεται	1	he will pass away	મરણનો ઉલ્લેખ કરવા માટે યાકૂબ મંદ અભિવ્યક્તિનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તે મરણ પામશે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
29	JAS	1	10	nug7	figs-simile	ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου	1	like a flower of the grass	આ સરખામણીનો હેતુ છે કે જેમ જંગલી ફુલો ટૂંકાગાળા માટે ખીલે છે, તેમ ધનવાન વ્યક્તિઓ અન્ય વ્યક્તિઓને જેમ જ સમાન ટૂંકા ગાળા માટે જીવશે, તેથી તેમની સંપત્તિ તેમને કોઈ વિશેષ લાભ આપતી નથી. તમે તમારા ભાષાંતરમાં આ અલંકારિક અભિવ્યક્તિના અર્થને વર્ણવી શકો છો. (જો કે, તમે ઉપમાનો પુનઃઉલ્લેખ કરી શકો છો, જેમ આગળની નોંધમાં સૂચિત કરવામાં આવ્યું છે તેમ.) વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ફક્ત સંબંધિત ટૂંકાગાળા માટે જીવીને” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
30	JAS	1	10	j021	translate-unknown	ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου παρελεύσεται	1	like a flower of the grass	જો તમે તમારા ભાષાંતરમાં ઉપમાનો ઉપયોગ કરવા ઈચ્છતા હોય પરંતુ તમારા વાચકો **ઘાસમાંનું ફૂલ** (એટલે કે, એક જંગલી ફૂલ)થી પરિચિત ના હોય તો, તમે અલગ ઉદાહરણનો ઉપયોગ કરી શકો છો. જે ટૂંકાગાળા માટે અસ્તિત્વ ધરાવે છે તેવા કોઈ, તેમને જાણીતાનો ઉપયોગ તમે કરી શકો છો. (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
31	JAS	1	11	j022		ἀνέτειλεν γὰρ ὁ ἥλιος σὺν τῷ καύσωνι, καὶ ἐξήρανεν τὸν χόρτον, καὶ τὸ ἄνθος αὐτοῦ ἐξέπεσεν, καὶ ἡ εὐπρέπεια τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἀπώλετο	1	For the sun rose with heat and dried up the grass, and its flower fell off and the beauty of its face perished	જાણે કશુક થયું હોય તેની વાત તે કરતો હોય તેમ યાકૂબ અહિ ભૂતકાળમાં ઉદાહરણ આપે છે. (આ વિષે યાકૂબના પત્રની પ્રસ્તાવનાના ભાગ ૩ ની ચર્ચા જુઓ.) જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો, તમે આનું ભાષાંતર વર્તમાનકાળમાં કરી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “કેમ કે સૂર્ય ગરમી સાથે ઉગે છે અને ઘાસને સૂકવી નાખે છે, અને તેનું ફૂલ ખરી પડે છે અને તેની સુંદરતા નાશ પામે છે”
32	JAS	1	11	j023	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For	યાકૂબ પરિણામનું કારણ આપે છે જે તેણે અગાઉની કલમમાં સ્પસ્ટપણે વર્ણવેલ છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આ કારણથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
33	JAS	1	11	j024		σὺν τῷ καύσωνι	1	with heat	અહિ, **ગરમી**નો અર્થ એક અથવા બે બાબતો થઇ શકે છે. (૧) તે તીવ્ર, સૂકી ગરમીનો ઉલ્લેખ કરી શકે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “અને કિરણોત્સર્ગ સૂકી ગરમી” અથવા, જો તમે વર્તમાનકાળનો ઉપયોગ કરતા હોય તો, “અને કિરણોત્સર્ગ સૂકવી નાંખતી ગરમી” (2) તે ગરમ પવનનો ઉલ્લેખ કરતી હોય જે પૂર્ણ સૂર્યપ્રકાશમાં થાય છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “અને ગરમ પવનને ઉપજાવ્યો” અથવા, જો તમે વર્તમાનકાળમાં ઉલ્લેખ કરતા હોય તો, “અને ગરમ પવનને ઉપજાવે છે”
34	JAS	1	11	j026	figs-metaphor	ἡ εὐπρέπεια τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἀπώλετο	1	the beauty of its face perished	યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે **ફૂલ** વિષે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે તેને **ચહેરો** હોય. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તેને દેખાવ હવે સુંદર હતો નહિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
35	JAS	1	11	gv7v	figs-metaphor	ἡ εὐπρέπεια τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἀπώλετο	1	the beauty of its face perished	ફૂલની **સુંદરતા** વિષે યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે તે **નષ્ટ થયું છે** અથવા મૃત્યું પામ્યું છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તેનો દેખાવ હવે સુંદર હતો નહિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
36	JAS	1	11	j027	figs-simile	οὕτως καὶ	1	Thus also	યાકૂબ **આમ પણ** શબ્દોનો ઉપયોગ એક ધનવાન વ્યક્તિ અને નાશ પામી રહેલ ફૂલ વચ્ચે રૂપક અથવા સરખામણીને પ્રસ્તુત કરવા કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “એ જ રીતે” અથવા “તેવી જ રીતે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
37	JAS	1	11	j028	figs-nominaladj	ὁ πλούσιος	1	the rich	એક પ્રકારના વ્યક્તિને દર્શાવવા, યાકૂબ વિશેષણ **ધનવાન**નો ઉપયોગ નામ તરીકે કરે છે. તમારી ભાષામાં આ જ સમાન રીતે વિશેષણનો ઉપયોગ થતો હોય. જો તેમ ના હોય તો, તમે આનું ભાષાંતર સમાન અભિવ્યક્તિ તરીકે કરી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “એક વ્યક્તિ કે જે ધનવાન છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
38	JAS	1	11	sdi2	figs-metaphor	ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ	1	in his journeys	**ધનવાન** વ્યક્તિની પ્રવૃત્તિઓ વિષે યાકૂબ એ રીતે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે તે તેણે લીધેલ એક મુસાફરી હતી. આ રૂપક સમાવેશ કરે છે કે તે તેના આવનાર મૃત્યુ વિષે વિચાર કરતો નથી અને તે તેને આશ્ચર્યજનક રીતે પડકી પાડશે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તેની પ્રવૃત્તિઓ મધ્યે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
39	JAS	1	12	m13d	figs-idiom	μακάριος ἀνὴρ ὃς ὑπομένει πειρασμόν	1	Blessed is the man who endures trial	**આશીર્વાદિત છે** સૂચવે છે કે ઈશ્વર કોઈકની તરફેણ કરે છે અથવા કે તેની સ્થિતિ હકારાત્મક અથવા સારી છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “જે વ્યક્તિ પરીક્ષાને સહન કરે છે તે ઈશ્વરની તરફેણ પ્રાપ્ત કરે છે” અથવા “જે વ્યક્તિ પરીક્ષાને સહન કરે છે તે એક હકારાત્મક સ્થિતિમાં છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
40	JAS	1	12	j029	figs-gendernotations	ἀνὴρ	1	the man	યાકૂબ **પુરુષ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ સામાન્ય સંદર્ભમાં કરે છે જે પુરુષો અને સ્ત્રીઓ, બંનેનો સમાવેશ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “એક વ્યક્તિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
41	JAS	1	12	vta6		δόκιμος γενόμενος	1	becoming approved	આનું ભાષાંતર તમે કેવી રીતે કરો છો તેને આધાર આ વાક્યમાં તમે **પરીક્ષા**નું ભાષાંતર કેવી રીતે કર્યું છે તે પર આધારિત છે. (તમારા ભાષાંતરમાં તમે ધ્યાન આપી શકો છો કે આ વ્યક્તિને ઈશ્વર કેવી રીતે માન્ય કરે છે, યુ.એસ.ટી.માં દર્શાવ્યા પ્રમાણે) વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: (૧) “એક વખત તેણે તેનું વિશ્વાસીપણું દર્શાવ્યું છે” (2) “એક વખત તેણે તેની આધિનતા દર્શાવી છે”
42	JAS	1	12	j030	figs-possession	λήμψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς	1	he will receive the crown of life	યાકૂબ સંજ્ઞાના માલિકી સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ, મુગટ કે જે જીવન સાથે જોડાયેલ છે તેનો ઉલ્લેખ કરવા નહિ પરંતુ જીવન તે જાણે કે મુગટ હોય તેમ વર્ણવા કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “મુગટ કે જે જીવન છે તેને તે પ્રાપ્ત કરશે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
43	JAS	1	12	k3hh	figs-metaphor	λήμψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς	1	he will receive the crown of life	મુગટના ચિત્રનો અલંકારિક રીતે ઉપયોગ કરીને યાકૂબ સૂચિત કરે છે કે ઈશ્વર આ વ્યક્તિને માન આપશે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તેને જીવન આપવા દ્વારા ઈશ્વર તેને માન આપશે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
44	JAS	1	12	j031	figs-metaphor	λήμψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς	1	he will receive the crown of life	યાકૂબ સંભવિતપણે શારીરિક જીવનની નહિ પરંતુ આત્મિક જીવનની વાત કરે છે, જે શારીરિક મરણ બાદ ઈશ્વરની હજૂરાતમાં સદાકાળને માટે જીવવું. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈશ્વર તે વ્યક્તિને તેમની હજૂરમાં અનંતકાળિક જીવન આપવા દ્વારા માન આપશે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
45	JAS	1	13	lh7z	figs-activepassive	ἀπὸ Θεοῦ πειράζομαι	1	I am tempted by God	જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધારે સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો, તેને તમે સક્રિય સ્વરૂપમાં કહી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈશ્વર મને લલચાવે છે” or “ઈશ્વર મને કશુક ખોટું કરવા દોરે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
46	JAS	1	13	p5cp		ὁ…Θεὸς ἀπείραστός ἐστιν κακῶν	1	God is untempted by evil	જો કે યુ.એલ.ટી. **લલચાયા વિનાનો** શબ્દોનું ભાષાંતર એક વિષેશણ તરીકે કરે છે, બિનસક્રિય શાબ્દિક  સ્વરૂપે નહિ, પરંતુ તમારી ભાષમાં કદાચ તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોઈ શકે જો તમે તેનું ભાષાંતર સક્રિય શાબ્દિક સ્વરૂપમાં કરો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “દુષ્ટતા ઈશ્વરનું પરીક્ષણ કરતી નથી” અથવા “તેને ખોટું કરવા માટે દોરવાની ઈચ્છા, ઈશ્વર કદી ધરાવી શકતા નથી”
47	JAS	1	13	zb13		πειράζει δὲ αὐτὸς οὐδένα	1	and he himself tempts no one	વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “અને ઈશ્વર સ્વયં કદી કોઈને કશું ખોટું કરવા માટે દોરવણી આપતા નથી”
48	JAS	1	14	j032	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	But	**પણ/પરંતુ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ, ખોટા ખ્યાલ કે ઈશ્વર કદાચ કોઈને લલચાવે અને સત્ય કે દરેક વ્યક્તિ **પોતાની ઈચ્છા દ્વારા પરીક્ષણ પામે છે,** તે વિરોધાભાસને સૂચિત કરવા કરે છે. આ એક ખૂબ મજબૂત વિરોધાભાસ છે, અને તેના માટે તમે મજબૂત અભિવ્યક્તિનો ઉપયોગ કરવાનું વિચારી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ના, તેનાથી વિપરીત,” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
49	JAS	1	14	j033	figs-activepassive	ἕκαστος…πειράζεται ὑπὸ τῆς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας, ἐξελκόμενος καὶ δελεαζόμενος	1	each is tempted by his own desire, dragged away and enticed	જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો તમે આ દરેક બાબતોને સક્રિય શાબ્દિક સ્વરૂપો સાથે કહી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “દરેક વ્યક્તિની પોતાની ઈચ્છા તેને લલચાવે છે અને પછી તેને લોભાવી દૂર લઈ જાય છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
50	JAS	1	14	nj9m	figs-personification	ἕκαστος…πειράζεται ὑπὸ τῆς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας, ἐξελκόμενος καὶ δελεαζόμενος	1	each is tempted by his own desire, dragged away and enticed	**ઈચ્છાઓ** વિષે યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે એક જીવિત વસ્તુ હોય જે સક્રિયપણે લોકોનું પરીક્ષણ કરી શકે, તેમને લોભાવે, અને તેમને ગુલામ તરીકે ખેંચીને લઈ જઈ શકે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “જ્યારે જેની ઈચ્છા તેણે રાખવી જોઈએ નહિ તેવા કશાકની ઈચ્છાઓ તે ધરાવે છે ત્યારે દરેક વ્યક્તિ ખોટું કરવાનું ઈચ્છે છે અને કારણ કે તે વસ્તુ પ્રત્યે તે આકર્ષિત થયો હોય છે, તેથી તે પાપ કરે છે અને પછી પાપ કરતા અટકી શકતો નથી.” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
51	JAS	1	14	nle5	figs-events	ἐξελκόμενος καὶ δελεαζόμενος	1	dragged away and enticed	જ્યારે ભાષાંતર કરેલ શબ્દો, **પાપ કરવાની પ્રેરણા/લોભાવવું,** મહંદઅંશે અર્થ ધરાવે છે કે શિકારને ફસાવવા માટે છટકું ગોઠવવું, તેથી યાકૂબ કદાચ પરિણામ પર ભાર મૂકે છે (પકડાયેલા શિકારને **ખેંચીને લઈ જવામાં આવે છે**), જે પ્રાપ્ત કરવા ઉપયોગ કરાયેલ પદ્ધતિ વિષે પ્રથમ વાત કરીને (છટકું ગોઠવવું). તમારી ભાષામાં તે સૂચિત કરવું વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોઈ શકે કે પરિણામ પહેલા પદ્ધતિ આવી. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “લોભાવી અને ખેંચીને દૂર લઇ ગયા” અથવા “લોભાવ્યા પછી ખેંચીને દૂર લઇ ગયા” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
52	JAS	1	14	z4bd	figs-metaphor	ἐξελκόμενος καὶ δελεαζόμενος	1	dragged away and enticed	યાકૂબ પરીક્ષણ વિષે અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે વ્યક્તિ કે જે તેમાં ફસાયો તે લોભામણા ફાંદામાં ગુલામ બનાવાયો હોય. જો તમારા વાચકોને મદદરૂપ હોય, તો તમારે આ અર્થાલંકારનું ભાષાંતર એક રૂપક તરીકે કરવું. અહિ એક નવા વાક્યની શરૂઆત કરવી પણ મદદરૂપ બની શકે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “જાણે કે ખોટી વસ્તુ જે તેણે ઈચ્છી હતી તે એક લોભામણી જાળ હતી, જેણે તેને પકડી પાડ્યો કે જેથી શિકારી પછી તેને દૂર ખેંચી લઇ જઈ શકે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
53	JAS	1	15	s4cd	figs-personification	εἶτα ἡ ἐπιθυμία συλλαβοῦσα τίκτει ἁμαρτίαν	1	Then desire, having conceived, bears sin	જેમ કે તે એક જીવિત વસ્તુ હોય તેમ **ઈચ્છા** વિષે અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરવાનું યાકૂબ જારી રાખે છે, આ કેસમાં જાણે કે તે એક સ્ત્રી હોય જે ગર્ભવતી થઇને જન્મ આપે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “જો એક વ્યક્તિ ખોટી ઈચ્છાઓને પોષે તો તે વધુને વધુ પાપ પ્રત્યે ઢળેલો બનશે, જ્યાં સુધી તે આખરે પાપ કરે નહિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
54	JAS	1	15	j035	figs-personification	ἡ δὲ ἁμαρτία ἀποτελεσθεῖσα, ἀποκύει θάνατον	1	and sin, having grown up, gives birth to death	જેમ કે તે એક જીવિત વસ્તુ હોય તેમ **પાપ** વિષે પણ યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે, એક નાની છોકરી જે વૃદ્ધિ પામી એક સ્ત્રી બને છે અને ગર્ભવતી પણ થઇને જન્મ આપે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “અને જો તે પાપ કરવાનું જારી રાખે, તો તે તેના જીવનને વધુ ને વધુ અસર કરશે, જ્યાં સુધી તે તેના મૃત્યુનું કારણ ન બને” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
55	JAS	1	15	j036	figs-metaphor	ἀποκύει θάνατον	1	gives birth to death	અહિ **મૃત્યુ** નો અર્થ હોઈ શકે: (૧) યાકૂબ કદાચ આત્મિક મરણ એટલે કે ઈશ્વરથી દૂર થઇ જવા વિષે વાત કરે છે. આ જ ભાષાંતર યુ.એસ.ટી.માં છે. (૨) યાકૂબ કદાચ શારીરિક મરણ વિષે વાત કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “વ્યક્તિને મૃત્યુ પમાડે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
56	JAS	1	16	v195	figs-metaphor	μὴ πλανᾶσθε	1	Do not be led astray	જાણે કે કોઈ છેતરામણા માર્ગદર્શકો તેના વાચકોને ખોટી દિશામાં દોરી જવાનો પ્રયત્ન કરતા હોય તેમ અલંકારિક રીતે યાકૂબ વાત કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “છેતરાશો નહિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
57	JAS	1	16	j037	figs-activepassive	μὴ πλανᾶσθε	1	Do not be led astray	જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો, તમે આને સક્રિય સ્વરૂપ સાથે કહી શકો છો. અહિ જે અર્થ છે તે સંભવતઃ સાચે જ નિષ્ક્રિય નથી. એટલે કે, જો કે યાકૂબ એ રીતે વાત કરે છે કે કોઈક તેના વાચકોને ખોટા રસ્તે દોરે, કદાચ સંભવતઃ તેનો અર્થ એ નથી. આનો અર્થ હોઈ શકે કે: (૧) યાકૂબ કદાચ તેના વાચકોને ચેતવણી આપે છે કે તેઓ પોતાને ખોટા માર્ગે જવા ના દે, એટલે કે, પોતાને છેતરવા દે નહિ. યુ.એસ.ટી.નું ભાષાંતર આ મુજબ છે. (૨) આ વાક્ય કદાચ સામાન્ય સક્રિય અર્થ ધરાવતું હોય. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આ વિષે કોઈ ભૂલ કરશો નહિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
58	JAS	1	16	j039	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί	1	my beloved brothers	[૧:૨](https://create.translationcore.com/01/02.md) માં તમે **ભાઈઓ** શબ્દનું ભાષાંતર કેવી રીતે કર્યું છે તે જુઓ. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “મારા પ્રિય સાથી વિશ્વાસીઓ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
59	JAS	1	17	j040	figs-metaphor	πᾶσα δόσις ἀγαθὴ, καὶ πᾶν δώρημα τέλειον, ἄνωθέν ἐστιν	1	Every good present and every perfect gift is from above	અહિ, **ઉપરથી,** તે એક અવકાશી રૂપક છે જે અલંકારિક રીતે ઈશ્વરનું વર્ણન કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈશ્વર આપણને દરેક સારી ભેટ અને દરેક સંપૂર્ણ ભેટ આપે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
60	JAS	1	17	t2nn	figs-doublet	πᾶσα δόσις ἀγαθὴ, καὶ πᾶν δώρημα τέλειον, ἄνωθέν ἐστιν	1	Every good present and every perfect gift is from above	**સારી ભેટ** અને **સંપૂર્ણ ભેટ,** શબ્દસમૂહોનો અર્થ એકસમાન થાય છે. ભાર મૂકવા માટે યાકૂબ તેમનો ઉપયોગ એકસાથે કરે છે. (જેમ [૧:૪](https://create.translationcore.com/01/04.md) માં છે તેમ **સંપૂર્ણ** ઉલ્લેખ કરે છે કશાક એવાનો જે સંપૂર્ણપણે વિકાસ પામ્યુ છે જ્યાં તે તેના હેતુને સંપૂર્ણપણે અનુરૂપ થાય છે.) જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો, તમે આ બંને શબ્દસમૂહોનું ભાષાંતર એક જ અભિવ્યક્તિ દ્વારા કરી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આપણા માટે જે યોગ્ય હોય છે તે બાબતો જ ઈશ્વર આપણને આપે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
61	JAS	1	17	j041	figs-metaphor	καταβαῖνον ἀπὸ	1	coming down from	અવકાશી રૂપકને આગળ ધપાવતાં, યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે, દાનો/ભેટો વિષે જે ઈશ્વર **તરફથી નીચે આવે છે.** જો તમે બિન-અલંકારિક અભિવ્યક્તિનું ઉપયોગ આનું ભાષાંતર કરવા કરો તો, અહિ નવા વાક્યની શરૂઆત કરવી મદદરૂપ બની શકે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તરફથી તે આપણી પાસે આવે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
62	JAS	1	17	n7d8	figs-metaphor	τοῦ Πατρὸς τῶν φώτων	1	the Father of lights	અહિ, **પ્રકાશો** નો સંભવિત અર્થ આકાશમાંના પ્રકાશો છે, એટલે કે, સૂર્ય, ચંદ્ર અને તારાઓ. યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે કે ઈશ્વર તેમના **પિતા** છે કારણ કે તેમણે તેમની રચના કરી છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈશ્વર, કે જેમણે સઘળા પ્રકાશોની રચના આકાશમાં કરી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
63	JAS	1	17	j042	figs-doublet	παρ’ ᾧ οὐκ ἔνι παραλλαγὴ ἢ τροπῆς ἀποσκίασμα	1	with whom there is no change or shadow of turning	અહિ, **બદલાણ** અને **વળાંકના પડછાયા** નો અર્થ એકસમાન થાય છે. યાકૂબ ભાર મૂકવા માટે પુનરાવર્તન કરે છે. જો તે તમારા વાચકોને મદદરૂપ હોય તો તમે તેમનો સમાવેશ એક શબ્દસમૂહમાં કરી **પડછાયા**ના રૂપકને એક અર્થાલંકાર તરીકે અભિવ્યક્ત કરી શકો છો (પાછળની નોંધ જુઓ). અહિ એક નવા વાક્યની શરૂઆત કરવું મદદરૂપ હોઈ શકે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “જેમ બદલાતા પડછાયા બદલાયા કરે છે તેમ ઈશ્વર બદલાતા નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
64	JAS	1	17	j043	figs-possession	τροπῆς ἀποσκίασμα	1	shadow of turning	**પડછાયો** કે જે **બદલાવાની** લાક્ષણિકતા ધરાવે છે તેને વર્ણવવા યાકૂબ માલિકીના સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પડછાયો જે બદલાય છે” અથવા “પડછાયો જે સ્થાન બદલે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
65	JAS	1	17	j044	figs-explicit	τροπῆς ἀποσκίασμα	1	shadow of turning	આકાશમાંના પ્રકાશોના સર્જક ઈશ્વર સાથે યાકૂબ, તે સ્વયં પ્રકાશોનો વિરોધાભાસ કરે છે જે તેમના સર્જક જેટલી મહાન નથી. તેઓ પડછાયાઓનું સર્જન કરે છે જે સ્થાન બદલે છે, પરંતુ લોકો માટે ફક્ત સારી બાબતો ઇચ્છાવાથી ઈશ્વર ક્યારેય વિચલિત થતા નથી. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મદદરૂપ હોય તો તેને તમે સ્પસ્ટપણે કહી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “બદલાતા પડછાયાઓ જે સૂર્ય અથવા ચંદ્ર ફેલાવે છે. ના, લોકો માટે ઈશ્વર હંમેશા સારી બાબતો ઈચ્છે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
66	JAS	1	17	g5ge	figs-metaphor	τροπῆς ἀποσκίασμα	1	shadow of turning	ઈશ્વરમાં શબ્દશઃ **પડછાયો** હોઈ શકે નહિ, તેથી આ રૂપક છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પરિવર્તનશીલતા” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
67	JAS	1	18	j045		βουληθεὶς, ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς	1	Having willed, he gave birth to us	વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આપણને જન્મ આપવાનું ઈશ્વરે પસંદ કર્યું”
68	JAS	1	18	mj29	figs-metaphor	βουληθεὶς, ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς	1	Having willed, he gave birth to us	ઈશ્વરે **આપણને જન્મ આપ્યો** તેવું યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે કહે છે કારણ કે જેઓ ઈસુમાં વિશ્વાસ કરે છે તે સર્વને ઈશ્વર આત્મિક જીવન આપે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આપણને આત્મિક જીવન આપવાનું ઈશ્વરે પસંદ કર્યું” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
69	JAS	1	18	j047	figs-possession	λόγῳ ἀληθείας	1	by the word of truth	**શબ્દ** જે **સત્ય** દ્વારા ચરીત્રિત કરવામાં આવ્યો છે તેનું વર્ણન કરવા યાકૂબ માલિકી સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “સત્ય શબ્દ દ્વારા” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
70	JAS	1	18	ykq9	figs-metonymy	λόγῳ ἀληθείας	1	by the word of truth	ઈસુ વિષેનો સંદેશ, જે શબ્દોનો ઉપયોગ કરવા દ્વારા આપવામાં આવ્યા હતા, તેને વર્ણવવા યાકૂબ **શબ્દ** પદનો ઉપયોગ અલંકારિક રીતે કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “સત્ય સંદેશ દ્વારા” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
71	JAS	1	18	j049	figs-explicit	λόγῳ ἀληθείας	1	by the word of truth	ઈસુ વિષેના સંદેશનો ઉલ્લેખ યાકૂબ સ્પસ્ટપણે કરી રહ્યો છે. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મદદરૂપ હોય તો, તમે તેને સ્પસ્ટપણે કહી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “જ્યારે આપણે ઈસુ વિષેના સત્ય સંદેશ પર વિશ્વાસ કર્યો” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
72	JAS	1	18	j346	grammar-connect-logic-goal	εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς ἀπαρχήν τινα τῶν αὐτοῦ κτισμάτων	1	for us to be something like a firstfruits of his creatures	આ હેતુપૂર્ણ વાક્યાંશ છે. ઈશ્વરે **આપણને જન્મ આપવાની ઈચ્છા રાખી** તેના હેતુને યાકૂબ દર્શાવે છે. તમારા ભાષાંતરમાં હેતુપૂર્ણ વાક્યાંશ માટે તમારી ભાષાની સાનુકૂળતા પ્રમાણે અનુસરો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર (અગાઉના અલ્પવિરામ વગર): “કે જેથી આપણે તેમના જીવોમાંના પ્રથમફળો જેવા હોઈશું” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
73	JAS	1	18	j050	figs-explicit	ἀπαρχήν τινα τῶν αὐτοῦ κτισμάτων	1	something like a firstfruits of his creatures	યાકૂબ ધારે છે કે તેના વાચકો જાણશે કે તે ઇઝરાયેલી પરંપરાગત સમર્પણ વિધિનો ઉપયોગ કરી રહ્યો છે જેને રૂપકમાં **પ્રથમફળો** તરીકે ઓળખાય છે. ઇઝરાયેલીઓએ દરેક વર્ષે લણણી કરેલ પાકનો કેટલોક પ્રથમ હિસ્સો ઈશ્વરને અર્પણ કરવો, તેવું મૂસાના નિયમશાસ્ત્રે જરૂરી બનાવ્યું હતું. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે મદદરૂપ હોય તો, તો તમે ચોક્કસપણે નિર્દેશ કરી શકો કે આ એક અર્પણનું નામ છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તેમના સજીવોમાંથી પ્રથમફળોના અર્પણ સમાન કાંઇક” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
74	JAS	1	18	qh2e	figs-simile	ἀπαρχήν τινα τῶν αὐτοῦ κτισμάτων	1	something like a firstfruits of his creatures	દરેક વર્ષે જ્યારે તેઓએ તેમના પ્રથમ પાકમાંથી કાંઇક અર્પણ કરતા, ત્યારે ઇઝરાયેલીઓ એ સ્વીકાર કરતા હતા કે સમગ્ર પાક ઈશ્વરનો છે અને તેઓને તે ઈશ્વર તરફથી ભેટરૂપે છે. યાકૂબ આ **પ્રથમફળો** ના અર્પણનો ઉપયોગ રૂપક તરીકે કરે છે એ સૂચિત કરવા કે તેના સમયના વિશ્વાસીઓ એક સંકેત તરીકે છે કે ભવિષ્યમાં ઘણાં બધા લોકો ઈશ્વરના હશે. જો કે, જ્યારે યાકૂબ જીવો વિષે વાત કરે છે ત્યારે તે એમ પણ અર્થ ધરાવતો હોઈ શકે કે ઈસુમાં વિશ્વાસીઓ, ઈશ્વરના સર્જનના પ્રથમ ભાગ છે, શ્રાપમાંથી મુક્ત થવા અને તેમના શાસન હેઠળ પૂર્ણપણે પાછા આવવા. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈસુમાં વિશ્વાસ કરશે તેવા ઘણાં લોકોમાંના પ્રથમ” અથવા “શ્રાપમાંથી મુક્ત થવા અને તેમના શાસન હેઠળ પૂર્ણપણે પાછા આવવા, ઈશ્વરના સર્જનના પ્રથમ ભાગ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
75	JAS	1	19	dt7i	figs-sentencetypes	ἴστε	1	Know	આ ગ્રીક સ્વરૂપ સંભવતઃ કાંતો આદેશાત્મક અથવા નિર્દેશાત્મક હોઈ શકે, અને તેથી તેનો અર્થ: (૧) જો તે આદેશાત્મક છે તો યાકૂબ તેના વાચકોને કહી રહ્યો છે કે તે જે કહેવા જઈ રહ્યો છે તે પર ધ્યાન આપે વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આ અગત્યનું છે” (૨) જો તે નિર્દેશાત્મક છે તો યાકૂબ તેના વાચકોને કહી રહ્યો છે કે તેઓ જે પહેલેથી જાણે જ છે તેના વિષે તે તેઓને યાદ કરાવવાનો છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમે આ પહેલાથી જ જાણો છો” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-sentencetypes]])
76	JAS	1	19	j051	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί	1	my beloved brothers	[૧:૧](https://create.translationcore.com/01/16.md)<u>૬</u> માં તમે આ અભિવ્યક્તિનું ભાષાંતર કેવી રીતે કર્યું તે જુઓ. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “મારા પ્રિય સાથી વિશ્વાસીઓ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
77	JAS	1	19	j052	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	But	**પરંતુ** અર્થ હોઈ શકે છે કે: (૧) જો **જાણવું** તે આદેશાત્મક છે, તો યાકૂબ **પણ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ એક તરફી એક અવસ્થા તરીકે કરી રહ્યો છે જે કોઈ વિરોધાભાસને સૂચવતું નથી. જો તમે **જાણવું** નું ભાષાંતર એક આદેશાત્મક તરીકે કરવાનો નિર્ણય કરો છો, તો તમારી ભાષામાં કદાચ સમાન શબ્દ હોય જેનો ઉપયોગ તમે સમાન હેતુ માટે કરી શકો. નહિ તો, તમારે તે શબ્દનું ભાષાંતર કરવાની જરૂર નથી. (૨) જો **જાણવું** નિર્દેશાત્મક છે, તો યાકૂબ **પણ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ હળવા વિરોધાભાસને પસ્તુત કરવા કરી રહ્યો છે. તે કહી રહ્યો છે કે જો કે તે જે કહેવા જઈ રહ્યો છે તે તેના વાચકો જાણતા હોય, તો પણ તે તેના પર ભાર મૂકવા માંગે છે. જો તમે **જાણવું** નું ભાષાંતર એક નિર્દેશાત્મક તરીકે કરવાનો નિર્ણય કરો, તો તમારી ભાષામાં હળવા વિરોધાભાસને પ્રસ્તુત કરતા શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ કરી શકો. (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
78	JAS	1	19	p728	figs-idiom	ἔστω…πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ταχὺς εἰς τὸ ἀκοῦσαι, βραδὺς εἰς τὸ λαλῆσαι, βραδὺς εἰς ὀργήν	1	let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak, slow to anger	**બોલવામાં ધીરો** અભિવ્યક્તિ ધીમે બોલવાનો ઉલ્લેખ કરતી નથી. તેના બદલે, તેની આગળ અને તેની પછીની અભિવ્યક્તિઓની જેમ, તે એક રૂઢીપ્રયોગ છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમારામાંનો દરેક સાવચેતીપૂર્વક સાંભળે, શું કહેવું છે તે વિષે વિચારીને જ બોલે, અને સરળતાથી તમારું ધેર્ય ગુમાવવું નહિ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
79	JAS	1	19	ev3v	figs-gendernotations	πᾶς ἄνθρωπος	1	every man	**પુરુષો/ભાઈઓ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ સામાન્ય અર્થમાં કરે છે જે પુરુષો/ભાઈઓ અને સ્ત્રીઓ/બહેનો બંનેનો સમાવેશ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમારામાંનો દરેક” અથવા “દરેક વ્યક્તિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
80	JAS	1	20	j053	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For	લોકોએ ગુસ્સે કેમ ના થવું જોઈએ તેનું કારણ યાકૂબ આપે છે, જેમ તેણે અગાઉની કલમમાં કહ્યું છે તેમ. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમારે ગુસ્સે થવું જોઈએ નહિ, કારણ કે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
81	JAS	1	20	j054	figs-gendernotations	ὀργὴ…ἀνδρὸς	1	the anger of man	**પુરુષો/ભાઈઓ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ સામાન્ય અર્થમાં કરે છે જે પુરુષો/ભાઈઓ અને સ્ત્રીઓ/બહેનો બંનેનો સમાવેશ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “માનવીય ગુસ્સો” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
82	JAS	1	21	j055	grammar-connect-logic-result	διὸ	1	Therefore	અહિ યાકૂબ તેના વાચકોને કહી રહ્યો છે કે અગાઉની કલમમાં તેણે તેમને જે સમજાવ્યું છે તેના પરિણામસ્વરૂપે તેઓએ કરવું જોઈએ. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પરિણામે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
83	JAS	1	21	hit5	figs-metaphor	ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας	1	laying aside all filth and abundance of wickedness	યાકૂબ **ગંદકી/અપવિત્રતા** અને **દુષ્ટતાની વિપુલતા** વિષે એ રીતે વાત કરી રહ્યો છે જાણે કે તે વસ્ત્રો હોય જેને ઉતારી શકતા હોય. તે અભિવ્યક્તિઓ દ્વારા તે પાપ અને ખોટા કાર્યોનો અર્થ તારવે છે. (આ કલમની પાછલી નોંધો તરફ જુઓ). વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પાપ કરવાથી અને ઘણી ખોટી બાબતો કરવાથી અટકી જા” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
84	JAS	1	21	h226	figs-doublet	ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας	1	filth and abundance of wickedness	**ગંદકી/અપવિત્રતા** અને **દુષ્ટતાની વિપુલતા** અભિવ્યક્તિઓ સમાન અર્થ સૂચવે છે. ભાર મૂકવા માટે યાકૂબ તેમનો ઉપયોગ એકસાથે કરે છે. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મદદરૂપ હોય તો, તમે તે બંનેને એક શબ્દસમૂહમાં ગોઠવી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “દરેક પ્રકારનું પાપી વર્તન” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
85	JAS	1	21	h8ty	figs-metaphor	ῥυπαρίαν	1	filth	પાપ જાણે કે **ગંદકી** હોય તેમ યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે બોલી રહ્યો છે, એટલે કે, એવું કશુક જે લોકોને ગંદા બનાવે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પાપ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
