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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note front:intro rx9u 0 # Introduction to Psalms\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Psalms\n\n1. Book One (Psalms 1-41)\n1. Book Two (Psalms 42-72)\n1. Book Three (Psalms 73-89)\n1. Book Four (Psalms 90-106)\n1. Book Five (Psalms 107-150)\n\n### What is the Book of Psalms?\n\nThe Book of Psalms is a collection of songs. People called psalmists wrote them for different reasons. In some psalms, the psalmists expressed their praise for God. In other psalms, they asked God for help and expressed confidence in his love and power. In others, they confessed their sins and begged for mercy. The Israelites wrote some psalms to ask Yahweh to defeat their enemies. Other psalms celebrated the event of a new king beginning his reign. Psalmists also wrote to praise the city of Jerusalem. They wrote some psalms to instruct people on how to be wise by honoring Yahweh and obeying his law. Also, pilgrims sang some of the psalms while traveling to Jerusalem to worship there. Some psalms became songs of praise in the temple worship of Yahweh.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators can use the traditional title of this book, “The Book of Psalms” or just “Psalms.” Another title of this book is “Songs of Praise.” Translators may express this meaning in their own languages, or they may choose to use or transliterate the name from another language version if it is well known. For example, the French title “Les Psaumes” might be understood by everyone in a project language, if French is the language of wider communication in the region. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])\n\n### When was the Book of Psalms written?\n\nThe Psalms were written over a long period of time. Moses probably wrote the earliest psalm around 1400 B.C. David and Asaph wrote their psalms between 1020 and 975 B.C. The Korahites may have written their psalms before Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews were exiled to Babylon in 587 B.C. Psalm 126 appears to come from the period after the exile, which ended in 538 B.C.\n\n### What are the Messianic psalms?\n\nSome psalms are called “Messianic psalms.” New Testament writers considered these psalms to prophesy about the Messiah, Jesus Christ. They cited Psalms 2, 8, 16, 22, 34, 40, 41, 45, 68, 69, 89, 102, 109, 110, and 118 at least one time each in the New Testament.\n\n### What are superscriptions in the Psalms?\n\nMany psalms give some information called superscriptions before the beginning of the psalm. Some of the expressions in the superscriptions are difficult to understand, so modern versions often have different interpretations of them.\n\nSeventy-three psalms are called “A psalm of David.” This may mean they were written by King David. Or, it could mean someone wrote them for David or in the style that David used when he composed poetry. The superscriptions of some psalms give the historical situations in which they were written.\n\nSome superscriptions give instructions about how they should be played and sung. They tell which instruments, singers, or melodies that should be used for that psalm. Fifty-five psalms are addressed “to the choirmaster” or “chief musician.” The psalmists seem to have meant them to be used in temple worship.\n\nTraditionally, English versions do not give verse numbers to the superscriptions. But many versions in other languages do. Whether or not translators give them verse numbers, they should consider the superscriptions in the Psalms as part of the divinely inspired biblical text.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What are some important ways in which Yahweh is pictured in the Book of Psalms?\n\nThe psalmists often pictured Yahweh as:\n\n* a king who rules over the nation of Israel and over all the nations\n* a shepherd who leads the people of Israel and also the individual psalm writers\n* a “rock,” that is, a high rocky mountain on which people can be completely safe from their enemies\n* a strong warrior who always defeats his enemies.\n\n### What is the importance of honor and shame in the Book of Psalms?\n\nWhen people honor someone, they think well of him and may even admire him. On the other hand, if people shame someone, that person loses honor and is disgraced.\n\nPsalmists often expressed a great desire that Yahweh would be honored by the Israelites and also by the rest of the world.\n\nAlso, psalmists often expressed fear that they would be shamed by their enemies. When they felt this way, the psalmists wrote of their trust that Yahweh would not allow this to happen.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Why do the ULT and UST display the Book of Psalms as poetry, but some modern versions do not?\n\nThe psalmists wrote the Psalms as Hebrew poetry. The ULT and UST set each line farther to the right on the page than regular text is placed to show that the writing is poetry rather than prose.\n\nThis style typically uses pairs of poetic lines that relate to each other in different ways. Usually, poetic lines are said to be “parallel” to each other. A line that is indented farther to the right is paired with the line above it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\nTranslators will have to decide whether to present the Psalms as poetry or as prose in their own language. Translators will need to consider whether their language has poetic forms that are suitable for expressing the Psalms.\n\n### Why do some versions number the Psalms differently than others?\n\nFrom ancient times, people have numbered the Psalms in different ways. The Jews numbered the Psalms in Hebrew in one way. When they translated the Psalms into Greek, they numbered them in a different way. As a result, the Hebrew numbering and the Greek numbering of Psalms were both passed down through the centuries. They are both still in use today. Translators will probably want to number the Psalms in the same way that most versions in their own country do.\n\n### How should the translator view the terms Selah and Higgaion that occur in various psalms?\n\n“Selah” and “Higgaion” seem to be musical terms inserted as directions for singers and musicians. Scholars do not agree as to their meaning. For this reason, translators may decide to transliterate them or leave them out but not try to translate them. 1:intro fan4 0 # Psalm 001 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 1 is usually considered to be a “wisdom psalm,” which gives advice to those who hear it read or sung. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessed\nA main theme in this psalm is what it means to be blessed. Here “blessed” refers to anyone who is well off because of a good relationship to God. The contrasting theme is that there are ungodly people, those who refuse to honor God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n### People who opposed Yahweh\n\nThere are several words in this psalm for those who oppose God: “the wicked” (those who do evil), “sinners” (those who ignore God’s law), and “mockers” (those who mock God and the righteous people). (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) 1:1 w56f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1:1 gz4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The “advice of the wicked” is spoken of as if it were a path to follow. Alternate translation: “who does not follow the advice of the wicked” or “who does not do what wicked people advise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:1 uqr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the word “pathway” represents the way people live. The word “stand” is in parallel with “walk.” Alternate translation: “imitate the behavior of sinful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:1 nk2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Sitting with people who mock God represents joining people who mock God. Alternate translation: “or join those who mock God” or “or mock God with others who mock him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1:2 izu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. A person who can “delight … in the law” is happy because the law is good and because one is obeying it. Alternate translation: “what makes him truly happy is the law of Yahweh” or “what makes him truly happy is to know that he is obeying the law of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 1:2 ns4k 0 This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. 1:3 t59m 0 This passage introduces an elaborate image in which a righteous person is thought of in terms of a flourishing tree. 1:3 d83j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 In the Bible, people are often spoken of as trees. People who delight in Yahweh’s law can do all God wants them to do just as a tree that is planted by water produces good fruit. Alternate translation: “He will be prosperous like a tree … fruit in its season” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1:3 wir5 0 A tree that is planted by a stream can get enough water to be healthy. 1:3 tag1 0 Healthy trees produce good fruit at the right time. 1:3 xf3j 0 If a tree gets enough water, its leaves do not dry out and die. 1:3 c784 0 “He will be successful at whatever he does” 1:4 g6a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 How they are not like that can be stated clearly. “The wicked are not prosperous” or “The wicked do not prosper” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 1:4 lnx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 How they are like chaff can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “but instead they are worthless like the chaff” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 1:5 atv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) not standing in the judgment is a metonym for being judged by God and having to leave his presence. Alternate translation: “will not continue to stay before God when he judges them” or “will have to leave God’s presence when he judges them as guilty” or (2) not standing in the judgment is a metaphor for being condemned in the judgment. “Alternate translation: “will be condemned in the judgment” or “will be condemned when God judges them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:5 va3s 0 The noun judgment can be expressed as a verb. This probably refers to the final judgment when God judges all people. Alternate translation: “when God judges everyone” 1:5 x8sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 Translators can supply the verb “stand.” Alternate translation: “neither will sinners stand in the assembly of the righteous” or “and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 1:5 nr84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Being accepted by God as righteous is spoken of as standing with the group of righteous people. Alternate translation: “and God will not accept sinners along with the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 1:6 wmx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses contrast what happens to righteous people with what happens to wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 1:6 cxy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 How people live is spoken of as if it were a “way” or “road” that they are walking on. Alternate translation: “how the righteous live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 1:6 jy56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 How people live and what they do is spoken of as if it were a “way” or “road” that they walk on. Possible meanings are (1) the way perishing represents the wicked perishing because of how they live. Alternate translation: “The wicked will die because of how they live” or (2) the way perishing is a metaphor for no longer being able to live the way they do. Alternate translation: “the wicked will no longer be able to live the way they live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:intro z14u 0 # Psalm 002 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 2 is usually considered a royal psalm because it is about the king. It was probably first sung when a new person became the king. It is often thought to be about the Messiah because of verse 6 and 7 reference the Son of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\n\nThe main theme of this psalm is that God is protecting and empowering the king he has appointed and that it is useless for the foreign nations to oppose God and his king.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n“Today I have begotten you” here is a metaphor meaning that God acknowledges the king as his special person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:1 bht4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:1 e4gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 These questions are used to show surprise that the people are doing things that are so wrong and foolish. Alternate translation: “The nations are in turmoil and the peoples are making plots that will fail.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 2:1 zq9d 0 This probably means that the nations were making a noisy and angry commotion. 2:1 hd4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents either the leaders or the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:1 jxy7 0 These are probably plots against God and his people. 2:2 ag3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:2 pt5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 These phrases mean the same thing, implying that the leaders stand together in order to fight against Yahweh and his Messiah. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather to fight … plan together to revolt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:3 xw9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The people of other nations speak of Yahweh and the Messiah’s rule over them as if it were shackles and chains. Alternate translation: “We should free ourselves from their control; we should not let them rule over us any longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:4 e8l8 0 These phrases refer to Yahweh. Yahweh is often called “the Lord” but the words for “Yahweh” and “the Lord” are different. 2:4 t9zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here sitting represents ruling. What he sits on can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rules in the heavens” or “sits on his throne in heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 2:4 zyd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 “the Lord mocks those people.” Why he mocks them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The Lord mocks them for their foolish plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:5 z631 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “rage” can be stated as “furious.” Alternate translation: “he will be furious and terrify them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 2:5 jjb4 0 greatly frighten 2:6 emc4 0 Yahweh is emphasizing that he, and not someone else, has anointed his king. 2:6 v3q9 0 “appointed my king to rule” 2:7 d5l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The person saying this is the king. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The king says, ‘I will announce a decree of Yahweh.’ He” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 2:7 h869 0 “Yahweh said to me” 2:7 qp2j 0 Among many peoples in that part of the world then, men could decide to legally adopt children, who would become their heirs. Here Yahweh adopts a man and makes him king of Israel. Alternate translation: “I make you my son. This day I have become your father” or “Now you are my son and am your father” 2:8 sy59 0 Yahweh continues speaking to the new king of Israel. 2:8 vjb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:8 cv7i 0 “the lands that are very far away” 2:9 uaa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:9 at9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Defeating the nations is spoken of as breaking them, and his power is spoken of as an iron rod. Alternate translation: “You will defeat them completely by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:9 a2x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Destroying nations is spoken of as if they could be smashed like a clay jar. Alternate translation: you will completely destroy them like a clay pot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 2:9 ggd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 A potter is a person who makes clay pots and jars. These are fragile and can be broken easily. Alternate translation: “a clay jar” or “a clay pot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 2:10 upx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “So now, you kings and rulers of the earth, be warned and corrected” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 2:10 j2nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “listen to this warning” or “be wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2:10 nyh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “listen to this correction” or “take this correction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 2:12 w4m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 People would show their king that they were loyal to him by kissing him, perhaps on the feet. Alternate translation: “Show the son that you are truly loyal to him” or “Bow down humbly before his son” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 2:12 v3bs 0 This may refer to dying right there, before the person has a chance to go away. Alternate translation: “you will die immediately” 2:12 l654 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The king’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire that could burn. Alternate translation: “when he suddenly becomes very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 2:12 ty9p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asking the king for protection is spoken of as seeking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “ask the king to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:intro py7j 0 # Psalm 003 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 3 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a morning song intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during morning worship. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nAlthough the psalmist has many enemies and is saying he is without help, God is protecting him and delivering him from danger. 3:1 ylp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 3:1 g1yb 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 3:1 xp7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 This exclamation shows that David is afraid of his enemies. Alternate translation: “Oh Yahweh, I have so many enemies!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 3:1 cj3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Fighting against someone is spoken of as rising against him. Alternate translation: “come against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 3:3 mj2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A shield protects a soldier. David speaks as if God were a shield protecting him. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, protect me like a shield” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:3 llc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “you are my glory.” By calling God his glory, David says that God is the one who gives him glory. Since David has just spoken about his enemies and God being his protector, he probably meant that God gives him glory by giving him victory over his enemies. Alternate translation: “you are the one who gives me glory” or “you are the one who gives me victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 3:3 hj6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “you are the one who lifts up my head.” Giving someone courage is spoken of as lifting up his head. Alternate translation: “the one who encourages me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:4 bz2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Using one’s voice to cry out is spoken of as lifting up his voice. Alternate translation: “I cry out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 3:6 q7wy 0 “have surrounded me to destroy me” 3:7 zax2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 David speaks of starting to do something as getting up. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 3:7 az5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases say very similar things. The phrases “my enemies” and “the wicked” refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 3:7 r6xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This was a way of insulting people. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically hit his enemies. Alternate translation: “For you will insult all my enemies like someone hitting them on the jaw” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:7 k36i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Animals attack with their teeth. Breaking their teeth takes away their power to attack. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically fight against the wicked. Alternate translation: “you will make the wicked unable to harm me like someone breaking the teeth of a ferocious animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 3:8 x9bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh saves his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:intro b2qk 0 # Psalm 004 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 4 is a psalm of deliverance. It is an evening song, intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during evening worship. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\nGod protects all those who truly trust in him for protection. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 4:1 zjj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 4:1 q28k 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 4:1 k7md 0 “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 4:1 f3xk 0 “Respond to me when I call” or “Help me when I call” 4:1 dd31 0 “God, who shows that I am righteous” 4:1 n99c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being in danger is spoken of as being in a narrow space. Alternate translation: “rescue me when I am in danger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:2 r39v 0 David sings this part of the song as if he is speaking to his enemies. 4:2 p3x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You people continually turn my honor into shame!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:2 vy7i 0 Shaming him instead of honoring him is spoken of as making his honor become shame. Alternate translation: “shame me instead of honoring me” or “bring me shame when you should be honoring me” 4:2 i8ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You continue to love things that are worthless and seek after lies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:2 mvp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The lies are worthless. Alternate translation: “love worthless lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 4:3 w2gh 0 “Yahweh chooses godly people for himself” 4:4 api1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The relationship between “tremble” and “fear” and who people should fear can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Fear Yahweh so much that you tremble” or “Stand in awe of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 4:4 u9p9 0 shake from fear 4:4 l67w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The heart represents a person’s thoughts. Thinking carefully is spoken of as meditating in one’s heart. Alternate translation: “Think carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 4:5 h8tj 0 “Offer the right sacrifices” 4:5 ul9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “trust” is spoken of as if it were an object that could be put somewhere. The abstract noun “trust” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh” or “trust Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:6 k53m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question is used either to ask for something or to express a wish about something that has not happened. Alternate translation: “Please show us something good!” or “We wish someone would show us something good!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 4:6 uvl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) showing something good represents bringing good things. Alternate translation: “Who will bring good things to us?” or (2) showing something good represents saying that good things have happened. Alternate translation: “Who will say that anything good has happened?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 4:6 stu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 4:7 v4vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The heart represents the person. Alternate translation: “You have given me more gladness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 4:7 b9ht rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “gladness” is spoken of as if it is an object that can be given. The abstract noun “gladness” can be stated as “glad.” Alternate translation: “You have made me more glad than others are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:7 izx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “New wine” may represent grapes. Alternate translation: “when they reap plentiful harvests of grain and grapes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 4:8 b57u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Peace is spoken of as if it were a place. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “peace.” Alternate translation: “I will be peaceful when I lie down and sleep” or “I will not be afraid of danger when I lie down and sleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 4:8 p2ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “safe” and “secure” mean basically the same thing and emphasize complete safety. Alternate translation: “make me completely safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 5:intro e67h 0 # Psalm 005 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 5 is a psalm of deliverance. Notice how the psalmist both praises God and asks Him for help in defeating the wicked. It was intended to be sung accompanied by flutes. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nGod does not help people who do evil but he blesses those who are good and trust in him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 5:1 k92k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 5:1 q7tu 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 5:1 tu54 0 “This song should be accompanied by people who play wind instruments.” 5:1 xts1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 5:1 i566 0 low sounds that people make with the voice when they are suffering 5:3 i42x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are very similar in meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 5:3 q5qw 0 “I will make my request” or “I will ask you for what I need” 5:3 rk6n 0 “wait, expecting you to do what I ask you to do” 5:6 qjt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 Since David is speaking to God in this psalm, this sentence can be stated with the word “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you despise violent and deceitful men” or “Yahweh, you hate men who do violent acts and deceive others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 5:7 xxs4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 5:7 wus9 0 This refers to God’s temple. Alternate translation: “your temple” 5:8 nj5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path and of teaching as leading. The phrase “your righteousness” means that God is righteous Alternate translation: “teach me to do what is righteous as you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:8 f99i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path. A straight path is easy to see or walk on. Alternate translation: “show me clearly how to live in the right way” or “make it easy for me to do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:9 vyp8 0 David talks about his enemies. 5:9 yu9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Truth being in the mouth represents speaking truthfully. Alternate translation: “For they never say what is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:9 w7sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The inward being represents people’s thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “their thoughts and desires are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:9 t93l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The throat represents people’s speech. Alternate translation: “their speech” or “what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:9 aj6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Their throat is spoken of as if it were an open tomb, ready for dead bodies to put into it. Possible meanings are (1) “they say that they will kill people” or (2) “What they say kills people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:9 c5lk 0 “they say nice things about people without really meaning it” 5:9 w8tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The tongue represents what people say. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:10 b8gr 0 “may their schemes cause them to experience disasters” or “may they become less important because of their schemes” 5:10 llj1 0 plans to harm people 5:10 se86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is something that causes a person to experience disasters or to lose power. Experiencing disaster or becoming less important is spoken of as falling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:11 p2xk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “May all those who go to you for protection rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:11 w32e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses express similar thoughts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 5:11 h7eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 5:11 jnt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “those who love you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 5:12 t1zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 God’s favor is spoken of as if it were a shield. Alternate translation: “you will favor them and protect them as a soldier protects himself with his shield” or “because you are kind to them, you will protect them (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 6:intro gpl3 0 # Psalm 006 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 6 is a deliverance psalm: a call to God for help. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trouble\nHe is in deep trouble and needs God to help him in his difficult situation. But then God hears his prayer and scatters his enemies.\n\n### First Person\n\nThis psalm is written using first person making its perspective very personal. There are many uses of the first person in this Psalm. 6:1 qy9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 6:1 z78f 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 6:1 w19w 0 “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 6:1 p2j3 0 This may refer to a style of music. 6:2 at9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The bones represent the whole body. His body may have been shaking because he was sick or extremely tired. Alternate translation: “my whole body is shaking” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 6:3 sd1q 0 “terrified” or “worried” 6:3 vw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 David uses this question to show that he does not want to continue feeling weak and troubled. Alternate translation: please, do not let this continue!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 6:4 rce3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of God being kind to him as God returning to him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, come back to me” or “Have mercy on me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 6:4 fuw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 6:5 qb7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two sentences express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 6:5 pn4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The abstract noun “remembrance” represents praise. Alternate translation: “For when people die, they no longer praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 6:5 mb1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 David uses this question to emphasize that no one in Sheol thanks God. Alternate translation: “No one in Sheol will give you thanks!” or “The dead cannot praise you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 6:6 ge93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 His groaning represents the pain or distress that he feels. Alternate translation: “I am very tired because of my pain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:6 bay4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two sentences express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 6:6 c1qb 0 “I make my bed wet with my tears” or “My bed is very wet because of my tears” 6:6 isr5 0 “I make my couch wet with my tears” 6:7 fup4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The ability to see is spoken of in terms of the eyes. Alternate translation: “My vision is blurry” or “I cannot see clearly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:7 gny4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Grief here represents crying. Alternate translation: “from crying” or “because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 6:9 j23z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two lines have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 6:9 dq36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being willing to do what David has prayed for is spoken of as accepting his prayer. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will respond to my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:intro zey1 0 # Psalm 007 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 7 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nThe author had not wronged anyone, yet his enemy was trying to attack him. But he knew that God would protect him.\n\n### Cush the Benjamite\nNote the superscription and the specific circumstances. There is no other reference to this incident in the Scriptures. But there are references to David being opposed by those of the tribe of Benjamin during the time he was serving King Saul. 7:1 wzv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 7:1 v239 0 “This is a song that David wrote” 7:1 huv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:2 rzk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 David speaks of his enemies attacking him as if they would rip his body apart and tear it in pieces as a lion would. Alternate translation: “they will violently kill me like a lion ripping apart its victim’s body and tearing it in pieces” or “they will violently kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 7:2 x9fh 0 “and no one else will be able to save me” 7:5 ej18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The life represents the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:5 us9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents capturing him. Alternate translation: “capture me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:5 txr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “my life” represents the writer. Alternate translation: “allow him to destroy me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:5 hav6 0 This refers to lying dead and unburied in disgrace. 7:6 phd3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Arising represents doing something or taking action. Alternate translation: “Do something in your anger” or “Be angry at my enemies and take action: (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:6 a9lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Fighting against people is spoken of as standing up against them. Alternate translation: “fight against the rage of my enemies” or “attack my enemies who rage against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:6 q1qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Their rage represents their attacks. Alternate translation: “the attacks of my enemies” or “my enemies who attack me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:6 x2us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Waking up represents starting to do something or take action. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:6 sml1 0 “for me” or “to help me” 7:7 pk8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “countries” represents all of the armies that have gathered to attack. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 7:7 rb6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Ruling people is spoken of as being over them. Yahweh’s rightful place refers either to heaven or to ruling in general. Alternate translation: “Rule over them from heaven” or “Rule over them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:8 e8kb 0 “show them that I am not guilty” 7:9 pw1n 0 “make the righteous people strong” or “make the righteous people prosper” 7:9 zql9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The hearts and minds represent people’s desires and thoughts. Alternate translation: “you who know our inner thoughts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 7:10 c7u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “shield” represents God’s protection. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:11 j5zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Who God is angry with can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “a God who is angry with the wicked every day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 7:12 y4zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 In verses 12 and 13, David speaks of God deciding to punish the wicked as if God were a warrior preparing to fight against them with weapons. Alternate translation: “God will take action against him like a warrior who sharpens his sword and prepares his bow for battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:14 l54a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of the things that a wicked person does as if the person were pregnant and wickedness was the baby. Alternate translation: “the wicked person. He makes plans to destroy people and produces harmful lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 7:16 p524 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Destruction and violence are spoken of as if they hit a person’s head or fall down on it. Alternate translation: “His own destructive plans destroy him, for his violence attacks him” or “When he plans to destroy others, others destroy him; when he attacks others, others attack him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 8:intro rs24 0 # Psalm 008 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 8 is a psalm of worship and praise to God. This was to be sung by a choir.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s creation\nGod has made awesome things in the universe and has exalted humans to be rulers over this creation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]])\n\n### A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings\n\n[Psalms Psalm 8:4-6](./003.md) is quoted in [Hebrews 2:6-8](../../heb/02/06.md), where it is applied to Jesus. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) 8:1 lk7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 8:1 i9hb 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 8:1 ye1p 0 This may refer to a style of music. 8:1 hn59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s “name” represents his whole being. Alternate translation: “people all over the world know that you are very great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 8:2 u11e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) praise is spoken of as a solid object that God takes out of babies’ mouths and sets up as a defensive wall or (2) God has created the world so that true praise comes to him from babies. Alternate translation: “You have given babies and infants the ability to praise you” or “It is babies and infants who truly praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 8:3 uj2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 God’s fingers represent him. Alternate translation: “the heavens which you have made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 8:4 yhh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 These remarks have been expressed in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “It is amazing that you think about people and are concerned about them!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 8:4 k9i2 0 Both of these phrases refer to people in general. 8:5 sr48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Glory and honor are spoken of as if they were crowns. The words “glory” and “honor” are similar in meaning. Alternate translation: “have given them glory and honor” or “have caused them to be like kings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 8:6 x6z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 8:6 rc4e 0 “you make them … under their feet.” The words “him” and “his” here refer to people. 8:6 xti1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The hands represent what God has done. Alternate translation: “the things that you made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 8:6 py2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Having authority to rule others or control things is spoken of as having them under one’s feet. This means God gave people authority over all that he created. Alternate translation: “you have given him authority over all things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 8:9 y339 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 With this exclamation, David shows his joy and awe about how great God is. Alternate translation: “your name is wonderfully magnificent in all the earth” or “people in all the earth know how magnificent you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 8:9 dvi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s “name” represents him or his reputation. Alternate translation: “your reputation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 8:9 bf2u 0 excellent, great 9:intro zq96 0 # Psalm 009 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 9 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nGod is a protector. He is all-powerful and his enemies cannot withstand him.\n\n### Acrostic Psalm\n\nThis psalm along with Psalm 10 form an acrostic. Which means that each unit begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet.\n\n### One Psalm or two\n\nThis psalm has a superscription but Psalm 10 doesn’t. This fact and the acrostic nature of the two psalms has lead some scholars to believe these two psalms may have originally been written as one psalm. 9:1 xxu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 9:1 w9iy 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 9:1 nqw5 0 This may refer to a style of music. 9:1 lr4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 Since this song is addressed to Yahweh, Yahweh can be referred to as “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I will give thanks to you with all my heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 9:1 f4r1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the verb “do.” Alternate translation: “all the marvelous things you do” or “all the marvelous things you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 9:2 vh6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here God’s name represents God. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:3 j685 0 “retreat” or “flee in fear” 9:4 nvz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Kings had authority to judge people, and they would sit on their throne when they judged. David speaks as if God were an earthly king. Alternate translation: “you judge like a king who sits on his throne, and you are righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:5 cw1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Causing people to be forgotten is spoken of as blotting out their name. Alternate translation: “you have caused them to be forgotten as if their name was blotted out” or “no one will ever remember them again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:5 bs94 0 “erased” 9:6 dj3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The enemy is spoken of as if it were a city full of broken down buildings. Alternate translation: “Our enemies were destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 9:6 b9n1 0 “when you destroyed their cities” 9:6 pi7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “remembrance” is spoken of as if it were a living being that could die. Alternate translation: “All remembrance of them has stopped” or “There is no longer any remembrance of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:6 c6yp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “remembrance” can be expressed with the verb “remember.” Alternate translation: “No one remembers them at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 9:7 x7xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “Remain” probably represents sitting on the throne as king. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sits on his throne forever” or “Yahweh rules forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:7 h8nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “his throne” represents God’s rule. Possible meanings are (1) “He rules in order to judge people” or (2) “He rules over people justly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:8 pgg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 9:8 dz3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the world” refers to all the people in the world. Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:9 y7hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as if he were a place that people could go to for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will also protect the oppressed” or “Yahweh will also provide safety for those who are oppressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:10 mb1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the words “your name” represent God. Alternate translation: “Those who know you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:10 dj61 0 “do not forsake” or “do not leave” 9:11 nb7x 0 “who lives in Jerusalem” 9:11 i7js rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:12 lcs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 What he remembers can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “For the God who avenges bloodshed remembers those who were killed” or “For God remembers those who were killed and he punishes the killers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 9:12 wk9a 0 “He does not ignore the cry” 9:13 j8i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “see how those who hate me oppress me” or “see how badly my enemies treat me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 9:13 p41p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Death is spoken of as if it were a city that had gates through which people enter it. If someone is near the gates of death, it means that he will die soon. Keeping someone from dying is spoken of as taking him away from the gates of that city. Alternate translation: “you who can rescue me from death” or “you who can keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:15 re95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People dig pits so they can catch animals that fall into them. Here digging a pit represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “The nations are like people who dig a pit for others and then fall into it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:15 g4gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People hide nets so they can catch animals that get caught in them. Here hiding a net represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “they are like people who hide a net and get trapped in it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:16 fy3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 Here “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to any wicked person. A wicked person acting to harm other people is spoken of as if the wicked person had made a trap and then fallen into it and been unable to escape. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when a wicked person tries to harm other people, his actions will end up harming him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:16 z41t 0 “is trapped” 9:17 bw3u 0 “rejected” 9:17 wmb4 0 This refers to “the wicked.” 9:18 f28n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not always forget the needy” or “God will remember the needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 9:18 ln7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Hopes are spoken of as if they were objects that could be broken or destroyed. Hopes being destroyed represents the things that people hope for never happening. Alternate translation: “and the oppressed will not hope forever without results” or “and someday what the oppressed hope for will happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 9:19 zrv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Getting up represents starting to do something. Alternate translation: “Do something” or “Take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:19 dw6d 0 people 9:19 f879 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here judging represents punishing. Alternate translation: “be punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:19 dca3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here sight represents presence. Alternate translation: “in your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 9:19 xin9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “judge the nations in your presence” or “take the nations into your presence and punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:intro h366 0 # Psalm 010 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 10 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Evil people\nThe wicked people are prospering and think that God does not care. They think that he is not involved in these affairs. They destroy the innocent. The godly need God to come to their rescue and to punish the wicked people for the evil that they are doing to the good people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])\n\n### Second half of Psalm 9\n\nAs noted in the intro to the last psalm, this one is part of an acrostic poem. This psalm covers the last half on the Hebrew alphabet. It also does not have a superscription to introduce it. However, the psalms do separate well on the subjects they address. One addresses thanksgiving and praise whereas Psalm 10 is a lament. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) 10:1 he97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 10:1 l729 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The speaker uses these questions to express his distress that God has not helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems as though you are far away from me and you hide from me whenever I am in trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:2 ml6r 0 evil plans 10:3 hd9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 10:3 lk5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The noun “desires” can be expressed with the verb “want. “Alternate translation: “the things that he wants very much to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 10:3 bcd9 0 “greedy people” 10:4 nkz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 This refers here to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 10:4 es9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A raised face represents pride or arrogance. Alternate translation: “has an arrogant attitude” or “is proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:4 je9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Seeking God represents either (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “he does not ask God for help” or “he does not think about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:5 h3lz 0 “He is safe at all times.” He is not really safe, but he thinks that he is. 10:5 ee2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Something that is hard to understand is spoken of as if it were too high to reach. Alternate translation: “he cannot understand your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:5 bbt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 People snort at their enemies when they think that their enemies are weak and worthless. Alternate translation: “he thinks that all his enemies are weak and worthless” or “he sneers at all his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 10:5 dxb3 0 This means that he blows air out noisily through his nose. 10:6 j7qk 0 “The wicked man says” 10:6 xus1 0 This probably simply means “forever.” 10:6 y26y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Experiencing adversity is spoken of as meeting it. Alternate translation: “I will not have any troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:7 d42j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 What people say is spoken of as being in their mouth. Alternate translation: “He always curses people, tells lies, and threatens to harm people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:7 xj9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the tongue represents speaking. Alternate translation: or “what he says injures and destroys people” or “he speaks words that threaten and hurt people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:8 x2zt 0 The word “he” refers to the wicked man. 10:8 urg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes represent him. Alternate translation: “he looks for some helpless victim” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 10:9 sd5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This speaks of the wicked person as if he were a lion. Alternate translation: “He hides while he waits for the weak to walk near him, the same way a lion quietly waits in the bush for the animal it wants to attack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 10:9 jkf7 0 This means to hide or wait with intent to harm or kill. 10:9 ug79 0 “lies down waiting” or “he hides and waits” 10:9 g5jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter using a net to catch animals. Alternate translation: “He catches the oppressed like a hunter that catches an animal in a net and drags it away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:10 bcg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer continues to speak of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter, his plans were nets, and the people were animals that fall into his net. Alternate translation: “his victims are caught by his plans like animals that fall into a hunter’s strong nets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:11 y4zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 The word “He” refers to the wicked person, and to wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 10:11 ty8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Refusing to pay attention to what people do is spoken of as forgetting. Alternate translation: “God does not pay attention” or “God does not care about what I do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:11 vdi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Refusing to pay attention to what someone does is spoken of as covering one’s face. Alternate translation: “God refuses to see what is happening” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:11 xd2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Paying attention to what someone does is spoken of as looking at it. Alternate translation: “he will not bother to pay attention” or “he will not care” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:12 l9k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Starting to do something is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “Do something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 10:12 k3kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here lifting the hand to hit someone represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Hit him hard” or “Punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:13 w9gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The speaker uses this question to show that he is very sad that wicked people do these things. Alternate translation: “Wicked people are always rejecting God and saying … ‘You will not hold me accountable.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 10:13 tfq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “You will not require me to tell you why I do what I do.” Holding someone accountable here represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “You will not punish me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:15 v9ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “Destroy the power of the wicked and evil man” or “Make the wicked and evil man weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:15 z4yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These words have the same meaning. You can use one word to express both concepts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 10:15 m5mv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Making someone account for his evil deeds represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Punish him for the evil things he has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:16 zc2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. “Yahweh forces the people of other nations to leave his land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 10:17 d6nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that the oppressed people cried out to God. Alternate translation: “when oppressed people cried out to you, you listened to them tell you what they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 10:17 yqz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 A strong heart represents courage, and making people’s hearts strong represents encouraging them. Alternate translation: “you encourage them” or “you make them confident” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 10:18 w3s1 0 “no one … will cause people to be afraid again” 11:intro zn9r 0 # Psalm 011 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 11 is a worship psalm. It tells how great God is and that God delivers the good people from the evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\nThe wicked people try to destroy the good people but God knows everything that is being done and he saves the good people and destroys the evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 11:1 t2nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 11:1 ca3b 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 11:1 i5j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to Yahweh for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:1 dp1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question is asked to provide emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “So do not ask me to run away!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 11:2 lc13 0 “Look! the wicked are preparing to attack upright people” 11:2 td66 0 Here “upright in heart” refers to godly or righteous people. 11:3 dyu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 Here “the foundations” may refer to law and order. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Righteous people cannot do anything when evil people are not punished when they disobey the laws!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 11:4 je8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Yahweh is aware of everything that happens. Alternate translation: “He examines all that humanity does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 11:4 u9bt 0 “humanity” 11:5 ars4 0 “Yahweh watches carefully” 11:5 qa59 0 “hurt others” 11:6 t8lu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s punishment is described as if it were burning coals and brimstone from a volcano. Alternate translation: “He punishes the wicked; there will be no relief for them!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 11:6 i1h8 0 sulphur 11:7 ai4r 0 “be in his presence” 12:intro c38b 0 # Psalm 012 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 12 is a judgment psalm, where the author asks God to judge and punish the wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh saves\nThere are so many wicked people now and they are proud of their evil. But God will save the poor who call out to him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])\n\n### Words\nThis relatively short psalm focuses on the words people use. 12:1 lrn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 12:1 l7ap 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 12:1 d3jh 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 6:1](../006/001.md). 12:1 w9wb 0 “Yahweh, come to my aid” 12:1 ckb5 0 “faithful people have all vanished” 12:2 p59u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 The two occurrences of “everyone” are exaggerations, used to emphasize that this is true of very many people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 12:2 k6d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “lips” is a metonym for what people say, and “a double heart” is a metaphor for deception. Alternate translation: “everyone speaks with flattering words and deception” or “everyone praises people falsely and tells lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 12:3 cis2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “flattering lips” is a metonym for people who flatter others. Possible meanings are (1) “cut off” is a metaphor for killing. Alternate translation: “kill all who flatter others” or (2) “cut off” is a metaphor for stopping something. Alternate translation: “stop all those who flatter others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 12:3 g9k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “every tongue” represents every person who declares great things. Alternate translation: “every person who boasts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 12:4 j1nx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “tongues” represents what people say. Alternate translation: “We will prevail because of what we say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 12:4 ay1a 0 “we will succeed” or “we will win” or “we will be victorious” 12:4 n8z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the “lips” represents the people who speak. Alternate translation: “When we speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 12:4 le51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that they believed no one could rule over them. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can rule over us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 12:5 bgl1 0 These are deep sounds that people make because of pain or some strong emotion. 12:5 qr86 0 This means Yahweh will do something to help the people. 12:6 jt35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Yahweh’s words are compared to silver that has been purified. Alternate translation: “they are without any imperfection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 12:7 txp6 0 “You keep the righteous people safe” 12:8 q4v9 0 “surround us” 12:8 y7uy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when people everywhere are praising evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 12:8 lrt6 0 “human beings” or “people” 13:intro nza7 0 # Psalm 013 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 13 is a psalm of deliverance because the psalmist is calling on God to deliver him from death and his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nThe author needs God to help him because his enemies will rejoice if they are able to defeat him. The string of rhetorical questions is very effective at heightening the fear David is feeling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) 13:1 vsr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 13:1 hwf6 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 13:1 xg9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question is asked to get the reader’s attention and to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems that you have forgotten about me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 13:1 v3px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The words “your face” represent God’s whole being. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems like you are hiding from me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 13:2 pg6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely my enemies will not always defeat me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 13:3 vs9y 0 “Give me your attention and listen to me” 13:3 x789 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a way of asking for strength. Alternate translation: “Make me strong again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 13:3 t9hl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 To “sleep in death” means to die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 13:4 ucm3 0 “Do not let my enemy say about me … so that my enemy may not say about me” 13:4 x5p1 0 “when I fall” or “when they defeat me” 13:5 l1in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have trusted that you are faithful to your covenant” or “I have trusted you because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 13:5 s3s4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice because you have rescued me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 14:intro a269 0 # Psalm 014 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 14 is a deliverance psalm because he is trusting God to deliver the poor. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Evil people\nWicked people do not even consider God when they make their plans. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 14:1 ghg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 14:1 l8jh 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 14:1 bwz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom that means to say to oneself or to think to oneself. Alternate translation: “A foolish person says to himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 14:1 r75x 0 The word “they” refers to all foolish human beings who say there is no God. 14:2 zm7b 0 This phrase refers to all humans. 14:2 vw7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This describes those who desire to know God as if they were actually following him on a path. Alternate translation: “who desire to know him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 14:3 l4ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This describes people who have rejected God as if they had stopped walking on the right path and had gone in another direction. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 14:4 v11h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “They act as if they do not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh. But they know what they are doing!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 14:4 a11q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “iniquity” can be stated as “evil deeds.” Alternate translation: “those who do evil deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 14:4 amq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This refers to those who do evil things and destroy God’s people as if they were eating food. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 14:5 g962 0 The word “they” refers to those who do evil things. 14:5 p7fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 To say that “God is with” those who are righteous means that he helps them. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God helps those who act righteously” or “God helps those who do the right things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 14:6 a6ad 0 The word “you” here refers to the wicked people. 14:6 eb9r 0 “to make the person who is poor feel ashamed” 14:6 ysx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks of the protection that Yahweh provides as if he were a shelter that one might seek in a storm. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shelter of protection to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 14:7 uji3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 This is an exclamation. The writer is saying what he wishes or longs for God to do. Alternate translation: “I wish so much that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 14:7 xxx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the salvation of Israel” is a metonym for Yahweh, the one who saves Israel. Alternate translation: “Oh, that Yahweh would come from Zion and save Israel!” or “I wish that Yahweh would come from Zion and rescue his people Israel!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 14:7 h25q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. Here both “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. The two phrases can be combined in the translation. Alternate translation: “then all the people of Israel will rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 15:intro j6s2 0 # Psalm 015 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Godliness\nThis psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])\n\n### Moral Conditions for Worship\n\nScholars have noted that this psalm contains a list of ten different conditions for those who want to participate in worship at the temple. The list consists of three positives in verse 2, 3 negatives in verse 3, two positives in verse 4, followed by two negatives in verse 5. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) 15:1 u6j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 15:1 sql5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s “holy hill” represents God’s temple, which was on Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “Who may live in your holy place?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 15:2 jg77 0 “speaks honestly” 15:3 n4z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “tongue” represents what a person says. The word “he” refers to the “righeous person” ([Psalms 15:2](../015/002.md)). Alternate translation: “He does not slander people with his speech” or “He does not say evil things about innocent people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 15:3 ih3s 0 hurt 15:4 y2jl 0 “Righteous people hate those who have rejected God, but they honor those who respect God” 15:4 y1aw 0 “The wicked person” or “The person who has rejected Yahweh” 15:5 qq63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “to be shaken” represents not living safely any longer. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will live in safety” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:intro hm6c 0 # Psalm 016 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 16 is a psalm of praise, thanking God for all his mercies. The New Testament considers this psalm to be a messianic psalm: a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Messiah\nGod has been so good to the psalmist, who will worship no other god. The New Testament considers the tenth verse to be about Christ’s resurrection when it says that he is God’s anointed one, and that God will not leave his body in the grave to decay. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])\n\n### Superscription\nThe term “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this term, but in the end no one is certain what it means. So it is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you are welcome to translate it as “psalm.” 16:1 m94a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 16:1 u6cp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:3 b6f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “holy people” refers to God’s own people who trust him. Alternate translation: “your people who live in this land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 16:4 j4m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The troubles of those who seek other gods will increase” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:4 b7s4 0 “pour out blood as a sacrifice to their gods” 16:4 xj7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor 0 Lifting up their names is a metaphor for praising them, and “lips” is a metonym for what one says. Alternate translation: “or praise them with my words” or “and I will not praise their gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 16:5 v4p8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a portion of land that has been given to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:5 b3bh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a cup that contains many blessings. Alternate translation: “the one who blesses me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:5 efb4 0 “You determine my future” or “You control what will happen to me” 16:6 qf7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here laying down measuring lines is a metonym for measuring land and giving it to someone, and here this is a metaphor for God blessing David in many great ways. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have measured off land for me in pleasant places” or “You have given me land in pleasant places” or “You bless me like one who gives land in pleasant places” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:6 ag3m 0 These are ropes that people use to measure a plot of land and mark its boundaries. 16:6 af57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “I am delighted with all the things that he has given me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 16:8 z682 0 “I always remember that Yahweh is with me” 16:8 yj9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing will take me away from his side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 16:9 in9q 0 David continues to speak to God. 16:9 p2bc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the “heart” represents the speaker’s thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “Therefore I am glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 16:9 e6e1 0 Possible meanings are (1) the word “glory” represents the honor a person feels. Alternate translation: “I am honored to rejoice in God” or (2) the word translated “glory” really means “liver” and represents the speaker’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I am rejoicing” 16:11 b54u 0 “great joy” or “a large amount of joy” 16:11 hxq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of “joy” as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 16:11 v4yr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The words “right hand” indicate being in God’s special presence. Alternate translation: “when I am near you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 17:intro thd2 0 # Psalm 017 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 17 is a prayer for deliverance from all his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Innocence\nThe psalmist is innocent and needs God to rescue him from these enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]]) 17:1 y32y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 17:1 z6y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The phrase “give ear” is a metaphor for listening, and “lips without deceit” is synecdoche for a person who does not lie. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer for I speak without deceit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 17:2 k4su rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Vindication coming from God represents God judging someone and declaring him innocent. God’s “presence” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “Let my vindication come from you” or “Declare that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:2 t9kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “your eyes” is synecdoche for God himself, and “see” is a metaphor for paying attention and firmly deciding to do something. Alternate translation: “please see what is right” or “do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:3 pi85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “test my heart” means to examine my thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “If you examine my thoughts in the night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 17:3 w51q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the mouth is spoken of as if it were capable of acting on its own. It also represents the words that a person speaks. Alternate translation: “I will not tell lies or sin with my words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 17:4 u1m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the word of your lips” is a metonym for God’s instruction, and “the ways of the lawless” is a metaphor for the things that lawless people do. Alternate translation: “it is by obeying your instruction that I have kept myself from doing the things that lawless people do” or “your instruction has caused me to avoid doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:5 nw8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these clauses mean the same thing. The repetition adds emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 17:5 ve61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his obedience to God as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “I am determined to follow your ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 17:6 fh7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases mean the same thing. Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. Alternate translation: “pay attention to me … listen when I speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:7 m4v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Show in a wonderful way that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 17:7 g2x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The “right hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “your mighty power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:7 ll6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:8 ar64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The “apple of your eye” refers to something that is valuable. Alternate translation: “Protect me as you would something most valuable and precious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 17:8 f3hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of God’s protection as if he were a bird protecting its young under its wings. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe as a mother bird protects her babies by gathering them under her wing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:10 rd6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “their mouths speak” represents his enemies when they speak. Alternate translation: “they speak with pride” or “they are always boasting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 17:11 yzx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “surrounded my steps” represents how David’s enemies have followed him everywhere he goes in order to capture him. Alternate translation: “My enemies have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:12 iq89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases express very similar ideas. The repetition adds intensity. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 17:12 c8wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer feels pursued the way a lion hunts its prey (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 17:13 p2s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is a metaphor for Yahweh’s power and for violent death in war. Alternate translation: “by having them die in war” or “by killing them in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:14 mf1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 This clause adds intensity to the words “Rescue my life from the wicked by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 17:14 wh2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 These words represent the power of Yahweh and add intensity to the words “by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 17:14 xg3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The ancient text is hard to understand. Possible meanings are (1) “treasured” is a metaphor for loved, and “your treasured ones” refers to the people whom God loves. Alternate translation: “you will fill the bellies of the people you love with riches” or (2) “your treasured ones” refers to treasures that God gives to people, the “men of this world” Alternate translation: “you will fill their bellies with rich treasures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:14 knu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “fill the bellies … with riches” is a metaphor for giving them many valuable things. Possible meanings are (1) “You will give many riches to the people you love” or (2) “you will give the men of this world many riches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 17:15 ck39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “face” represents Yahweh in all of his being. David is confident he will see Yahweh. Alternate translation: “because I act in the right way, I will be with you one day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 17:15 bpx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 David believes that after he dies, he will be with Yahweh. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “After I die, I will be happy to wake up in your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:intro enj7 0 # Psalm 018 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 18 is a psalm of praise to God for his strengthening David for war.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\nGod has tremendous power and he enabled David to prosper in war. This psalm, and its superscription, also appears in 1 Samuel 22 with some minor differences. 18:1 xfk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:1 ig1a 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 18:1 vm1x 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 18:1 p2da 0 “he sang this song to Yahweh” 18:1 rhv3 0 “after Yahweh had rescued him” 18:1 hna8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” stands for the power of Saul. Alternate translation: “from Saul’s power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:2 tcf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock. The word “rock” is a picture of a safe place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:2 bmi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Here the words “rock” and “fortress” share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh provides safety from enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:2 v8xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:2 k49n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a “shield,” “the horn” of his salvation, and his “stronghold.” Yahweh is the one who protects him from harm. Here a similar idea is repeated three ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:3 d5g1 0 “I will be rescued from my enemies” 18:4 fsd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. Alternate translation: “I was about to be killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 18:4 m5rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David is as helpless as if he were being carried away by a rushing flood of waters. Alternate translation: “I felt completely helpless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:5 e9l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here “Sheol,” the place of the dead, and “death” are spoken of as if they were people who could surround and trap him. These two clauses have similar meanings and the idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I felt trapped and thought I was going to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:6 s721 0 “In my great need” or “In my despair” 18:6 jr71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here David speaks of his “call for help” as if it were a person who could come into the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I prayed to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 18:6 fs4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Here David speaks of how Yahweh heard his cry for help. The idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “he heard my appeal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:7 dal8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s being angry is spoken of as if the there was a terrible earthquake. Alternate translation: “God was so angry that it was as if the earth … shaken” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:7 xka3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “shook” and “trembled” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how greatly the earth shook. Alternate translation: “the land moved back and forth” or “the ground moved up and down” or “there was a violent earthquake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 18:7 svs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the foundations of the mountains also trembled and shook” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:8 al4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were breathing fire. This is a picture of how angry God was. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:8 zsk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “blazing fire came out of his mouth and ignited coals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:9 fkd8 0 The word “He” refers to Yahweh. 18:9 aw5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Though Yahweh does not actually have feet, the Psalmist gives him human characteristics. Alternate translation: “thick darkness was beneath him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 18:10 wt4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the Psalmist speaks of the wind as if it had wings like an angel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:11 a2gi 0 Here the words “He” and “him” refer to Yahweh. 18:11 edg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here darkness is spoken of as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He made darkness a covering” or “He made darkness a hiding place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:11 jnx8 0 “clouds heavy with rain” or “thick, dark rainclouds” 18:12 t3xj 0 stones made of ice 18:13 dn6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Yahweh’s voice sounded like thunder. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:13 dvy3 0 “the Most High” refers to Yahweh. 18:14 cw24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:14 h2p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here lighting strikes are being spoken of as if they were arrows (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:14 p7tz 0 “sent them in different directions” 18:15 b39a 0 The writer continues to speak of Yaweh’s great power. 18:15 jfu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses have similar meanings. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then the water channels appeared and the bottom of the ocean became visible; you exposed the foundations of the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:15 a125 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Though God does not have human physical characteristics as described here, this pictures his mighty strength. The wind is spoken of here as if it came as a mighty blast from God’s nostrils. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:16 m4pi 0 The word “He” in these verses refers to Yahweh. 18:16 kef1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the Psalmist speaks of the dangers of his enemies as if they were huge waves or forceful waters, from which Yahweh has rescued him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:18 eej1 0 Here “They” refers to the strong enemies in verse 17. 18:18 s1sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “distress” can be stated as an adjective. The abstract noun “support” can be stated as “protected.” Alternate translation: “Strong enemies attacked me on a day when I was distressed, but Yahweh protected me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:20 a3vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here having clean hands represents being innocent of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:21 y3m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The laws of Yahweh are spoken of as if they were the paths on which one should walk. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed Yahweh’s laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:21 tu8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here being wicked is spoken of as if one left the right path and took the wrong path. Alternate translation: “have not done wickedly by turning away from my God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:22 t97s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these clauses have similar meanings. The writer repeats these ideas for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:22 gtv3 0 “have guided me” or “I have remembered” 18:23 gug9 0 “innocent according to him” 18:23 gz4q 0 “I have not sinned” 18:24 tu18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 To have “clean hands” means that one is innocent of wrongdoing. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:20](../018/020.md): Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:24 t3bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This refers to God’s presence. Alternate translation: “before him” or “according to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:25 tb5y 0 The writer speaks to Yahweh. 18:25 h851 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “faithful” means to do what God commands one to do. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: “to those who faithfully obey your commandments” or “to those who faithfully do your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:26 cn7t 0 “you outwit anyone who is not honest” 18:27 v6yq 0 “you humiliate” 18:27 w4ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom refers to those who are proud. Alternate translation: “who are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:28 w4pi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s presence as if he were a light. These clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 18:29 jv31 0 “For with your help I can cross any obstacle” 18:30 v53y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A shield protects a soldier. David speaks as if God were a shield protecting him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 3:3](../003/003.md). Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, protect like a shield everyone who takes refuge in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:31 d8xy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The implied answer is no one. Alternate translation: “Only Yahweh is God! Only our God is a rock!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 18:31 xn5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that he could climb to get away from his enemies. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:32 w9ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 God gives strength to David as if it were a piece of clothing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:32 z4ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks of living a life that is pleasing to God as if he were being placed on the right path. Alternate translation: “causes the blameless person to live a righteous life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:33 w92y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This refers to enabling a person to run fast. Alternate translation: “makes me run very fast” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:33 g696 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The deer is especially quick and stable in the mountains. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:34 q1v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my hands” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “He trains me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:34 tq4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This refers to the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:35 juz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the writer speaks of God’s protection as if it were a shield. The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “your protection and saved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:35 x6rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “Your power has supported me” or “You have supported me by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:35 yr5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here God’s favor represents him acting according to his favor. Alternate translation: “You have made me great according to your favor” or “By your kindness, you have made me great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:36 ui92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the safety that God has provided as if it were a wide place for him to stand. Here “my feet” represent the person. Alternate translation: “a safe place for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 18:36 qhq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my feet” refers to the person. The writer refers to the safety of God’s protection as if he were standing on a place where he will not slip or fall. Alternate translation: “I have not slipped” or “I am doing well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:38 v638 0 “I crushed them” or “I broke them to pieces” 18:38 z8w8 0 “unable to stand” 18:38 af9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means the Psalmist has defeated his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated all of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:39 t3xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The Psalmist says that Yahweh has given him strength that surrounds and supports him like a belt. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:32](../018/032.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:39 xyh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here the Psalmist speaks of the defeat of his enemies as if he were standing on them. Alternate translation: “you defeat for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:39 xyp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This refers to those who oppose the Psalmist. Alternate translation: “those who are my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:40 h5yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Alternate translation: “You gave me victory over my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:40 m3tx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Possible images are (1) David could cut his enemies’ heads off at the neck or (2) David could put his foot down on his enemies’ necks or (3) David could see his enemies’ backs when they ran away from him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:40 gp8b 0 “I defeated those who hated me” or “I destroyed completely those who hated me” 18:41 whl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means Yahweh did not provide any help. Alternate translation: “but he did not help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 18:42 tjm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The psalmists enemies are compared to dust to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:42 vu6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The psalmist’s enemies are compared to mud in the streets to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 18:43 t95d 0 disagreements, arguments 18:43 i9s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “head” represents the ruler. Alternate translation: “appointed me to be the ruler over many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:44 c7dv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God forced foreigners to bow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:45 t4uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “trembling” shows that they were very afraid. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “foreigners came shaking, showing that they were very afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:46 w5z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he is my rock and he should be praised” or “may people praise my rock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:46 mv1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the writer speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he were a rock that prevented his enemies from reaching him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:46 h9ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people exalt the God of my salvation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:46 xf2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “salvation” can be stated as “saved” or “rescued.” Alternate translation: “the God who rescued me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:47 v7ab rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 To “execute vengeance” means to punish people for their evil actions. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “vengeance.” Alternate translation: “the God who punishes people for the evil things they have done to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 18:48 l9y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has set me free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 18:48 z54b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s protection of the writer is spoken of as if he lifted the writer up so high that his enemies could not reach him to harm him. Alternate translation: “you put me in a safe place high above” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 18:48 k73f 0 “who attacked me” or “who rebelled against me” 18:48 inl3 0 “cruel men” or “savage men” 18:49 f8x9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here the writer means that he will give thanks to Yahweh so that all people will hear of Yahweh’s greatness. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will hear about it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 18:49 qvh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents God himself. Alternate translation: “in honor of your name” or “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 18:50 ggt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 By using the words “his king,” David is referring to himself as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 18:50 sw5u 0 “he faithfully loves me as he promised in his covenant, and he will love my descendants forever” 19:intro sn29 0 # Psalm 019 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 19 is a praise psalm, praising God for his creation and for his law.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s law\nGod’s law keeps people from sinning. There are two distinct themes in this psalm. Verses 1-6 are God’s glory in the heavens and the second is praising God for his law. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) 19:1 s9h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 19:1 j4zh 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 19:1 mn6q 0 The heavens are described as if they were a person. Alternate translation: “The heavens show” or “The heavens look like they declare” 19:1 iz5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The skies are described as if they were a teacher. Alternate translation: “The skies seem to make God’s handiwork known to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 19:1 a8iy 0 “his creation” or “the world that he has made” 19:2 c72h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 What is beautiful about creation is compared to speaking, as if creation were a person. Then those words are compared to water that flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “creation is like a person speaking to everyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:3 lmv7 0 These phrases express clearly that the first two verses were a metaphor. Alternate translation: “There is no real speech or spoken words; no one hears an actual voice with their ears” 19:3 pa4x 0 Other translations read “where their voice is not heard,” emphasizing that creation’s “speech” is available everywhere. 19:4 w3s6 0 David has just said that creation shows God’s glory. 19:4 c2us 0 This refers to the unspoken “words” of creation that show God’s glory. 19:4 r4zj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The words are described as if they were people who go out with a message. Alternate translation: “the words that creation speaks are like people who go out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 19:4 kf9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The implied words can be included in the translation. Alternate translation: “their speech goes out to the end of the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 19:4 bdz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the writer speaks of the place that Yahweh created for the sun as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He created a place for the sun” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:4 n177 0 The word “them” probably refers to the heavens. 19:5 s244 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks of the sun’s coming out as if it were a bridegroom. Alternate translation: “The sun is like a bridegroom walking joyfully toward his bride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 19:5 xes3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This compares the sun to an athlete to emphasize the strength and brightness of the sun. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 19:5 l7b8 0 “a fast runner” 19:6 tah2 0 the line where the earth and the sky meet 19:6 wz8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “other” refers to the other horizon. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “to the other horizon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 19:6 unx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “everything feels its heat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 19:7 z9pg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The words “the soul” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “making a person strong again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 19:7 a789 0 “those who have no experience” or “those who have not learned” 19:8 spr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 These words refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 19:8 nuk1 0 “are true” or “are correct” 19:8 t8c5 0 Possible meanings are (1) “bringing understanding to a person” or (2) “making a person healthy again” 19:9 xac8 0 “completely right” 19:10 x983 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s decrees are spoken of as if they could be bought and tasted. Alternate translation: “If you could buy them, they would be of greater value than gold … if you could taste them, they would be sweeter than honey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:10 e6s3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The word “valuable” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated. Alternate translation: “even more valuable than a lot of fine gold” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 19:10 k6x4 0 “pure gold” or “expensive gold” 19:11 y6a9 0 This word marks that there is more to the truth than what has just been said. Alternate translation: “Moreover” 19:11 s1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they warn your servant” or “they are a warning for your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 19:11 e73b 0 The word “them” refers to Yahweh’s righteous decrees. 19:11 nk1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. Alternate translation: “I am warned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 19:12 uj5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This appears in the form of a question to add emphasis and can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: No one can be aware of his own errors!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 19:12 gsx9 0 “from secret mistakes I have made” 19:13 j82u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom pictures the servant as being removed from the sins he does not wish to commit. Alternate translation: “Also, protect your servant from doing” or “Also, make sure that I do not commit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 19:13 z1tt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. See how you translated this in [Psalms 19:11](../019/011.md). Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 19:13 b3bd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Sins are described as if they were a king that could rule over someone. Alternate translation: “do not let my sins become like a king who rules over me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 19:13 axe2 0 “innocent of rebelling against you” or “innocent of committing many sins” 19:14 l16r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 These expressions taken together describe everything a person says and thinks. Alternate translation: “the things I say and the things I think about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 19:14 t28d 0 “receive approval in your sight” or “be pleasing to you” 19:14 bu1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 19:14 vn8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that one could climb and be protected from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you are like my rock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 20:intro h99t 0 # Psalm 020 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 20 is a royal psalm. It is probably a prayer for the king, perhaps when he first became king.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Trust\nTrusting God is much better than trusting in military might. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 20:1 v6pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This Psalm begins with a group of people speaking to the king of Israel. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 20:1 h9gw 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 20:1 vrb5 0 The word “you” in this Psalm is singular and refers to the king. 20:1 pt3b 0 “in times of trouble” or “when you are in trouble” 20:1 dp3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) here “name” is a metonym for God’s power. Alternate translation: “may the power of the God of Jacob protect you” or “may the God of Jacob protect you by his power” or (2) here “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “may the God of Jacob protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:2 b9ek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God helping from his holy place is spoken of as if God were sending help. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh help you from his holy place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 20:2 y51h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Both of these refer to God’s temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 20:3 yz44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “call to mind” is a way of saying “remember.” It does not mean God forgot. It means to consider or think about. Alternate translation: “May he remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 20:3 kyh3 0 The word “he” refers to Yahweh. 20:4 r6y3 0 “May he give” 20:4 wht8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” stands for the entire person. The abstract noun “desire” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “what you desire” or “what you want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 20:4 u619 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “plans” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “may he help you to accomplish everything that you plan to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 20:5 h4h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 Here “we” refers to the people. They will rejoice in the king’s victory. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 20:5 bw3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents honor or reputation. Alternate translation: “in honor of our God” or “for the reputation of our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:5 p9n1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 “we will raise victory flags.” They would do this to show that they were praising God because he gave their king victory over his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 20:5 k3dy 0 “give you everything you request from him” 20:6 zm9a 0 This word is used here to mark a break in the psalm. It transitions from the people speaking to the king speaking. 20:6 nu7b 0 The word “I” probably refers to the king who is speaking in this section. 20:6 d8xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The king is speaking about himself in the third person. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “me, his anointed one … answer me … rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 20:6 bd3g 0 God dwells in heaven as well as in the temple in Jerusalem ([Psalms 20:2](../020/002.md)). 20:6 xcm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “with his great strength he will rescue him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:7 f9cd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “chariots” and “horses” represent a king’s army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 20:7 xr24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The word “trust” is understood. Alternate translation: “other trust in horses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 20:7 mwu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 20:8 e7uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 20:8 q1tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 The word “They” refers to the people who trust in chariots and horses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bring them down and make them fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 20:8 g7uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Both these verbs mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for losing in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 20:8 y7lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 “we will get up and stand up straight.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for victory in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 20:9 c5i4 0 Possible interpretations are (1) the people ask God to protect the king or (2) the king continues to speak about himself in the third person. 20:9 brk5 0 Some translations understand the Hebrew differently. Some translate it as the people speaking to Yahweh their king. Alternate translation: “King, help us when we call you” 21:intro mq8x 0 # Psalm 021 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 21 is a royal psalm. The king is praying for victory. Victory in war comes from the power and help from God.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Pronouns\nThere is a shift in pronouns in this psalm. In verses 1-6 the psalm addresses Yahweh in second person but in verse 7 the psalmist uses third person before moving back to second person in the latter part. 21:1 k12k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 21:1 h69b 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 21:1 bt8s 0 It is implied that this is strength Yahweh has given the king to defeat his enemies. Alternate translation: because you, Yahweh, have made him strong enough to defeat his enemies” 21:1 bka2 0 “He rejoices greatly” 21:1 r5nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that God has saved the king from his enemies. The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you have saved him from his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:2 cey2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 “his heart’s wish.” Here “heart” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his desire” or “what he wished for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 21:2 gez6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives 0 “have not refused him.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you have given him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 21:2 f8dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “lips” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his request” or “what he requested of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 21:3 q3ts rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “blessings” can be stated as “bless” or “good things.” Alternate translation: “you bless him greatly” or “you give him many good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:3 px6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 To place a crown on a person’s head is a symbol of making him a king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 21:3 za3g 0 Here “purest gold” represents the great honor given to the king. 21:4 yzs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “life” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “He asked that you cause him to live for a long time; you caused it to happen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:4 y4ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The idiom “the length of his days” refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “a long life that lasts forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 21:5 i6i4 0 “The king’s honor” or “The king’s fame” 21:5 k3gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “you have placed on him splendor and majesty.” Causing the king to be wealthy and powerful is spoken of as if splendor and majesty are objects that are placed on him. Alternate translation: “you have made him wealthy and powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:6 w2zk 0 “you allow him to have” or “you agree to give him” 21:6 rf4f 0 “a blessings that will last” or “a blessings that will stay” 21:6 v3m2 0 “the joy of being in your presence” or “the joy that comes from you being near to you” 21:7 mbf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because the Most High is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 21:7 j1gh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will remove him as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 21:8 w7ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “Your power will seize” or “You will powerfully seize” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 21:8 irz4 0 Possible meaning of all occurrences of “your” and “you” are (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God. 21:8 yew7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. It emphasizes that God will give the king the power to stop his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 21:9 lmc9 0 “When you are angry and begin to act” 21:9 hhy3 0 The words “your” and “you” refers to either (1) God or (2) the king. 21:9 xdq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh or the king destroying their enemies is spoken of as if their enemies are wood and Yahweh or the king will throw them into a furnace. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:9 fc6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both clauses mean basically the same thing. Yahweh completely destroying his enemies is spoken of as if his wrath is a fire that completely burns up his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:10 wsu5 0 The word “you” refers to either (1) God or (2) the king. 21:10 i3zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that absolutely none of their enemies will survive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 21:11 fhu8 0 “they planned.” The word “they” refers to the enemies of God and the king. 21:11 z63c 0 “to do evil things to you” 21:11 h29d 0 “they made a plan” or “they created a scheme” 21:12 bsd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings for “you” and “your” are (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God and speak about him as if he were a warrior with a bow and arrows. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 21:12 ti25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a way of saying that God and the king will defeat their enemies in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 21:12 ge87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This implies that he actually shoots his arrows at his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 21:13 aul7 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Yahweh, show us that you are very strong” or (2) “Yahweh, because you are strong we will exalt you” 21:13 w52b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “sing” and “praise” share similar meanings. Here the word “power” represents God and his power. Alternate translation: “with singing we will praise you because you are powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:intro y7hl 0 # Psalm 022 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 22 is a messianic psalm. It contains references to events during the crucifixion of Christ. It is also a psalm of individual lament and praise. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/crucify]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Messiah\nChrist was despised and taunted by his enemies; but finally people all over the earth will bow down to him.\n\n### New Testament usage\nThis psalm is quoted in different places in the New Testament. Verse 1a is cited in Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 as the words of Christ on the cross. Many of the events in the narratives of the crucifixion are mentioned in this psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]]) 22:1 lw3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:1 k951 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 22:1 ux16 0 This may refer to a style of music. 