86	JAS	1	21	i9w1	figs-metaphor	δέξασθε τὸν ἔμφυτον λόγον	1	receive the implanted word	બીજી વસ્તુમાં કશાકને મૂકવામાં આવે તેનું વર્ણન **રોપાયેલ** શબ્દ કરે છે. ઈશ્વરના વચન વિષે યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે વચનોને વિશ્વાસીઓમાં રોપવામાં આવ્યા હતા અને વિશ્વાસીઓમાં તે વચનો વૃદ્ધિ પામે છે.વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમે જે વચનો સાંભળ્યા છે તેને આધીન થાઓ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
87	JAS	1	21	j057	figs-metonymy	δέξασθε τὸν ἔμφυτον λόγον	1	receive the implanted word	ઈસુ વિશેનો સંદેશ જે શબ્દોના ઉપયોગ કરવા દ્વારા આપવામાં આવ્યો હતો તેનું વર્ણન કરવા યાકૂબ **વચન** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ અલંકારિક રીતે કરે છે.વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈસુ વિષેનો સંદેશ તમે જે સાંભળ્યો છે તેને આધીન થાઓ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
88	JAS	1	21	ekl3	figs-personification	τὸν δυνάμενον σῶσαι τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν	1	which is able to save your souls	**વચન** અથવા સંદેશ વિષે યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે તે જીવંત બાબત હોય જે સક્રિય રીતે વિશ્વાસીઓને **બચાવ** કરી શકે છે. સંદેશ પ્રત્યેની આધિનતા ઉદ્ધાર તરફ દોરી જશે તેવો અર્થ તે ધરાવે છે. અહિ નવા વાક્યની શરૂઆત કરવી મદદરૂપ બની શકે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “જો તમે તેમ કરશો તો, તમે ઉદ્ધાર પામશો” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
89	JAS	1	21	z73e	figs-synecdoche	τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν	1	your souls	તેના વાચકોના એક ભાગ, તેઓના **આત્માઓ**નો ઉપયોગ તેઓના સમગ્ર અસ્તિત્વના અર્થમાં યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
90	JAS	1	22	j059	figs-ellipsis	γίνεσθε δὲ ποιηταὶ λόγου, καὶ μὴ μόνον ἀκροαταὶ	1	be doers of the word and not only hearers	આ કલમના અંતમાં, યાકૂબ કેટલાક શબ્દોને છોડી દે છે જે શબ્દો ઘણી ભાષાઓમાં વાક્ય ક્રમને પૂર્ણ કરવા માટે જરૂરી હોય. કલમના આગળના ભાગમાંથી આ શબ્દોને પૂરા પાડી શકાય. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “વચનના ફક્ત સાંભળનારા જ નહિ પરંતુ વચનના અમલ કરનાર પણ બનો” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
91	JAS	1	22	x14m	figs-metonymy	γίνεσθε…ποιηταὶ λόγου, καὶ μὴ μόνον ἀκροαταὶ	1	be doers of the word and not only hearers	ઈસુ વિશેનો સંદેશ જે શબ્દોના ઉપયોગ કરવા દ્વારા આપવામાં આવ્યો હતો તેનું વર્ણન કરવા યાકૂબ **વચન** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ અલંકારિક રીતે કરે છે.વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈસુ વિષેના સંદેશને આધીન થાઓ, ફક્ત સાંભળશો જ નહિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
92	JAS	1	23	j060	figs-hypo	ὅτι εἴ τις ἀκροατὴς λόγου ἐστὶν, καὶ οὐ ποιητής, οὗτος ἔοικεν ἀνδρὶ κατανοοῦντι τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐσόπτρῳ	1	For if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like a man beholding the face of his birth in a mirror	યાકૂબ અનુમાનિત/કાલ્પનિક પરિસ્થિતિનો ઉપયોગ શિક્ષણ આપવા માટે કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ધારો કે કોઈ વચનનો સાંભળનાર માત્ર છે અને તે પ્રમાણે વર્તનાર નહિ. તો પછી તે વ્યક્તિ અરીસામાં તેના બાળપણની છબી જોનાર જેવો છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
93	JAS	1	23	r6pp	figs-ellipsis	ἀκροατὴς λόγου ἐστὶν, καὶ οὐ ποιητής	1	is a hearer of the word and not a doer	આ કલમના અંતમાં, યાકૂબ કેટલાક શબ્દોને છોડી દે છે જે વાક્યને પૂર્ણ કરવા માટે ઘણી ભાષાઓમાં જરૂરી હોય શકે છે. આ કલમના આગળના ભાગમાંથી આ શબ્દો લઇ શકાય છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “વચન સાંભળનાર છે અને વચનનું પાલન કરનાર નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
94	JAS	1	23	j061	figs-idiom	ἀκροατὴς λόγου ἐστὶν, καὶ οὐ ποιητής	1	is a hearer of the word and not a doer	આ અભિવ્યક્તિનું ભાષાંતર તમે આગળની કલમમાં કેવી રીતે કર્યું છે તે જુઓ. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “વચનને ફક્ત સાંભળે જ છે પરંતુ આધીન થતો નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
95	JAS	1	23	j062	figs-metonymy	λόγου	1	of the word	ઈસુ વિશેનો સંદેશ જે શબ્દોના ઉપયોગ કરવા દ્વારા આપવામાં આવ્યો હતો તેનું વર્ણન કરવા યાકૂબ વચન શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ અલંકારિક રીતે કરે છે.વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈસુ વિષેના સંદેશ વિષે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
96	JAS	1	23	pw5x	figs-simile	οὗτος ἔοικεν ἀνδρὶ κατανοοῦντι τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐσόπτρῳ	1	he is like a man beholding the face of his birth in a mirror	અહિ યાકૂબ રૂપક સાથે શરૂઆત કરે છે, ઉદાહરણ દ્વારા સરખામણી, જે આગળની બે કલમોમાં જારી રહે છે. (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
97	JAS	1	23	j063	figs-gendernotations	ἀνδρὶ	1	a man	**પુરુષ/ભાઈ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ સામાન્ય અર્થમાં કરે છે જે બંને પુરુષો/ભાઈઓ અને સ્ત્રીઓ/બહેનોનો સમાવેશ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “એક વ્યક્તિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
98	JAS	1	23	j064	translate-unknown	ἐν ἐσόπτρῳ	1	in a mirror	**અરીસો** અમુક પ્રતિબિંબીત સામગ્રીથી બનેલો સપાટ પદાર્થ છે, જેમ કે કાચ અથવા ઘસીને ચકચકીત કરવામાં આવેલ ધાતુ, જેનો ઉપયોગ લોકો પોતે કેવા દેખાય છે તે જોવા કરે છે. જો તમારા વાચકો **અરીસો** શું છે તેનાથી પરિચિત ના હોય તો એવા કશા નામનો ઉપયોગ કરી શકો છો જે તમારી સંસ્કૃતિ અનુસાર આ સંદર્ભ દર્શાવતો હોય. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પાણીમાં પ્રતિબીંબ દર્શાવવું” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
99	JAS	1	24	j065	figs-explicit	γὰρ	1	For	**માટે** એક કારણને પ્રસ્તાવિત કરે છે, જેમ અપેક્ષિત હોય તેમ, પરંતુ સંદર્ભમાં અનુમાનિત તેવું તે એક કારણ છે. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મદદરૂપ હોય તો, યાકૂબ જે કારણ આપે છે તેને તમે સ્પસ્ટપણે દર્શાવી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “એ તેને ખરેખર મદદરૂપ થયું નહિ, કારણ કે” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
100	JAS	1	24	wu34		κατενόησεν…ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἀπελήλυθεν, καὶ εὐθέως ἐπελάθετο ὁποῖος ἦν	1	he beheld himself and went away and immediately forgot of what sort he was	અહિ યાકૂબ ભૂતકાળમાં એક ઉદાહરણ આપે છે જાણે કે કશુંક થઇ ગયું હોય તેની તે વાત કરી રહ્યો હોય તેમ. (યાકૂબના પત્રની પ્રસ્તાવનાના ભાગ ૩ ની ચર્ચા જુઓ.) જો તમારી ભાષામાં જો તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય, તો તમે આનું ભાષાંતર વર્તમાન કાળમાં કરી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તે પોતાને જુએ છે અને ત્યાંથી તે દૂર જાય છે અને તરત જ ભૂલી જાય છે કે તે કેવો દેખાતો હતો”
101	JAS	1	24	j066	writing-pronouns	κατενόησεν…ἑαυτὸν	1	he beheld himself	અગાઉની કલમમાં તેણે શરુ કરેલ ઉપમાને યાકૂબ જારી રાખે છે, તેથી સર્વનામ **તે** અને **પોતે** ઉલ્લેખ કરે છે એ અનુમાનિત વ્યક્તિનું જે અરીસામાં જુએ છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: (વર્તમાનકાળનો ઉપયોગ કરીને): “આવા વ્યક્તિએ પોતાને અરીસામાં જોયો” અથવા, જો તમે વર્તમાનકાળનો ઉપયોગ કરતા હોય તો, “આવો વ્યક્તિ પોતાને અરીસામાં જુએ છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
102	JAS	1	24	j067	figs-explicit	καὶ ἀπελήλυθεν, καὶ εὐθέως ἐπελάθετο ὁποῖος ἦν	1	and went away and immediately forgot of what sort he was	યાકૂબ સ્પસ્ટપણે કહી રહ્યો છે કે આ એક વ્યક્તિ છે કે જે જુએ છે છતાંપણ કાંઈ કરતો નથી, અને તે એક એવા વ્યક્તિ સમાન છે, જે ઈશ્વરનું વચન સાંભળે છે પરંતુ તેને આધીન થતો નથી. આનું લાગુકરણ એમ છે કે તે અરીસામાં જુએ છે કે તેણે કશુંક કરવાનું છે, જેમ કે તેનો ચહેરો ધોવો અથવા તેના વાળ સરખા કરવા. પરંતુ તે જ્યારે અરીસામાં જોતો હોય છે ત્યારે તે કશું કરતો નથી, તેથી જ્યારે તે ત્યાંથી નીકળી જાય છે ત્યારે તે વિષે તે ભૂલી જાય છે. સરખામણીનો મુદ્દો એ છે કે વ્યક્તિ જે ઈશ્વરના વચનને આધીન થતો નથી તે આવા વ્યક્તિના જેવો છે. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મદદરૂપ હોય તો તમે તેને સ્પસ્ટપણે વર્ણવી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પરંતુ કારણ કે તેણે જે જોયું કે જે તેણે કરવું જોઈએ તે તેણે તરત જ ન કર્યું, તેથી જ્યારે તે અરીસાથી દૂર ગયો ત્યારે તેણે જે જોયું તે, તે ભૂલી ગયો અને તેથી તેણે તેના વિશે કંઇ કર્યું નહીં” અથવા, જો તમે વર્તમાનકાળનો ઉપયોગ કરો તો, “પરંતુ કારણ કે જે તેણે જોયું કે તેણે કરવું જોઈએ, તે તેણે તરત જ કર્યું નહિ, તેથી જ્યારે તે અરીસાથી દૂર ગયો ત્યારે તેણે જે જોયું તે, તે ભૂલી જાય છે અને તેથી તેના વિશે તે કશું કરતો નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
103	JAS	1	24	j068		ὁποῖος ἦν	1	of what sort he was	વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તેના દેખાવ વિષે તેણે જે કરવું જોઈતું હતું તે” અથવા, જો તમે વર્તમાનકાળનો ઉપયોગ કરો તો, “તેના દેખાવ વિષે તેણે જે કરવું જોઈએ તે”
104	JAS	1	25	j069	figs-hypo	ὁ δὲ παρακύψας εἰς νόμον τέλειον, τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας, καὶ παραμείνας…οὗτος μακάριος…ἔσται	1	But the one having gazed into the perfect law of freedom and having continued … this one will be blessed	યાકૂબ શિક્ષણ આપવા માટે આગળ પણ કાલ્પનિક/અનુમાનિત સ્થિતિનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. તેણે આપેલ [૧:૨૩](https://create.translationcore.com/01/23.md) માંના ઉદાહરણથી આ ઉદાહરણ વિરોધાભાસમાં છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પણ ધારો કે સ્વતંત્રતા અને નિષ્ઠાના સંપૂર્ણ કાયદામાં કોઈ અંદર નજર કરે તો …. પછી તે વ્યક્તિ આશીર્વાદિત થશે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
105	JAS	1	25	kvr7	figs-metaphor	ὁ…παρακύψας εἰς νόμον τέλειον	1	the one having gazed into the perfect law	આ કલમમાં, ઈશ્વરનું વચન સાંભળનાર એ અરીસામાં જોનાર સમાન છે, તેવી સરખામણી યાકૂબ જારી રાખે છે. પરંતુ હવે જે ચિત્ર છે તે અર્થાલંકાર છે, ઉપમા નહિ, કેમ કે યાકૂબ એવા વ્યક્તિ વિષે વાત કરે છે જેણે **નિયમ**માં નજર કરી **અંદર જોયું છે**. તેનો અર્થ છે એક એવો વ્યક્તિ કે જેણે ઈશ્વરના વચનને ધ્યાનપૂર્વક સાંભળ્યું છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “કોઈક કે જેણે સંપૂર્ણ નિયમને ધ્યાનથી સાંભળ્યો છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
106	JAS	1	25	j070	figs-possession	νόμον τέλειον, τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας	1	the perfect law of freedom	**નિયમ** કે જે **સ્વતંત્રતા** લાવે છે તેનું વર્ણન કરવા યાકૂબ માલિકી સંબંધિત સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. **સ્વતંત્રતાના નિયમ** નો અર્થ યાકૂબ શું કરે છે તેના વધુ સ્પસ્ટીકરણ માટે [૨:૧૨](https://create.translationcore.com/02/12.md) ની નોંધ તપાસો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “સમ્પૂર્ણ નિયમ કે જે સ્વતંત્રતા લાવે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
107	JAS	1	25	j071	figs-explicit	νόμον τέλειον, τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας	1	the perfect law of freedom	જો તમારા વાચકોને એ મદદરૂપ હોય તો, તો તમે સ્પસ્ટપણે કહી શકો કે આ **નિયમ** લોકોને શું કરવાની **સ્વતંત્રતા** આપે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “નિયમ કે જે લોકોને સ્વતંત્ર કરે છે, ઈશ્વરને આધીન થવા” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
108	JAS	1	25	j072		νόμον τέλειον, τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας	1	the perfect law of freedom	જેમ [૧:૪](https://create.translationcore.com/01/04.md) અને [૧:૧૭,](https://create.translationcore.com/01/17.md) માં છે તેમ **સંપૂર્ણ** શબ્દ કાંઇક એવાનો ઉલ્લેખ કરે છે જે વૃદ્ધિ પામીને એ મુકામ સુધી પહોંચ્યું છે કે તે તેના હેતુ સાથે બંધબેસતું છે. તે કલમોમાં તમે આ શબ્દનું ભાષાંતર કેવી રીતે કર્યું તે જુઓ. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “નિયમ કે જે સંપૂર્ણપણે બંધબેસતો છે, લોકોને પાપથી મુક્ત કરવા”
109	JAS	1	25	j073	figs-ellipsis	καὶ παραμείνας	1	and having continued	ઘણી ભાષાઓમાં વાક્યને પરિપૂર્ણ કરવા જરૂરી હોય તેવા કેટલાક શબ્દોને યાકૂબ છોડી દે છે.આ શબ્દોને સંદર્ભમાંથી લાવી શકાય. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “અને જેમણે તે નિયમને આધીન થવાનું જારી રાખ્યું છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
110	JAS	1	25	j074	figs-possession	ἀκροατὴς ἐπιλησμονῆς	1	a hearer of forgetfulness	યાકૂબ માલિકી સંબંધિત સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે **સાંભળનાર**ને વર્ણવા, જેની લાક્ષણિકતા **ભૂલી જનાર** વ્યક્તિની છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “સાંભળનાર કે જે ભૂલકણો છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
111	JAS	1	25	j076	figs-metonymy	ποιητὴς ἔργου	1	a doer of the work	**કાર્ય/કરણી** કે જે ઈશ્વરની આજ્ઞાઓને અમલમાં મૂકનાર છે તે સાથેના જોડાણ દ્વારા, યાકૂબ **કાર્ય/કરણી** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ અલંકારિક રીતે કરે છે, જેનો અર્થ ઈશ્વર જે આજ્ઞા કરે છે તે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈશ્વર જે આજ્ઞાઓ કરે છે તે પ્રમાણે કરનાર કોઈક” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
112	JAS	1	25	jku1	figs-activepassive	οὗτος μακάριος…αὐτοῦ ἔσται	1	this one will be blessed	જ્યારે **આશીર્વાદિત** શબ્દ એક વિશેષણ છે તો અભિવ્યક્તિ **આશીર્વાદિત થશે** તે નિષ્ક્રિય શાબ્દિક સ્વરૂપ નથી, તમારી ભાષામાં કદાચ આનું ભાષાંતર સક્રિય શાબ્દિક સ્વરૂપમાં કરવું વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હશે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આવા વ્યક્તિને ઈશ્વર આશીર્વાદ આપશે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
113	JAS	1	26	j078	figs-hypo	εἴ τις δοκεῖ θρησκὸς εἶναι, μὴ χαλιναγωγῶν γλῶσσαν αὐτοῦ, ἀλλὰ ἀπατῶν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ, τούτου μάταιος ἡ θρησκεία	1	If anyone thinks to be religious, not bridling his tongue, but deceiving his heart, the religion of that one is worthless	યાકૂબ શિક્ષણ આપવા માટે કાલ્પનિક/અનુમાનિત સ્થિતિનો ઉપયોગ કરી રહ્યો છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ધારો કે કોઈક એમ વિચારે છે કે તે ધાર્મિક છે, પરંતુ તે તેની જીભ પર લગામ રાખતો નથી, અને તેમ તેના હ્રદયને છેતરે છે. તો પછી તેનો ધર્મ નિરર્થક છે.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
114	JAS	1	26	j079	figs-metaphor	μὴ χαλιναγωγῶν γλῶσσαν αὐτοῦ	1	not bridling his tongue	વ્યક્તિની **તેની જીભ પર લગામ** વિષે યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે તે ઘોડાને લગામ દ્વારા કાબૂ કરી રહ્યો હોય. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પરંતુ તે પોતાની જીભ પર અંકુશ રાખતો નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
115	JAS	1	26	j080	translate-unknown	μὴ χαλιναγωγῶν γλῶσσαν αὐτοῦ	1	not bridling his tongue	**લગામ** માથા પર પહેરાવાય છે જેનો ઉપયોગ ઘોડા પર અંકુશ મેળવવાનો છે. જો તમારા વાચકો લગામથી પરિચિત ના હોય તો તમારી સંસ્કૃતિમાં પ્રાણીઓ પર અંકુશ મેળવવા માટે ઉપયોગમાં લેવાતા સાધન કે જેના વિષે તમારા વાચકો પરિચિત હોય, તેનો ઉલ્લેખ અલગ ઉદાહરણ દ્વારા કરી શકો છો. (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
116	JAS	1	26	vxu1	figs-metonymy	μὴ χαλιναγωγῶν γλῶσσαν αὐτοῦ	1	not bridling his tongue	જે રીતે બોલવા માટે **જીભ**નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે તેની સાથેના જોડાણ દ્વારા, યાકૂબ **જીભ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ અલંકારિક રીતે કરે છે એ અર્થ દર્શાવવા કે વ્યક્તિ શું કહે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તે જે કહે છે તેના પર અંકુશ રાખતો નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
117	JAS	1	26	sex6	figs-synecdoche	ἀπατῶν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ	1	deceiving his heart	આ અનુમાનિત વ્યક્તિના એક ભાગ વિષે, તેના **હૃદય**, સ્વયં તે વ્યક્તિના અર્થમાં, યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરી રહ્યો છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પોતાને છેતરે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
118	JAS	1	26	q83d	figs-hyperbole	τούτου μάταιος ἡ θρησκεία	1	the religion of that one is worthless	ભાર મૂકવા માટે યાકૂબ **નિરર્થક** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ અતિરેક તરીકે કરે છે. ભલે વ્યક્તિએ જે કહ્યું તે કાળજીપૂર્વક નિયંત્રિત કર્યું ન હોય પણ અહીં વિચારપૂર્વક હજુ પણ તેના ધર્મમાં કેટલુંક મૂલ્ય હશે. પરંતુ યાકૂબ ભાર મૂકવા માંગે છે કે તે કેટલું અસંગત છે કે ઈશ્વરને પ્રેમ કરવાનો દાવો કરવો પરંતુ પછી એવી વાતો કહેવી જે અન્ય લોકોને નુકસાન પહોંચાડે અને અપમાનિત કરે છે. આ મુદ્દાને તે આગળ [૩:૯-૧૦](../03/09.md) માં ધપાવે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તે જેમ વિચારે છે તેમ તેના કૃત્યો ઈશ્વરને પસંદ પડતા નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
119	JAS	1	27	j081	figs-metaphor	θρησκεία καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος	1	Pure and undefiled religion	**ધર્મ** વિષે યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે વાત કરી રહ્યો છે જાણે કે તે ભૈતિક રીતે **શુદ્ધ** અને **નિર્મળ** હોય. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ધર્મ જે આનંદદાયક અને સ્વીકાર્ય છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
120	JAS	1	27	g11k	figs-doublet	θρησκεία καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος	1	Pure and undefiled religion	**શુદ્ધ** અને **નિર્મળ** શબ્દો સમાન બાબતોનો અર્થ ધરાવે છે. તે બંને સૂચિત કરે છે કે કંઈક દૂષણ મુક્ત છે. ભાર મૂકવા માટે યાકૂબ આ શબ્દોનો ઉપયોગ એકસાથે કરે છે. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મહત્વપૂર્ણ હોય તો, આ શબ્દોને તમે એક શબ્દસમૂહમાં જોડી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ધર્મ જે સંપૂર્ણપણે સ્વીકાર્ય છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
121	JAS	1	27	j082	figs-hendiadys	τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί	1	God and the Father	યાકૂબ બે અલગ વ્યક્તિઓની વાત કરી રહ્યો નથી.  એક ખ્યાલને અભિવ્યક્ત કરવા **અને** સાથે જોડાયેલ બે નામનો ઉપયોગ તે કરે છે. **પિતા** નામ આગળ **ઈશ્વર**ની ઓળખ આપે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ઈશ્વર એક પિતા” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
122	JAS	1	27	j083	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Πατρί	1	the Father	ઈશ્વર માટે **પિતા** તે એક મહત્વનું શીર્ષક છે. (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
123	JAS	1	27	r8nj	figs-explicit	ἐπισκέπτεσθαι ὀρφανοὺς καὶ χήρας ἐν τῇ θλίψει αὐτῶν	1	to look upon orphans and widows in their distress	યાકૂબ ધારણા કરે છે કે તેના વાચકો સમજશે કે અનાથો અને વિધવાઓ વ્યવહારિક અને નાણાંકીય રીતે **તકલીફભરી** પરીસ્થીતીમાં છે કારણ કે તેમના પિતાઓ અને પતિઓ મરણ પામ્યા છે અને તેથી તેઓ તેમની જરૂરીયાતો પૂરી કરી શકે તેમ નથી. આ સંસ્કૃતિમાં, સ્ત્રીઓ અને બાળકો સહાયને માટે તેમના પુરુષ સબંધી પર આધારિત હતા. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મદદરૂપ હોય તો, તમે સ્પસ્ટપણે સૂચિત કરી શકો છો કે કેવા પ્રકારની **તકલીફભરી** સ્થિતિમાં યાકૂબ તેના વાચકોને મદદ કરવાનું કહે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તેમની વ્યવહારિક જરૂરતોમાં ગરીબ અનાથો અને વિધવાઓને મદદ કરવી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
124	JAS	1	27	j085	figs-metonymy	ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου	1	to keep oneself unstained by the world	જેઓ ઈશ્વરને માન આપતા નથી તે લોકો દ્વારા વહેંચાયેલ મૂલ્યોની વ્યવસ્થા, જે રીતે તેઓ આ જગતમાં જીવે છે તેની સાથેના જોડાણનો અર્થ દર્શાવવા યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે **જગત** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “અધર્મી લોકોની મૂલ્ય પ્રણાલીથી પોતાને ડાઘ રહિત રાખવા” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
125	JAS	1	27	nmf7	figs-metaphor	ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου	1	to keep oneself unstained by the world	યાકૂબ અલંકારિક રીતે અધર્મી લોકોના પ્રભાવ વિષે એ રીતે વાત કરે છે જાણે કે તે વ્યક્તિને શારીરિક રીતે ડાઘ પાડી શકે છે. **ડાઘ રહિત**નો ખરેખર અર્થ તે પાપથી મુક્ત કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “અધર્મી લોકો અને તેમનો પ્રભાવ વ્યક્તિને પાપ કરવા દોરે તેવું થવા દેવું નહિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
126	JAS	2	1	kab4	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου	1	My brothers	જુઓ કે ભાઈઓ શબ્દનું ભાષાંતર તમે [૧:૨](https://create.translationcore.com/01/02.md) માં કેવી રીતે કર્યું છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “મારા સાથી વિશ્વાસીઓ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
127	JAS	2	1	en1c	figs-abstractnouns	μὴ ἐν προσωπολημψίαις ἔχετε	1	do not with favoritism have	જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો તમે અમૂર્ત નામ **પક્ષપાત** પાછળના ખ્યાલની અભિવ્યક્ત એક સમાન શબ્દસમૂહ દ્વારા કરી શકો. (પક્ષપાત વિષેની ચર્ચા માટે આ અધ્યાયની નોંધ તપાસો.) વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમારે બીજાઓ કરતાં અમુક લોકો સાથે વધુ સારી રીતે વ્યવહાર દાખવવો ના જોઈએ, કારણ કે તે સુસંગત નથી” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
128	JAS	2	1	qs2x	figs-possession	τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ	બીજા લોકો **ઈસુ**માં જે **વિશ્વાસ** ધરાવે છે તેને ઉલ્લેખવા માટે માલિકી સંબંધિત સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આપણા પ્રભુ ઈસુમાં વિશ્વાસ હોવો” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
129	JAS	2	1	x32n	figs-possession	τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τῆς δόξης	1	our Lord Jesus Christ of glory	**ઈસુ** કે જે **મહિમા** દ્વારા ચરીત્રિત કરવામાં આવ્યા છે તે ઉલ્લેખ માટે યાકૂબ માલિકી સબંધિત સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આપણા મહિમાવાન પ્રભુ ઈસુ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
130	JAS	2	2	h5uh	figs-hypo	ἐὰν γὰρ	1	For if	યાકૂબ શિક્ષણ આપવા માટે અનુમાનિત/કાલ્પનિક સ્થિતિનો ઉપયોગ કરી રહ્યો છે. આ કલમમાં અને તેની આગળની કલમમાં તે સ્થિતિને વર્ણવે છે અને [૨:૪](../02/04.md). માં તે પરિણામનું વર્ણન કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “ધારો કે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
131	JAS	2	2	j8d5	figs-explicit	ἀνὴρ χρυσοδακτύλιος, ἐν ἐσθῆτι λαμπρᾷ	1	a gold-ringed man in splendid clothing	યાકૂબ ધારે છે કે તેના વાચકો સમજશે કે ધનવાન માણસ શું પહેરી શકે તે વિશેનું તે એક ઉદાહરણ આપે છે. (એક **સોનાની-વીંટીવાળો માણસ** અભિવ્યક્તિનો અર્થ એ નથી કે તે માણસ ચારેતરફ સોનાથી મઢેલો છે પરંતુ એ અર્થ છે કે તેણે સોનાની વીંટી પહેરેલી છે.) જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મદદરૂપ હોય તો, તમે તમારી સંસ્કૃતિમાંથી એક અલગ ઉદાહરણનો ઉપયોગ શકો છો, અથવા તમે સામન્ય અભિવ્યક્તિનો ઉપયોગ કરી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “કોઈ એક કે જે ધનવાન વ્યક્તિની જેમ પોષાક પહેરેલ છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
132	JAS	2	2	j086	figs-gendernotations	ἀνὴρ	1	man	યાકૂબ **પુરુષ/ભાઈ** શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ સામાન્ય અર્થમાં કરી રહ્યો છે જેનો અર્થ કાં તો પુરુષ/ભાઈ અથવા સ્ત્રી/બહેન થઇ શકે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “વ્યક્તિ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
133	JAS	2	2	j087	translate-unknown	συναγωγὴν	1	synagogue	આરાધના માટે એકઠા થવાનું યહૂદી સ્થળ **સભાસ્થાન** છે. યાકૂબ આ શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે કારણ કે મૂળભૂત રીતે તે યહૂદીઓને લખી રહ્યો છે જેઓએ તેમનો વિશ્વાસ ઈસુમાં તેમના ઉદ્ધારક તરીકે મૂક્યો છે. (યાકૂબના પત્રની પ્રસ્તાવનાના ભાગ ૧ ને જુઓ.) તમારા ભાષાંતરમાં તમે વધુ સામાન્ય શબ્દનો ઉપયોગ કરી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “મળવાનું સભાસ્થળ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
134	JAS	2	2	j088	figs-nominaladj	πτωχὸς	1	a poor one	વિશેષણ **ગરીબ**નો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ એક નામ તરીકે કરે છે તે પ્રકારના વ્યક્તિને દર્શાવવા માટે. (આને સૂચિત કરવા યુ.એલ.ટી. **એક** નો ઉમેરો કરે છે.) તમારી ભાષામાં વિશેષણનો ઉપયોગ એ જ રીતે થતો હોય. જો તેમ ના હોય તો, આનું ભાષાંતર તમે એક સમાન શબ્દસમૂહ દ્વારા કરી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “એક વ્યક્તિ કે જે ગરીબ છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
135	JAS	2	3	j089	figs-hypo	δὲ	1	and	અગાઉની કલમમાં તેણે પ્રસ્તુત કરેલ અનુમાનિત સ્થિતિનું વર્ણન કરવાનું યાકૂબ જારી રાખે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર, જેમ યુ.એસ.ટી.માં  છે તેમ: “અને ધારો કે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
136	JAS	2	3	j090	figs-you	ἐπιβλέψητε…εἴπητε…εἴπητε	1	you look … you say … you say	આ ત્રણેય ઘટનાઓ/ઉદાહરણોમાં **તું** બહુવચનમાં છે, કેમ કે યાકૂબ તેના બધા વાચકો આવી સ્થિતિમાં શું કરે તે વિષે વાત કરી રહ્યો છે. (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
137	JAS	2	3	j091	figs-idiom	ἐπιβλέψητε…ἐπὶ	1	you look at	આ સંદર્ભમાં, આ અભિવ્યક્તિનો અર્થ છે કશાક કે કોઈકની તરફ પ્રશંસાભાવથી જોવું. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તું તેના તરફ પ્રશંસાભાવથી જુએ છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
138	JAS	2	3	j094	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	καὶ	1	and	**અને** શબ્દ, ધનવાન વ્યક્તિ અને ગરીબ વ્યક્તિ સાથે કેવો વ્યવહાર કરાય છે તે વિરોધાભાસરૂપી તફાવતને પ્રસ્તુત કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પરંતુ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
139	JAS	2	3	ce14	figs-explicit	σὺ στῆθι ἐκεῖ…κάθου ὑπὸ τὸ ὑποπόδιόν μου	1	You stand there … Sit under my footstool	સૂચિતાર્થ એ છે કે ગરીબ વ્યક્તિને ઉભા રહેવા અથવા ઓછી માનની જગ્યાએ કે નિમ્ન સ્થાને બેસવાનું કહેવામાં આવે છે. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે મદદરૂપ હોય તો, જેમ યુ.એસ.ટી.માં છે તેમ તમે તેને સ્પસ્ટ રીતે કહી શકો છો. (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
140	JAS	2	3	h2fy	figs-you	κάθου ὑπὸ τὸ ὑποπόδιόν μου	1	Sit under my footstool	આ આદેશાત્મક વાક્ય પ્રથમ પુરુષ એકવચન સર્વનામ **મારું** નો ઉપયોગ કરે છે, કેમ કે એ એવું કશુંક છે જે એક વિશ્વાસી કદાચ અનુમાનિત ગરીબ વ્યક્તિને કહે. જો તમારી ભાષામાં આ પ્રાકૃતિક હોય, કેમ કે વાક્યને **તું** (બહુવચન) **કહે** દ્વારા પ્રસ્તુત કરાયું છે, તો તમે વાક્ય સ્વયંમાં તેના બહુવચન રૂપનો ઉપયોગ કરી શકો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “અમારા પગ આગળ જમીન પર બેસ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
141	JAS	2	4	j096	figs-hypo	οὐ διεκρίθητε ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένεσθε κριταὶ διαλογισμῶν πονηρῶν?	1	have you not distinguished among yourselves and become judges of evil thoughts?	[૨:૨](https://create.translationcore.com/02/02.md) થી જે અનુમાનિત પરીસ્થિતિનું વર્ણન યાકૂબ કરી રહ્યો છે તેના પરિણામનું વર્ણન આ કલમમાં તે કરે છે.અહિ નવું વાક્ય શરુ કરવું કદાચ મદદરૂપ બની શકે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “પછી તમે તમારી વચ્ચે ભેદ પાડ્યો છે અને દુષ્ટ વિચારોના ન્યાયાધીશો બન્યા છો.” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
142	JAS	2	4	j097	grammar-connect-logic-result	οὐ διεκρίθητε ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένεσθε κριταὶ διαλογισμῶν πονηρῶν	1	have you not distinguished among yourselves and become judges of evil thoughts	જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો, આ શબ્દસમૂહોનો ક્રમાંક તમે ઉલટાવી શકો છો, કેમ કે બીજો શબ્દસમૂહ તે પરિણામ વિષે કારણ આપે છે જે પરિણામની રજૂઆત પ્રથમ શબ્દસમૂહ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “શું તમે ખરાબ વસ્તુઓ વિચારનાર ન્યાયાધીશો બન્યા નથી, જે બીજાઓ કરતાં અમુક લોકોને ઉત્તમ ગણે છે” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
143	JAS	2	4	x9el	figs-rquestion	οὐ διεκρίθητε ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένεσθε κριταὶ διαλογισμῶν πονηρῶν?	1	have you not distinguished among yourselves and become judges of evil thoughts?	યાકૂબ જેમ આ પરિણામનું વર્ણન કરે છે, તેમ ભાર મૂકવા માટે યાકૂબ પરિણામ સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો, તો તમે આનું ભાષાંતર એક વિધાન વાક્ય અથવા ઉદગાર વાક્ય તરીકે કરી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “તમે અમુક લોકોને બીજાઓ કરતાં વધુ ઉત્તમ ગણ્યા છે, કારણ કે તમે દુષ્ટ બાબતોનો વિચાર કરનારા ન્યાયાધીશો બન્યા છો!” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
144	JAS	2	4	j098	figs-possession	ἐγένεσθε κριταὶ διαλογισμῶν πονηρῶν	1	become judges of evil thoughts	**ન્યાયાધીશો** કે જેઓ **દુષ્ટ વિચારો** દ્વારા ચરીત્રિત કરવામાં આવ્યા છે તેમને વર્ણવવા યાકૂબ માલિકી સબંધિત સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ કરે છે. તે એવા લોકોની વાત કરતો નથી જેઓ ન્યાય કરે કે કાંતો વિચારો દુષ્ટ છે કે નહિ. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “દુષ્ટ બાબતો વિચારનારા ન્યાયાધીશો બન્યા છો” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
145	JAS	2	4	j099	figs-explicit	ἐγένεσθε κριταὶ διαλογισμῶν πονηρῶν	1	become judges of evil thoughts	નિષ્ક્રિય રીતે ચોક્કસ ભૂમિકાની ધારણા કરવા કરતાં અને અમુક ચોક્કસ રીતે વિચારવા કરતાં યાકૂબ વધારે વર્ણન કરે છે. વિચારવાની રીત આધારિત લેવાયેલ પગલાંને તે વર્ણવે છે. જો તમારા વાચકો માટે તે મદદરૂપ હોય તો, તમે આને સ્પસ્ટ રીતે કહી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “લોકો સાથે કેવી રીતે વર્તવું જોઈએ તે વિશે ખોટા ચુકાદા કર્યા અને પછી તેમની સાથે તે રીતે વર્ત્યા” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
146	JAS	2	5	j344	figs-idiom	ἀκούσατε	1	Listen	હવે પછી તે જે કહેવાનો છે તેના પર ભાર મૂકવા આ અભિવ્યક્તિનો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ કરે છે. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “આ પ્રત્યે ધ્યાન આપો” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
147	JAS	2	5	m5jr	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί	1	my beloved brothers	આનો અનુવાદ તમે [૧:૧૬](https://create.translationcore.com/01/16.md) માં કેવી રીતે કર્યો છે તે જુઓ. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “મારા સાથી વિશ્વાસીઓ” (જુઓ: [[rc://gu/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
148	JAS	2	5	ha52	figs-rquestion	οὐχ ὁ Θεὸς ἐξελέξατο τοὺς πτωχοὺς τῷ κόσμῳ, πλουσίους ἐν πίστει, καὶ κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας ἧς ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν?	1	did not God choose the poor in the world to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom that he promised to the ones loving him?	પ્રશ્નાર્થ સ્વરૂપનો ઉપયોગ યાકૂબ તેના શિક્ષણના ઉપકરણ રૂપે કરે છે. જો તમારી ભાષામાં તે વધુ સ્પસ્ટ હોય તો તમે તેના શબ્દોનું ભાષાંતર એક વાક્ય તરીકે કરી શકો છો. વૈકલ્પિક ભાષાંતર: “God has chosen the poor in the world to be rich in faith and to be heirs of the kingdom that he has promised to those who love him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
149	JAS	2	5	ke2q	figs-nominaladj	τοὺς πτωχοὺς	1	the poor	James is using the adjective **poor** as a noun to refer to a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
150	JAS	2	5	j100	figs-metonymy	τῷ κόσμῳ	1	in the world	James is using the term **world** in a different sense than in 1:27. Here it refers to the world that we live in, and so it indicates ordinary life. Alternate translation: “in this life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
151	JAS	2	5	s38z	figs-metaphor	πλουσίους ἐν πίστει	1	to be rich in faith	James speaks figuratively of having much **faith** as if that made a person wealthy. Alternate translation: “to have strong faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
152	JAS	2	5	j101	figs-explicit	πλουσίους ἐν πίστει	1	to be rich in faith	Your language may require you to specify the object of **faith**. Alternate translation: “to have strong faith in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
153	JAS	2	5	qii5	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας ἧς	1	heirs of the kingdom that	James speaks figuratively of the people to whom God has promised the kingdom as if they were going to inherit wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: “participants in the kingdom that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
154	JAS	2	5	j102	figs-abstractnouns	κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας ἧς	1	to be heirs of the kingdom that	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **kingdom** with a verb such as “rule.” Alternate translation: “to enjoy advantages when God rules, as” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
155	JAS	2	6	vr53		ἠτιμάσατε τὸν πτωχόν	1	you have dishonored the poor	What James means by this is clear from the example he gives in [2:2-3](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “you have treated people who are poor much worse than you have treated people who are rich”
156	JAS	2	6	j103	figs-nominaladj	τὸν πτωχόν	1	the poor	James is using the adjective **poor** as a noun to refer to a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
157	JAS	2	6	j104	writing-pronouns	οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν, καὶ αὐτοὶ ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια	1	Do not the rich overpower you and themselves drag you into court	The word that is translated **themselves** here is the same word that is translated **they** in the next verse. It is effectively the subject of a new independent clause, so you could translate this as two sentences. Alternate translation: “Do not the rich overpower you? Do they not drag you into court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
158	JAS	2	6	l2lu	figs-rquestion	οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν, καὶ αὐτοὶ ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια?	1	Do not the rich overpower you and themselves drag you into court?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “It is the rich who overpower you and drag you into court themselves!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
159	JAS	2	6	j105	figs-explicit	οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν, καὶ αὐτοὶ ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια?	1	Do not the rich overpower you and themselves drag you into court?	James is implying that rich people do not deserve to be treated better by the believers to whom he is writing, since rich people have actually treated them badly. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “People who are rich do not deserve to have you treat them better than others. They are the ones who overpower you and drag you into court themselves!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
160	JAS	2	6	eeg5	figs-nominaladj	οἱ πλούσιοι	1	the rich	James is using the adjective **rich** as a noun to refer to a group of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “people who are rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
161	JAS	2	6	z73x		οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν	1	Do not the rich overpower you	Alternate translation: “Is it not the rich who oppress you”
162	JAS	2	6	s9k1	figs-metaphor	ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια	1	drag you into court	James is speaking figuratively of the rich as if they would physically **drag** the poor into court. Alternate translation: “force you to go to court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
163	JAS	2	6	h8jn	figs-explicit	ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια	1	drag you into court	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly why rich people were taking poor people to court. Alternate translation: “force you to go to court so that they can exploit you through lawsuits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
164	JAS	2	7	las1	figs-rquestion	οὐκ αὐτοὶ βλασφημοῦσιν τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς?	1	Do they not blaspheme the good name that has been called upon you?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “They are the ones who blaspheme the good name that has been called upon you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
165	JAS	2	7	j106		οὐκ αὐτοὶ βλασφημοῦσιν τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα	1	Do they not blaspheme the good name	The word **blaspheme** can have a technical sense. It can describe a human being wrongly denying that something is divine. But the word can also have the general sense of “insult,” and that is probably the sense in which James is using it here. (However, by insulting the **name** of Jesus, these rich people were also guilty of blasphemy in the technical sense, since Jesus is divine and his name should be honored.) Alternate translation: “Do they not insult the good name”
166	JAS	2	7	wd8y	figs-metonymy	τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα	1	the good name	James is referring figuratively to the **name** of Jesus by association with the way that it is **good**. Alternate translation: “the name of Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
167	JAS	2	7	j107	figs-idiom	τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς	1	that has been called upon you	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “by which you are called” or “by which you are known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
168	JAS	2	7	j108	figs-activepassive	τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς	1	that has been called upon you	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “by which people call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
169	JAS	2	8	j109	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	εἰ μέντοι	1	If, however	James is using these words to introduce a contrast with what he said in [2:6](../02/06.md), “you have dishonored the poor,” meaning “you have treated rich people much better than you have treated poor people.” Alternate translation: “But if, instead of favoring rich people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
170	JAS	2	8	j110		τελεῖτε	1	you fulfill	The verb **fulfill** comes from the same root as the adjective “perfect” that James uses several times earlier in this letter. It means to make something accomplish its purpose or reach its goal. Alternate translation: “you completely obey”
171	JAS	2	8	q9hh	figs-metonymy	νόμον…βασιλικὸν	1	the royal law	There are two possible reasons for why James describes the **law** that he quotes here from [Leviticus 19:18](../lev/19/18.md) as **royal**. (1) When Jesus came proclaiming the kingdom of God, he said that this law was one of two that summed up all of the other laws and guided life in the kingdom of God. (The other law was to love God with all of one’s heart, soul, mind, and strength.) Alternate translation: “the law that guides life in the kingdom of God” (2) James may say that this **law** is **royal** because God, the true king, gave it to people. Alternate translation: “God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
172	JAS	2	8	ymf5	figs-declarative	ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν	1	You will love your neighbor as yourself	Here the law of Moses is using a future statement to give a command. Alternate translation: “You are to love your neighbor as you love yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
173	JAS	2	8	j111	figs-youcrowd	ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν	1	You will love your neighbor as yourself	The words **you** and **yourself** are singular in this quotation because, even though Moses gave this law to the Israelites as a group, each individual person was expected to obey it. So in your translation, use the singular forms of “you” and “yourself” if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
174	JAS	2	8	gll2	figs-idiom	τὸν πλησίον σου	1	your neighbor	This is an idiom. It does not mean only someone who lives nearby. Alternate translation: “other people” or “anyone you encounter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
175	JAS	2	8	b9wu		καλῶς ποιεῖτε	1	you do well	Alternate translation: “you are doing what God wants you to do”
176	JAS	2	9	xt6y	figs-explicit	προσωπολημπτεῖτε	1	you favor	Your language may require you to specify the object of **favor**. Alternate translation: “you favor the rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
177	JAS	2	9	cq5h	figs-activepassive	ἐλεγχόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου ὡς παραβάται	1	convicted by the law as transgressors	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “and the law convicts you as transgressors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
178	JAS	2	9	gl2e	figs-personification	ἐλεγχόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου ὡς παραβάται	1	convicted by the law as transgressors	James is speaking figuratively of the law as if it were a human judge. Alternate translation: “and you are guilty of breaking God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
179	JAS	2	10	j112	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For	James is giving the reason for the statement he made in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “The reason why showing favoritism makes a person guilty of breaking God’s law is that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
180	JAS	2	10	l29g	figs-idiom	ὅστις…τηρήσῃ	1	whoever might keep	Here, **keep** is an idiom that means “obey.” Alternate translation: “whoever might obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
181	JAS	2	10	jb5u	figs-metaphor	πταίσῃ δὲ ἐν ἑνί	1	but stumble in one thing	James speaks figuratively of a person disobeying a commandment as if he would **stumble**, that is, trip and lose his balance while walking. Alternate translation: “but disobey one thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
182	JAS	2	10	m8ep	figs-nominaladj	πταίσῃ δὲ ἐν ἑνί	1	but stumble in one thing	James is using the adjective **one** as a noun to refer to one commandment of the law. (ULT adds the term **thing** to show this.) Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate the term with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “but disobey one commandment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
183	JAS	2	10	j113		πάντων ἔνοχος	1	guilty of all	Alternate translation: “guilty of breaking the entire law”
184	JAS	2	10	j114	figs-explicit	πάντων ἔνοχος	1	guilty of all	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly why James says that this is true. Alternate translation: “guilty of breaking the entire law, because God gave the entire law to show people how he wanted them to live, and if you break one part of it, you are not living in that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
185	JAS	2	11	j115	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For	James is giving the reason for the statement he made in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “The reason why breaking one law makes a person guilty of breaking every law is that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
186	JAS	2	11	ez11	figs-explicit	ὁ…εἰπών	1	the one who said	James is referring implicitly to God, who spoke the commandments quoted in this verse when he gave the law to Moses. Alternate translation: “God who said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
187	JAS	2	11	c8jm	figs-youcrowd	μὴ μοιχεύσῃς…μὴ φονεύσῃς…οὐ μοιχεύεις…φονεύεις…γέγονας	1	Do not commit adultery … Do not murder … you do not commit adultery … you do murder … you have become	The implied “you” in the two commandments that James quotes in this verse is singular because, even though Moses gave these laws to the Israelites as a group, each individual person was expected to obey them. The word **you** is also singular in the rest of the verse because James is carrying forward that usage from the commandments. So in your translation, use the singular form of “you” if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
188	JAS	2	12	c6y8	figs-you	οὕτως λαλεῖτε, καὶ οὕτως ποιεῖτε	1	Thus speak and thus act	The implied “you” in these imperatives is plural. James returns here to the plural usage that he follows in most of his letter. So in your translation, use the plural form of “you” if your language marks that distinction and if it reflects it in imperatives. Alternate translation: “Speak and act in this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
189	JAS	2	12	yp6i	figs-activepassive	μέλλοντες κρίνεσθαι	1	ones who are going to be judged	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who will do the action. Alternate translation: “people whom God is going to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
190	JAS	2	12	e87r	figs-possession	νόμου ἐλευθερίας	1	the law of freedom	As in [1:25](../01/25.md), James is using the possessive form to describe a **law** that brings **freedom**. Alternate translation: “the law that brings freedom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
191	JAS	2	12	j116	figs-abstractnouns	νόμου ἐλευθερίας	1	the law of freedom	If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the idea behind the abstract noun **freedom** with an adjective such as “free.” Alternate translation: “the law that sets people free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
192	JAS	2	12	j117	figs-explicit	νόμου ἐλευθερίας	1	the law of freedom	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly what the **law** gives people the **freedom** to do. Alternate translation: “the law that sets people free to obey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
193	JAS	2	12	j118	figs-explicit	νόμου ἐλευθερίας	1	the law of freedom	In this context, it appears that when James speaks of **the law of freedom**, he is referring to the commandment that he quoted in [2:8](../02/08.md), “You will love your neighbor as yourself.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly and explain how this law sets people free. Alternate translation: “the law to love one’s neighbor, which sets people free to obey God by giving them a principle to follow in all of their actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
194	JAS	2	13	j119	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For	James is giving the reason why people should be guided in their actions by the principle of loving others, as he said in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “You should follow the principle of loving others because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
195	JAS	2	13	j120	figs-metonymy	ἡ γὰρ κρίσις ἀνέλεος τῷ μὴ ποιήσαντι ἔλεος	1	judgment is merciless to those who have not done mercy	James is using the word **judgment** figuratively to represent God, the one who judges. Alternate translation: “when God judges people, he will not be merciful to people who have not shown mercy to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
196	JAS	2	13	yv6l	figs-personification	ἡ γὰρ κρίσις ἀνέλεος τῷ μὴ ποιήσαντι ἔλεος	1	judgment is merciless to those who have not done mercy	James is speaking figuratively of **judgment** as if it were a living thing that could act in a **merciless** way. Alternate translation: “When God judges people, he will not be merciful to people who have not shown mercy to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
197	JAS	2	13	j121		τῷ μὴ ποιήσαντι ἔλεος	1	to those who have not done mercy	The word translated **mercy** can also refer to compassion. Since James is referring in this context to following the command to love others, that is likely what it means here. Alternate translation: “those who have not acted compassionately towards others”
198	JAS	2	13	j122	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	κατακαυχᾶται ἔλεος κρίσεως	1	Mercy boasts against judgment	There is an implied contrast between this sentence and the statement in the previous sentence that “judgment is merciless.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that contrast explicitly at the start of this sentence with a word such as “however.” Alternate translation: “However, mercy boasts against judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
199	JAS	2	13	j123	figs-personification	κατακαυχᾶται ἔλεος κρίσεως	1	Mercy boasts against judgment	James is speaking figuratively of **mercy** and **judgment** as if they were living things that could fight a contest against one another. He is also speaking figuratively of **mercy** as if it could boast after defeating **judgment** in such a contest. James is continuing to describe how God will judge people. Alternate translation: “However, God will show mercy when he judges people who have acted compassionately towards others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
200	JAS	2	14	k4e4	figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος, ἀδελφοί μου, ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις, ἔχειν ἔργα, δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ?	1	What would be the profit, my brothers, if someone said he had faith, but he did not have works?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “It does no good, my brothers, for someone to say he has faith if he does not have works.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
201	JAS	2	14	j124	figs-idiom	τί τὸ ὄφελος	1	What would be the profit	This is an idiom. Your language may have a comparable expression that you can use here. Alternate translation: “What good would it do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
202	JAS	2	14	j125	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
203	JAS	2	14	c234	figs-abstractnouns	ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις, ἔχειν ἔργα, δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ	1	if someone said he had faith but he did not have works	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **faith** and **works** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “if someone said he believed in God but he did not do what God wanted him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
204	JAS	2	14	j126	figs-explicit	μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν	1	Faith is not able to save him, is it	In context, James is clearly asking not about **faith** in general, but about faith that is not demonstrated in **works**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “That kind of faith is not able to save him, is it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
205	JAS	2	14	j127	figs-doublenegatives	μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν	1	Faith is not able to save him, is it	The first word of this sentence in Greek is a negative word that can be used to turn a statement into a question that expects a negative answer. ULT shows this by adding “is it?” Your language may have other ways of asking a question that expects a negative answer, for example, by changing the word order of a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Is that kind of faith able to save him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
206	JAS	2	14	z9q8	figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν?	1	Faith is not able to save him, is it?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “That kind of faith is certainly not able to save him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
207	JAS	2	14	j128	figs-abstractnouns	μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν?	1	Faith is not able to save him, is it?	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract noun **faith** with a verb such as “believe.” Alternate translation: “Will merely believing in God save him?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
208	JAS	2	14	g8kr		σῶσαι αὐτόν	1	save him	Your language may require you to specify what this kind of faith cannot **save** a person from. Alternate translation: “save him from God’s judgment”
209	JAS	2	15	j129	figs-hypo	ἐὰν	1	If	James is using a hypothetical situation to teach. He begins to describe the condition in this verse. He describes the rest of the condition and the result in the next verse. Alternate translation: “Suppose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
210	JAS	2	15	f6el	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφὸς ἢ ἀδελφὴ	1	a brother or sister	As everywhere else in the book, the term **brother** refers to a fellow believer. In every other instance, the term can mean either a man or a woman. But in this verse James uses **brother** to mean a believer who is a man and **sister** to mean a believer who is a woman. If your language has both masculine and the feminine forms of the word you have been using to translate “brother,” you can use them both here. Otherwise, you can use an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “another man or woman who believes in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
211	JAS	2	15	j130		γυμνοὶ	1	unclothed	**Unclothed** can mean “naked,” and if a Bible translation already exists in your area, it may say that. But in this context, the word actually refers to lacking adequate clothes. Alternate translation: “badly clothed”
212	JAS	2	16	j131	figs-hypo	δέ	1	and	James is continuing to describe the condition of the hypothetical situation that he is using to teach. Alternate translation: “and suppose that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
213	JAS	2	16	j132	writing-pronouns	αὐτοῖς…αὐτοῖς	1	to them … them	Even though in the previous verse James spoke in the singular of “a brother or sister,” he now speaks of needy people generally in the plural, saying **them**. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could use the singular in this verse as well. Alternate translation: “to him or her … him or her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
214	JAS	2	16	j133	figs-metonymy	θερμαίνεσθε καὶ χορτάζεσθε	1	warm yourself and be satisfied	The person who would say this to people in need would be speaking figuratively of clothing by association with the way its keeps people warm and figuratively of food by association with the way it satisfies people. Alternate translation: “have adequate clothing and enough food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
215	JAS	2	16	lj89		θερμαίνεσθε	1	warm yourself	Alternate translation: “stay warm”
216	JAS	2	16	ngj8	figs-activepassive	χορτάζεσθε	1	be satisfied	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an equivalent expression that uses an active verbal form. Alternate translation: “have enough food to satisfy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