22:1 smt9 0 The writer repeats “My God” to emphasize that he is desperate for God to hear him. 22:1 a733 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God has abandoned him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “my God, I feel like you have abandoned me!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 22:1 z48u 0 “you left me all alone” 22:1 fnk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 Again the writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God is far away from him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 22:1 y7ec rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer feeling like God is not listening to him is spoken of as if God were far from his words of anguish. Alternate translation: “why do you not listen when I speak to you about the anguish I feel” or “I have told you about my suffering but you do not come to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:2 dzu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The writer uses the words “daytime” and “night” to mean he prays to God all the time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 22:2 j5c4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I still speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 22:3 zle3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “the praises of Israel are the throne on which you sit as king.” The praises of Israel are described as if they are a throne upon which God can sit and rule, or as a house in which God can live. Alternate translation: “you are king and the people of Israel praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:3 viy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:5 u4pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you did not disappoint them” or “you did not fail them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:5 vjq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you saved them” or “you did for them what they needed you to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 22:6 m3yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he were a worm. This emphasizes that he feels worthless or that the people treat him as if he were worthless. Alternate translation: “But it is like I am a worm and not a man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:6 xml4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these phrase mean basically the same thing. The phrase “despised by the people” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone thinks I am worthless and the people hate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:7 gq6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize how much people disrespect him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:7 nu8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This describes an action used to mock someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 22:8 v7ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony 0 The people are saying this to mock the writer. They do not really believe Yahweh will rescue him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 22:8 ip8x 0 “Let Yahweh rescue him” 22:8 h2ys 0 Possible meanings are (1) “for Yahweh delights in him” or (2) “for he delights in Yahweh” 22:9 lz9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The writer uses the word “For” to begin explaining why he is confused and asking God why he is not coming to help. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:9 g6i1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a way of saying “you caused me to be born.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 22:9 h37n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means that he has been trusting in Yahweh since he was very young. Alternate translation: “even from the time that I drank milk from my mother’s breasts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 22:10 ua28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “have been thrown on” is a way of saying that Yahweh has taken care of him as if Yahweh had adopted him as his own child. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It was as though you had adopted me right when I was born” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:10 qi4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This implies that Yahweh has always taken care of the writer. Alternate translation: “you, God, have taken care of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:10 bd6c 0 “since before I was born” 22:11 tz1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come close to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 22:11 mc7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about “trouble” as if it were an object that is near him. Alternate translation: “for my enemies are near me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:11 sub2 0 “there is no helper” 22:12 e14p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were bulls. This emphasizes how dangerous and powerful his enemies are. Alternate translation: “I have many enemies and they are like bulls that surround me; they are like strong bulls from Bashan that surround me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:13 tfu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions with the mouths open ready to eat him. His enemies may be speaking lies to discredit him. Or they may be threatening him and attacking him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:13 qv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions. This emphasizes how powerful and dangerous his enemies are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 22:14 q64m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is like someone is pouring me out like water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 22:14 d2h5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks about feeling completely exhausted and weak as if he were water being poured out of a jar. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 22:14 pjf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “all my bones are out of place.” It is possible the writer is in some kind of physical pain. Or he may be speaking of his emotional pain as if it were physical pain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:14 ws5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks about no longer having courage as if his heart melted like wax. Here “heart” represents “courage.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:14 y32r 0 a soft substance that melts at a relatively low temperature 22:14 k6ki 0 “inside of me” 22:15 fpb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks about feeling weak as if his strength were like a dry piece of pottery that can easily break. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 22:15 w7be 0 an object made of baked clay that can be used in the house 22:15 g95x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “my tongue sticks to the top of my mouth.” The writer may be describing his extreme thirst. Or he may be continuing to speak about being weak as if he were completely dry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:15 z793 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings for “dust of death” are (1) it refers to a person turning to dust after they die. Alternate translation: “You are about to let me die and become dust” or (2) it is a way of speaking about the grave, which would mean God is causing the writer to die. Alternate translation: “You have laid me in my grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:15 m487 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 The “you” is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 22:16 un7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs. His enemies are coming close to him like wild dogs do to a dying animal. Alternate translation: “my enemies are like dogs that have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:16 np5i 0 “a group of evildoers” or “a gang of evildoers” 22:16 i2n1 0 stood in a circle 22:16 x42c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This continues the dog metaphor. The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs that are biting and piercing his hands and feet with their teeth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:16 ai5d 0 stabbed through something with a sharp object 22:17 est5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) the writer is so thin that he can see his bones. Alternate translation: “I can see all of my bones” or “I can feel each of my bones” or (2) this continues the dog metaphor and the writer can see his bones after the dogs have ripped his flesh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:17 ce23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “look” and “stare” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that people look at him awkwardly and make fun of him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 22:18 fb7u 0 “my clothes” 22:19 v12t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Be very close” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 22:19 y71k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “strength” represents Yahweh who gives him strength. Alternate translation: “you who give me strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:20 ly82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “soul” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:20 a8wk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The sword is a common way of referring to a violent enemy. Alternate translation: “those who want to kill me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:20 li5b 0 “my precious life” or “the only life I have” 22:20 a1qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the claws stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes this part of the animal because it is what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:20 h8vu 0 The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. 22:21 vl96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions and wild oxen to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the mouth and horns stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes these parts of the animals because they are what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:21 wgw6 0 The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. 22:22 vq9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “I will make known your name.” Here “name” stands for God’s character or reputation. Alternate translation: “I will talk about your character” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:22 k6ii 0 Here “brothers” means “my fellow Israelites” or “my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” 22:22 t5p8 0 “when my fellow Israelites and I gather together” or “when I am surrounded by my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” 22:23 wl3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 Here “You” is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 22:23 yc8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:23 rs9u 0 “Be full of awe for him” or “Let God’s power amaze you” 22:24 t6pw 0 Possible meanings are (1) he has not despised the afflicted one because he is suffering or (2) he has not belittled the suffering of the afflicted one 22:24 q54x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God has not forgotten the one who is afflicted and suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 22:24 w7tf 0 strongly disliked or hated 22:24 h5t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here, suffering is a metonym for the person who suffers. To abhor something is to think of it as horrible. Alternate translation: “he has not … thought of the afflicted one who suffers as horrible” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:24 y2dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 Possible meanings are (1) the author was speaking about how God treats people who are suffering. Alternate translation: “those who suffer … from them … those who are suffering cried” or (2) the author was speaking specifically about how God treated him. Alternate translation: “my suffering because of my affliction … from me … I cried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 22:24 r4zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Hiding one’s face from someone represents ignoring him. Alternate translation: “has not turned his attention away from him” or “has not ignored him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:24 fci1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 “he listened.” It is implied that he responded when he heard their cry. Alternate translation: “he answered” or “he helped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:25 q298 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 22:25 w4ny rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to sacrifices the writer promised to offer to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:25 zq18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 Here “him” refers to Yahweh. It can be stated as “you.” Alternate translation: “in the presence of those who fear you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 22:26 fhl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to the fellowship meal which occurs after the writer offers to God the sacrifices that he promised. He will invite those who were suffering to eat a part of the animal he sacrificed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 22:26 jvb2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:26 x7ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “hearts” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “May you live forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 22:26 lv3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 Here “your” is plural and refers to the oppressed people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 22:27 sti4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people physically turn toward Yahweh. Alternate translation: “will remember Yahweh and obey him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:27 s5k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. The writer is emphasizing that everyone from every place will worship and obey Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:27 ves3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This is a sign of giving honor and respect to someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 22:27 n554 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 Here “you” refers to Yahweh. It can be translated in the third person to match the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “before him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 22:28 yp9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “For the kingdom belongs to Yahweh.” Here “kingdom” represents God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:28 y3zn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “he rules the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:29 pb3y 0 The people will eat together at the feast. Alternate translation: “will eat together” or “will eat a festive meal together” 22:29 b7d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both phrases refers to the same group. They both refer to all people because all people will die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 22:29 fkt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “dust” represents the grave. The phrase “descending into the dust” is a way of referring to someone dying. Alternate translation: “those who are dying” or “those who die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 22:29 wbb7 0 “those who cannot save their own lives” or “those who cannot keep themselves from dying” 22:30 tak2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “A generation” represents the people of a generation. The phrase “to come” speaks about a future time as if it were something that travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “People in the future generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 22:30 l73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “generation” represents the people of that generation. Alternate translation: “the people of the next generation” or “their children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 22:30 j95t 0 “about the Lord” or “about what the Lord has done” 22:31 lt28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “tell of the righteous things he has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:intro r1f6 0 # Psalm 023 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 23 is a psalm of praise to God for his continued care and protection. The psalmist praises God for always being with him and for caring for him.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nPsalm 23 is an extended metaphor speaking of God as if he were a shepherd, and of the psalmist as if he were a sheep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:1 h1x8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 In much of this psalm, David writes as if he were a sheep and the Lord were his shepherd. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) 23:1 t39n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. This emphasizes how God cares for people as a shepherd cares for his sheep. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shepherd to me” or “Yahweh cares for me as a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:1 gb7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have everything that I need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 23:2 ez87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: He gives me rest like a shepherd who leads his sheep to lie down in green pastures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:2 p2p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: “he provides what I need like a shepherd who leads his sheep beside tranquil water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:2 l7sx 0 “calm water” or “water that flows gently.” This water is safe to drink. 23:3 jdm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor 0 This psalm continues to tell about how God cares for us as a shepherd cares for his sheep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) 23:3 ic3m 0 This means God makes a person who is weak and tired to be strong and rested again. 23:3 nx5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Showing a person how to live in a way that pleases God is spoken of as if it were a shepherd showing a sheep the right path to take. Alternate translation: “He shows me how to live right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:3 ta7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “his name” here refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “for his reputation” or “so that people will honor him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 23:4 a7b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor 0 This psalm continues to tell about how God cares for us as a shepherd cares for his sheep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) 23:4 fi66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer describes a person experiencing terrible trouble as if he were a sheep walking through a dark and dangerous valley. There a sheep could get lost or attacked by a wild animal. Alternate translation: “Though my life is like walking through a dark and dangerous valley” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 23:4 me3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “harm” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of something harming me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:4 hqa2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 23:4 yre6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The rod and staff represent protection because shepherds use them to protect their sheep from danger. Alternate translation: “I am not afraid because you protect me like a shepherd who protects his sheep with his rod and staff” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 23:5 ksk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor 0 Now the writer tells how God is like someone who welcomes a guest into his home and protects him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) 23:5 nqn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 A table represents a feast because people would put all the food on a table. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 23:5 b3bs 0 The meaning here is that the writer is not worried about his enemies because he is an honored guest of the Lord and therefore protected from harm. Alternate translation: “despite the presence of my enemies” 23:5 hh1r 0 People sometimes put oil on their guests’ heads in order to honor them. 23:5 w1iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here a cup of wine that overflows represents many blessings. Alternate translation: “You fill my cup so much that it overflows” or “You give me many blessings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 23:6 y8zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh being good and faithful to a person is spoken of as if goodness and covenant faithfulness are things that pursue after a person. The abstract nouns “goodness” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Surely you will be good and faithful to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:6 ep2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “life” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 23:6 u2bl 0 Possible meanings are that (1) this refers to Yahweh’s eternal home, or (2) this refers to Yahweh’s temple in Jerusalem. If possible, translate it so that both meanings could be understood. 23:6 u53m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 24:intro cw5j 0 # Psalm 024 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 24 is a psalm of praise to God as the almighty God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/almighty]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Righteous people\nOnly the righteous come to worship God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n### Rhetorical Questions\nThe psalmists uses several rhetorical questions. Each question forms a unit with a response. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 24:1 nne9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 24:1 hma5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “fullness” can be stated with the verb “fills.” Alternate translation: “everything that fills it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:2 v6lt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Here “founded it upon the seas” and “established it on the rivers” mean basically the same thing. The Hebrews of that time believed their land was supported by the oceans and deep underground rivers. Alternate translation: For he formed its foundation on the seas and built it on the deep waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 24:2 d2bq 0 These phrases are used together to refer to the huge deep ocean below the earth. 24:2 h6kl 0 “the water that is deep below” 24:3 e3ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these questions mean basically the same thing. The speaker is asking about who is allowed to go and worship Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 24:3 bda3 0 “will go up” or “will climb” 24:3 mz8v 0 This refers to Mount Zion in Jerusalem. 24:3 vj27 0 This refers Yahweh’s temple. His temple is on Mount Zion in Jerusalem. 24:4 g1lm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 Here “He” does not refer to a specific person. Alternate translation: “Those who have … who have … and have not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 24:4 vsk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “hands” represents what a person does. For his “hands” to be clean means he does what is right. Alternate translation: “who does what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:4 ikc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts or motives. Alternate translation: “thinks good thoughts” or “does not think about doing what is wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:4 u76e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “falsehood” represents a false idol. To “lift up” means to worship. Alternate translation: “who has not worshiped an idol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 24:5 z3wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 The word “he” does not refer to a specific person. It refers to the ones with pure hearts mentioned in previous verse. The abstract noun “blessing” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:5 bc4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as “righteously.” And, “salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “God will deal righteously with him and save him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 24:6 n5aj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “generation” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “The people who seek him are like this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 24:6 h9nq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both statements mean the same thing. They both refer to those who go to the temple to worship God. Alternate translation: “the ones who approach God, they are the ones who may worship God, the one we Israelites worship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 24:6 fbc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to the temple to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if the person is literally seeking to find him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:6 tsi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 24:7 yi4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 24:7 z61a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 24:8 bp2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a mighty warrior who fights in battles. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 24:9 hl69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. See how you translated this in [Psalms 24:7](../024/007.md). Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 24:9 fk49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 25:intro utp4 0 # Psalm 025 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 25 is a prayer for God’s help.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The humble\nGod is very good to humble people who seek to obey him. 25:1 sq2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 25:1 z3ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The phrase “lift up my life” is a metaphor. Possible meanings are (1) the writer is giving himself to Yahweh, which means he is completely depending on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I give myself to you” or (2) he is offering prayer and adoration to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I worship and adore you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:2 m2b6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:2 ff1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “rejoice in triumph over me.” The phrase “over me” implies that his enemies have defeated him and stand above in victory. Alternate translation: “defeat me and rejoice about it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 25:3 jw7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 “Do not let those who hope in you be disgraced.” Disgrace could come from being defeated by their enemies. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let enemies defeat those who hope in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:3 haz8 0 “who trusts you” 25:3 r1zd 0 “act deceitfully” or “act with trickery” 25:3 le6f 0 “without a reason” 25:4 a1rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both statements mean the same thing. God teaching a person how they should behave is spoken of as if he were showing a person the correct path on which a person should travel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:5 ji5y 0 “I depend on you” or “I wait patiently for you” 25:5 t3bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Guide and teach mean the same thing, to give instruction. Alternate translation: “Instruct me to conduct my life by obeying your truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 25:5 zz1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “saves.” Alternate translation: “the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:6 f922 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about and consider his acts of compassion and faithfulness. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Think about” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 25:6 uw7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “compassion” and “faithfulness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “how you have been compassionate and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:6 y7a2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here “they” personifies God’s compassion and covenant faithfulness. Alternate translation: “for that is how you have always been” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 25:7 ym66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “sins” can be stated as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “Do not think about how I sinned against you when I was young” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:7 ayg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “rebelliousness” can be stated as “rebelled.” Alternate translation: or about how I have rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:7 rmx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about him. Alternate translation: “Remember me” or “Think about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 25:7 dzp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “goodness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “and be faithful to me because of your covenant, because you are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:8 fe3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:9 sd77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “humble people” or “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 25:9 g5rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:10 y1ce rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “paths” is a metaphor for ways. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always loves us because of his covenant and he is always trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:11 i29u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “your name” here refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For your reputation” or “So that people will honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 25:11 zdw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “sin” can be stated as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “please forgive me, for I have sinned much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:12 uen3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question introduces “the man who fears Yahweh” as a new topic. Alternate translation: “I will tell you about the man who fears Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 25:12 r5gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “are those who fear … instruct them … they should” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 25:12 e57l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh teaching people how they should behave is spoken of as if Yahweh were teaching the people what way or path they should travel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:13 vwm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “Their lives … their descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 25:13 f8pb 0 “God will cause him to prosper” or “God will cause them to prosper” 25:14 m7sj 0 “Yahweh is a friend to those.” Some translate it as “Yahweh confides in those.” His confiding in them shows the intimate friendship he has with them. 25:15 utj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “eyes” represents looking. It is implied that he looks to Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I always look to Yahweh to help me” or “I always depend on Yahweh to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 25:15 mb6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A net is a trap. A person who is in danger is spoken of as if their feet are tangled in a net. Alternate translation: He will rescue me from danger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:16 jm85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh paying attention to a person and considering him is spoken of as if Yahweh were physically turning towards the person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:17 lu85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I feel more and more troubled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 25:17 t6l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “bring me out of my distress.” This speaks of distress as if it were a place that a person can be brought out of. Alternate translation: “rescue me from my distress” or “relieve me of my distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:17 px9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “distress” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that distress me” or “the things that cause me to be afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:18 gp57 0 “Notice my affliction” 25:18 kwp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “affliction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the things that afflict me” or “how afflicted I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:18 my25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “toils” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that trouble me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:19 it1s 0 “they hate me cruelly” or “they hate me fiercely” 25:20 zk7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 25:20 y36b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 25:21 b36j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 This speaks about “integrity” and “uprightness” as if they were persons who could keep another person safe. These abstract nouns can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “May being honest and doing what is right preserve me” or “Preserve me, Lord, because I am honest and do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 25:21 d4fj 0 “keep me safe” 25:22 vj9z 0 “Save Israel” or “Redeem Israel” 25:22 msf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … our troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:intro q9dz 0 # Psalm 026 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 26 is a teaching psalm; showing people how they should live by the example of the psalmsist.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\nThe psalmist delights in praising God and doing good deeds. It is striking how this psalm uses the first person pronoun. This is an individual psalm of petition. Each of the four petitions are accompanied with various claims. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) 26:1 h9z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 26:1 b9cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “walked” is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I have behaved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:1 am7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The third person use of “Yahweh” can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 26:1 a4v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Doubting is spoken of as if it were losing balance and waving back and forth. Alternate translation: “without doubting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:2 zxg5 0 “Try me” 26:2 iqe7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Here “inner parts” and “heart” mean motives. Alternate translation: “test whether my motives are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 26:3 qc7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “eyes” represent a person’s thoughts and having something before one’s eyes represents being aware of that thing. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For I am always aware of your covenant faithfulness” or “For I am always aware that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 26:3 am2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “walk” is a metaphor for behavior. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I conduct my life according to your faithfulness” or “I behave the way I do because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 26:4 b17j 0 “I do not keep company with” or “I do not sit with” 26:4 j2s7 0 “with those who deceive others” 26:4 u6k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 This means the same as the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “and I do not join with dishonest people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 26:4 t3xy 0 “hypocrites” or “those who lie to others” 26:5 hc11 0 “those who gather to do evil” 26:5 ees1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 26:6 idg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This seems to refer to a ritual washing of hands in water to symbolize freedom from sin and guilt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 26:6 u7rx 0 This was an action of worship that the Israelites were accustomed to doing. 26:8 ywm8 0 Possible meanings are (1) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem or (2) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there. 26:8 adz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “glory” represents the presence and power of God, which is similar to a very bright light. Alternate translation: “the place where people can see the glorious light of your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:9 k89i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “Sweep away” here is a metaphor for destruction. Alternate translation: “Do not destroy me along with sinners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:9 gb7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The word “sweep” is understood. Alternate translation: “or sweep my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 26:9 dsi8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “bloodthirsty” represents wanting to kill people. Alternate translation: “people who are eager to shed others’ blood” or “murderers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 26:10 gku4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 “Hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “people in which” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 26:10 g7rx 0 “a wicked plan” 26:11 qm5d 0 This phrase shows that the writer is changing from speaking about wicked people to talking about himself. 26:11 vu5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “Walk” here is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I will behave with integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:12 xe4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I stand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 26:12 apj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are that “level ground” represents (1) a safe place or (2) right behavior (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 26:12 p8c6 0 “when I gather with the people of Israel I will praise you” 27:intro ru1e 0 # Psalm 027 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 27 is a psalm of praise to God because God keeps the psalmist safe from all his enemies.