217	JAS	2	16	j134	figs-hypo	δὲ	1	but	James is continuing to describe the hypothetical situation that he is using to teach. Alternate translation: “but also suppose that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
218	JAS	2	16	j135	writing-pronouns	μὴ δῶτε	1	you do not give	At the beginning of this verse, James speaks in the third-person singular of **one of you**. But he now speaks of believers generally in the second-person plural, saying **you**, to indicate how the community as a whole might respond to this situation. If this might be confusing for your readers, you could use the third-person singular here as well. Alternate translation: “he does not give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
219	JAS	2	16	j136	figs-nominaladj	τὰ ἐπιτήδεια	1	the necessary things	James is using the adjective **necessary** in the plural as a noun. (ULT adds **things** to show this.) Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate the term with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the things that are necessary” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
220	JAS	2	16	n5jh	figs-metonymy	τοῦ σώματος	1	for the body	James is speaking figuratively of meeting physical needs that also have an emotional and spiritual dimension by association with the way that these are needs of the human **body**. Alternate translation: “for people to be warm and well-fed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
221	JAS	2	16	yi63	figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος?	1	what would be the profit?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation. See how you translated the similar expression in [2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “that does no good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
222	JAS	2	16	j137	figs-hypo	τί τὸ ὄφελος?	1	what would be the profit?	This is the result of the hypothetical situation that James has been using to teach. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Then that does no good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
223	JAS	2	17	me1d	figs-personification	ἡ πίστις, ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ ἔργα, νεκρά ἐστιν καθ’ ἑαυτήν	1	faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead	James is speaking figuratively of **faith** as if it would be a living thing if it had works but not be alive if it did not have them. Alternate translation: “a person’s faith is not genuine by itself; he must express it through works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
224	JAS	2	17	j138	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ πίστις, ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ ἔργα, νεκρά ἐστιν καθ’ ἑαυτήν	1	faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **faith** and **works** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “if a person says he believes in God but he does not do what God wants him to do, then he does not really believe in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
225	JAS	2	18	j139	figs-quotations	ἀλλ’ ἐρεῖ τις, σὺ πίστιν ἔχεις, κἀγὼ ἔργα ἔχω	1	But someone will say, “You have faith and I have works.”	See the discussion of this sentence in the General Notes to this chapter. It may be helpful to turn the direct quotation into an indirect quotation to make it clearer that the **you** who is being addressed is the same “one of you” as in [2:16](../02/16.md) and that when James says **I**, he is referring to himself. Alternate translation: “But someone may tell you that you have faith and I have works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
226	JAS	2	18	j140	figs-explicit	ἀλλ’ ἐρεῖ τις, σὺ πίστιν ἔχεις, κἀγὼ ἔργα ἔχω	1	But someone will say, “You have faith, and I have works.”	See the discussion of this sentence in the General Notes to this chapter. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate more explicitly what this statement means. (UST explains the implications even further than is suggested here.) Alternate translation: “But someone may try to reassure you that you nevertheless have faith, while I, James, have works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
227	JAS	2	18	al63	figs-hypo	ἀλλ’ ἐρεῖ τις	1	But someone will say	James is using a hypothetical situation to teach. This expression introduces the condition of the hypothetical situation. (As Part 1 of the General Introduction to James explains, in the style of speakers of this time, James is anticipating an objection that someone might make and saying how he would respond to it.) Alternate translation: “But suppose someone said to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
228	JAS	2	18	j141	figs-yousingular	σὺ πίστιν ἔχεις	1	you have faith	Here, **you** is singular because James is illustrating how someone might address one individual. James himself then addresses that same individual in the rest of this verse and in verses [19-22](../02/19.md). So if your language marks the distinction, use the singular form of “you” in your translation from here through verse 22. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
229	JAS	2	18	j142	figs-quotations	δεῖξόν μοι τὴν πίστιν σου χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων, κἀγώ σοι δείξω ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μου τὴν πίστιν	1	Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith from works	It may be helpful to make this sentence a direct quotation after an introduction to show that it is what James would say in response to the hypothetical objection. Alternate translation: “Then I would say to you, ‘Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith from works’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
230	JAS	2	18	j143	figs-hypo	δεῖξόν μοι τὴν πίστιν σου χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων, κἀγώ σοι δείξω ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μου τὴν πίστιν	1	Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith from works	This is the result of the hypothetical situation that James has been describing. Alternate translation: “Then I would say to you, ‘Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith from works’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
231	JAS	2	18	j144	figs-imperative	δεῖξόν μοι τὴν πίστιν σου χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων	1	Show me your faith without works	James is using the imperative **show me** to challenge the hypothetical “you” and make him realize that he really cannot do what James is telling him to do. Alternate translation: “You cannot show me your faith without works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
232	JAS	2	18	ii8d	figs-abstractnouns	δεῖξόν μοι τὴν πίστιν σου χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων	1	Show me your faith without works	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **faith** and **works** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “You cannot show me that you truly believe in God if you are not doing what God wants you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
233	JAS	2	18	j145	figs-declarative	κἀγώ σοι δείξω ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μου τὴν πίστιν	1	and I will show you my faith from works	James is using a future statement to indicate something he is capable of doing. Alternate translation: “but I can show you my faith from works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]])
234	JAS	2	18	j146	figs-abstractnouns	κἀγώ σοι δείξω ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μου τὴν πίστιν	1	and I will show you my faith from works	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **faith** and **works** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “but by doing what God wants me to do, I can show you that I truly believe in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
235	JAS	2	19	j147		σὺ πιστεύεις ὅτι εἷς ἐστιν ὁ Θεός	1	You believe that God is one	The verb translated **believe** comes from the same root as the word translated “faith.” It may be helpful to show that in your translation to make it clearer that James is continuing to speak to the same person as in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “You have faith that God is one”
236	JAS	2	19	j148		σὺ πιστεύεις ὅτι εἷς ἐστιν ὁ Θεός	1	You believe that God is one	As Part 1 of the General Introduction to James explains, the people to whom James was writing were believers in Jesus who had a Jewish background. As a result, they would have known that he was referring here to the essential Jewish affirmation, “Listen, Israel, Yahweh our God is one.” Moses says this in [Deuteronomy 6:4](../deu/06/04.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “You believe the essential teaching of Moses that there is one God”
237	JAS	2	19	j149	figs-irony	καλῶς ποιεῖς; καὶ τὰ δαιμόνια πιστεύουσιν καὶ φρίσσουσιν	1	You do well. The demons also believe, and they tremble	When James says **you do well**, he is saying the opposite of what he really means. He grants that believing in one God is a good thing in itself, but he is actually saying that by itself, it is the kind of faith without works that cannot save a person. He proves this by observing that the demons, who are not saved, also believe that there is one God, and this makes them tremble. Alternate translation: “You may think that is a good thing to do. But the demons also believe in one God, and they tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
238	JAS	2	19	fv39	figs-explicit	καὶ τὰ δαιμόνια πιστεύουσιν καὶ φρίσσουσιν	1	The demons also believe, and they tremble	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly why the demons **tremble** at the thought of God. Alternate translation: “The demons also believe in one God, and they tremble, knowing that God is going to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
239	JAS	2	20	ax95	figs-rquestion	θέλεις δὲ γνῶναι, ὦ ἄνθρωπε κενέ, ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν?	1	But do you wish to know, O foolish man, that faith without works is idle?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “But I can show you, O foolish man, that faith without works is idle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
240	JAS	2	20	j150	figs-idiom	θέλεις…γνῶναι	1	do you wish to know	This is an idiom. It means “I can show you” by suggesting implicitly, “If you really want to know, I can show you.” Alternate translation as a statement: “I can show you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
241	JAS	2	20	j151		ὦ ἄνθρωπε κενέ	1	O foolish man	James is addressing this hypothetical **man** in the vocative after an exclamation. If your language has a vocative case, it would be appropriate to use it here. If not, you could express the meaning in another way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you foolish man”
242	JAS	2	20	j152	figs-gendernotations	ὦ ἄνθρωπε κενέ	1	O foolish man	James is using the term **man** in a generic sense that could mean any person, male or female. Alternate translation: “you foolish person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
243	JAS	2	20	j153	figs-personification	ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν	1	faith without works is idle	James is speaking figuratively of **faith** as if it were a living thing that would be lazily doing nothing if it did not have works. Alternate translation: “a person’s faith is useless if he does not express it through works” or “a person’s faith is unproductive if he does not express it through works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
244	JAS	2	20	sd63	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν	1	faith without works is idle	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **faith** and **works** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “it is useless for a person to say that he believes in God if he does not do what God wants him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
245	JAS	2	20	j154	translate-textvariants	ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν	1	faith without works is idle	See the discussion of textual issues at the end of the General Notes to this chapter to decide whether to use this reading in your translation or a different reading, “faith without works is dead.” The note below discusses a translation issue in that reading, for those who decide to use it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
246	JAS	2	20	j155	figs-personification	ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν	1	faith without works is idle	If the reading “faith without works is dead” is accurate, then James is speaking figuratively of **faith** as if it would be alive if it had works but it would not be alive if it did not have them. Alternate translation: “a person’s faith is not genuine if he does not express it through works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
247	JAS	2	21	q8iv	figs-rquestion	Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἀνενέγκας Ἰσαὰκ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον?	1	Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up Isaac his son on the altar?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “Abraham our father was justified by works when he offered up Isaac his son on the altar.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
248	JAS	2	21	j156	figs-explicit	Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἀνενέγκας Ἰσαὰκ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον?	1	Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up Isaac his son on the altar?	James assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to a story recorded in the book of Genesis. In that story, God tells Abraham to offer his son Isaac as a sacrifice, but God does not really want Abraham to do that. Rather, God wants Abraham to demonstrate his faith and obedience by showing that he is willing to do it. God ultimately stops Abraham from sacrificing his son Isaac. You could indicate this explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers, particularly if they would not know the story and if they would think that Abraham actually did offer his son as a sacrifice. Alternate translation, as a statement: “Abraham our father was justified by works when he demonstrated that he was willing to obey God even if that meant offering his son Isaac as a sacrifice, although God did not actually want him to do that and God stopped him from doing it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
249	JAS	2	21	v3ft	figs-explicit	Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	Was not Abraham our father justified by works	See the discussion in Part 2 of the General Introduction to James about how a person is justified before God. James is not saying that Abraham did something that made God consider him righteous. Rather, as James will explain in more detail in the next two verses, God had previously declared Abraham to be righteous because Abraham believed in him. What Abraham did subsequently, when he proved that he was willing to obey God, demonstrated that his faith was genuine. You could indicate this explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers, particularly if they might misunderstand and think that Abraham did something that made God consider him righteous. Alternate translation, as a statement: “God declared Abraham our father to be righteous because what he did demonstrated that he genuinely believed in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
250	JAS	2	21	j157	figs-activepassive	Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν οὐκ…ἐδικαιώθη	1	Was not Abraham our father justified	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation, as a statement: “God justified Abraham our father” or “God declared Abraham our father to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
251	JAS	2	21	j158	translate-names	Ἀβραὰμ…Ἰσαὰκ	1	Abraham … Isaac	These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
252	JAS	2	21	ph1s	figs-metaphor	ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν	1	our father	James is using the term **father** figuratively to mean “ancestor.” Alternate translation: “Abraham our ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
253	JAS	2	21	j159	figs-exclusive	ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν	1	our father	James is Jewish, descended from Abraham, and the people to whom he is writing also come from a Jewish background, so the word **our** would be inclusive, if your language marks that distinction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
254	JAS	2	22	l1gj	figs-metaphor	βλέπεις	1	You see	Here, to **see** figuratively represents to understand. Alternate translation: “So you should understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
255	JAS	2	22	vde4	figs-personification	ἡ πίστις συνήργει τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη	1	faith was working with his works and faith was perfected from works	James is speaking figuratively of **faith** and **works** as if they were living things that could work together and help each other. Alternate translation: “Abraham was strengthened to do these works by his faith, and doing these works made his faith even stronger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
256	JAS	2	22	j160	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ πίστις συνήργει τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη	1	faith was working with his works and faith was perfected from works	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **faith** and **works** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “Abraham did these things because he believed in God, and because he did these things, he believed in God even more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
257	JAS	2	22	j161	figs-activepassive	ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη	1	faith was perfected from works	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “his works perfected his faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
258	JAS	2	22	j162		ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη	1	faith was perfected from works	The verb **perfected** comes from the same root as the adjective “perfect” that James uses several times earlier in this letter. The verb refers similarly to something developing to the point where it is fully suited to its purpose. Alternate translation: “what he did helped his faith become fully mature”
259	JAS	2	23	qh4i	figs-activepassive	ἐπληρώθη ἡ Γραφὴ	1	the scripture was fulfilled	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “this fulfilled the scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
260	JAS	2	23	l818	figs-explicit	ἐπίστευσεν δὲ Ἀβραὰμ τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην	1	And Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness	This is a quotation from [Genesis 15:6](../gen/15/06.md). James assumes that his readers will know that it refers to how Abraham responded to God’s promise that even though he and his wife were old and had no children, he would have as many descendants as the stars in the sky. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could give an explicit indication of this. Alternate translation: “Abraham believed God’s promise that he would have many descendants, and so God considered Abraham to be in a right relationship with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
261	JAS	2	23	j163	figs-explicit	φίλος Θεοῦ ἐκλήθη	1	he was called a friend of God	James assumes that his readers will know that in [Isaiah 41:8](../isa/41/08.md), God refers to the Israelites as “the offspring of Abraham my friend” and that in [2 Chronicles 20:7](../2ch/20/07.md), in a prayer to God, King Jehoshaphat refers to the Israelites as “the descendants of Abraham your friend.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could give an explicit indication of this. Alternate translation: “he was called a friend of God in later scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
262	JAS	2	23	j164	figs-activepassive	φίλος Θεοῦ ἐκλήθη	1	he was called a friend of God	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “God, speaking through Isaiah, later called him his friend, and in prayer King Jehoshaphat also described him as God’s friend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
263	JAS	2	24	j165	figs-metaphor	ὁρᾶτε	1	You see	Here, to **see** figuratively represents to understand. Alternate translation: “So you should understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
264	JAS	2	24	j166	figs-you	ὁρᾶτε	1	you see	James returns here to the plural usage that he follows in most of the letter. So in your translation, use the plural form of “you” if your language marks that distinction. Other languages may have other ways of indicating the shift back to plural here. Alternate translation: “So all of you should understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
265	JAS	2	24	j167	figs-gendernotations	ἄνθρωπος	1	a man	James is using the term **man** in a generic sense that could mean any person, male or female. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
266	JAS	2	24	yha5	figs-activepassive	δικαιοῦται	1	is justified	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “becomes right with God” or “comes to have a right relationship with God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
267	JAS	2	24	j168	figs-abstractnouns	ἐξ ἔργων…καὶ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον	1	from works and not from faith alone	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **faith** and **works** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “by what he does and not just by what he believes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
268	JAS	2	24	j169	figs-explicit	ἐξ ἔργων…καὶ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον	1	from works and not from faith alone	See the discussion in Part 2 of the General Introduction to James about how a person is justified before God. James is not saying that we need to add works to our faith in order to be justified. Rather, James is speaking of works that are an expression and proof of the saving faith that a person already has. You could indicate this explicitly if it would be helpful to your readers, particularly if they might misunderstand and think that James is saying that we have to add works to our faith in order for God to consider us righteous. Alternate translation: “by what he does as an expression of what he believes, and not just by what he believes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
269	JAS	2	25	dcv5	figs-rquestion	ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους, καὶ ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα?	1	And similarly was not Rahab the prostitute also justified from works, having welcomed the messengers and having sent them away by another road?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “Rahab the prostitute was also justified similarly from works when she welcomed the messengers and sent them away by another road.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
270	JAS	2	25	j170	figs-activepassive	ὁμοίως…καὶ Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ…ἐδικαιώθη	1	similarly was not Rahab the prostitute also justified	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “did not God similarly justify Rahab the prostitute” or “did not God similarly declare Rahab the prostitute to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
271	JAS	2	25	hir8	figs-explicit	ὁμοίως	1	similarly	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly what **similarly** means in this context. Alternate translation: “in the same way as Abraham,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
272	JAS	2	25	j171	translate-names	Ῥαὰβ	1	Rahab	**Rahab** is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
273	JAS	2	25	bx6i	figs-abstractnouns	ἐξ ἔργων	1	from works	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **works** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “by what she did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
274	JAS	2	25	pn2f	figs-explicit	ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους, καὶ ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα	1	having welcomed the messengers and having sent them away by another road	James assumes that his readers will know that he is referring to the episode recorded in the book of Joshua in which Joshua sent two spies to explore the land of Canaan. Rahab provided safety and shelter for these spies in her home, and she then sent them away safely by a route that their pursuers would not have expected them to take. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could give an explicit indication of this. Alternate translation: “when she provided shelter and safety in her home for the spies whom Joshua sent to explore the land of Canaan and when she sent these spies safely away by a route that their pursuers would not have expected them to take” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
275	JAS	2	25	xm5m	writing-pronouns	ἐκβαλοῦσα	1	having sent them away	Since there were two **messengers**, the pronoun **them** would be in the dual, if your language uses that form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
276	JAS	2	26	j172	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For	James is using this word to introduce a general principle that can be deduced from the argument he has been making since [2:14](../02/14.md) that **faith** needs to be expressed in **works**. He does not say **For**, which often means “because,” to indicate that God justified Abraham and Rahab for this reason. Rather, he is using the word **For** in order to bring his argument to its conclusion. Alternate translation: “These specific cases confirm the general principle that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
277	JAS	2	26	j173		τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος νεκρόν ἐστιν	1	the body without the spirit is dead	The word translated **spirit** can also mean “breath.” Alternate translation: “a body that does not have the breath of life in it is dead”
278	JAS	2	26	uum8	figs-personification	ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων νεκρά ἐστιν	1	faith without works is dead	James is speaking figuratively of **faith** as if it would be a living thing if it had works but not be alive if it did not have them. Alternate translation: “a person’s faith is not genuine if he does not express it through works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
279	JAS	2	26	j174	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων νεκρά ἐστιν	1	faith without works is dead	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **faith** and **works** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “if a person says he believes in God but he does not do what God wants him to do, then he does not really believe in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
280	JAS	3	intro	py3p			0		# James 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. The need for self-control in speech (3:1-12)<br>2. Worldy wisdom and heavenly wisdom contrasted (3:13-18)<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>In this chapter, James uses many illustrations from everyday life to teach his readers how to live in a way that pleases God. He speaks about horses in [3:3](../03/03.md), ships in [3:4](../03/04.md), forest fires in [3:5](../03/05.md), animal taming in [3:7](../03/07.md), springs of water in [3:11](../03/11.md), and fruit trees in [3:12](../03/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
281	JAS	3	1	p4uu		μὴ πολλοὶ διδάσκαλοι γίνεσθε	1	Do not become many teachers	Alternate translation: “Not many of you should become teachers”
282	JAS	3	1	c36b	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
283	JAS	3	1	j175		εἰδότες ὅτι	1	knowing that	Alternate translation: “since you know that”
284	JAS	3	1	v7fa	figs-exclusive	μεῖζον κρίμα λημψόμεθα	1	we will receive greater judgment	James is speaking of himself and other teachers but not of his readers, so the pronoun **we** is exclusive here. Alternate translation: “we who teach will receive greater judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
285	JAS	3	1	aw5f	figs-explicit	μεῖζον κρίμα λημψόμεθα	1	we will receive greater judgment	By **greater judgment**, James means that God will judge people who teach his word more strictly than he will judge other people. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate explicitly why that is true. Alternate translation: “God will judge us who teach his word more strictly than he will judge other people, because our teaching greatly influences what other people believe and how they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
286	JAS	3	2	j176	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For	James is using **For** to introduce the reason why most of his readers should not become teachers, not the reason why God will judge teachers more strictly. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain this reason more fully as a separate sentence, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
287	JAS	3	2	j177		πολλὰ…πταίομεν ἅπαντες	1	we all stumble much	James is using the adjective **much** as an adverb. Alternate translation: “we all stumble in many ways”
288	JAS	3	2	ab9h	figs-exclusive	πολλὰ…πταίομεν ἅπαντες	1	we all stumble much	James is now speaking of himself and other teachers and also of his readers and people in general, so the pronoun **we** is inclusive here. Alternate translation: “everyone stumbles in many ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
289	JAS	3	2	p9ek	figs-metaphor	πολλὰ…πταίομεν ἅπαντες…ἐν λόγῳ οὐ πταίει	1	we all stumble much … does not stumble in word	As in [2:10](../02/10.md), James is speaking figuratively of people sinning as if they would **stumble**, that is, trip and lose their balance while walking. Alternate translation: “we all sin in many ways … does not sin in word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
290	JAS	3	2	t6xt	figs-metonymy	εἴ τις ἐν λόγῳ οὐ πταίει	1	If anyone does not stumble in word	James is using the term **word** figuratively to mean what people say by using words. Alternate translation: “If anyone does not sin in what he says” or “If anyone does not say things that are wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
291	JAS	3	2	kn4v		οὗτος τέλειος ἀνήρ	1	he is a perfect man	As in [1:4](../01/04.md) and several other places earlier in this letter, the term **perfect** refers to something that has developed to the point where it is fully suited to its purpose. Alternate translation: “he is a spiritually mature person”
292	JAS	3	2	j178	figs-metaphor	δυνατὸς χαλιναγωγῆσαι καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	able to bridle even the whole body	As in [1:26](../01/26.md), James speaks figuratively of a person being able to **bridle** himself as if that person were controlling a horse with a bridle. Alternate translation: “able to control his whole body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
293	JAS	3	2	b16h	figs-synecdoche	δυνατὸς χαλιναγωγῆσαι καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	able to bridle even the whole body	James speaks figuratively of a person’s **body** to mean all of that person, including his actions and behavior. Alternate translation: “able to control everything he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
294	JAS	3	3	s1nf	grammar-connect-time-background	δὲ	1	Now	James uses **Now** to introduce background information in the form of an illustration that will help his readers understand what he wants to teach them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could translate the word with a phrase that shows that James is going to offer an illustration, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
295	JAS	3	3	zql3	translate-unknown	τῶν ἵππων τοὺς χαλινοὺς εἰς τὰ στόματα βάλλομεν	1	we put bits into the mouths of horses	**Horses** are large animals that are used in many cultures to transport people and goods. **Bits** are small pieces of metal that are placed into horses’ mouths to control where they go. If your readers would not be familiar with **horses** and **bits**, in your translation you could use the name of another animal and a different device, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “we put pegs into the noses of camels” or “we use small devices on the bodies of large animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
296	JAS	3	3	j179		εἰς τὸ πείθεσθαι αὐτοὺς ἡμῖν	1	for them to obey us	Alternate translation: “so that they will obey us”
297	JAS	3	3	j180	figs-metonymy	καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα αὐτῶν μετάγομεν	1	we also turn their whole body	James means that by using a bit, people can **turn** the body of a horse in whatever direction they want. James is figuratively using the action of turning a horse to mean guiding or controlling it in general. Alternate translation: “this enables us to guide their whole body” or “this enables us to control their whole body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
298	JAS	3	3	j181		ὅλον τὸ σῶμα αὐτῶν	1	their whole body	Since James speaks of **horses** in the plural, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of **body**. Alternate translation: “their whole bodies”
299	JAS	3	4	j182	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ, καὶ τὰ πλοῖα	1	Behold also the ships	The term **behold** focuses the attention of a listener or reader on what a speaker or writer is about to say. Though it literally means “look” or “see,” the term can be used figuratively to mean giving notice and attention, and that is how James is using it here. Alternate translation: “Also consider the case of ships” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
300	JAS	3	4	yn42	translate-unknown	πλοῖα…πηδαλίου	1	ships … rudder	**Ships** are large vessels that are used to transport people or goods by water. A **rudder** is a flat device attached to the back of a ship that is used to steer it. If your readers would not be familiar with what **ships** are and what a **rudder** is, in your translation you could use the name of another transportation vehicle and a different device, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “trucks … steering wheel” or “large vehicles … steering device” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
301	JAS	3	4	j183		τηλικαῦτα ὄντα, καὶ ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα	1	being so large and driven by strong winds	It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Even though they are so large and driven by strong winds”
302	JAS	3	4	k7f5	figs-activepassive	τηλικαῦτα ὄντα, καὶ ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα	1	being so large and driven by strong winds	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “Even though they are so large and strong winds drive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
303	JAS	3	4	jrk1	figs-metonymy	μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου	1	it is turned by the smallest rudder	James is figuratively using the action of turning a ship to mean guiding or controlling the ship in general. (For example, a person might turn a ship in order to keep it upright, not just to direct it to a certain place.) Alternate translation: “it is controlled by the smallest rudder” or “it is guided by the smallest rudder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
304	JAS	3	4	j184	figs-activepassive	μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου	1	it is turned by the smallest rudder	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “the smallest rudder turns it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
305	JAS	3	4	j185		μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου	1	it is turned by the smallest rudder	Since James speaks of **ships** in the plural, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural in this clause as well. Alternate translation: “they are turned by the smallest rudders” or “the smallest rudders turn them”
306	JAS	3	4	j186		ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου	1	the smallest rudder	James says **smallest**, using the superlative form of the adjective “small,” to express a meaning of the adjective in its positive form. Your language may use superlative forms in the same way. If not, you can translate this using the positive form. Alternate translation: “a very small rudder”
307	JAS	3	4	j187	figs-personification	ὅπου ἡ ὁρμὴ τοῦ εὐθύνοντος βούλεται	1	where the inclination of the one steering desires	James speaks of the **inclination** of the person steering a boat as if it were a living thing that desired to go in one direction or another. Alternate translation: “in whatever direction the one steering the boat wants it to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
308	JAS	3	4	j188	figs-nominaladj	τοῦ εὐθύνοντος	1	of the one steering	James is using the participle **steering**, which functions as an adjective, as a noun to indicate a particular crew member of a ship. Your language may have a particular term for this crew member. Alternate translation: “of the helmsman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
309	JAS	3	5	wt6i	figs-simile	οὕτως καὶ	1	Thus also	James uses the words **thus also** to introduce a simile or comparison between the human tongue and the small items he discussed in the previous two verses, a horse’s bit and a ship’s rudder. Alternate translation: “In the same way” or “Likewise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
310	JAS	3	5	j189		μικρὸν μέλος	1	a small member	Alternate translation: “a part of the body”
311	JAS	3	5	j190	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	καὶ	2	but	Here, **but** introduces a contrast between the small size of the tongue and the great things that people use their tongues in speech to boast about. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
312	JAS	3	5	j191	figs-personification	μεγάλα αὐχεῖ	1	it boasts great things	James is saying figuratively that the **tongue** is a living thing that **boasts**. Alternate translation: “with it people boast great things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
313	JAS	3	5	qx1k	figs-nominaladj	μεγάλα αὐχεῖ	1	it boasts great things	James is using the adjective **great** in the plural as a noun. (ULT adds **things** to show this.) Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate the term with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “with it people boast that they have done great things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
314	JAS	3	5	ub5h	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1	Behold	The term **Behold** focuses the attention of a listener or reader on what a speaker or writer is about to say. Alternate translation: “Consider” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
315	JAS	3	5	j192	figs-explicit	ἰδοὺ	1	Behold	The implication is that James is offering his readers a further analogy. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Consider as a further example” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
316	JAS	3	5	fr8x	translate-unknown	ἡλίκον πῦρ, ἡλίκην ὕλην ἀνάπτει	1	how small a fire kindles so large a forest	A **forest** is a place where there are many trees. If your readers would not be familiar with what a **forest** is, you could use a different illustration that would be familiar to them of an area that could be destroyed by fire, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “how a small fire can quickly spread and burn much grassland” or “how a small fire can quickly spread and burn everything in a large area” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
317	JAS	3	6	wm5q	figs-metonymy	καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ	1	The tongue is also a fire	James is using the **tongue** figuratively to represent what people say, by association with the way the tongue is used for speech. Alternate translation: “What we say is also a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
318	JAS	3	6	j193	figs-metaphor	καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ	1	The tongue is also a fire	James is using **fire** as an analogy for the destructive effects of what people say. Alternate translation: “What we say can also be very destructive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
319	JAS	3	6	i61e	figs-idiom	ὁ κόσμος τῆς ἀδικίας	1	a world of unrighteousness	This is an idiom. The sense is that all the **unrighteousness** in the **world** could be expressed in what someone said. Alternate translation: “a vast source of unrighteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
320	JAS	3	6	j194	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς ἀδικίας	1	of unrighteousness	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **unrighteousness** with an equivalent expression. In this context, the term refers to wrong things that people say. Alternate translation: “of sinful sayings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
321	JAS	3	6	j195	figs-activepassive	καθίσταται ἐν	1	is placed among	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active verbal form. Alternate translation: “is in the middle of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
322	JAS	3	6	j196		τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν	1	our members	Alternate translation: “the other parts of our body”
323	JAS	3	6	j197	figs-nominaladj	ἡ σπιλοῦσα	1	the thing staining	James is using the participle **staining**, which functions as an adjective, with the definite article as a noun. (ULT indicates this by adding **thing**.) Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Some languages may be able to use the participle by itself. Alternate translation: “staining” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
324	JAS	3	6	sv44	figs-metaphor	σπιλοῦσα ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	staining the whole body	James speaks figuratively of the effects of speech as if a person’s tongue were **staining** his **body**. Alternate translation: “making the whole body impure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
325	JAS	3	6	j198	figs-metaphor	σπιλοῦσα ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	staining the whole body	James is figuratively using the **body** to represent the entire person, since he is saying in this verse that bad speech has morally corrupting effects. Alternate translation: “making the whole person morally corrupt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
326	JAS	3	6	j199	figs-idiom	φλογίζουσα τὸν τροχὸν τῆς γενέσεως	1	setting the course of existence on fire	The **course of existence** is an idiom that could mean: (1) This refers to a person’s entire life, from birth to death. Alternate translation: “setting a person’s entire life on fire” (2) This refers to succeeding generations. Alternate translation: “setting on fire one generation of people after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
327	JAS	3	6	lf1j	figs-metaphor	φλογίζουσα τὸν τροχὸν τῆς γενέσεως	1	setting the course of existence on fire	James is speaking figuratively of the destructive effects of bad speech as if they were **setting** a person’s life **on fire**. Alternate translation: “causing destruction throughout a person’s entire life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
328	JAS	3	6	a7qd	figs-activepassive	φλογιζομένη ὑπὸ τῆς Γεέννης	1	it is set on fire by Gehenna	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active verbal form. Alternate translation: “Gehenna sets it on fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
329	JAS	3	6	j200	figs-metaphor	φλογιζομένη ὑπὸ τῆς Γεέννης	1	it is set on fire by Gehenna	James continues to speak figuratively of the destructive effects of bad speech as if they were **fire**. Alternate translation: “its destructive effects come from Gehenna” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
330	JAS	3	6	j201	translate-names	τῆς Γεέννης	1	Gehenna	**Gehenna** is the Greek name for a place, the Valley of Hinnom just outside Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
331	JAS	3	6	j202	figs-metaphor	τῆς Γεέννης	1	Gehenna	James is figuratively using the name of this place, where refuse was thrown and fires burned continually, to mean hell. Alternate translation: “hell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
332	JAS	3	6	j203	figs-metaphor	τῆς Γεέννης	1	Gehenna	Since hell, as a location, would not be able to influence people’s speech and conduct, James is likely using the name **Gehenna** figuratively to mean the devil by association. Alternate translation: “the devil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
333	JAS	3	7	j204	grammar-connect-time-background	γὰρ	1	For	James uses **For** to introduce background information in the form of an illustration that will help his readers understand what he wants to teach them. Alternate translation: “Now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
334	JAS	3	7	j205	figs-hyperbole	πᾶσα…φύσις θηρίων τε καὶ πετεινῶν, ἑρπετῶν τε καὶ ἐναλίων, δαμάζεται καὶ δεδάμασται	1	every kind, both of beasts and birds, both of reptiles and marine animals, is being tamed and has been tamed	Here, **every** is a generalization for emphasis. Alternate translation: “many different kinds of beasts, birds, reptiles, and marine animals are being tamed and have been tamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
335	JAS	3	7	j206		πᾶσα γὰρ φύσις θηρίων τε καὶ πετεινῶν, ἑρπετῶν τε καὶ ἐναλίων	1	every kind, both of beasts and birds, both of reptiles and marine animals	If you retain the generalization in your translation, it might be more natural in your language to use the singular for the creatures on this list. Alternate translation: “every kind of beast, bird, reptile, and marine animal”
336	JAS	3	7	j207	figs-merism	πᾶσα γὰρ φύσις θηρίων τε καὶ πετεινῶν, ἑρπετῶν τε καὶ ἐναλίων	1	every kind, both of beasts and birds, both of reptiles and marine animals	James is figuratively using various categories of creatures to mean every creature. Alternate translation: “every kind of creature that exists” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
337	JAS	3	7	zw5m	figs-nominaladj	ἐναλίων	1	marine animals	James is using the adjective **marine** in the plural as a noun. (ULT adds **animals** to show this.) Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate the term with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “sea creatures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
338	JAS	3	7	ug59	figs-activepassive	δαμάζεται καὶ δεδάμασται τῇ φύσει τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ	1	is being tamed and has been tamed by the human kind	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation (place the phrase right after “For”): “the human kind is taming and has tamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
339	JAS	3	7	j208	figs-doublet	δαμάζεται καὶ δεδάμασται τῇ φύσει τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ	1	is being tamed and has been tamed by the human kind	James says both **is being tamed** and **has been tamed** for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these two phrases. Alternate translation (place the phrase right after “For”): “the human kind is in the process of taming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
340	JAS	3	7	j209		τῇ φύσει τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ	1	by the human kind	Alternate translation: “by people”
341	JAS	3	8	j210	figs-gendernotations	οὐδεὶς…ἀνθρώπων	1	none of men	James is using the term **men** in a generic sense that includes all people. Alternate translation: “no human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
342	JAS	3	8	q9xe	figs-metaphor	δαμάσαι	1	to tame	By analogy with the animals he discussed in the previous verse, James is using the word **tame** to mean “control.” Alternate translation: “to control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
343	JAS	3	8	j211	figs-metonymy	τὴν…γλῶσσαν	1	the tongue	James is using the **tongue** figuratively to represent what people say, by association with the way the tongue is used for speech. Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
344	JAS	3	8	j212	figs-nominaladj	ἀκατάστατον κακόν	1	an unsettled evil	James is using the adjective **evil** as a noun. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “an unsettled evil thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
345	JAS	3	8	j213	figs-personification	ἀκατάστατον κακόν	1	an unsettled evil	In this context, the word **unsettled** means “restless.” James is speaking figuratively of the **tongue** as if it were a living thing that could never rest because it always had to be saying bad things. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “We are constantly saying evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
346	JAS	3	8	m7vi	figs-metaphor	μεστὴ ἰοῦ θανατηφόρου	1	full of deadly poison	James is using **deadly poison** as an analogy for the destructive effects of what people say. Alternate translation (continuing a new sentence): “and what we say has very destructive effects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
347	JAS	3	9	le6h	writing-pronouns	ἐν αὐτῇ εὐλογοῦμεν…καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ καταρώμεθα	1	With it we bless … and with it we curse	The pronoun **it** refers to the tongue. Alternate translation: “With our tongue we bless … and with our tongue we curse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
348	JAS	3	9	j214	figs-metonymy	ἐν αὐτῇ εὐλογοῦμεν…καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ καταρώμεθα	1	With it we bless … and with it we curse	James is using the **tongue** figuratively to represent what people say, by association with the way the tongue is used for speech. Alternate translation: “We use our tongue in speech to bless … and we use our tongue in speech to curse” or “By what we say, we bless … and by what we say, we curse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
349	JAS	3	9	ucm9		εὐλογοῦμεν	1	we bless	In this context, **bless** does not mean to confer a blessing on someone, as a superior would to an inferior. Rather, it means to say good things about someone. Alternate translation: “we say good things about”
350	JAS	3	9	j215	figs-hendiadys	τὸν Κύριον καὶ Πατέρα	1	the Lord and Father	James is not talking about two different people. He is expressing a single idea by using two nouns connected with **and**. The noun **Father** further identifies **the Lord**. Alternate translation: “the Lord our Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
351	JAS	3	9	j216	guidelines-sonofgodprinciples	Πατέρα	1	Father	**Father** is an important title for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
352	JAS	3	9	j217	figs-gendernotations	τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	men	James is using the term **men** in a generic sense that includes all people. Alternate translation: “people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
353	JAS	3	9	umg1	figs-explicit	τοὺς καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ γεγονότας	1	who have come into being according to the likeness of God	James means implicitly that God created people in his own **likeness**. Alternate translation: “whom God made according to his own likeness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
354	JAS	3	10	j218	figs-metonymy	ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ στόματος ἐξέρχεται εὐλογία καὶ κατάρα	1	Out of the same mouth come blessing and cursing	James is using the **mouth** figuratively to represent what people say, by association with the way the mouth is used for speech. Alternate translation: “The same person speaks blessing and cursing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
355	JAS	3	10	a1ly	figs-abstractnouns	ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ στόματος ἐξέρχεται εὐλογία καὶ κατάρα	1	Out of the same mouth come blessing and cursing	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **blessing** and **cursing** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “The same person says things to bless God and to curse people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
356	JAS	3	10	j219		εὐλογία	1	blessing	See how you translated the word “bless” in [3:9](../03/09.md). You may wish to use a similar translation here. Alternate translation: “good sayings”
357	JAS	3	10	n9zy	figs-idiom	οὐ χρή, ἀδελφοί μου, ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι	1	It is not necessary, my brothers, for these things to happen thus	James is speaking idiomatically here. Alternate translation: “My brothers, things like this should not happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
358	JAS	3	10	qrs2	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
359	JAS	3	11	j220	figs-doublenegatives	μήτι ἡ πηγὴ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ὀπῆς βρύει τὸ γλυκὺ καὶ τὸ πικρόν	1	A spring does not gush the sweet and the bitter from the same opening, does it	The first word of this sentence in Greek is a negative word that can be used to turn a statement into a question that expects a negative answer. ULT shows this by adding “does it?” Your language may have other ways of asking a question that expects a negative answer, for example, by changing the word order of a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Does a spring gush the sweet and the bitter from the same opening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
360	JAS	3	11	mz8d	figs-rquestion	μήτι ἡ πηγὴ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ὀπῆς βρύει τὸ γλυκὺ καὶ τὸ πικρόν?	1	A spring does not gush the sweet and the bitter from the same opening, does it?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “A spring does not gush the sweet and the bitter from the same opening!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
361	JAS	3	11	j221		ἡ πηγὴ	1	A spring	In this context, the term **spring** refers to a spring of water, that is, a source of water that comes up from the ground. Alternate translation: “A spring of water”
362	JAS	3	11	j222	figs-nominaladj	τὸ γλυκὺ καὶ τὸ πικρόν	1	the sweet and the bitter	James is using the adjectives **sweet** and **bitter** as nouns to refer to types of water. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “sweet water and bitter water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
363	JAS	3	12	j223	figs-doublenegatives	μὴ δύναται, ἀδελφοί μου, συκῆ ἐλαίας ποιῆσαι	1	A fig tree is not able to make olives, is it	The first word of this sentence in Greek is a negative word that can be used to turn a statement into a question that expects a negative answer. ULT shows this by adding “is it?” Your language may have other ways of asking a question that expects a negative answer, for example, by changing the word order of a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Is a fig tree able to make olives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
364	JAS	3	12	z3qg	figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται, ἀδελφοί μου, συκῆ ἐλαίας ποιῆσαι	1	A fig tree is not able to make olives, is it	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “A fig tree is not able to make olives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
365	JAS	3	12	j224	translate-unknown	μὴ δύναται, ἀδελφοί μου, συκῆ ἐλαίας ποιῆσαι	1	A fig tree is not able to make olives, is it	A **fig tree** is a tree that produces small, sweet fruit. **Olives** also grow on trees, so they are technically fruit, but they are oily and pungent. If your readers would not be familiar with these kinds of fruit, you could use two other contrasting kinds of fruit as examples, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation (as a statement): “One kind of tree is not able to produce fruit that would grow on a different kind of tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
366	JAS	3	12	jjj8	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
367	JAS	3	12	bu4l	figs-ellipsis	ἢ ἄμπελος σῦκα	1	or a grapevine, figs	James is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from earlier in the sentence. Alternate translation: “or is a grapevine able to make figs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
368	JAS	3	12	j225	figs-rquestion	ἢ ἄμπελος σῦκα	1	or a grapevine, figs	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement if you also translated the question in the earlier part of the sentence as a statement. Alternate translation: “and a grapevine is not able to make figs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
369	JAS	3	12	j226	translate-unknown	ἢ ἄμπελος σῦκα	1	or a grapevine, figs	A **grapevine** is a woody vine that produces small, juicy fruit. This fruit is quite different from **figs**. If your readers would not be familiar with these kinds of fruit, you could use two other contrasting kinds of fruit as examples, or you could use a general expression. If you already used a general expression earlier in the verse, you could restate it here as a separate sentence for emphasis. Alternate translation: “No, a tree is not able to do that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
370	JAS	3	12	j227	figs-explicit	οὔτε ἁλυκὸν γλυκὺ ποιῆσαι ὕδωρ	1	Nor salty to make sweet water	James concludes his teaching about speech with this final example. It may be helpful after this example to restate the implications of all the examples that James has given in this verse and in the previous verse, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
371	JAS	3	12	j228	figs-ellipsis	οὔτε ἁλυκὸν γλυκὺ ποιῆσαι ὕδωρ	1	Nor salty to make sweet water	James is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from earlier in the verse. Alternate translation: “And something that is salty is not able to produce sweet water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
372	JAS	3	12	j229	figs-nominaladj	ἁλυκὸν	1	salty	James is using the adjective **salty** as a noun. Since James is speaking of something that can **make** or produce **water**, he is likely speaking of a spring. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “a saline spring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
373	JAS	3	13	fgb7	figs-rquestion	τίς σοφὸς καὶ ἐπιστήμων ἐν ὑμῖν? δειξάτω	1	Who is wise and understanding among you? Let him show	James is not looking for information. He is using the question form to express a condition. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate this as a conditional statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is wise and understanding among you, let him show” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
374	JAS	3	13	j230	figs-doublet	σοφὸς καὶ ἐπιστήμων	1	wise and understanding	The words **wise** and **understanding** mean similar things. James is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate them with a single expression. Alternate translation: “truly wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
375	JAS	3	13	f9xv	figs-abstractnouns	δειξάτω ἐκ τῆς καλῆς ἀναστροφῆς τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ ἐν πραΰτητι σοφίας	1	Let him show his works from good conduct in the humility of wisdom	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **works**, **conduct**, **humility**, and **wisdom** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “Let him show by conducting himself well, and by being humble as a wise person should be, that he does what God wants him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
376	JAS	3	13	j231	figs-possession	ἐν πραΰτητι σοφίας	1	in the humility of wisdom	James is using the possessive form to describe **humility** that comes from **wisdom**. Alternate translation: “in the humility that comes from wisdom” or “with the humble attitude that comes from being wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
377	JAS	3	14	j232	figs-metaphor	ζῆλον πικρὸν ἔχετε, καὶ ἐριθείαν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν	1	you have bitter envy and ambition in your heart	James is using the **heart** figuratively to represent the thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “you have bitterly envious and ambitious thoughts and feelings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
378	JAS	3	14	js7b	figs-abstractnouns	ζῆλον πικρὸν ἔχετε, καὶ ἐριθείαν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν	1	you have bitter jealousy and ambition in your heart	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **jealousy** and **ambition** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “in your heart you resent what other people have and you want to be more successful than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
379	JAS	3	14	j233		τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν	1	your heart	Since **you** and **your** are plural in this verse, if you retain the metaphor **heart** in your translation, it might be more natural in your language to use the plural form of that word. Alternate translation: “your hearts”
380	JAS	3	14	j234	figs-explicit	μὴ κατακαυχᾶσθε καὶ ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας	1	do not boast and lie against the truth	Since James says in the previous verse that someone who is truly wise will be humble, he could be saying here that if someone claims to be wise but is jealous and ambitious, he is showing that he is actually not wise. Alternate translation: “then do not boast that you are wise, because that would not be true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
381	JAS	3	14	a191	figs-abstractnouns	ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας	1	lie against the truth	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **truth** with an adjective such as “true.” Alternate translation: “tell lies that are not true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
382	JAS	3	14	j235	figs-explicitinfo	ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας	1	lie against the truth	In your language, it might seem that this phrase expresses unnecessary extra information. If so, you could express the same meaning in a different way. Alternate translation: “say things that are not true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]])
383	JAS	3	15	j236	figs-explicit	αὕτη	1	This	**This** refers to the “bitter jealousy and ambition” that James describes in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “This bitter jealousy and ambition” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
384	JAS	3	15	g44u	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ σοφία	1	the wisdom	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **wisdom** with an adjective such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “the wise way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
385	JAS	3	15	clz6	figs-metaphor	ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη	1	that comes down from above	James says **from above**, meaning “from heaven,” as a spatial metaphor that means “from God.” Alternate translation: “that comes from God” or “that God teaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
386	JAS	3	15	h36b	figs-metonymy	ἐπίγειος	1	earthly	The word **earthly** refers to the values and behavior of people who do not honor God. James uses the word by association with the way such people live on earth without regard for the values and behavior that are characteristic of heaven. Alternate translation: “not honoring to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
387	JAS	3	15	a2u6	figs-metonymy	ψυχική	1	soulish	James is figuratively using one part of the human being, the soul, as opposed to another part, the spirit, to mean “unspiritual.” The sense could be either that this behavior has no regard for spiritual things or that it does not come from the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “unspiritual” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
388	JAS	3	15	mzc9		δαιμονιώδης	1	demonic	Alternate translation: “from demons” or “like the behavior of demons”
389	JAS	3	16	j237	grammar-connect-logic-result	γὰρ	1	For	James is giving the reason for the statement he made in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “It is clear that this is not godly wisdom, because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
390	JAS	3	16	x5jz	figs-abstractnouns	ὅπου…ζῆλος καὶ ἐριθεία, ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία καὶ πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα	1	where there is envy and ambition, there is unsettledness and every wicked deed	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **envy**, **ambition**, and **unsettledness** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “For when people are envious and ambitious, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
391	JAS	3	16	vmt4	figs-hyperbole	πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα	1	every wicked deed	Here, **every** is a generalization for emphasis. Alternate translation: “many kinds of wicked deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
392	JAS	3	17	s8w4	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ…σοφία	1	the wisdom	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **wisdom** with an adjective such as “wise.” Alternate translation: “the wise way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
393	JAS	3	17	hhk5	figs-metaphor	ἄνωθεν	1	from above	See how you translated this in [3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “that comes from God” or “that God teaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
394	JAS	3	17	hfh9	figs-metaphor	καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν	1	good fruits	James speaks figuratively of **good fruits** to mean kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: “good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
395	JAS	3	17	by2l		ἀνυπόκριτος	1	sincere	Alternate translation: “not hypocritical” or “honest” or “truthful”
396	JAS	3	18	md56	figs-metaphor	καρπὸς…δικαιοσύνης ἐν εἰρήνῃ σπείρεται, τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace by those who make peace	James speaks figuratively of those who **make peace** as if they were sowing seeds, and of righteousness as if it were **fruit** that grew from those seeds. Alternate translation: “those who work in peace to make peace produce righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
397	JAS	3	18	htr1	figs-abstractnouns	καρπὸς…δικαιοσύνης ἐν εἰρήνῃ σπείρεται, τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace by those who make peace	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **righteousness** and **peace** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “those who work peacefully to help people live together peacefully are helping those people to live in the right way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
398	JAS	3	18	j238	figs-activepassive	καρπὸς…δικαιοσύνης ἐν εἰρήνῃ σπείρεται, τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace by those who make peace	If you decide to retain the metaphor of sowing, you could express it with an active verbal form, if that would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “those who make peace sow the fruit of righteousness in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
399	JAS	4	intro	r6vv			0		# James 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Worldly desires and the sin and conflict they cause (4:1-12)<br>2. A warning against boasting about tomorrow (4:13-17)<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Adultery<br><br>Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. James uses the same metaphor in [4:4](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])
400	JAS	4	1	j239		πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν	1	Whence are wars and whence are battles among you	The word translated **whence** means “from where.” Your language may have a similar word that you can use in your translation. Otherwise, you can express the same meaning in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Where do wars and battles among you come from”
401	JAS	4	1	j240	figs-metaphor	πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν	1	Whence are wars and whence are battles among you	James is using the terms **wars** and **battles** figuratively. Alternate translation: “Where do the conflicts and disputes that you are having come from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
402	JAS	4	1	pqx2	figs-rquestion	πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν?	1	Whence are wars and whence are battles among you?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you where the conflicts and disputes that you are having come from.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
403	JAS	4	1	ub82	figs-doublet	πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν?	1	Whence are wars and whence are battles among you?	The words **wars** and **battles** mean similar things. James is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate them with a single expression. Alternate translation (as a statement): “I will tell you where the continual conflicts that you are having come from.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
404	JAS	4	1	j241	figs-rquestion	οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν?	1	Are they not hence, from your lusts, which fight in your members?	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is where they come from: from your lusts, which fight in your members.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
405	JAS	4	1	j242		οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν	1	Are they not hence	The word translated **hence** means “from here.” Your language may have a similar word that you can use in your translation. Otherwise, you can express the same meaning in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Do they not come from here”
406	JAS	4	1	v5kg	figs-metaphor	τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν	1	your lusts, which fight in your members	As in [3:6](../03/06.md), **members** means “parts of the body.” This could mean: (1) The phrase **in your members** may indicate the location of the **lusts** that James is describing. He could be saying that the outward fights between members of the community have their origin in inward lusts that lead people to fight for what they want, as he describes in the next verse. If so, he is using the parts of the body figuratively to represent a person’s thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “the lusts inside of you that fight” (2) The word translated **in** may mean “among.” The sense would then be that these **lusts** fight against one part of the person after another, seeking to gain control of the whole person. Since the **lusts** would actually be gaining control over non-physical aspects of a person, such as his will and values, James would once again be using the physical parts of the body figuratively to express his meaning. Alternate translation: “your lusts, which fight to control you” (3) James may be speaking figuratively of the community of believers as if it were a body and of individual believers as if they were parts of that body. Alternate translation: “your lusts, which fight against other believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
407	JAS	4	1	vpe2	figs-personification	τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν	1	your lusts, which fight in your members	In all of the cases that the previous note discusses, James would be speaking figuratively of **lusts** as if they were living things that could **fight.** Alternate translation: (1) “the lusts inside of you that cause you to fight to get what you want” (2) “your lusts, which cause you to value and choose certain things in order to gratify them” or (3) “your lusts, which cause you to fight against other believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
408	JAS	4	2	j243	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἐπιθυμεῖτε καὶ οὐκ ἔχετε; φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε, καὶ οὐ δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν	1	You covet, and you do not have. You kill and envy, and you are not able to obtain	In both of these sentences, James is using the word translated **and** to introduce a contrast between the first and second clauses. Alternate translation: “You covet, but you do not have. You kill and envy, but you are not able to obtain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
409	JAS	4	2	j244		ἐπιθυμεῖτε καὶ οὐκ ἔχετε; φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε, καὶ οὐ δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν	1	You covet, and you do not have. You kill and envy, and you are not able to obtain	Your language may require you to specify the objects of **have** and **obtain**. Alternate translation: “You covet, but you do not have what you covet. You kill and envy, but you are not able to obtain the things that you envy”
410	JAS	4	2	j245	figs-parallelism	ἐπιθυμεῖτε καὶ οὐκ ἔχετε; φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε, καὶ οὐ δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν	1	You covet, and you do not have. You kill and envy, and you are not able to obtain	These two sentences mean similar things. James is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “You desperately want things that other people have, but you cannot get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
411	JAS	4	2	khh9	figs-metaphor	φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε	1	You kill and envy	James probably does not mean the word **kill** literally. Rather, this could mean: (1) James may be using the word in a figurative and spiritual sense to mean “hate.” This usage would reflect the teaching of Jesus and the apostles. Jesus said that the meaning of the commandment “do not kill” also applied to being angry with others and insulting them ([Matthew 5:21-22](../mat/05/21.md)). The apostle John wrote that “everyone who hates his brother is a murderer” ([1 John 3:15](../1jn/03/15.md)). Alternate translation: “You hate and envy” (2) James may be describing someone wanting something so badly that he would almost kill to get it. Alternate translation: “You envy almost to the point of murder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
412	JAS	4	2	j246	figs-hendiadys	φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε	1	You kill and envy	James is expressing a single idea by using two words connected with **and.** The word **kill** describes how his readers **envy** what others have. Alternate translation: (1) “you envy hatefully” (2) “you envy murderously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
413	JAS	4	2	j247	figs-metaphor	μάχεσθε καὶ πολεμεῖτε	1	You battle and war	As in [4:1](../04/01.md), James is using the terms **battle** and **war** figuratively. Alternate translation: “You engage in disputes and conflicts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
414	JAS	4	2	v9m8	figs-doublet	μάχεσθε καὶ πολεμεῖτε	1	You battle and war	The words **battle** and **war** mean similar things. James is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate them with a single expression. Alternate translation: “You have continual conflicts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
415	JAS	4	2	j248	figs-explicit	οὐκ ἔχετε, διὰ τὸ μὴ αἰτεῖσθαι ὑμᾶς	1	You do not have because you do not ask	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say more fully what this means. Alternate translation: “You do not get what you want because you do not ask God for it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
416	JAS	4	3	j249	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	αἰτεῖτε καὶ οὐ λαμβάνετε	1	You ask and you do not receive	James is using the word translated **and** to introduce a contrast between these two clauses. Alternate translation: “You ask but you do not receive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
417	JAS	4	3	nk57		κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε	1	you ask badly	James does not mean that his readers are asking for things in the wrong way. He means that they are asking for the wrong reason. Alternate translation: “you are asking for the wrong reason”
418	JAS	4	3	j250	figs-metaphor	ἵνα ἐν ταῖς ἡδοναῖς ὑμῶν δαπανήσητε	1	so that you may spend on your lusts	James says figuratively that his readers would **spend** what they acquired on their lusts. Alternate translation: “so that you can gratify your sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
419	JAS	4	4	j251		μοιχαλίδες	1	Adulteresses	James is addressing his readers in the vocative. If your language has a vocative case, it would be appropriate to use it here. If not, you could express the meaning in another way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You adulteresses”
420	JAS	4	4	efi8	figs-metaphor	μοιχαλίδες	1	Adulteresses	James is figuratively describing his readers as married women who have sexual relations with men who are not their husbands. This metaphor is used many places in the Bible to represent unfaithfulness to God. Alternate translation: “You are not being faithful to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
421	JAS	4	4	wu5v	figs-rquestion	οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου, ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν?	1	Do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity with God?	James is using the question form for emphasis and as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Certainly you know that friendship with the world is enmity with God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
422	JAS	4	4	j252	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου, ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν	1	friendship with the world is enmity with God	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **friendship** and **enmity** with the concrete nouns “friend” and “enemy.” Alternate translation: “if you are a friend of the world, you are an enemy of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
423	JAS	4	4	b5ly	figs-metonymy	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου	1	friendship with the world	As in [1:27](../01/27.md), James is using the term **world** figuratively to mean the system of values shared by people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: “friendship with an ungodly value system” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
424	JAS	4	4	br36	figs-personification	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου	1	friendship with the world	James is speaking figuratively of this ungodly value system as if it were a person with whom someone could be friends. Alternate translation: “living by an ungodly value system” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
425	JAS	4	4	jf1g	figs-metaphor	ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν	1	is enmity with God	James probably does not consider that his readers have literally become sworn enemies of God. He is using the term **enmity** figuratively to describe how opposed the worldly value system is to the way God wants people to live. Alternate translation: “is contrary to what God wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
426	JAS	4	4	j253	figs-metonymy	φίλος εἶναι τοῦ κόσμου	1	to be a friend of the world	See how you translated the term **world** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “to be a friend of an ungodly value system” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
427	JAS	4	4	j254	figs-personification	φίλος εἶναι τοῦ κόσμου	1	to be a friend of the world	James speaks figuratively again of the ungodly value system as if it were a person with whom someone could be friends. Alternate translation: “to live by an ungodly value system” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
428	JAS	4	4	j255	figs-activepassive	καθίσταται	1	is made	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “makes himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
429	JAS	4	4	j256	figs-metaphor	ἐχθρὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	an enemy of God	See how you translated the similar expression earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “someone who lives in a way contrary to what God wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
430	JAS	4	5	i2y4	figs-rquestion	ἢ δοκεῖτε ὅτι κενῶς ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει	1	Or do you think that the Scripture says vainly	James is using the question form as a teaching tool. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement. (In this context, the term **vainly** means “for no good reason,” not “in a conceited way.”) Alternate translation: “There is a good reason why the Scripture says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
431	JAS	4	5	j257		ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει	1	the Scripture says	James is describing the general teaching of the Bible, not referring to a specific passage. In cases like this, your language might use the plural instead of the singular. Alternate translation: “the Scriptures say”
432	JAS	4	5	j258	figs-personification	ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει	1	the Scripture says	James is speaking figuratively of the Bible as if it could speak on its own. Alternate translation: “it is written in the Scriptures” or “we can read in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
433	JAS	4	5	bx68		πρὸς φθόνον ἐπιποθεῖ τὸ Πνεῦμα ὃ κατῴκισεν ἐν ἡμῖν	1	The Spirit whom he caused to live in us longs with jealousy	This could mean: (1) The word **Spirit** may mean the Holy Spirit, who could be the subject of the verb **longs**. The idea of the Spirit being jealous would fit with the adultery metaphor in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “The Spirit whom God has caused to live in us longs for us to live faithfully to God” (2) The word **Spirit** may mean the Holy Spirit, who could be the object of the verb **longs**, in which case God would be the subject of that verb. This interpretation would also fit with the adultery metaphor. Alternate translation: “God longs jealously for us to live by the Spirit whom he has caused to live in us” (3) This could possibly be a reference to the human spirit, in which case the statement would be repeating what James said in [4:2](../04/02.md) about people coveting and envying. Alternate translation: “The spirit that God has caused to live in us longs jealously for things that it does not have”
434	JAS	4	5	j259	writing-pronouns	ὃ κατῴκισεν ἐν ἡμῖν	1	whom he caused to live in us	Whatever the interpretation of the entire sentence, the pronoun **he** in this clause refers to God. Alternate translation: “whom God caused to live in us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
435	JAS	4	6	ub8z	figs-explicit	μείζονα δὲ δίδωσιν χάριν	1	But he gives greater grace	In light of what he says in the previous two verses, James is drawing a contrast between what God might be expected to do and what God actually does. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the contrast more explicitly. Alternate translation: “But even though God is jealous if we are friends with the world, he does not reject us. Instead, he gives us even more grace to be friends with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
436	JAS	4	6	j260	writing-pronouns	μείζονα δὲ δίδωσιν χάριν	1	But he gives greater grace	The pronoun **he** refers to God. Alternate translation: “But God gives greater grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
437	JAS	4	6	j261		μείζονα…χάριν	1	greater grace	The comparative **greater** refers to quantity rather than to size. Alternate translation: “even more grace”
438	JAS	4	6	hyh2	writing-pronouns	διὸ λέγει	1	Therefore it says	The pronoun **it** refers to the Scripture, the antecedent from the previous verse. Even though James is now quoting a specific passage, [Proverbs 3:34](../pro/03/34.md), rather than a general teaching, the reference is to the Bible as a whole. Alternate translation: “Therefore the Scripture says” or “Therefore the Scriptures say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
439	JAS	4	6	j262	figs-personification	λέγει	1	it says	James is speaking figuratively of the Bible as if it could speak on its own. Alternate translation: “it is written in the Scriptures” or “we can read in the Scriptures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
440	JAS	4	6	qs61	figs-nominaladj	ὑπερηφάνοις…ταπεινοῖς	1	the proud … the humble	James is using the adjectives **proud** and **humble** as nouns to refer to types of people. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “proud people … humble people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
441	JAS	4	7	g7e5	figs-activepassive	ὑποτάγητε οὖν	1	Be submitted, therefore	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “Submit, therefore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
442	JAS	4	7	da5t	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὑποτάγητε οὖν	1	Be submitted, therefore	James is giving the reason for the result he described in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Because God gives grace to the humble, be submitted” or “Because God gives grace to the humble, submit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
443	JAS	4	7	j263	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἀντίστητε δὲ τῷ διαβόλῳ, καὶ φεύξεται ἀφ’ ὑμῶν	1	But resist the devil, and he will flee from you	James is using the word translated **and** to describe a result. Alternate translation: “But resist the devil. If you do, then he will flee from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
444	JAS	4	7	nud3		ἀντίστητε…τῷ διαβόλῳ	1	resist the devil	Alternate translation: “resolve not to do what the devil wants”
445	JAS	4	7	w9ue	figs-metaphor	φεύξεται ἀφ’ ὑμῶν	1	he will flee from you	James is speaking figuratively of the devil as if he would run away from a believer who resisted him after humbling himself before God. Alternate translation: “he will stop trying to get you to do what he wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
446	JAS	4	8	j264	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἐγγίσατε τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ ἐγγιεῖ ὑμῖν	1	Come near to God and he will come near to you	James is using the word translated **and** to describe a result. Alternate translation: “If you come near to God, then he will come near to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
447	JAS	4	8	g62m	figs-metaphor	ἐγγίσατε τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ ἐγγιεῖ ὑμῖν	1	Come near to God and he will come near to you	James is using a spatial metaphor to describe two people in a good relationship as if they were **near** to one another. Alternate translation: “Do your part to have a good relationship with God, and you will find that God also wants to have a good relationship with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
448	JAS	4	8	j265	figs-metaphor	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας	1	Cleanse your hands	James is using the image of washing hands to describe a person removing sin from his life. Alternate translation: “Stop sinning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
449	JAS	4	8	elh1	figs-metonymy	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας	1	Cleanse your hands	James is using the word **hands** figuratively to mean actions, by association with the way people use their hands to do things. Alternate translation: “Stop doing things that are wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
450	JAS	4	8	j266		ἁμαρτωλοί	1	sinners	James is addressing his readers in the vocative. If your language has a vocative case, it would be appropriate to use it here. If not, you could express the meaning in another way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you sinners”
451	JAS	4	8	j267	figs-metaphor	ἁγνίσατε καρδίας	1	purify your hearts	James says **hearts** figuratively to mean people’s thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “purify your thoughts and desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
452	JAS	4	8	mw54	figs-metaphor	ἁγνίσατε καρδίας	1	purify your hearts	The term **purify** refers to a ceremonial cleansing that allows a person to participate in religious activities. James is speaking figuratively as if his readers’ **hearts** could be cleansed in this way. Alternate translation: “make sure you are not thinking or desiring anything wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
453	JAS	4	8	j268	figs-nominaladj	δίψυχοι	1	double-minded	James is using the adjective **double-minded** as a noun to refer to a type of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “double-minded people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
454	JAS	4	8	j269		δίψυχοι	1	double-minded	James is addressing his readers in the vocative. If your language has a vocative case, it would be appropriate to use it here. If not, you could express the meaning in another way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you double-minded people”
455	JAS	4	8	iw61	figs-metaphor	δίψυχοι	1	double-minded	See how you translated the same expression in [1:8](../01/08.md). James is speaking figuratively of his readers as if they had two minds, with one mind deciding to do one thing and the other mind deciding to do something else. Alternate translation: “you people who cannot decide whether to obey God or not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
456	JAS	4	9	kdn8	figs-doublet	ταλαιπωρήσατε, καὶ πενθήσατε, καὶ κλαύσατε	1	Be miserable and mourn and weep	These three verbs have similar meanings. James is using them together to emphasize how sorry his readers should be. Alternate translation: “Be extremely sorry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
457	JAS	4	9	j270	figs-explicit	ταλαιπωρήσατε, καὶ πενθήσατε, καὶ κλαύσατε	1	Be miserable and mourn and weep	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly what James is telling his readers to be sorry for. Alternate translation: “Be extremely sorry for not obeying God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
458	JAS	4	9	j271	figs-ellipsis	ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μετατραπήτω, καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν	1	Let your laughter be changed into mourning, and your joy into gloom	In the second part of this sentence, James leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “Let your laughter be changed into mourning, and let your joy be changed into gloom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
459	JAS	4	9	j272	figs-activepassive	ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μετατραπήτω, καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν	1	Let your laughter be changed into mourning, and your joy into gloom	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with active verbal forms. Alternate translation: “Let your laughter become mourning, and let your joy become gloom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
460	JAS	4	9	j273	figs-abstractnouns	ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μετατραπήτω, καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν	1	Let your laughter be changed into mourning, and your joy into gloom	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **laughter**, **mourning**, **joy**, and **gloom** with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “Stop laughing and be sad. Stop being joyful and be gloomy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
461	JAS	4	9	rf6g	figs-parallelism	ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μετατραπήτω, καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν	1	Let your laughter be changed into mourning, and your joy into gloom	These two clauses mean similar things. James is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “Stop being so carefree and show genuine sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
462	JAS	4	9	j274	figs-explicit	ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μετατραπήτω, καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν	1	Let your laughter be changed into mourning, and your joy into gloom	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly why James is telling his readers to show such sorrow. Alternate translation: “Stop being so carefree and show genuine sorrow for your sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
463	JAS	4	10	j275	grammar-connect-logic-result	ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον Κυρίου, καὶ ὑψώσει ὑμᾶς	1	Be humbled before the Lord, and he will lift you up	James is using the word translated **and** to describe a result. Alternate translation: “If you are humbled before the Lord, then he will lift you up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
464	JAS	4	10	j276	figs-activepassive	ταπεινώθητε	1	Be humbled	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “Humble yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
465	JAS	4	10	an8i	figs-metaphor	ἐνώπιον Κυρίου	1	before the Lord	The word **before** means “in front of” or “in the presence of” another person. While in one sense God is present everywhere, the believers to whom James is writing are not in the direct physical presence of God, so he likely means this expression in a figurative sense. He is referring to the attitude they should have towards God. Alternate translation: “in your attitude towards God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
466	JAS	4	10	tn5w	figs-metaphor	ὑψώσει ὑμᾶς	1	he will lift you up	James is speaking figuratively as if his readers would humbly kneel down or bow down in front of God to show their repentance and as if God would have them stand up to show that he accepted them. Alternate translation: “he will show that he accepts you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
467	JAS	4	11	r3hc		μὴ καταλαλεῖτε ἀλλήλων	1	Do not speak against one another	Alternate translation: “Do not say bad things about one another”
468	JAS	4	11	uyi9	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί…ἀδελφοῦ…τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ	1	brothers … a brother … his brother	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow believers … a fellow believer … his fellow believer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
469	JAS	4	11	j277	figs-explicit	καταλαλεῖ νόμου καὶ κρίνει νόμον	1	speaks against the law and judges the law	By **the law**, James means the same thing that he calls the “royal law” in [2:8](../02/08.md) and the “law of freedom” in [1:25](../01/25.md) and [2:12](../02/12.md). That is, he means the commandment “you will love your neighbor as yourself.” James is teaching his readers that by saying or assuming that their fellow believers were doing wrong things, they were not following this commandment and they were treating the commandment as if it were not important to follow. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. See how you translated the term “neighbor” in [2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “contradicts the law that says to love other people as oneself and judges that law to be unimportant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
470	JAS	4	11	j278	figs-youcrowd	εἰ…νόμον κρίνεις, οὐκ εἶ ποιητὴς νόμου	1	if you judge the law, you are not a doer of the law	The word **you** is singular in these two cases because even though James is addressing a group of people, he is describing an individual situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
471	JAS	4	11	j279	figs-ellipsis	οὐκ εἶ ποιητὴς νόμου, ἀλλὰ κριτής	1	you are not a doer of the law, but a judge	In the second phrase, James is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from the first phrase. Alternate translation: “you are not a doer of the law, but a judge of the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
472	JAS	4	11	jlx4	figs-explicit	οὐκ εἶ ποιητὴς νόμου, ἀλλὰ κριτής	1	you are not a doer of the law, but a judge	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say more explicitly what this means. See how you translated the similar phrase at the end of the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “instead of loving other people, you are saying that it is not important to love them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
473	JAS	4	12	e9da		εἷς ἐστιν νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής	1	The lawgiver and judge is one	Alternate translation: “The lawgiver and judge are the same person”
474	JAS	4	12	j280	figs-distinguish	ὁ δυνάμενος σῶσαι καὶ ἀπολέσαι	1	the one who is able to save and to destroy	James uses this phrase, which identifies God by two of his attributes, to clarify whom he means by **the lawgiver and judge**. Alternate translation: “God, who is able to save and to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
475	JAS	4	12	m49q	figs-rquestion	σὺ δὲ τίς εἶ, ὁ κρίνων τὸν πλησίον?	1	But who are you, the one judging a neighbor?	James is using the question form to challenge and teach his readers. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “But you have no right to judge a neighbor!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
476	JAS	4	12	j281	writing-pronouns	σὺ δὲ τίς εἶ	1	But who are you	For emphasis, James includes the pronoun **you** even though it is not required with the verb. If your language does not ordinarily require pronouns with verbs but it can include them for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. Other languages may be able to convey this emphasis in other ways, such as by repeating the pronoun. Alternate translation: “But you, who are you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
477	JAS	4	12	j282	figs-youcrowd	σὺ…τίς εἶ	1	who are you	As in the previous verse, James is using the singular form of **you** because even though he is addressing a group of people, he is describing an individual situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
478	JAS	4	12	j283		τὸν πλησίον	1	a neighbor	See how you translated the term “neighbor” in [2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “another person”
479	JAS	4	13	j284	figs-idiom	ἄγε νῦν	1	Come now	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Now listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
480	JAS	4	13	j285		οἱ λέγοντες	1	the ones saying	James is addressing his readers in the vocative. If your language has a vocative case, it would be appropriate to use it here. If not, you could express the meaning in another way that would be natural in your language. (If you use the word “you,” it would be plural, since James is addressing a group of people.) Alternate translation: “you who say”
481	JAS	4	13	j286	figs-exclusive	πορευσόμεθα	1	we will travel	These people are speaking only of themselves, so the pronoun **we** is exclusive here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
482	JAS	4	13	j287	figs-idiom	τήνδε τὴν πόλιν	1	this city	This is an idiom. No specific city is intended. Your language may have a comparable idiom that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “such-and-such a city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
483	JAS	4	13	iz9h	figs-idiom	ποιήσομεν ἐκεῖ ἐνιαυτὸν	1	do a year there	This is another idiom. Alternate translation: “stay there for a year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
484	JAS	4	13	j288		κερδήσομεν	1	gain	Alternate translation: “make a profit”
485	JAS	4	14	b7ir	figs-rquestion	οἵτινες οὐκ ἐπίστασθε τὸ τῆς αὔριον, ποία ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν?	1	You who do not know the thing of tomorrow, what is your life?	James is using the question form to challenge and teach his readers. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You do not know what will happen tomorrow, and you may not even be alive then!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
486	JAS	4	14	a9v2	figs-metaphor	ἀτμὶς γάρ ἐστε, ἡ πρὸς ὀλίγον φαινομένη, ἔπειτα καὶ ἀφανιζομένη	1	For you are a mist that appears for a little and then disappears	James is speaking figuratively of his readers as if they were a **mist** that forms briefly in the morning but then quickly dissipates when the sun rises. In your translation you could explain the meaning of this image, or you could represent it as a simile, as UST does. Alternate translation: “For you will only be alive for a short time, and then you will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
487	JAS	4	15	e1il		καὶ ζήσομεν καὶ ποιήσομεν	1	we will both live and do	James is using a construction that puts the word “and” before two things that would both be the case, more literally “and we will live and we will do.” Your language may have a similar construction that you can use here. If not, it may not be necessary for you to translate the first occurrence of “and,” which ULT represents as **both**. (The term **both** in ULT does not mean “the two of us.”) Alternate translation: “we will live and we will do”
488	JAS	4	15	j289	figs-exclusive	καὶ ζήσομεν καὶ ποιήσομεν	1	we will both live and do	These people would be speaking only of themselves, so the pronoun **we** is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
489	JAS	4	15	j290	figs-idiom	τοῦτο ἢ ἐκεῖνο	1	this or that	This is an idiom. No specific actions are intended. Your language may have a comparable idiom that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “such-and-such” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
490	JAS	4	16	j291	figs-abstractnouns	καυχᾶσθε ἐν ταῖς ἀλαζονίαις ὑμῶν. πᾶσα καύχησις τοιαύτη πονηρά ἐστιν	1	you are boasting in your pretensions. All such boasting is evil	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **pretensions** and **boasting** (the second occurrence of the word in ULT) with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “you are boasting about what you presume you will be able to do. It is always wrong to boast like that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
491	JAS	4	17	q84z		εἰδότι οὖν καλὸν ποιεῖν, καὶ μὴ ποιοῦντι, ἁμαρτία αὐτῷ ἐστιν	1	Therefore to the one having known to do good and not doing it, to him it is sin	James is using the word **therefore** to describe a further inference rather than a conclusion. He is saying that if it is wrong to plan to do things without knowing whether God wants you to do them, then it is also wrong not to do things that you do know God wants. Alternate translation: “From this we can also recognize that if someone does know what God wants him to do but he does not do it, then he is also sinning”
492	JAS	5	intro	ud8q			0		# James 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>1. Rebuke of rich people (5:1-6)<br>2. Waiting patiently for the Lord’s return (5:7-11)<br>3. Oaths forbidden (5:12)<br>4. Prayer, forgiveness, and healing (5:13-18)<br>5. Restoration of a sinner (5:19-20)<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Living for eternity<br><br>The first section of this chapter, which is a warning to rich people, contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. The second section of the chapter is related to that first section. In it, James stresses that it is important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>### Oaths<br><br>In [5:12](../05/12.md), James tells his readers not to swear any oaths. However, biblical scholars are divided over whether James intends to teach literally that all oaths are wrong. Some scholars believe that some oaths are permissible and that James is emphasizing how Christians should have integrity in what they say.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Elijah<br><br>The illustration that James gives from the life of the prophet Elijah in [5:17-18](../05/17.md) may be difficult for your readers to appreciate if the books of 1 and 2 Kings have not yet been translated. See the first note to 5:17 for a suggestion about how to help your readers understand this illustration better.
493	JAS	5	1	j292	figs-idiom	ἄγε νῦν	1	Come now	This is an idiom. See how you translated it in [4:13](../04/13.md). Alternate translation: “Now listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
494	JAS	5	1	j293		οἱ πλούσιοι	1	the rich	James is addressing these people in the vocative. If your language has a vocative case, it would be appropriate to use it here. If not, you could express the meaning in another way that would be natural in your language. (If you use the word “you,” it would be plural, since James is addressing a group of people.) Alternate translation: “you who are rich”
495	JAS	5	1	j294	figs-nominaladj	οἱ πλούσιοι	1	the rich	James is using the adjective **rich** as a noun to refer to a type of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “you people who are rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
496	JAS	5	1	gel9	figs-explicit	οἱ πλούσιοι	1	the rich	James is most likely addressing believers who are rich, or at least rich people who were attending assemblies of believers, rather than unbelievers who are rich or rich people in general. (This letter was meant to be read aloud in those assemblies, and James notes in [1:10](../01/10.md) that some of the believers were rich.) If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you believers who are rich” or “you rich people who say you want to follow Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
497	JAS	5	1	j295		ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ὑμῶν ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις	1	because of your coming miseries	Your language may similarly speak of something that is going to happen in the future as if it were **coming**. If it does not, you can express this in another way. Alternate translation: “because of the miseries you will soon experience”
498	JAS	5	1	l3wd	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ὑμῶν ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις	1	because of your coming miseries	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **miseries** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “because many bad things are going to happen to you soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
499	JAS	5	2	j296	translate-versebridge		0		If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine [5:2](../05/02.md) and [5:3](../05/03.md) into a verse bridge. You could put the last sentence of [5:3](../05/03.md) first, followed by all of [5:2](../05/02.md) and then the rest of [5:3](../05/03.md). This would allow you to address several translation issues that are discussed in the notes to this verse and the next verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]])
500	JAS	5	2	gq45	figs-pastforfuture	ὁ πλοῦτος ὑμῶν σέσηπεν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν σητόβρωτα γέγονεν	1	Your wealth has rotted and your clothes have become moth-eaten	James is using the past tense to refer to things that will happen in the future. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use the future tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “Your wealth is going to rot and your clothes are going to be eaten by moths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
501	JAS	5	2	v241	figs-synecdoche	ὁ πλοῦτος ὑμῶν σέσηπεν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν σητόβρωτα γέγονεν	1	Your wealth has rotted and your clothes have become moth-eaten	In these two clauses and in the first clause in the next verse (“your gold and silver have been tarnished”), James is figuratively using certain things that these rich people own to mean everything that they own. If you create a verse bridge, you can combine all of these clauses into a single sentence that expresses this meaning. (You would need to begin a new sentence right afterwards.) Alternate translation: “Everything of value that you own is going to be ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
502	JAS	5	2	j297	figs-explicit	ὁ πλοῦτος ὑμῶν σέσηπεν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν σητόβρωτα γέγονεν	1	Your wealth has rotted and your clothes have become moth-eaten	Depending on the meaning of the statement “you have stored up in the last days” in the next verse (see the note to that statement), James may be saying figuratively that the wealth and expensive clothing of the rich have become worthless. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
503	JAS	5	2	j298	figs-simile	ὁ πλοῦτος ὑμῶν σέσηπεν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν σητόβρωτα γέγονεν	1	Your wealth has rotted and your clothes have become moth-eaten	If you decide to indicate explicitly that James is saying that the wealth and expensive clothing of the rich have become worthless, you could do that by expressing his past-for-future statement as a simile, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
504	JAS	5	3	am1u	figs-pastforfuture	ὁ χρυσὸς ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ ἄργυρος κατίωται	1	Your gold and silver have been tarnished	James is using the past tense to refer to something that will happen in the future. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use the future tense in your translation. Alternate translation: “Your gold and silver are going to be tarnished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
505	JAS	5	3	wj9v	figs-activepassive	ὁ χρυσὸς ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ ἄργυρος κατίωται	1	Your gold and silver have been tarnished	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “Your gold and silver have tarnished” or “Your gold and silver are going to tarnish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
506	JAS	5	3	j299	figs-explicit	ὁ χρυσὸς ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ ἄργυρος κατίωται	1	Your gold and silver have been tarnished	Depending on the meaning of the statement “you have stored up in the last days” (see the first note to that statement below), James may be saying figuratively that the gold and silver of the rich have become worthless. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
507	JAS	5	3	q4pm	figs-simile	ὁ χρυσὸς ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ ἄργυρος κατίωται	1	Your gold and silver have been tarnished	If you decide to indicate explicitly that James is saying that the gold and silver of the rich have become worthless, you could do that by expressing his past-for-future statement as a simile, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
508	JAS	5	3	j300		καὶ ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν εἰς μαρτύριον ὑμῖν ἔσται	1	and their rust will be for a testimony against you	If you created a verse bridge and you also combined the statement “your gold and silver have been tarnished” with the two clauses in [5:2](../05/02.md), it would be helpful to begin a new sentence here and to use a general expression that would apply to everything that these rich people own. Alternate translation: “The ruins of your possessions will be for a testimony against you” or “The ruins of your possessions will testify against you”
509	JAS	5	3	e55t	figs-metaphor	ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν εἰς μαρτύριον ὑμῖν ἔσται	1	their rust will be for a testimony against you	James is speaking figuratively of this **rust** as if it would be presented as evidence in a case against the rich people. Alternate translation: “the rust on your gold and silver will show that you did the wrong thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
510	JAS	5	3	j301	figs-explicit	ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν εἰς μαρτύριον ὑμῖν ἔσται	1	their rust will be for a testimony against you	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly what wrong thing these rich people have done, as evidenced by this **rust**. Alternate translation: “the rust of your gold and silver will show that you have done the wrong thing by devoting yourselves to accumulating wealth rather than to helping other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
511	JAS	5	3	w3aj	figs-metonymy	φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ	1	it will eat your flesh	James is using the word **flesh** to mean the human body, by association with the way the body is made of flesh. Alternate translation: “it will eat your bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
512	JAS	5	3	j6fe	figs-metaphor	φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ	1	it will eat your flesh	James is saying figuratively that this rust will corrode and consume the owners of the gold and silver that it is also corroding. Alternate translation: “it will consume you” or “it will ruin you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
513	JAS	5	3	i37x	figs-simile	ὡς πῦρ	1	like fire	It may be helpful to express the meaning of this simile more fully. Alternate translation: “just as fire consumes everything that it burns” or “just as fire ruins everything that it burns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
514	JAS	5	3	j302	figs-explicit	ἐθησαυρίσατε ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις	1	You have stored up in the last days	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say explicitly what these rich people have **stored up** and why it was wrong for them to do that. This could mean: (1) James may be saying that they have accumulated riches in the **last days**, that is, in the time just before Jesus returns. That would be wrong because once Jesus returns, earthly riches will no longer have any value. Instead of trying to get more and more wealth, these people should have been helping others with what they had. Alternate translation: “Instead of helping others, you have wrongly stored up wealth at a time when earthly riches are about to lose all of their value” (2) James may be saying that by their wrongdoing, such as he describes in [5:4-6](../05/04.md), these rich people have **stored up** punishment for themselves. Alternate translation: “God is just about to punish wrongdoers, and you have given God many reasons to punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
515	JAS	5	3	j303	grammar-connect-logic-result	ἐθησαυρίσατε ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις	1	You have stored up in the last days	If the first interpretation of this statement in the note just above is correct, then James is giving the reason for the results that he describes in the previous verse and in the earlier part of this verse. If you created a verse bridge as described in the first note to [5:2](../05/02.md), you could put this reason before the result by placing this statement first in that bridge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
516	JAS	5	3	np1u	figs-idiom	ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις	1	the last days	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the time just before Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
517	JAS	5	4	j304	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ, ὁ μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν	1	Behold, the pay of the workers	The term **Behold** focuses the attention of a listener or reader on what a speaker or writer is about to say. It may be helpful to express its meaning as a separate sentence here. Alternate translation: “Consider this! The pay of the workers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
518	JAS	5	4	j305	figs-activepassive	ὁ μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν, τῶν ἀμησάντων τὰς χώρας ὑμῶν, ὁ ἀφυστερημένος ἀφ’ ὑμῶν, κράζει	1	the pay of the workers who have reaped your fields, which has been withheld from you, is crying out	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. When James says **from you**, he does not mean that this payment has been withheld from the rich owners of these fields. He is saying that it was due from them, but they have not paid it to their workers. Alternate translation: “the pay that you have withheld from the workers who reaped your fields is crying out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
519	JAS	5	4	e9iy	figs-personification	κράζει	1	is crying out	James is speaking figuratively of this **pay** as if it were a living thing that could cry out. Alternate translation: “is obvious evidence that you have done wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
520	JAS	5	4	n21a	figs-metonymy	αἱ βοαὶ τῶν θερισάντων, εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ εἰσελήλυθαν	1	the cries of the harvesting ones have entered into the ears of the Lord of Sabaoth	James is speaking figuratively of the **ears** of the Lord to mean his hearing. Alternate translation: “the Lord of Sabaoth has heard the cries of the harvesting ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
521	JAS	5	4	j306	figs-explicit	Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ	1	the Lord of Sabaoth	James assumes that his readers will know that he is speaking of God by a name by which he is often known in the Old Testament. The Hebrew term **Sabaoth** means “military forces.” Alternate translation: “God, the Lord of the Heavenly Armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
522	JAS	5	4	j307	figs-metonymy	Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ	1	the Lord of Sabaoth	James may be speaking figuratively of God’s almighty power by association with the way that God has all the armies of heaven at his command. Alternate translation: “God, the Lord Almighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
523	JAS	5	5	j308	figs-parallelism	ἐτρυφήσατε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. καὶ ἐσπαταλήσατε	1	You have lived luxuriously on the earth and have lived self-indulgently	These two phrases mean similar things. James is using them together for emphasis. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them. Alternate translation: “You have indulged yourselves with earthly luxuries” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
524	JAS	5	5	xt8h	figs-metaphor	ἐθρέψατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σφαγῆς	1	You have fattened your hearts in a day of slaughter	James is speaking figuratively of these rich people as if they were cattle that had been fed luxuriously on grain so they would become fattened for slaughter as banqueting food. In this case the banquet is not a positive image, as it often is elsewhere when it describes God’s future reign. Alternate translation: “Your self-indulgence has made you subject to harsh judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
525	JAS	5	5	pr31	figs-metaphor	ἐθρέψατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σφαγῆς	1	You have fattened your hearts	James is speaking figuratively of the heart as the center of human desire. Alternate translation: “You have indulged your desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
526	JAS	5	5	j309	figs-idiom	ἐν ἡμέρᾳ	1	in a day	James is using the term **day** figuratively to refer to a particular time. Alternate translation: “at a time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
527	JAS	5	5	j310	figs-metaphor	ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σφαγῆς	1	in a day of slaughter	James is using the idea of **slaughter** figuratively to refer to God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “at a time when God is about to judge everyone for what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
528	JAS	5	6	u5c5	figs-synecdoche	κατεδικάσατε, ἐφονεύσατε τὸν δίκαιον	1	You have condemned, you have killed the righteous	James probably does not mean that these rich people have done these things personally. He is likely referring to the kind of actions he described in [2:6](../02/06.md), where he told how rich people “overpower” the poor by taking them to court. He may mean that the rich people have gotten the courts to condemn innocent people and in some cases even to execute them. He could also mean that the rich people have gotten the courts to decide lawsuits in their favor and that as a result, some poor people have died because of the great poverty this caused them. James would be speaking figuratively of the rich people as the ones who did these actions, using them to represent all the people who were involved. Alternate translation: “You have gotten the courts to condemn and even execute innocent people” or “You have gotten the courts to decide lawsuits in your favor and, as a result, innocent people have died from poverty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
529	JAS	5	6	j311	figs-nominaladj	τὸν δίκαιον	1	the righteous	James is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun to refer to a type of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the righteous person” or “the innocent person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
530	JAS	5	6	lq6p	figs-genericnoun	τὸν δίκαιον	1	the righteous	The expression **the righteous** refers to righteous people in general, not to one specific person. Alternate translation: “righteous people” or “innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
531	JAS	5	6	z7w1	figs-explicit	οὐκ ἀντιτάσσεται ὑμῖν	1	He does not resist you	This could mean: (1) It may mean implicitly that the innocent people are not able to resist what the rich people are doing. Alternate translation: “He is not able to resist you” (2) It may mean that the innocent people wanted a peaceful resolution and were not fighting back. Alternate translation: “You have done this even though the innocent person wanted a peaceful resolution” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
532	JAS	5	6	j312	figs-explicit	οὐκ ἀντιτάσσεται ὑμῖν	1	He does not resist you	In light of everything that James says in [5:1-6](../05/01.md), the implications are that even though these innocent people are not able to defend themselves, God will defend them by judging and punishing these rich people. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
533	JAS	5	7	a4sv	grammar-connect-logic-result	οὖν	1	Therefore	James uses **Therefore** to introduce a description of what his readers should do as a result of what he has just said about rich people. He is referring specifically to what he said about God’s judgment being imminent. Alternate translation: “Because you know that God will soon judge the people who are oppressing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
534	JAS	5	7	j313	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
535	JAS	5	7	wgk4		ἕως τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Κυρίου	1	until the coming of the Lord	James is referring to Jesus by a respectful title. Alternate translation: “until Jesus returns” or “until the Lord Jesus returns”
536	JAS	5	7	j314	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ,	1	Behold,	The term **Behold** focuses the attention of a listener or reader on what a speaker or writer is about to say. James is using the word here to introduce an analogy, as he makes clear at the start of the next verse. So it may be helpful to express the meaning of **behold** as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Consider this.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
537	JAS	5	7	y4er	figs-genericnoun	ὁ γεωργὸς ἐκδέχεται	1	the farmer awaits	The expression **the farmer** refers to farmers in general, not to one specific farmer. Alternate translation: “a farmer awaits” or “farmers await” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
538	JAS	5	7	j315		τὸν τίμιον καρπὸν τῆς γῆς	1	the valuable fruit of the earth	James uses the word **fruit** in a broad sense to mean things that plants produce that are good for food. He does not mean only the kind of fruit that grows on trees and vines. Alternate translation: “the valuable crops that grow from the earth”
539	JAS	5	7	j316	writing-pronouns	μακροθυμῶν ἐπ’ αὐτῷ ἕως λάβῃ	1	waiting patiently for it until it receives	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could specify what the pronoun **it** refers to in each of these cases. Alternate translation: “waiting patiently for this fruit until the earth receives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
540	JAS	5	7	j317	figs-nominaladj	πρόϊμον καὶ ὄψιμον	1	the early and the late	James is using the adjectives **early** and **late** as nouns to refer to types of rain. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate these with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “the rain that comes early in the growing season and the rain that comes late in the growing season” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
541	JAS	5	7	j318	figs-explicit	πρόϊμον καὶ ὄψιμον	1	the early and the late	If it would be helpful to your readers, particularly if they would not be familiar with rainfed agriculture, you could say why these farmers needed to wait for rain to fall on their crops. UST models one way to do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
542	JAS	5	8	j319		μακροθυμήσατε καὶ ὑμεῖς	1	You also wait patiently	Here James makes clear that what he said about farmers in the previous verse was an analogy for his readers. Alternate translation: “You should also wait patiently, just as a farmer does”
543	JAS	5	8	bbn1	figs-metaphor	στηρίξατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	Strengthen your hearts	James is using the **heart** figuratively to represent the will. Alternate translation: “Stay committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
544	JAS	5	8	jw3b		ἡ παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου ἤγγικεν	1	the coming of the Lord has come near	James is referring to Jesus by a respectful title. (By **near** he means near in time. This is not a spatial metaphor.) Alternate translation: “Jesus will return soon” or “the Lord Jesus will return soon”
545	JAS	5	9	k74r	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
546	JAS	5	9	z3p7	figs-activepassive	μὴ κριθῆτε	1	you may be not judged	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who would do the action. Alternate translation: “God may not judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
547	JAS	5	9	ita4	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ, ὁ κριτὴς	1	Behold, the judge	The term **Behold** focuses the attention of a listener or reader on what a speaker or writer is about to say. Alternate translation: “Be aware that the judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
548	JAS	5	9	g938	figs-metaphor	ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν	1	the judge is standing at the door	James is figuratively comparing Jesus to a judge who is just about to walk into a courtroom. Alternate translation: “Jesus will soon return and judge everyone for what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
549	JAS	5	10	j320		ὑπόδειγμα λάβετε, ἀδελφοί, τῆς κακοπαθίας	1	Take an example, brothers, of the suffering	Alternate translation: “Take as your example, brothers, the suffering”
550	JAS	5	10	j321	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
551	JAS	5	10	sic1	figs-hendiadys	τῆς κακοπαθίας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας, τοὺς προφήτας	1	the suffering and the patience of the prophets	James is expressing a single idea by using two words connected with **and.** The word **patience** describes how the prophets endured **suffering**. Alternate translation: “of the patient suffering of the prophets” or “of how patiently the prophets suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
552	JAS	5	10	pvs3	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου	1	in the name of the Lord	James is figuratively using the **name** of the Lord to mean his person and authority. Alternate translation: “on behalf of the Lord” or “with the authority of the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
553	JAS	5	11	xwr8	figs-metaphor	ἰδοὺ	1	Behold	The term **Behold** focuses the attention of a listener or reader on what a speaker or writer is about to say. Alternate translation: “Indeed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
554	JAS	5	11	s3nl	figs-explicit	τὴν ὑπομονὴν Ἰὼβ ἠκούσατε	1	You have heard of the endurance of Job	James assumes that his readers will know the story of Job from the Scriptures. If your readers might not be familiar with his story, you could describe it in more detail. Alternate translation: “You know from the Scriptures how a man named Job who lived long ago patiently endured great suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
555	JAS	5	11	j322	figs-metaphor	τὸ τέλος Κυρίου εἴδετε	1	you have seen the end of the Lord	James is continuing to refer to the story of Job. This could mean: (1) The word translated **end** may mean “purpose.” In that case, James would be using the term **seen** figuratively to mean “recognized.” Alternate translation: “you have recognized the purpose that the Lord had for Job’s sufferings” (2) The word translated **end** may mean “final result.” In that case, James would be using the term **seen** figuratively to mean “learned.” Alternate translation: “you have learned from the Scriptures how the Lord helped Job in the end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
556	JAS	5	11	j323	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὅτι πολύσπλαγχνός ἐστιν ὁ Κύριος καὶ οἰκτίρμων	1	that the Lord is greatly compassionate and merciful	This could mean: (1) The word translated **that** may mean “for” and introduce a reason. James may be giving the reason why God was pursuing a good purpose even in Job’s sufferings or why God helped Job in the end. Alternate translation: “for the Lord is very compassionate and merciful” (2) James may be describing something further that his readers would have learned from the story of Job. Alternate translation: “and you have realized from this story that the Lord is greatly compassionate and merciful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
557	JAS	5	12	fug7	figs-metaphor	πρὸ πάντων	1	before all	James is using a spatial metaphor to emphasize the importance of what he is about to say. Your language may use a different spatial metaphor. Alternate translation: “above all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
558	JAS	5	12	bjt3	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
559	JAS	5	12	s755		μὴ ὀμνύετε	1	do not swear	Here, to **swear** means to guarantee, by appealing to something that is considered to be certain and reliable, that a statement is true or that an action will be performed. Alternate translation: “do not make an oath” or “do not make a vow”
560	JAS	5	12	j324	figs-ellipsis	ἤτω…ὑμῶν τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ	1	let your “Yes” be “Yes” and “No,” “No”	In the second phrase, James is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. These words can be supplied from the first phrase. Alternate translation: “let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes’ and let your ‘No’ be ‘No’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
561	JAS	5	12	m3ve		ἤτω…ὑμῶν τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ	1	let your “Yes” be “Yes” and “No,” “No”	Alternate translation: “simply give your word, without making an oath”
562	JAS	5	12	f6mx	figs-metaphor	ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ κρίσιν πέσητε	1	so that you may not fall under judgment	James is speaking figuratively of **judgment** as something that a person might **fall under**. Alternate translation: “so that you will not be judged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
563	JAS	5	12	j325	figs-explicit	ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ κρίσιν πέσητε	1	so that you may not fall under judgment	If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say more explicitly what this means. Alternate translation: “so that God will not have to judge and punish you for breaking your oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
564	JAS	5	13	m3e6	figs-rquestion	κακοπαθεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσευχέσθω	1	Is anyone among you suffering hardship? Let him pray	James is not looking for information. He is using the question form to state a condition, and he describes the result in a short sentence right after the question. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the question and that sentence together as a single statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone among you is suffering hardship, then he should pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
565	JAS	5	13	wdf7	figs-rquestion	εὐθυμεῖ τις? ψαλλέτω	1	Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise	James is again using the question form to state a condition and describing the result in a following sentence. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the question and that sentence together as a single statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is cheerful, then he should sing praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
566	JAS	5	14	in34	figs-rquestion	ἀσθενεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσκαλεσάσθω τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους τῆς ἐκκλησίας, καὶ προσευξάσθωσαν	1	Is anyone among you sick? Let him summon the elders of the church, and let them pray	Once again James is using the question form to state a condition and describing the result in a following sentence. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the question and that sentence together as a single statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone among you sick, then he should summon the elders of the church and they should pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
567	JAS	5	14	j326		προσευξάσθωσαν ἐπ’ αὐτὸν, ἀλείψαντες αὐτὸν ἐλαίῳ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου	1	let them pray over him, having anointed him with oil in the name of the Lord	It is unclear whether James means that the prayer or the anointing is to be done in the name of the Lord. Alternate translation: (1) “let them pray over him in the name of the Lord after they have anointed him with oil” (2) “let them anoint him with oil in the name of the Lord and then pray for him”
568	JAS	5	14	j327	figs-metaphor	προσευξάσθωσαν ἐπ’ αὐτὸν	1	pray over him	James is using a spatial metaphor to indicate that the sick person is the beneficiary of the elders’ prayers. Alternate translation: “pray for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
569	JAS	5	14	j328	translate-unknown	ἀλείψαντες αὐτὸν ἐλαίῳ	1	having anointed him with oil	In the biblical culture, anointing people with **oil** was a way of consecrating them to God, but it was also a medical treatment. Since James is talking about a person who is **sick**, he seems to speak of the oil at least in part for its medical value. So he may be telling believers to do what they can practically to help the sick person recover, in addition to praying for him. If your readers would not recognize that the medical benefits were one reason why James says to anoint the sick person with oil, you could include an explanation in your translation or in a note, or you could translate this with a general expression. Alternate translation: “having done what they can to help him practically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
570	JAS	5	14	fik7	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου	1	in the name of the Lord	James is figuratively using the **name** of the Lord to mean his person and authority. Alternate translation: “on behalf of the Lord” or “with the authority of the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
571	JAS	5	15	qiw4	figs-possession	ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα	1	the prayer of faith will save the sick	James is using the possessive form to describe **prayer** that is characterized by **faith**. Alternate translation: “the prayer that is offered in faith will save the sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
572	JAS	5	15	j329	figs-possession	ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα	1	the prayer of faith will save the sick	James is using the word translated **save** in one of its senses to mean “heal.” (He uses a more specific word to mean “healed” in the next verse.) Alternate translation: “the prayer that is offered in faith will heal the sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
573	JAS	5	15	j330	figs-nominaladj	ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα	1	the prayer of faith will save the sick	James is using the adjective **sick** as a noun in order to indicate a type of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “the prayer that is offered in faith will heal the sick person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
574	JAS	5	15	c8q6	figs-personification	ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα	1	the prayer of faith will save the sick	James is speaking figuratively of this **prayer** as if it would heal the sick person itself. Alternate translation: “in answer to this prayer that is offered in faith, God will heal the sick person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
575	JAS	5	15	ei3q	figs-metonymy	ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ Κύριος	1	the Lord will raise him up	James is speaking figuratively of the sick person’s restoration to health by association with the way that the person will get **up** out of bed when he recovers. Alternate translation: “the Lord will make him well” or “the Lord will enable him to resume his regular activities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
576	JAS	5	15	j331	figs-activepassive	ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ	1	it will be forgiven to him	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who will do the action. Alternate translation: “God will forgive him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
577	JAS	5	16	dl5k	grammar-connect-logic-result	οὖν	1	Therefore	James uses **Therefore** to introduce something that believers should do as a result of what he said in the previous verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain in more detail what he means, as UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
578	JAS	5	16	mzk8	figs-activepassive	ἰαθῆτε	1	you may be healed	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who would do the action. Alternate translation: “God may heal you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
579	JAS	5	16	j332		πολὺ ἰσχύει δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη	1	The working prayer of the righteous is very strong	The term **working** has the sense of an adverb rather than an adjective. Alternate translation: “The prayer of the righteous is very strong as it is working” or “The prayer of the righteous is very strong in its effects”
580	JAS	5	16	j333	figs-nominaladj	πολὺ ἰσχύει δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη	1	The working prayer of the righteous is very strong	James is using the adjective **righteous** as a noun in order to indicate a type of person. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you can translate this with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “The working prayer of a person who is righteous is very strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
581	JAS	5	16	zk62	figs-personification	πολὺ ἰσχύει δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη	1	The working prayer of the righteous is very strong	James is speaking figuratively of **prayer** as if it were a living thing that was **very strong** by itself. Alternate translation: “When a person who is righteous prays, God does very powerful things in response” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
582	JAS	5	17	j334	figs-explicit	Ἠλείας	1	Elijah	James assumes that his readers will know from the Scriptures about this episode in Elijah’s life. If your readers might not be familiar with it, you could describe it in more detail. Alternate translation: “You know from the Scriptures how a prophet named Elijah who lived long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
583	JAS	5	17	j335	figs-explicit	ὁμοιοπαθὴς ἡμῖν	1	of similar passions to us	This expression means that Elijah had the same feelings as any other human being. In context, James is indicating specifically that he too had the kind of feelings that make it difficult for people to pray. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “who had the same doubts and fears that we all do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
584	JAS	5	17	vhw2	figs-explicitinfo	προσευχῇ προσηύξατο	1	he prayed with prayer	To indicate that Elijah prayed intensely, James is using an indirect object with a verb that comes from the same root. If your language uses a similar construction, it would be appropriate to have it here in your translation. But if this construction would seem to express unnecessary extra information in your language, you could express this emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “he prayed intensely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitinfo]])
585	JAS	5	18	j336	writing-pronouns	πάλιν προσηύξατο	1	he prayed again	The pronoun **he** refers to Elijah. Alternate translation: “Elijah prayed again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
586	JAS	5	18	zwc9	figs-personification	ὁ οὐρανὸς ὑετὸν ἔδωκεν	1	the heaven gave rain	In this context, **the heaven** means “the sky.” James is speaking figuratively of the sky as if it were a living thing that **gave rain**. Alternate translation: “rain fell from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
587	JAS	5	18	yi7m	figs-personification	ἡ γῆ ἐβλάστησεν τὸν καρπὸν αὐτῆς	1	the earth produced its fruit	James is speaking figuratively of the **earth** as if it were a living thing that **produced fruit**. As in [5:7](../05/07.md), James is using the word **fruit** in a broad sense to mean things that plants produce that are good for food. He does not mean only the kind of fruit that grows on trees and vines. Alternate translation: “crops grew from the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
588	JAS	5	19	xr4l	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί μου	1	My brothers	See how you translated the term **brothers** in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “My fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
589	JAS	5	19	dv4v	figs-metaphor	ἐάν τις ἐν ὑμῖν πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας	1	if anyone among you may have been led astray from the truth	As in [1:16](../01/16.md), James is speaking figuratively as if a deceptive guide may have led one of his readers in the wrong direction. Alternate translation: “if anyone among you may have been deceived regarding the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
590	JAS	5	19	j337	figs-activepassive	ἐάν τις ἐν ὑμῖν πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας	1	if anyone among you may have been led astray from the truth	If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “if someone may have deceived anyone among you regarding the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
591	JAS	5	19	j338	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς ἀληθείας	1	the truth	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **truth** with an adjective such as “true.” Alternate translation: “what is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
592	JAS	5	19	j339	figs-metaphor	ἐπιστρέψῃ τις αὐτόν	1	someone turns him back	James is continuing the metaphor of someone guiding a person in the right direction. Alternate translation: “someone corrects him” or “someone shows him what is actually true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
593	JAS	5	20	j340	writing-pronouns	γινωσκέτω	1	let him know	The pronoun **him** refers to the person who corrects another believer who has been deceived. Alternate translation: “the person who corrects the deceived believer should know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
594	JAS	5	20	j341	figs-possession	ὁ ἐπιστρέψας ἁμαρτωλὸν ἐκ πλάνης ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	the one who turns back a sinner from the wandering of his way	James is using the possessive form to describe a **way** or path that is characterized by **wandering**. Alternate translation: “the one who turns back a sinner who has wandered away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
595	JAS	5	20	xg1y	figs-metaphor	ὁ ἐπιστρέψας ἁμαρτωλὸν ἐκ πλάνης ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ	1	the one who turns back a sinner from the wandering of his way	The expressions **turns back** and **wandering** continue the metaphor of someone guiding a person in the right direction. Alternate translation: “anyone who corrects a sinner who has stopped doing what God wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
596	JAS	5	20	j342	figs-metonymy	σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου	1	will save his soul from death	James is speaking figuratively as if this person’s actions would save the sinner’s soul from death. But James means by association that God will use those actions to persuade the sinner to repent and be saved. Alternate translation: “will be an instrument of God’s work to save the sinner’s soul from death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
597	JAS	5	20	pd78	figs-metaphor	σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου	1	will save his soul from death	James seems to be speaking not of literal, physical death but of spiritual death, that is, of eternal separation from God. Alternate translation: “from spiritual death” (as in UST) or “from eternal separation from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
598	JAS	5	20	j343	figs-synecdoche	σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου	1	will save his soul from death	However, some interpreters believe that James actually is speaking of literal, physical death. They believe he is saying that a person who stops his sinful lifestyle will not experience physical death as a consequence of his sin. In that case, James would be using one part of a person, his **soul**, to mean all of the person. Alternate translation: “will keep him from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
599	JAS	5	20	rh4d	figs-metaphor	καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν	1	will cover a multitude of sins	James is speaking figuratively of one person’s sins as if they were objects that another person could cover so that God would not see them. He means that by helping a sinner to repent, another believer can help that sinner to be forgiven. Alternate translation: “will help him to be forgiven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])