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nBecause of God’s help, he has nothing to fear, no matter what happens. The psalmist shows his confidence in God; he also asks God for help. 27:1 cx3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 27:1 pgd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “light” represents life. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the source of my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:1 f2iu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should fear. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 27:1 gdw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks about Yahweh as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:1 b7ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should be afraid of. Alternate translation: “I will not dread anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 27:2 b8ta rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Destroying someone completely is spoken of as if it were devouring a person’s flesh. He did not mean that they wanted to eat his body. Alternate translation: “to destroy me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:2 afd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These words mean the same thing. These are the evildoers who came near to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 27:2 gj21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This represents the writer’s enemies failing to fulfill their plans to harm the writer. Alternate translation: “did not succeed” or “failed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:3 a7hp 0 “though an army surrounds me” or “though an army puts its tents around me” 27:3 nqv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:3 bf9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they themselves were a war. Alternate translation: “though my enemies come to fight against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:3 z488 0 “I will continue to trust God to help me” 27:4 p5pc 0 “I have asked Yahweh to let me do” 27:4 vpq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A person really wanting something and continually asking God for it is spoken of as if he were seeking to find something. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:4 gb9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The wonderful character of God is spoken of as if it were physical beauty. Alternate translation: “to see how wonderful Yahweh is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:4 c2a9 0 Possible meanings are (1) “to ask God what he wants me to do” or (2) “to think carefully about God in his temple.” 27:5 cv9f 0 “in times of trouble” or “when I have troubles” 27:5 vjd7 0 “he will protect me” 27:5 cc6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these refer to the tabernacle where the writer is worshiping God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 27:5 mz3d 0 The word “cover” represents something that hides and protects. 27:5 j6tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if God were placing him on a high rock where his enemies cannot reach him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:6 a3t2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents the writer receiving pride or honor when he defeats his enemies. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will honor me when I win the fight against my enemies” or “God will honor me by enabling me to defeat my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 27:7 p3lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The “voice” often represents a person who speak or calls out. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, hear me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:7 q1ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This implies that Yahweh hears the writer’s prayer and Yahweh will do what the writer asks. Alternate translation: “answer my prayer” or “do what I request of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 27:8 jx52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “In my heart I say” or “I say to myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 27:8 kc98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “Go and pray to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:8 lv4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “I will come to your temple to pray to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:9 uv72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The face here represents Yahweh’s attention, and hiding the face represents rejecting someone. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me” or “Do not stop taking care of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:9 n49l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 David said “your servant” to refer to himself in a humble way. Alternate translation: “do not be angry with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 27:9 p7vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “forsake” and “abandon” mean the same thing. The writer is emphasizing that he does not want God to leave him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 27:9 j546 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “and do not” are understood. Alternate translation: “and do not abandon me” or “and do not leave me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 27:9 sm12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “saves.” Alternate translation: God who saves me” or “because you are the God who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 27:10 w897 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo 0 “Even if my father and my mother were to forsake me.” He is not saying that they actually have done this or that they would do it. His point is that even if they did that, God would not abandon him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 27:10 n75n 0 “Yahweh will keep me” or “Yahweh will take care of me” 27:11 z7b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 How a person should behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path that person should travel. Alternate translation: “Teach me how you want me to live” or “Teach me to do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:11 r72j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if Yahweh leads the writer on a level path where he will not stumble and fall. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:12 gs3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “desires” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies do to me what they desire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 27:12 s7ry rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “Risen up” here is an idiom meaning that a witness stood in court to present testimony. Alternate translation: “have stood up in order to speak against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 27:12 ez4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here violence is spoken for as if it was something a person could breathe out. Alternate translation: “they say that they will do violent things to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 27:13 ts3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This rhetorical question can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Something bad would have happened to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 27:13 c72l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “goodness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the good things that Yahweh does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 27:13 wld8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This refers to being alive. Alternate translation: “while I am alive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 27:14 g4pq 0 This verse may be (1) the writer speaking to himself or (2) the writer speaking to others or (3) someone speaking to the writer. 27:14 m8gs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “be courageous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 27:14 yng1 0 This line is repeated at the end of the psalm as a way of ending the psalm. 28:intro a18t 0 # Psalm 028 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 28 is a psalm of prayer to God that he is not be punished along with the wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\nThe psalmist trusted God completely and God rescued him. This is similar to psalm 7 and 17 because it is an individual lament psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) 28:1 p6ea rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 28:1 t7sd 0 “I call out loudly” 28:1 vx2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “my strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:1 y82h 0 “do not be silent to me” or “do not leave me alone” 28:1 y255 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People who die are spoken of as if they are going down into the grave. Alternate translation: “I will die like those who are in the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:2 i4h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “sound” refers to the content of his request. Alternate translation: “Hear my strong request” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:2 t7ig rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 Lifting up hands is a symbol of worship. The writer is not worshiping the holy place, but Yahweh who lives in the holy place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 28:2 a92a 0 Possible meanings are (1) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there, or (2) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem. 28:3 r4t6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God punishing people is spoken of as if he physically drags them away. In this metaphor Yahweh may be dragging them to prison, exile, or death. Alternate translation: “Do not remove me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:3 y9zp 0 Here “neighbors” refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “who speak peacefully with other people” 28:3 y46g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hearts” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “but are thinking something evil about them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:4 g3b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that they deserve for God to punish them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 28:4 z39d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hands” represent what the person has done. Alternate translation: “the things they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:4 d21y 0 “give them what they deserve” 28:5 vma7 0 Possible meanings are (1) David is confident about what God will do to wicked people or (2) David is asking God to destroy the wicked people. 28:5 b1cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that “do not understand” means they ignore or do not honor Yahweh’s works. Alternate translation: “they do not regard with honor what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 28:5 a757 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hands” represents what Yahweh has done or created. Alternate translation: “what he has created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:5 uqh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The punishment of the wicked people is spoken of as if they were a building or a city that God would destroy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:6 jfr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “sound” represents what the writer said. Alternate translation: “has heard what I said when I pleaded to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:7 g4ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:7 vh7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This represents Yahweh’s protecting the writer. Alternate translation: “he protects me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:7 r9jp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I trust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 28:7 bl9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he helps me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 28:7 uts5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 28:8 pd6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes his people strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 28:8 vd99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh keeping the king safe is spoken of as if Yahweh were a place that the king could go for safety. Alternate translation: “he keeps safe the one he appointed to be king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:8 yh2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The represents the king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 28:9 at1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks about the people of God as if they were something God inherited. Alternate translation: “your possession” or “those who belong to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 28:9 e7e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd and the people are his sheep. A shepherd would carry a sheep if it needed help or protection. Alternate translation: “Be like their shepherd and protect them forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:intro b4tt 0 # Psalm 029 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 29 is a worship psalm. It tells how Yahweh rules all nature.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\nGod is powerful. All he has to do is to speak in order to control nature.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metonymy\n\nThe voice of the Yahweh stands for Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:1 kq7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 29:1 bc7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “sons of” is a way of saying “having the characteristics of.” Alternate translation: “you mighty men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 29:1 i354 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “glory” and “strength” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 29:2 yv1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “glory” can be stated as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 29:2 rcj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “his name” refers to Yahweh or his reputation. Alternate translation: “as is proper because of who he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:2 e4f6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 29:2 da1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 29:3 dml8 0 The psalm shows Yahweh’s power and glory. 29:3 t9g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 God’s voice is louder and clearer than all other sounds and noises. It can be heard over other loud sounds such as the sound of the waters. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks his voice is louder than the sound of the sea” or “Yahweh shouts louder than the sound of the waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 29:3 z58f 0 This refers to the seas or the oceans. These waters make a very loud noise as the waves rise and fall. 29:3 u41c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. The writer is emphasizing that when Yahweh speaks, the sound is so loud it is heard over the waters, and it is so powerful it can destroy the largest trees. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, his voice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:3 b7zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks about God speaking as if it were the sound of thunder. Just like the sound of thunder, Yahweh’s voice can be heard over large distances. Alternate translation: “The voice of the glorious God is loud like thunder” or “When the glorious God speaks it rumbles like thunder” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:3 srk7 0 “over the large bodies of water” 29:6 s8av 0 The writer continues describing the power of God’s voice. 29:6 kdn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The ground of Lebanon shaking is spoken of as if it were a young calf skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “He makes the land of Lebanon shake like a calf skipping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 29:6 y9uu 0 jump lightly back and forth 29:6 war4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “he makes” and “skip” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated here. The ground of Sirion shaking is spoken of as if it were a young ox skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “he makes Sirion skip like a young ox” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 29:6 n725 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is a mountain in Lebanon. It is also called Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 29:7 wk16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks he causes lightning to flash in the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:7 rc8c 0 This refers to lightning. 29:9 ht1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “voice” represents Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, the sound causes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:9 sqa7 0 “the large trees to shake” 29:9 f33q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Removing the leaves of the trees is spoken of as if it was removing their clothing. Alternate translation: “strips off the leaves from the trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 29:10 mk7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This means that Yahweh rules. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rules” or “Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 29:10 b6k6 0 Here “flood” refers to waters that cover the earth. 29:11 vm7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “peace” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “Yahweh blesses his people by causing them to prosper and to live peacefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:intro eee3 0 # Psalm 030 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 30 is a psalm of praise and thanksgiving to God. The psalmist was near death but God rescued him.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The psalmist’s death\nIf he had died, it would not have been a help to God. But since God rescued him he can praise God. 30:1 iaj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 30:1 e8py 0 “This song was sung when the temple was dedicated” 30:1 ig1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God rescuing him and keeping him from dying as if God had drawn him up from a deep well. Alternate translation: “you rescued me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:3 gel6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Since “Sheol” was the place where dead people go, it refers to death. Alternate translation: “kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:3 sw64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “brought me up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 30:3 ryd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The “grave” represents death. Alternate translation: “from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:4 jui4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “thanks” and “holiness” can be stated as “thank” and “holy.” Alternate translation: “Remember that God is holy and thank him” or “Remember what God has done because he is holy and thank him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:5 n3py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 “his anger lasts only a moment.” The abstract noun “anger” can be stated as “angry.” Alternate translation: “he is angry for only a moment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:5 ls29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “moment” represents a short amount of time. Alternate translation: “a short time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:5 zm7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as the adjective “good.” Alternate translation: “but he is good to us all of our lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:5 vw11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks about “weeping” and “joy” as if they were something that travels and arrives at a certain time. Alternate translation: “We may cry during the night, but the next morning we will be joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:6 v3a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “confidence” is an abstract noun. The writer recalls a time when he was prospering and felt confident and safe. Alternate translation: “When I was confident” or “When I felt safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:6 p1kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “shaken” is a metaphor for defeat. Alternate translation: “No one will defeat me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:7 d155 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as the verb “favored” or the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “when you favored me” or “when you were kind to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:7 m53d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer’s security is spoken of as if he were a strong mountain. Alternate translation: “you made me as secure as a high mountain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:7 q4uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “when you stopped helping me” or “when you rejected me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 30:7 y2rt 0 “I was fearful” or “I was worried” 30:8 m69p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The phrase “sought favor” means to ask for help. Alternate translation: “I pleaded for you to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:8 n1hs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The writer is referring to Yahweh in third person. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “from you, my Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 30:9 npv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses this question to emphasize that he would be of no value to God if he were dead. Alternate translation: “There is no advantage if I die and go down to the grave.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 30:9 h9v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses these questions to emphasize that his dead and decayed body cannot praise God. Alternate translation: “The dust will certainly not praise you or tell others about how trustworthy you are.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 30:9 ds6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the body of the writer which will decay and become dust when he is dead. Alternate translation: “my decayed body” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:11 fh4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 It was customary for the Jews to dance when they were very happy. The abstract nouns “mourning” and “dancing” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to stop mourning and to dance with joy instead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 30:11 y5wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Sackcloth was associated with mourning and sorrow. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to no longer be sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 30:11 l9jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of gladness as if it were a garment that he could put on. Alternate translation: “caused me to be glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 30:12 b717 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my glory” refers to the writer’s soul or heart or inner being. This represents the entire person of the writer, who worships God because God has made him glad. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:intro j2an 0 # Psalm 031 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 31 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist’s enemies thought they had defeated him, but God protected him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Abandonment\nEven though everyone deserted and despised the psalmist, God did not abandon him. 31:1 ggk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:1 yu4y 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 31:1 fs4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:1 f8jw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not let others humiliate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:2 x6bw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 The phrase “be my rock of refuge” is a request for protection. The second phrase emphasizes the first phrase. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:2 tq1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:2 p9xb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:3 m5q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:3 d9h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:3 kti8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 In this phrase “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “so that your name may be honored” or “so that I may worship you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:3 nm5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “lead” and “guide” mean basically the same thing and strengthen the request that Yahweh lead him. Alternate translation: “lead me where you want me to go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 31:4 xp2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer is spoken of as if he were a bird caught in a hidden net, and waiting for Yahweh to free him from the trap. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:4 pg5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a place where the writer can hide from people who are attacking him. Alternate translation: “you always protect me” or “you give me constant protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:5 e3hz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 God is spirit, but he is here spoken of as if he has hands. Here “your hands” refers to Yahweh’s care. Alternate translation: “Into your care” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:5 ez3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my spirit” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I place myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:5 m7ux 0 “you are a God I can trust” 31:6 d1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish 0 Here the word “worthless” refers to all idols. This can be clarified in translation. Alternate translation: “Idols are worthless. I hate those who serve them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 31:7 z4ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “glad” and “rejoice” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of joy. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will be very glad because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:7 x1wl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these phrases express the idea that God knows about the writer’s troubles. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:7 ji14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my distress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:8 x76g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my feet” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “You have set me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:8 d4bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The Hebrews thought of wide open spaces as a metaphor for safety and freedom. Alternate translation: “a place where I am free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:9 iv54 0 “I am suffering greatly” 31:9 amp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The terms “soul” and “body” are used to describe the complete person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:10 p8pm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “my life” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:10 nw2b 0 “because of my sorrow … because of my groaning” 31:10 l7fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The phrase “is weary” is missing, but is implied. Alternate translation: “my years are weary with groaning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 31:10 a1r3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “My strength” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:10 b5c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “my bones” refers to the physical health of the writer. Alternate translation: “my health is failing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:11 n8g3 0 “people insult me” 31:11 w86t 0 “are shocked at my condition” 31:12 w6b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 People do not think about dead people. The writer does not think people think about him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 31:12 dnb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he was completely useless. “as useless as a broken pot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 31:13 ll6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 It is implied that “many” refers to people. Alternate translation: “many people talking about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 31:13 pf7q 0 “scary reports from many sources” 31:13 d84i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means to kill someone. Alternate translation: “kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 31:15 pr1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “your hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “You have the power to decide my future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:15 c577 0 “from people who try to capture me” 31:16 x22n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:16 hjf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:17 fg5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let others make me feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:17 vud9 0 “I wish that God would disgrace wicked people!” 31:17 mw8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to “wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 31:17 n96w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “in Sheol” represents death. Alternate translation: “Let them die so they cannot speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:18 rvr4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “May someone make these lying lips silent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 31:18 jqf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 These represent lying people. Alternate translation: “people who lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:18 dig8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 Here “the righteous” refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “that say terrible things about righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 31:18 r22l 0 These terms have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “with a complete lack of respect” 31:19 c7i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “are the good things you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:19 dge4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as if it was something that could be stored up like a harvest. Alternate translation: “that you are keeping ready to use” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:19 ld4z 0 “those who respect you greatly” 31:19 iu38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 31:1](../031/001.md). Alternate translation: “those who go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:20 q6pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases both mean that God protects them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 31:20 v252 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s presence is spoken of as if it is a strong building where the writer would be safe. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 31:20 dx2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here a “shelter” represents a safe place. Alternate translation: “You provide a safe place for them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:20 jre5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “tongues” refer to the people who are speaking violent things against the writer. Alternate translation: “where their enemies cannot speak evil at them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 31:21 jkp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “he showed me that he is wonderfully faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:22 uq2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have removed me from your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 31:22 aku2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 31:22 pa4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 Here “plea” can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “you heard me plead for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 31:23 a8kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the faithful people. Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 31:23 el6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “pay back” is an idiom that refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “he gives the proud people all of the punishment that they deserve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:intro le2f 0 # Psalm 032 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 32 is a psalm of confession of sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Confession of sin\nThis psalm tells of the sorrow of unconfessed sin; it also tells of the blessing of confession and of receiving God’s forgiveness. It is such a blessing when God forgives sin. Trouble comes when sin is hidden and not confessed. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) 32:1 w4yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 32:1 tgw8 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 32:1 pzp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases have similar meanings. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who God forgives his transgression and covers his sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 32:1 sch5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “whose sin is ignored” or “whose sin is deliberately forgotten” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:2 k682 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh sees as innocent” or “who is not guilty according to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 32:2 m29u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “spirit” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “in whom there is not deceit” or “who is completely honest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 32:3 s6cx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my bones” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I was wasting away” or “I was getting weaker” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 32:3 svq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means “continually.” Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:4 j9jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 These extremes include everything in between. Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 32:4 xw1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “hand” refers to Yahweh. The entire phrase is an idiom that means “you afflicted me.” Alternate translation: “you made me suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:4 fkc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 David’s strength is compared to a small, green plant that turns brown and crumbles in the dry season. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 32:6 rpw8 0 “when they are in great trouble.” 32:6 yl7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Difficulties are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Then when difficulties come like a flood of water, those people will be safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:7 r54z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he was a safe place from the attacks of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You are like a place where I can hide myself from my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:7 u3z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This metaphor apparently means that Yahweh’s protection of the writer is the cause for songs of victory to be sung. Alternate translation: “Because of you I will sing songs of victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:8 x1lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “instruct” and “teach” mean basically the same thing and emphasize careful instruction. Alternate translation: “I will teach you everything about the way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 32:8 mh9j 0 Here the “I” is probably Yahweh who talks directly to David. 32:8 s74m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Living in the correct way is spoken of as if it were a path that the writer should walk. Alternate translation: “how you should live your life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 32:8 lj3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “my eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “and direct my attention to you” or “and watch over you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 32:9 ry6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer compares people with no understanding to horses and mules. Possible meanings are (1) the writer is speaking Yahweh’s words to his readers, “You all must not be like a horse … no understanding” or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the writer as though to a group of people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 32:9 g1b3 0 Two tools that are used by people to guide horses and mules go where the rider wants them to go. 32:9 cv6w 0 “where anyone wants them to go.” The “you” here is singular and refers to no one in particular. 32:10 ann9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh being faithful to a person and protecting that person is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness surrounded the person. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant, he will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 32:11 zxp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 32:11 n71r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to people. Alternate translation: “you righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 32:11 gs62 0 “shout joyfully” or “shout because of joy” 32:11 ame7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “people who are upright” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:intro m4ih 0 # Psalm 033 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 33 is a worship song. It tells how great God is.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s power\nGod is the creator and also the God of his people, Israel. Whatever he plans works out. He alone provides safety in battle. 33:1 b979 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 33:1 x3gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Rejoice because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:1 jn1l 0 “to praise Yahweh is appropriate for upright people” 33:4 mcg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 33:4 t8rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “upright” is used as a metaphor for something that is true. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always does what he says that he will do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:5 n6zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “He loves doing what is right and just” or “He loves those who do what is right and just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 33:5 e631 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. The abstract noun “covenant faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 33:6 qhw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “By using his word, Yahweh made the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 33:6 bb33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to Yahweh’s word. Alternate translation: “by his word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:7 xt7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 33:7 k6ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 “like behind a dam.” The writer describes the creation of the sea as if God piles up all the waters together. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 33:7 eg5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer describes the creation of the oceans as if God put them in a storehouse. Alternate translation: “he puts the oceans in their place, just like a man puts grain in a storehouse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:8 vc67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the people on the earth. Alternate translation: “Let everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:8 ame6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “stand in awe” is an idiom that means “be in awe.” Alternate translation: “honor him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:9 c3h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “stood in place” is an idiom that means “was created.” Alternate translation: “started to exist” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:10 x22s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 33:10 zp3d 0 “Yahweh destroys” or “Yahweh breaks” 33:10 r5ri rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “nations” refers to the people of these nations. Alternate translation: “the alliances of the people of different nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:10 sn2l 0 An alliance is an agreement between two or more nations to support each other in a war against a common enemy. 33:10 evm2 0 “the intentions of the peoples” Alternate translation: “the evil plans of the peoples” 33:11 gp8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “stand” is an idiom that means “endure.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:11 ww4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The missing term “stand” is implied. Alternate translation: “the plans of his heart stand for all generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 33:11 vhg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “his heart” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “his plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:11 lea7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:12 w4nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “Blessed are the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:12 ph21 0 “who worship Yahweh as God” 33:12 k4jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The people Yahweh has chosen to worship him are described here as if they were an inheritance that he has received. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:14 r7tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The place where Yahweh lives is spoken of as if it is above the earth where people live. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:15 ch4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hearts” refers to the thinking of these people. The writer speaks of Yahweh guiding the thinking of the people as if he were a potter who was shaping a bowl. Alternate translation: “guides their thinking as a potter shapes a bowl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:16 w54n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A large army is not what saves a king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 33:17 hgn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “a horse” represents the strongest part of the army. Alternate translation: “Having an army with strong horses does not provide security” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:18 v87c 0 This word shows that a new theme begins in this Psalm. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 33:18 fy9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s attention” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:18 y8yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The idiom to “count on” means to “wait for” or to “expect.” The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adverb. Alternate translation: “those who expect him to act faithfully because of his covenant” or “those who wait for him to act because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 33:19 z5yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “their lives” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “to keep them from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:20 j64c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “wait” is an idiom that refers to trust. Alternate translation: “We trust in Yahweh” or “We hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 33:20 l55j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a shield that protects soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “he is our helper and protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 33:21 ujv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “hearts” refer to the people. Alternate translation: “We rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 33:21 eu9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “holy name” refers to Yahweh’s holy character. Alternate translation: “in his holy character” or “in him because he is holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 33:22 nn9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh acting faithfully towards the people is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were with them. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “May you always act faithfully towards us because of your covenant, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 33:22 jye8 0 “as we hope for your help” 34:intro az5s 0 # Psalm 034 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 34 is a teaching psalm and includes thanksgiving. It teaches that living right leads to a good life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])\n\nThe psalm does not relate directly to the superscription given about Abimelech.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nGood people can have problems, but God brings them through these. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) 34:1 p9iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 34:1 w9ay 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 34:1 j36y 0 “acted like a crazy person” 34:1 m4gs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to a specific historical event that the Hebrews knew well. Alternate translation: “when he was in Abimelech’s house” or “when he was Abimelech’s prisoner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 34:1 klk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “in my mouth” refers to David speaking about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will always praise him out loud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 34:2 rk7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to people who are oppressed. Alternate translation: “the oppressed people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:3 me7c 0 The verb “praise” is a command to a group. Alternate translation: “Everyone should praise Yahweh with me” 34:3 n56p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “lift up” is an idiom that refers to exalting Yahweh. Alternate translation: “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:3 hjw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “his name” refers to Yahweh’s character. Alternate translation: “his character” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 34:4 def1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “sought Yahweh” means David was asking Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I prayed to Yahweh” or “I asked Yahweh for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:5 t6s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “look to” represents seeking help from him. Alternate translation: “Those who look at him for help” or “those who expect help only from him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:5 ndy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom refers to their appearance as being joyful. Alternate translation: “are joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:5 caz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “their faces” refers to the people who look to Yahweh. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “they are not ashamed” or “they are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 34:6 cib3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 David describes himself as an oppressed man. Alternate translation: “I was oppressed and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 34:6 qw3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “heard” means that Yahweh helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh heard me” or “Yahweh helped him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:7 qu9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The angel of Yahweh is spoken of as if he were an army that camps around someone in order to protect them. Alternate translation: “guards” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:8 qed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as something that can be tasted and seen. Alternate translation: “Try and experience that Yahweh is good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:8 j8ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a place where people can hide for protection from their enemies. Alternate translation: “trust him to protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:9 vv95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Those who fear him will always have what they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 34:10 ch59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will always have the good things they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 34:11 ge81 0 Here this does not refer to literal sons of the writer, but to the people he is teaching about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “my students” 34:12 gmc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The implicit answer to this question is “every man.” This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Every man desires life and desires to live many days and have a good life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 34:13 h79u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases refer to the same thing and it is said in different ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 34:13 jy3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not speak evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 34:13 d237 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “lips” refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: “do not speak lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 34:14 l778 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “Turn away” is a metaphor for avoiding evil. Alternate translation: “Refuse to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:14 sjg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “seek” means to be concerned about peace. Alternate translation: “Try hard to live in peace with other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:15 x87w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the eyes of Yahweh” refer to his careful watching. “The righteous” is a reference to righteous people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh carefully watches over the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:15 ihz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here Yahweh is represented by his “ears.” To be directed toward something means to pay attention to it. Alternate translation: “he pays attention to their cry” or “he answers their cry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 34:16 b3yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will cause people to so completely forget them when they die that it is as if he used a knife to cut off any memory of them. Alternate translation: “so that when they are dead, people will forget them completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:17 ib9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “hears” means that Yahweh desires to respond to them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh pays attention to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:18 ers6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “is close” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is always ready to help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 34:18 km9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is a nominal adjective that refers to people who are brokenhearted. Deep sadness is spoken of as if the person’s heart is broken. Alternate translation: “people who are very sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:18 zhw6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People who are deeply discouraged are spoken of as if their spirits are crushed. Alternate translation: “people who are deeply discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 34:19 s9nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:20 p78v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “all his bones” is literal, but it also implies that Yahweh takes care of the entire person. Alternate translation: “He provides complete protection for him, he will not be harmed in any way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 34:21 zrq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Evil is described as if it were a man who can kill people. Alternate translation: “The evil deeds of wicked people will kill them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 34:21 rj4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:21 v5tb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will condemn those who hate the righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 34:21 a6li rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to righteous people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 34:22 pl7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive everyone who takes refuge in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 34:22 wb23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:intro d3ln 0 # Psalm 035 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 35 is a prayer for deliverance. His enemies are coming against him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Enemies\nWhen his enemies were sick, he tried to comfort them, but when he was in trouble his enemies use this as a time to attack him. 35:1 u6dy rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 35:2 uj8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:2 f9eb 0 these are defensive weapons 35:3 e4ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:3 qr78 0 these are offensive weapons 35:3 z8vr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) these enemies are literally chasing the writer or (2) this is a metaphor for people who are enemies of the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:3 k4rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “say to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:3 wz6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This can be stated without the abstract noun. Alternate translation: “I am your savior” or “I will save you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:4 w6yz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame and dishonor those who seek my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:4 pv5x 0 “I desire that” 35:4 s62m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “seek my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:4 fq9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh turn back and confound those who plan to harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:4 g34u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “be turned back” here is a metaphor for being unable to accomplish their goal. Alternate translation: “be unsuccessful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:4 mks4 0 “confused” 35:5 wp56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are chaff that is easily blown away. Alternate translation: “blown away by the wind like chaff” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 35:6 ayu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “their way” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “their lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 35:6 w5gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This refers to a way that is hidden and dangerous. Alternate translation: “hidden and full of dangers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:6 ehs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This refers to the angel of Yahweh being opposed to the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “works against them” or “opposes them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:7 h8ne rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they set to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they want to catch me in a net like a small animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:7 j68b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a pit that they dug to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they wanted to capture me in a pit like a big animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:7 kw8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:8 iq5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Destruction is spoken of as if it was a dangerous animal that would suddenly attack them. Alternate translation: “Let them be destroyed suddenly” or “Let them be surprised because you destroy them suddenly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 35:8 d6rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they place to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “the net that they placed in order to capture me like an animal and harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:8 e9d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is the same metaphor as in verse 7. The net is intended to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “Let them fall into the pit that they dug for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:8 n85r 0 Possible meanings are (1) fall into the pit of verse 7 or (2) fall into destruction. 35:8 q1k1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “so that they will be destroyed” or “that is how you should destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:9 gv3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you save me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:10 dy1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “bones” refers to the deepest inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “My whole inner being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 35:10 fcx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The implicit answer to this question is that no one is like Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, there is no one like you … those who try to rob them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 35:10 kuz3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 35:11 j8nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means they testify in a trial. Alternate translation: “volunteer to give a testimony” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 35:12 ns9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is a metaphor which means they give back evil in exchange for the good they have received. Alternate translation: “In return for my doing good things for them, they do evil things to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:12 j7e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 These abstract nouns can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “evil things … good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:12 v5ej 0 “I am extremely sad” 35:13 jiu2 0 The word “they” refers to the “unrighteous witnesses” ([Psalms 35:11](../035/011.md)). 35:13 t4yd 0 “I showed that I was sad” 35:13 gt7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This was a symbol of prayer. “with my head bent down in prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 35:14 zuy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer was as sad as if his own brother had died. Alternate translation: “grieving as if my own brother was ill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 35:14 kn9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer mourned as if his own mother had died. Alternate translation: “I mourned as if my own mother had died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 35:14 zqf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This was a symbol of pain and suffering. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 35:15 ff5f 0 “assembled together” or “came together” 35:15 w4hv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means they came together for the purpose of attacking the writer. Alternate translation: “to make plans against me” or “to plan my destruction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 35:15 qu3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the treated the writer as if he were a piece of cloth that they could tear to pieces. Alternate translation: “They attacked me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:16 l7dx 0 (1) “With the worthless people they ridiculed me” or (2) “Without respect they made fun of me” 35:16 j13z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This is a sign of anger and hate. “they made grinding noises with their teeth at me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 35:17 x3er rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This rhetorical question indicates that the writer wants God to stop simply looking on and to start to help him. Alternate translation: “how long will you only watch them doing this?” or “when will you help me?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 35:17 te6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:17 ygg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The word “save” is implied. Alternate translation: “save my life from the lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 35:17 kep3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 35:17 d2a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the writer speaks of his enemies as if they were vicious lions. Alternate translation: “from my enemies who attack me like wild animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:19 p53g 0 “Do not let my enemies, who tell lies about me,” 35:19 a7lv 0 “their evil plans” 35:20 pjw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “peace” can be stated as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “they do not speak peacefully to people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:20 sg2n 0 “look for ways to tell lies” 35:20 e21a 0 “those who live peacefully in our land” 35:20 p638 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “peace” can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “live peacefully with others” or “do no harm to anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:21 vvg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The reason they open their mouths is to accuse the writer. Alternate translation: “They shout at me in order to accuse me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:21 b5wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 This is something an excited person says when he has suddenly seen or understood something, especially something other people did not expect him to see. It emphasizes the statement that follows. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 35:21 s32p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “our eyes” refers to the enemies’ eyes. It is implied that they are saying they saw the writer do something wrong. Alternate translation: “we have seen it” or “we saw the wrong things that you did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:22 gn7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “it” refers to the false accusations of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You have seen how they falsely accused me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:22 tt5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 “do not ignore what they did” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “judge them because of what they did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 35:22 a6yk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “be very close to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 35:23 hkj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer wants God to intervene. Both words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the urgency of this request. Alternate translation: “I feel like you are sleeping! Wake up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 35:23 g2zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This abstract noun “defense” can be stated as “defend.” Alternate translation: “to defend me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 35:23 qri7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 35:24 h9ku 0 “do not let them be glad because I am suffering” 35:25 g22z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom that means to say to oneself. Alternate translation: “say to themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 35:25 lj61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 This is an exclamation that is used when something is suddenly seen or understood. It emphasizes what follows. Alternate translation: “Yes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 35:25 vuc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that the writer’s enemies wanted him to be declared guilty. Alternate translation: “he has been declared guilty just as we desired” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 35:25 p58l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer’s enemies speak of his destruction as if they were wild animals who had eaten him. Alternate translation: “We have swallowed him up” or “We have destroyed him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:26 fck7 0 “May those who rejoice at my distress be put to shame and confounded” 35:26 p6id 0 “May they feel shame” 35:26 m9cp 0 “may they be confused” or “may they be humiliated” 35:26 q1m6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May you clothe with shame and dishonor those who exalt themselves over me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:26 y2xu 0 “consider themselves better than I am” or “think they have the right to treat me badly” 35:26 j7j7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 Here shame and dishonor are spoken of as if they were shameful clothes that the writer could wear. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “shamed and dishonored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 35:26 he8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These terms mean about the same thing and are used to emphasize how degraded they will be. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 35:27 ywv7 0 Here “vindication” refers to Yahweh proclaiming or judging the psalmist innocent. 35:27 f434 0 “may they always say” 35:27 zr5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let us praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 35:27 l9kp 0 “who is happy with” or “who is glad for” 35:27 ra7f 0 well-being, happiness 35:28 b4q3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as “right.” Alternate translation: “proclaim that you act in the right way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:intro a634 0 # Psalm 036 General Notes\n## Formatting in this chapter\n\nPsalm 36 is a psalm of praise. It speaks of how good God is to those who love him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God and man\nEvil people do not think about God; but he is such a pleasure to all who honor him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 36:1 d19d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 36:1 hw62 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 36:1 eg5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 This does not refer to a specific man, but to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “Evil people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 36:1 pzl6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” refers to the inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “from his inner being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 36:1 zm16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “eyes” refers to the wicked person. Alternate translation: “in him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 36:2 fd1w 0 “he prefers to believe” or “he wants to think” 36:2 z7qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not discover and hate his sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 36:3 v6yt 0 “What he says is” 36:3 pir7 0 “do things that are good” 36:4 d3zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The sinful actions of the man are spoken of as if he was walking along a path that was evil. Alternate translation: “he begins to do evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:4 w34n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 Here “evil” can be stated in another form. Alternate translation: “he does not reject evil behavior” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:5 wiw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The greatness of God’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if it were an object that reached as high as the heavens. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Your covenant faithfulness … is very great” or “You … are as faithful to your covenant as the heavens are high above the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:5 m314 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The greatness of God’s loyalty is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “is as high as the clouds” or “is enormously great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:6 s49q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 These phrases describe the greatness of God’s righteousness and judgments as if they were very high and deep. Alternate translation: “as high as the highest mountains … as deep as the deepest sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 36:6 e8gt 0 “you help” or “you save” 36:7 vs32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “precious” refers to how greatly the writer values Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I greatly value how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:8 vy98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Eating much food as guests in a house is a metaphor for God providing all his people need. Alternate translation: “They will have all they need because you will provide it to them” or “You have plenty to give, and you will provide them with all they need” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:8 mw7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 There are two metaphors here. God’s abundant blessings are spoken of as if they are the water in a flowing river. Also, those who receive those blessings are spoken of as if they are drinking them like water. Alternate translation: “your precious blessings are like a river from which you will let them drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:9 wc6m 0 “source of life” 36:9 f7u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “light” is a metaphor for true knowledge. Alternate translation: “when you enlighten us, we will know the truth” or “your light is what enables us to know the truth about you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:10 d1ua rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh continuing to act faithfully towards the people as if Yahweh were to extend his covenant faithfulness or make it longer. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “Continue to act faithfully to those who know you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 36:10 jtd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “defense” can be stated as a verb. “Continue” is implied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “Continue to protect the upright of heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 36:10 qms7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “the upright” or “people who act righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 36:11 z9yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “foot” and “hand” refer to the evil people. These are not specific men. This refers to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “arrogant people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 36:11 a5wg 0 “send me away” or “make me leave my place” 36:12 mm9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 All three phrases describe the evildoers as defeated. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 36:12 q7yf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have knocked them down” or “you have destroyed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 36:12 bmn7 0 “cannot get up” 37:intro tv7e 0 # Psalm 037 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 37 is a teaching psalm. It provides guidance about how to live a moral and God-fearing life. It teaches that evil people do not prosper in the future. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Envy\nDo not envy evil people. Although it appears as though they prosper, soon they will be destroyed and the good people will continue on living. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) 37:1 bd2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:1 a1ye 0 “Do not let wicked people upset you” or “Do not be bothered by what wicked people do” 37:2 y2vk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Evildoers are spoken of as if they are grass and plants that dry up and die in the hot weather. These two similes both mean they will die. Alternate translation: “die” or “come to an end” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:3 eb2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Faithfulness is spoken of as if it was an animal that would be strengthened by feeding in good pasture. Alternate translation: “nourish faithfulness” or “increase your faithfulness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:4 pbq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents the person’s inner being and thoughts. Alternate translation: “your deepest, inner desires” or “the things that you desire the most” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:5 wt82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “give your ways” is an idiom that means to ask Yahweh to control your life. Alternate translation: “Ask Yahweh to guide your actions in life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:5 i61n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is to represent another in legal issues. Here, when one trusts in Yahweh, he will defend that person and grant justice to that person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:6 lt22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these phrases mean about the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:6 n8jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This means “in full view of everyone.” Alternate translation: “as clear to see as the light of day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 37:6 jt1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This means “as visible as the noon sun.” Alternate translation: “as visible as the light at the brightest time of day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 37:7 vgp6 0 “Be quiet” 37:9 qq5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:9 ijv6 0 “but those who trust in Yahweh” 37:9 rvq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:10 zbl4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom refers to the death of the evil man. Alternate translation: “will die and you will no longer see him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:11 ma58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the people who are meek. Alternate translation: “the meek people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:11 bs1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:12 vej2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 This does not refer to a specific man. It refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “The wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:12 k2zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This does not refer to specific people. This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:12 y9px rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage 0 The wicked man hates the righteous person so much that he grinds his teeth together to show his anger. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) 37:13 g21a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that “his day” will be a day of judgment. Alternate translation: “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish him” or “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:14 wde8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the wicked people. Alternate translation: “The wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:14 yet9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Both “swords” and “bows” are weapons used to attack people. The fact that they are “drawn” and “bent” means they are ready to start attacking. Alternate translation: “have prepared their weapons in order to attack” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 37:14 f2i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This destruction of the needy people is spoken of as if they were clay pots that would break into pieces when thrown down on the ground. Alternate translation: “to destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:14 r9uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These terms both refer to people who are powerless to defend themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are not able to resist them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 37:15 p5xq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Swords are examples of weapons and “hearts” represent the people. To “pierce the heart” is an idiom that means “to kill.” Alternate translation: “Their weapons will be turned against them and they will kill themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:16 d3e8 0 “It is better to be poor and righteous than to be wicked with great wealth” 37:16 brs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The nominal adjective “the little” refers to few possessions. The nominal adjective “the righteous” refers to a righteous person. Alternate translation: “Better are the few possessions that a righteous person has” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:16 w4rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the wealth of the wicked people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:17 psr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “arms” represent the strength of the wicked people. Breaking their arms represents taking away their power. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will remove the strength of the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:18 f64m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 To “watch over” means to protect someone. Here “the blameless” refers to the blameless people. Alternate translation: “protects the blameless people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:18 ck1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom that means “continually.” Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:19 itw1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This phrase refers to disasters, such as famine. Alternate translation: “when calamities occur” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:20 y7p7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer compares Yahweh’s enemies to the flowers blooming in the fields. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 37:20 c5yy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the destruction of the wicked as if they were weeds or wilted flowers in the field that are burned off after the harvest. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy them as fire turns the weeds of the field into smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:21 bz3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These mean the same thing and emphasize the generosity of the righteous. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 37:22 u3r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 This is a contrastive form of Parallelism. Those who are blessed by God in contrast to those who are cursed by God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:22 bf1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: “Those whom God blesses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:22 tev2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:22 u6uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh curses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:22 n6u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:23 cq19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 These can be stated to show the logical connection and clarify the passive clause. Alternate translation: “If a man lives in a commendable way in Yahweh’s sight, Yahweh will establish his steps” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:23 fba1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who enables a man to be successful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:23 c8pu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 This does not refer to a specific man, but to people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:23 na5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Steps represent the way a person lives. Alternate translation: “the way a man lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:24 c1m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “stumble” and “fall” refer to the man’s reaction to difficult times. Alternate translation: “Though he has difficult times, he will not utterly fail” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:24 k1r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “his hand” refers to Yahweh’s power, and “holding him” refers to protecting him. Alternate translation: “protecting him with his power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:25 g5w1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh forsake the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:25 nq7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:25 rv2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: begging for food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 37:26 jp6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means this action is a habit of his life. Alternate translation: “He is always (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 37:26 iry2 0 “his children grow up to bless others” 37:27 v1dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 To stop doing something is spoken of as if the person turned away from it. Alternate translation: “Stop doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:28 ybg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect them forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:28 ga2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:29 t6ic rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:30 u8ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:30 w34s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “mouth” represents the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “The righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 37:30 hy67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “gives wise advice to others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 37:30 xy8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “encourages other people to live rightly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 37:31 bga8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “in his heart” refers to his deepest inner being. Alternate translation: “He treasures the commands of his God in his inner being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:31 nf23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here failure to obey Yahweh is spoken of as slipping off a safe path and falling. Alternate translation: “he will walk safely in the way God wants him to walk” or “he will safely do the things God wants him to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:32 jz23 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 These words refer to any wicked or righteous person or to wicked and righteous people in general, not to specific people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people … righteous people” or “Any wicked person” or “any righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:32 w8bk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here the watching implies observing the righteous in order to do them harm. Alternate translation: “waits in ambush for the righteous person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 37:33 ea9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 These words refer to the hand of any evil person, not of any specific person. Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “evil people’s hands” or “the power of the evil person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:33 z9fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This refers to Yahweh judging the righteous man. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh judges him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:34 eu5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “raise you up” refers to God giving honor to those who wait for him. Alternate translation: “he will honor you by giving you the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:34 lj8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:34 k2fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:35 ec1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:35 d6gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Here the prosperity of the wicked man is spoken of as if he were a healthy tree growing in good soil. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 37:36 lz97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I could not find him” or “Yahweh had taken him away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:37 pn9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:37 cy8i 0 “note carefully the good people” or “notice the good people” 37:38 dqj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will end his family line” or “he will not have any descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 37:38 pn38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “his descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 37:38 al71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 37:38 a22i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 37:39 m69g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “Salvation” can be expressed as an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rescues the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 37:39 rjp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the righteous people. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 37:40 jus5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 This same idea is repeated in several different ways to emphasize that Yahweh is dependable and able to give aid. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 37:40 qwg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “they have gone to him for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:intro ysy3 0 # Psalm 038 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 38 is a confession of sin and a prayer for deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Author’s sickness\nThe author was very sick and his enemies were seeking ways to destroy him. 38:1 nsf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:1 n1x9 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 38:1 nd38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases mean basically the same thing and the idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:2 z5x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The severity of Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh had shot arrows into the writer. Alternate translation: “Your punishment is as painful as if you had shot arrows into me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:2 w3fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh was smashing the writer with his hand. Here, “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “your power knocks me down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 38:3 c6im 0 David continues describing what his guilt and shame does to his body. He uses hyperbole to emphasize the effects of this lesson. 38:3 m6l5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my bones” represents the body of the writer. Alternate translation: “my whole body is diseased because of my sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 38:4 m7wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a flood of water that covers him. Alternate translation: “my iniquities cover me like a flood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:4 p4hm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he cannot lift. Alternate translation: “they are like a load that is too heavy for me to lift” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:5 cy8n 0 David continues describing what his guilt and shame does to his body. He uses hyperbole to emphasize the effects of this lesson. 38:5 yf37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “smell” refer to his sores having a bad smell that is associated with rotting flesh. Alternate translation: “My wounds are infected and stink as they rot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:6 z27f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The pain of the writer’s wounds have caused him to be bent over as if he were an old, feeble man. Alternate translation: “I am bent over in pain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:7 b2u7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer’s is so sick with fever that it is as if he is burning inside. Alternate translation: “My body is burning with fever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:7 a9kv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my flesh” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I am completely sick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 38:8 zm7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer’s illness is so severe that it is as if a huge weight is pressing down on him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:8 z68c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my heart” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my anguish” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 38:9 f3ph rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my heart” refers to the writer. It may be helpful to state that the writer desires good health. Alternate translation: “My strongest desires” or “that I desire you to heal me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 38:9 dqp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you are able to see all my moans of sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 38:10 ifg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means his heart beats intensely. Alternate translation: “My heart beats loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 38:10 xnw5 0 “I become very weak” 38:10 e7ld 0 “I can no longer see well” 38:12 bt4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The plots of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they were traps that they had set to catch him like an animal. Alternate translation: “set traps to catch me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:12 xc5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the hurtful nature of what these people say. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:13 z4gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 38:13 hm4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 38:13 s5pm 0 a person who cannot speak 38:14 th66 0 The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) 38:14 ir1x 0 The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) 38:15 px8y 0 Possible meanings are (1) “you will answer me” or (2) “you will answer my enemies.” 38:16 gan3 0 “will not delight over my trouble” 38:16 bq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my foot” represents the writer. The slipping of his foot is a metaphor that refers to the writer’s troubles and misfortunes. Alternate translation: “If I make mistakes that cause me trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:17 s48p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings for this metaphor are (1) “I am so sick that I am about to die” or (2) “I will soon be ruined.” It may be best not to interpret the metaphor in the text. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:17 sbz5 0 “I am always in pain” 38:19 ie1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:20 ca7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The actions of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as a financial transaction where they gave him evil things in exchange for good things. The abstract nouns “evil” and “good” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “They do evil thing to me after I was good to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 38:20 ai9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The way the writer’s enemies accuse him is spoken of as if they were throwing accusations at him like rocks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:20 bbb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writers desire for what is good is spoken of as if he were running after good things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:21 czy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 38:21 nrs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:22 zv2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as if he is running to the writer to help him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 38:22 a3xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 39:intro z1zc 0 # Psalm 039 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 39 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Life\nLife on earth is short. The psalmist wanted God’s healing so he can enjoy the rest of his life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])\n\nThis psalm shares some characteristics of another wisdom book called Ecclesiastes or Koheleth but is more positive. 39:1 lx3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 39:1 rc8d 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship,” 39:1 br39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 39:1 dv6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “watch” is an idiom that mean “pay attention to.” Alternate translation: “I will pay attention to the things that I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 39:1 s4wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “tongue” refers to the writer’s speech. Alternate translation: “so that I do not speak an offense against Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 39:1 e8kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 To “muzzle” means to keep a mouth shut. Here David means that he will not speak while he is with an evil person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:2 fa7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the writer did not speak at all. Alternate translation: “I was completely silent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 39:2 k9fs 0 “I did not speak” 39:3 u5ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. The anxious thoughts of the writer are spoken of as if they were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “I became very anxious when I thought about these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:4 vey1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 39:4 bac9 0 “Show me how brief my life is” or “Show me how soon I will die” 39:5 in3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his lifespan is if it could be measured by the width of his hand. Alternate translation: “only a very short time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:5 ej3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This simile states that the length of the writer’s life is so short that it does not exist. This is an exaggeration to stress how short it is. Alternate translation: “the length of my life is barely any time at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 39:5 l7in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Life is short, and the psalmist speaks of it here as if it were only as long as the time it takes for a person to breathe one breath. Alternate translation: “The time that humans live is as short as a single breath of a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:6 wkn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The lives of people are spoken of as if they are as insignificant as shadows. Alternate translation: “Everyone disappears like shadows do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 39:6 i78f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here it is implied that they do not know what will happen to their wealth after they die. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 39:7 y9ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer asks this question to emphasize that people cannot help him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “So now, Yahweh, I can expect to receive nothing from anyone else.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 39:9 ll7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 39:9 whi2 0 “because my punishment comes from you” 39:10 kf2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was wounding him with a weapon. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:10 hd77 0 “I am defeated completely” 39:10 n2ex rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was striking him with his fist. Here “hand” represents God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “your judgment on me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:11 skf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 God will take away the things they value in the same way as a moth eats a piece of cloth. Alternate translation: “consume the things they desire like a moth eats away at clothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 39:11 uzd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the frailty of people as if they were mist that disappears quickly. Alternate translation: “everyone is completely fragile” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:12 rx3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These three phrases mean basically the same thing and show how strongly the writer wants God to respond to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 39:12 ae4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response to him as if Yahweh was deaf. Alternate translation: “Do not ignore me as if you could not hear me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 39:12 nnj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response as if Yahweh considered him to be a total stranger to him. Alternate translation: “I am like a complete stranger to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 39:13 k2nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “your gaze” represents Yahweh’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 39:13 kfn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “smile” is associated with being happy. Alternate translation: “so that I can be happy again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:intro ik39 0 # Psalm 040 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\nPsalm 40 is a psalm of praise. Many also see it as a messianic psalm, a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sacrifices\nGod is not interested in sacrifices but wants people to obey him and fulfill his plans for them. 40:1 k46g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 40:1 q9w4 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 40:1 yu4m 0 This means the writer was waiting for Yahweh to help him. 40:1 j6iw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These mean the same thing, and can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “he listened to me when I called out to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 40:2 jcv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two metaphors mean the same thing. The writer’s danger is spoken of as if it was a deadly pit full of mud. This emphasizes the danger. Alternate translation: “from being trapped in a horrible pit full of sticky mud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 40:2 yav8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my feet” refers to the writer, and “a rock” refers a place of safety. Alternate translation: “he provided safety for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:3 kgu6 0 Possible meanings are (1) “He has taught me the words to a new song” or (2) “He has given me a new reason to sing.” 40:3 bl9j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my mouth” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 40:3 n4gq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The noun “praise” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “a song to praise our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 40:3 z44r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “see it” refers to hearing the writer sing his song about what God has done for him. Alternate translation: “Many people will hear me tell what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:4 cal5 0 “Blessed is the man who trusts in Yahweh” or “Those who trust in Yahweh are blessed” 40:4 z621 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the people who are proud. Alternate translation: “proud people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 40:4 f9yc 0 The Hebrew word is unclear. Possible meanings are (1) “lies” or (2) “false gods.” 40:5 x7v4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can count all the things you think about us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 40:5 kzt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases mean essentially the same thing. The first is stated in negative form, and the second is stated in positive form. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 40:6 z1vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This is an exaggeration to express that other things are much more important to God. Alternate translation: “Sacrifices and other offerings are not the things that delight you most” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 40:6 xz9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “ears” refers to the ability to hear. Alternate translation: “you have enabled me to hear your commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:6 mi62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This is an exaggeration to show that these things were not the most important to God. Alternate translation: “animals burned on the altar and other offerings for our sins are not what you require most” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 40:7 jn6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to a scroll on which was written the word of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the written scroll” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 40:8 va1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “my heart” refers to the inner being of the writer. Alternate translation: “I am always thinking about your laws within my inner being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:9 k2b6 0 “I have told a large assembly of people the good news of your righteousness.” 40:9 epq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 This refers to the good news that God rescues his people. Alternate translation: “good news that because you are righteous, you rescue your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 40:9 gk2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “my lips” represents the writer, emphasizing his speech. Alternate translation: “I have not stopped myself from proclaiming these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:10 vb9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 “I have not kept your righteousness a secret.” This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have openly told every one about your righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 40:10 am3c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here this refers to the writer’s inner being. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:10 cn4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have told everyone in the great assembly about your covenant faithfulness or your trustworthiness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 40:10 bp5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 40:10 u78d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “how trustworthy you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 40:11 qc48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here “covenant faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were living people who could protect the writer. Alternate translation: “I want your covenant faithfulness and your trustworthiness to always preserve” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 40:12 c6b2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here troubles are spoken of as if they were objects that surround and trap the speaker. Alternate translation: “there are more troubles around me than I can count” or “more troubles come to me than I can count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 40:12 ra9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This is stated in negative form to intensify the number.See how you translated this in [Psalms 40:5](../040/005.md). Alternate translation: “that are vast in number” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 40:12 ff9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the consequences of his sin. Alternate translation: “the consequences of my iniquities” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:12 qng1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they were his enemies who were harming him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 40:12 x56q 0 Versions differ in how to understand this difficult passage. It may mean that the speaker is crying so much that he cannot see anything because of his tears. 40:12 ixl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” refers to the writer’s inner confidence. Alternate translation: “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 40:14 hl37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who pursue my life to take it awy be ashamed and completely disappointed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 40:14 l9j5 0 “Please make them ashamed and completely disappointed” 40:14 ff5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “pursue my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 40:14 knx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who delight in hurting me be turned back and brought to dishonor” or “Please have someone turn back those who delight in hurting me and bring them to dishonor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 40:14 k5tz 0 “unable to continue” 40:15 fqa6 0 “Let those who say to me, ‘Aha, aha!’ be shocked because of their shame” 40:15 i1aw 0 “I hope that they will be shocked when you shame them” 40:15 rbg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 These words indicate that the speaker has seen the hearer doing evil that the hearer did not think anyone knew about. You can use here words in your language that mean the same thing but sound different. See how this is translated in [Psalms 35:21](../035/021.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 40:16 az21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very joyful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 40:16 yq7n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 40:17 v567 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These words mean the same thing and emphasize how helpless the writer is. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 40:17 ep4r 0 “the Lord cares for me” 40:17 a8vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 40:17 g2mh 0 “You are the one who helps me” 40:17 zf6l 0 “you come to save me” 40:17 c1t7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “respond quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 41:intro q9l9 0 # Psalm 041 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 41 is a psalm of deliverance. The author’s friends had become his enemies who wanted to see him die but he trusted God to rescue him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Enemies\nThe author’s best friend had become an enemy. His enemies were happy because they were sure his sickness would result in death. 41:1 y6js rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 41:1 ay4z 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 41:1 bd73 0 The words “he” and “him” refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. 41:1 glk5 0 “weak people” or “poor people” 41:2 j2lj 0 These words refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. 41:3 lt8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “the bed of suffering” refers to when a person lies in bed because he is sick. Alternate translation: “When he is sick and in bed, Yahweh will support him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:3 ygd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “a bed of healing” refers to when a person rests in bed and recovers from his sickness. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, will heal him of his sickness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 41:5 yg22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 If a person’s name dies, it means that people forget that he had ever lived. Alternate translation: “when will his name perish” or “when will people forget about him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:6 evn1 0 The words “my enemy” refers to any enemy in general, and not to one specific enemy. 41:6 m4zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Possible meanings are (1) “he says meaningless things” or (2) his enemies say things to make him think that they are his friends when they are not. Alternate translation: “he says deceitful things” or “they pretend to be concerned about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:6 c5vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 His enemies try to learn all of the bad things about him. Here the word “heart” refers the whole person. Bad circumstances are spoken of as if they were objects that can be gathered. Alternate translation: “he tries to learn about all of my disasters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:7 sq8r 0 Possible meanings are (1) “they hope that very bad things will happen to me” or (2) “they are planning to hurt me.” 41:8 l22y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 His enemies speak of “disease” as if it were a person who has captured him. Alternate translation: “He is sick with a fatal disease” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:8 hfg4 0 Possible meanings are (1) “A fatal disease” or (2) “Something evil” 41:8 cay3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here the words “lying down” refer to lying in bed because of illness. That he will not “rise up” means that he will continue to lie down, which is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “now that he is sick in bed, he will die there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 41:9 jzy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom that means his friend betrayed him. Alternate translation: “has betrayed me” or “has turned against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:10 r3b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative 0 This is a request. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, have mercy on me and raise me up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) 41:10 cz3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means to raise him up from his bed, or to make him recover from his disease. Alternate translation: “make me well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 41:10 h6l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of revenge on his enemies as if it were paying to them what he owes. Alternate translation: “so that I may take revenge on them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:11 m2j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events 0 The word “this” refers to what the writer will say next. For clarity, the clauses may be reversed. Alternate translation: “Because my enemy does not triumph over me, I know that you delight in me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) 41:11 h7zl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This can also be translated in future tense, since Yahweh has not yet healed him. Alternate translation: “If you enable me to do that, with the result that my enemies do not defeat me, I will know that you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 41:12 dfw3 0 “you support me because of my integrity” 41:12 jj35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of being in Yahweh’s presence as being in a place where Yahweh can see him and he can see Yahweh’s face. Alternate translation: “will keep me with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 41:13 s4va 0 This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 1 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 1 and ends with Psalm 41. 41:13 xi7f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 This refers to two extremes and means for all time. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 41:13 d4ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 42:intro mu68 0 # Psalm 042 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Yahweh’s deliverance\nThe psalmist praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem.\n\n### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43\nSome scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm.\n\n### Superscription\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of the sons of Korah.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 42:1 t39i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 42:1 rt7c 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 42:1 c3mx 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 42:1 h2nj 0 The author compares his desire for God to the desire of a thirsty deer for water. 42:1 mi8s 0 heavy breathing from an animal or person that is very tired or thirsty 42:1 flj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:2 xe9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:2 bsl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The author does not ask this question to get an answer but to show his strong desire to be before God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 42:3 mfk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The author refers to his tears as if they are food that he eats. This means that he is so sad that he cannot eat. Alternate translation: “My tears are like my food and I eat nothing else” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:3 nw17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 This phrase refers to the entire day by referring to both its beginning and end. Alternate translation: “all day long” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 42:3 hy3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This is an exaggeration. His enemies are not saying this constantly; they are saying it often. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 42:3 sa8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The author’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see his God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 42:4 d12n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom that means to remember or think about something. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 42:4 k59b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “soul” refers to the emotions. The author speaks of his soul as if it is a liquid that he pours out. The phrase means that he is expressing his emotional grief. Alternate translation: “I express my sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:4 c6f8 0 “the crowd of people” 42:4 gv3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys 0 This phrase uses two different words to express one idea. Alternate translation: “joyful praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 42:5 xs1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 42:5 cc84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:5 fyf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative 0 The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 42:6 lp5z 0 The writer begins to speak to God about his soul. 42:6 s443 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This phrase means to remember or to think about something. Alternate translation: “I think of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 42:6 u6xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This is probably a reference to northern Israel, where the Jordan river originates. Alternate translation: “the land where the Jordan river begins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 42:6 ka3s 0 mountain tops 42:6 xh39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a hill at the base of Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 42:7 c6aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The word “deep” refers to deep waters, which here are likely the streams rushing down Mount Hermon. The writer speaks of them as if they are people calling out to one another as they hear the sound of their own descent from the mountain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 42:7 exq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The author speaks of his great misfortune and sadness as if they are deep waters that drown him with one wave after another. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:7 d5k7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The word “billows” is another word for “waves.” Together the two words emphasize the greatness of the waves. Alternate translation: “all of your great waves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 42:8 ef4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness as if it were a person whom he commands to be with him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show me his covenant faithfulness in the daytime” or “Yahweh will show me in the daytime how faithful he is to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:8 jsc8 0 Possible meanings are (1) “the song that he gives me” or (2) “the song about him” 42:8 xm7t 0 “the God who gives me life” 42:9 si6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a huge rock that would provide protection from enemy attack. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:9 b1ik 0 To “go mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad. 42:10 bp1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer describes his adversaries’ rebukes as his receiving a fatal wound. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 42:10 r4wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This is an exaggeration; his enemies are not saying this constantly but are saying it often. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 42:10 ae82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 42:11 evd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down, I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 42:11 wp6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 42:11 ghd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative 0 The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 43:intro x44y 0 # Psalm 043 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Encouragement\nThe author should not be discouraged because he trusts in God to deliver him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43\nSome scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm. 43:1 il4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 43:2 quk8 0 Possible meanings are (1) “the God who protects me” or (2) “the God who gives me strength.” 43:2 a96e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer asks these questions in order to complain to God and express his emotions, not to receive an answer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 43:2 cpw2 0 To “go about in mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad. 43:2 d84h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because my enemy oppresses me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 43:3 e7jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s deliverance as if it were a light that shows him the way and truth that teaches him how to live. Alternate translation: “guide me with your light and truth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 43:3 uhy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the hill in Jerusalem where the temple is located and thus to the temple itself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 43:3 rr6l 0 “to the place where you live” 43:4 r8lp 0 “God who is my very great joy” or “God who gives me very great joy” 43:5 qb88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 43:5 wn18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 43:5 z1zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative 0 The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) 43:5 dgl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The phrase “my salvation” refers to God. If necessary the two phrases can be combined. Alternate translation: “my God who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 44:intro cu7e 0 # Psalm 044 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God’s help against enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Enemies\nWhen Israel entered the Promised Land, God fought for them and drove out their enemies. Since their enemies have now defeated them, they are in need of God’s help. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n### Superscription\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 44:1 gi44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:1 n2t8 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 44:1 vwd3 0 “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.” 44:1 d1rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The word “ears” adds emphasis to the statement that they have heard and understood the things that the writer is about to describe. The writer addresses this statement to God. Alternate translation: “God, we have heard clearly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 44:1 ifj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these phrases use the word “days” to refer to the time period when the ancestors of the people of Israel were alive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:2 rd1l 0 “You forced the people from other nations to leave” 44:2 w5ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:2 sst2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s causing the Israelites to live in the land as if he were planting them in the soil like he would a tree. Alternate translation: “you caused our people to live there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:3 f15t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “sword” refers to military power. Alternate translation: “by fighting with their own swords” or “by their own army’s strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:3 ixc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “arm” refers to power. Alternate translation: “their own power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:3 cr9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 You may supply a verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the light of your face obtained the land for their possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 44:3 ekr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the words “hand” and “arm” both refer to God’s power. Combined, they emphasize the greatness of God’s power. Alternate translation: “your great power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 44:3 a1dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh looking with favor upon them and being kind to them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “your kindness” or “your good favor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:4 md4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The people of Israel are referred to by the name of their ancestor “Jacob.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:5 cn87 0 “By you … by your” 44:5 l9n9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his enemies’ defeat as if they are “down” and of their preparing to fight as if they are “up.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:5 u2c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” refers to God’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:5 ze87 0 “tread them under our feet” or “walk on top of them” 44:8 ql57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “boast” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “we have boasted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 44:8 qb7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. Alternate translation: “we will give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:9 tw86 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “rejected us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:10 bc8x 0 resources and treasures that an army collects after winning a battle 44:11 cmt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have allowed our enemies to kill us like they would kill a sheep and eat it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:11 k8qj 0 “caused us to live in many different nations” 44:12 zm14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh allowing Israel’s enemies to conquer them as if he were selling the people of Israel to their enemies but does not require any payment from their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:13 j3ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are parallel emphasizing how the people among whom they live mock them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:13 ys4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “rebuke” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make us something that our neighbors rebuke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 44:13 z6rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those around us scoff at us and mock us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:14 d6zg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases are parallel emphasizing how intensely the nations around them mock them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:14 cf7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “insult” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make the nations around us insult us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 44:14 l1b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The phrase “a shaking of the head” can be translated in verbal form. Alternate translation: “something at which the peoples shake their heads” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 44:14 d7ze 0 This was a gesture that people used to show scorn to others. 44:15 lk1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his dishonor as if it were an object that is always in front of him for him to see. The phrase means that he is always thinking about his dishonor. Alternate translation: “I think about my dishonor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:15 l48m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his shame as if it is an object that covers him like a blanket would cover him. Alternate translation: “the shame of my face has overwhelmed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:15 w1hq 0 “the shame that shows on my face.” This refers to his facial expressions that his shame causes. 44:16 p8lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the words “the voice” represents the person insulting him. Alternate translation: “because of what the person says who rebukes and insults me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 44:16 s49c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These words have similar meanings and emphasize the harsh nature of what this person says. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 44:18 qi6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of loyalty to God as if it were following him, and disloyalty as if it were turning away from him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:18 mf97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “heart” refers to the emotions, and specifically to loyalty and devotion. Alternate translation: “We have not stopped being loyal to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:19 d4u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if it were breaking a fragile object. Alternate translation: “you have punished us severely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:19 dfs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Israel after God’s punishment as if it were a wild, uninhabitable place. Alternate translation: “and made our land like a place where jackals live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:19 c511 0 a type of wild dog 44:19 v695 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of death as if it is an object that casts a shadow over those who are about to die. Alternate translation: “made us so that we are about to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:20 k5hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. To forget God is to stop worshiping him. This is something that did not happen. Alternate translation: “If we had forgotten our God” or “If we had stopped worshiping our God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 44:20 g9jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 Spreading out the hands is a gesture that people used to worship and pray to a god. Alternate translation: “worshiped a strange god” or “prayed to a strange god” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 44:21 rv5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses this question to express that God would know if they worshiped another god. Alternate translation: “God would certainly find out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:21 ih8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “heart” refers to the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “he knows what a person secretly thinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 44:22 mxt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 The phrase “all day long” is an exaggeration to emphasize that their people are being killed frequently. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we are always in danger of people killing us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:22 exg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people consider us to be sheep for the slaughter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 44:22 vl87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:23 b9h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer speaks of God’s seeming inactivity as if God is sleeping. He asks the question to rebuke God for appearing not to be concerned about their troubles. Alternate translation: “Wake up! I feel like you are sleeping, Lord!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:23 z7sm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 44:9](../044/009.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:24 h91h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses this question to complain that God appears to be ignoring them. Alternate translation: “Do not hide your face … our oppression.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 44:24 hj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God ignoring them as if God were hiding his face so that he could not see them. Alternate translation: “ignore us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:24 jb65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The words “affliction” and “oppression” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the severity of their affliction. These words may also be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “forget that people afflict us and oppress us” or “forget that people greatly afflict us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 44:25 rzd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These parallel phrases share similar meanings. The writer describes his people as lying on the ground in a posture of defeat and humiliation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 44:25 f1gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were objects, such as ice, that melt and soak into the dirt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:25 q4te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were stuck to the ground and they could not raise themselves up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 44:26 gbh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a command to stand. This phrase refers to beginning to act on something. Alternate translation: “Take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 44:26 uu4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “to show that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 45:intro hk23 0 # Psalm 045 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 45 is a royal psalm written for the king’s wedding day.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\nThe king has a beautiful palace, and his bride is also beautiful.\n\n### Superscription\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 45:1 v3sl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 45:1 p8j6 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 45:1 f1a1 0 This may refer to a style or the tune of the music. Sometimes it is translated as “set to the tune of ‘Lilies.’” 45:1 ty3v 0 “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.” 45:1 tug8 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 45:1 c73i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his heart as if it were a container that overflows with liquid. The word “heart” represents his emotions, which are excited by the song that he sings. Alternate translation: “My emotions are excited about a good subject” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:1 puh2 0 “a noble theme” or “a beautiful word.” This refers to the song that he has written. 45:1 w2cc 0 to have written or created a song 45:1 chy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his tongue as if it were a pen. He speaks words as skillfully as an experienced writer writes words. Alternate translation: “my tongue is like the pen of person who writes well” or “I speak words as skillfully as an experienced writer can write words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:2 x1mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that the king is better looking than anyone else. The phrase “children of mankind” is an idiom and refers to all humans. Alternate translation: “You are more handsome than any other man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 45:2 an93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of grace as if it were oil that someone has used to anoint the king’s lips. The word “lips” refers to the king’s speech. The phrase means that the king speaks eloquently. Alternate translation: “it is as if someone has anointed your lips with oil” or “you speak eloquently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:3 y2u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Warriors carried their swords in a sheath that hung from a belt around their waist. The sword would rest against their side. This phrase describes an action of someone preparing for battle. Alternate translation: “Prepare yourself for battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:4 cyr3 0 The writer tells the king to ride his horse or chariot to victory. 45:4 s46i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “trustworthiness,” “meekness,” and “righteousness” can be stated as adjectives. Possible meanings are (1) these are qualities of the mighty one. Alternate translation: “because you are trustworthy, meek, and righteous” or (2) these are virtues that he fights to uphold for the people whom he rules. Alternate translation: “in order to fight for what is trustworthy, meek, and right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 45:4 td7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Most soldiers held their swords with their right hands when they fought. Here, the phrase “right hand” refers to his ability to fight, which the writer speaks of as if it were a person who can teach the king through the experience he gains in battle. Alternate translation: “You will learn to accomplish great military feats by fighting in many battles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 45:4 ij55 0 “awesome deeds.” This refers to military victories that cause his enemies to fear him and his allies to revere him. 45:5 k74n 0 This phrase refers to the king defeating his enemies. Possible meanings are (1) “the peoples fall at your feet in surrender” or (2) “the peoples fall dead at your feet.” 45:5 zn7a 0 “your arrows have pierced the hearts of your enemies.” The writer speaks to the king while referring to the king in the third person. 45:6 d479 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “throne” represents the kingdom and rule of the king. Alternate translation: “Your kingdom … is forever and ever” or “You will reign … forever and ever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:6 mh74 0 Possible meanings are that the word “God” (1) is a title for the king, who is God’s representative or (2) modifies the word “throne” and means “Your kingdom that God has given you.” 45:6 h2tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “scepter” represents the king’s authority to rule his kingdom. Alternate translation: “you rule your kingdom with justice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:7 w1rj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of gladness as if it were an oil that God used to anoint the king. That God has anointed him is a symbolic action that represents God’s choosing him to be king. Alternate translation: “when God appointed you as king, he made you very glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 45:8 s741 0 Here the writer begins to describe what appears to be the wedding ceremony of the king and his bride. 45:8 ggv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 These are aromatic plant substances that people used to make perfumes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 45:8 mam8 0 Ivory is a hard white substance that forms animal’s tusks. This phrase describes a palace with walls and furniture that people have decorated with ivory. 45:8 ldy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “stringed instruments” refers to the music that people make by playing the stringed instruments. Alternate translation: “the music of stringed instruments has made you glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:9 at3w 0 These women are wives of the king who receive his approval. 45:9 bvd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This is a reference to the woman who will become queen. Alternate translation: “your bride, the queen” or “your bride, who will be the queen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:9 w8kb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a place that had a reputation for its fine gold. The location is unknown. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 45:10 d768 0 The writer begins to speak to the queen and refers to her as “daughter” because she is a young woman. 45:10 z8va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:10 u572 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the queen no longer following the beliefs and customs of her native people as if it were forgetting them. Alternate translation: “no longer follow the customs of your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:10 zi39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “house” refers to family. Alternate translation: “your relatives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 45:11 vj28 0 “and” or “so” 45:11 tyk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 This is a polite way to say that the king will want to sleep with the queen as his wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 45:12 y2m6 0 The writer continues to speak to the queen. 45:12 b5qz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the people who live in Tyre as if they are Tyre’s children. Alternate translation: “The people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 45:13 z961 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This is a reference to the woman whom the king will marry. Alternate translation: “The king’s bride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 45:13 fc31 0 “very beautiful.” This refers to the woman’s appearance. 45:13 aze7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 Her clothing is decorated or embroidered with gold. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she wears clothing that someone has embroidered with golden thread” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 45:14 chm2 0 The author continues to speak about the queen but begins to address the king again. 45:14 v2p3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will lead her to the king as she wears an embroidered dress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 45:14 mrv3 0 a design made by sewing colored threads into cloth 45:14 ji2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 Here the word “you” refers to the king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will bring to you the virgins, her companions who follow her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 45:15 j9m5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 This phrase describes “gladness and rejoicing” as a person who leads others to celebrate. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Gladness and rejoicing will lead them” or “They will proceed with gladness and rejoicing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 45:15 jxe5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “great gladness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 45:16 x1cw 0 The writer continues to address the king. 45:16 jy9e 0 This means that the king’s sons will replace him as king, just as he replaced his ancestors as king. 45:16 wu3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 The phrase “in all the earth” is an exaggeration to emphasize that they will rule over many nations. Alternate translation: “you will make rulers over many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 45:17 n62l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “I” refers to the writer. The word “name” refers to the king’s character and reputation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause people in every generation to know about your greatness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:intro w4ye 0 # Psalm 046 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 46 is a psalm of praise to God.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nGod is all-powerful, controls nature, and protects his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) 46:1 pye4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 46:1 b2mp 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 46:1 t2j8 0 “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote” 46:1 q7sv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 46:1 sf97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God gives us safety and strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:2 d2ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the deepest part of the sea as if it were the sea’s heart. Here he describes an earthquake that causes the mountains to crumble and fall into the sea. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the mountains should shake so violently that they fall into the depths of the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:3 nvd8 0 “though the waters of the sea roar and rage.” The words “roar” and “rage” describe the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. 46:3 v7sn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The phrase “their swelling” refers to the waters of the sea as they rise and crash against the mountains. Alternate translation: “the swelling waters cause the mountains to tremble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 46:4 x5va rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage 0 The imagery of a running river symbolizes peace and prosperity for the city of God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) 46:4 n4fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “the city of God” refers to Jerusalem, and represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: “make the people who live in Jerusalem happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 46:4 ft9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This phrase describes “the city of God.” Alternate translation: “the holy place where the Most High lives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 46:5 v4ku 0 The words “her” and “she” refer to “the city of God.” 46:5 kf8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here, the word “moved” is the same word translated as “shaken” in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md). The writer speaks of the destruction of Jerusalem by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing will be able destroy her” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:6 ese7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here, the word “raged” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 3](./001.md) to describe the waters of the sea. The writer speaks of the fear of the nations as if it was the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. Alternate translation: “The nations are terrified” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:6 m4wd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here, the word “shaken” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md) to describe the effect of an earthquake on the mountains. The writer speaks of the overthrow of kingdoms by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies overthrew the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:6 hp6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “God lifted up his voice.” The writer speaks of the “voice” as an object that a person can pick up and raise into the air. This means that the voice becomes louder. Alternate translation: “God shouted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:6 p2kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The writer speaks of the earth as an object, such as ice, that can melt. Here “the earth” represents mankind, and to melt represents fear. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:7 lc6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob gives us safety” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 46:7 nkp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) “the God whom Jacob worshiped” or (2) “Jacob” is a metonym for the nation of Israel and means “the God of Israel.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 46:9 lwa3 0 “He makes nations stop fighting wars” 46:9 b5gh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom that refers to everywhere in the word. Alternate translation: “everywhere in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 46:9 v24c 0 One way in which Yahweh will make all wars to cease is by destroying the weapons that the armies use to fight one another. 46:9 gst2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants 0 Some versions understand this Hebrew word as “chariots.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) 46:10 y22y 0 Here, God begins to speak. 46:10 ua4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 In this context, these words are likely a command to the nations to stop their wars. Alternate translation: “Stop fighting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 46:10 u2j9 0 Here the word “know” means to understand and to confess that Yahweh is the true God. 46:10 ssq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people of every nation in the world will exalt God. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People from every nation will exalt me; people all over the earth will exalt me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 46:11 gl4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. See how you translated these lines in [Psalms 46:7](../046/007.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:intro j9a7 0 # Psalm 047 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 47 is a psalm of praise to God.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\nGod is powerful over all the nations in the world. 47:1 l66j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 47:1 xf2n 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 47:1 uqb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Clapping your hands is associated with celebration. Alternate translation: “Clap your hands in celebration” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 47:1 n5aa 0 “shout to God with joyful voices.” Here the word “triumph” refers to the joy associated with victory. 47:3 bqu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are parallel and mean that God enabled Israel to conquer their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 47:3 j5mi 0 to conquer and place under the authority of another 47:3 sa4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of conquering other nations as if it were putting those nations underneath their feet. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:4 p3vm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the land of Israel as if it were an inheritance that God has given the people as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “He chooses this land as an inheritance for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 47:4 e7vk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “glory” refers to a source of pride and represents the land that God has given to his people as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land in which Jacob takes pride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 47:4 qvz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “Jacob” refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 47:5 y2zq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s conquering the nations as if God were a king ascending his throne, which was located in the temple. Alternate translation: “God has gone up into the temple as people shouted” or “God has ascended to his throne as people shouted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 47:5 z2zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 This phrase parallels the previous phrase. The verb may be supplied for clarity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has gone up as people blew trumpets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 47:6 wn5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 The phrase “sing praises” is repeated for emphasis. You may omit the repetition if it is awkward in your language. Alternate translation: “Sing, sing praises to God; sing, sing praises to our King” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 47:9 vxi7 0 “The rulers of all the nations” 47:9 kg5b 0 Possible meanings are that the rulers of the nations (1) “gather in front of the people” or (2) “gathered together with the people” so that all may worship God as king. 47:9 eew2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are that “shields” (1) refers to instruments of war. Alternate translation: “God has more power than the weapons of all the kings on the earth” or (2) refers to the rulers of the nations who are spoken of as shields who protect their nations. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth are subject to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 48:intro wfx3 0 # Psalm 048 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 48 is a psalm of praise for Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jerusalem\nJerusalem has mighty defenses. Foreign nations will be amazed. It is something to remember and testify about. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])\n\nIt is helpful to know that “Mount Zion” is often used to refer to the city of Jerusalem. 48:1 s5c1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a song about Jerusalem being God’s dwelling place. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 48:1 az4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “people are to praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 48:1 az2x 0 This is a reference to Jerusalem, which was built on Mount Zion. 48:1 dj9j 0 Possible meanings are (1) “the city where our God lives” or (2) “the city that belongs to our God” 48:2 nl3f 0 “Beautiful and high.” The word “elevation” refers to how high mount Zion is. 48:2 y3e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “earth” refers to everyone living on the earth. The word “joy” may be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Mount Zion gives joy to everyone on earth” or “everyone on earth rejoices because of Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 48:2 r8gx 0 Possible meanings are that this phrase (1) refers to the direction of the north or (2) is another name for Mount Zion meaning “the mountain of God.” 48:3 qb5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God has made himself known as one who gives safety to the people in Mount Zion’s palaces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 48:4 lw4p 0 The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. 48:4 fnx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the kings represent their armies. Alternate translation: “assembled their armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:4 yk23 0 “together they passed by Jerusalem” 48:5 q1px 0 “They saw Jerusalem” 48:5 k5fi 0 greatly troubled 48:6 xy4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were a person who caused the kings and their armies to tremble. Alternate translation: “There they trembled with fear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 48:6 ees5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were the pain that a woman experiences in childbirth and speaks of that pain as if it were a person. The verb may be supplied from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “pain took hold of them, as when a woman is in labor” or “they became afraid, like a woman is afraid of experiencing labor pains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 48:7 e8iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) this is a metaphor in which the author describes the kings being afraid as if they were ships that shake because God destroys them with a strong wind. Alternate translation: “They shook with fear, as the ships of Tarshish shake when you break them with the east wind” or (2) this is an apostrophe in which the author describes God’s great power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 48:7 qp44 0 Possible meanings are (1) “a wind blowing from the east” or (2) “a strong wind.” 48:7 n4q7 0 Possible meanings are that this refers to (1) ships that sail to or are built in the city of Tarshish or (2) any large ocean-going ship. 48:8 b3ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that what they have heard is the great things that God has done in the past. Alternate translation: “As we have heard about the great things that God has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 48:8 g7aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means that they have seen the proof that the things that they have heard are true. Alternate translation: “so we have seen God do great things now” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 48:8 pr7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these phrases refer to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “in the city of our God, Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 48:8 pa6r 0 “make it secure.” Here the word “establish means to preserve and make something secure. 48:9 fec8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” or “how faithful you are to us because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 48:9 wf6y 0 “as we are in your temple” 48:10 wrg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents God’s character and reputation. The two phrases compare the greatness of God’s reputation with how greatly people praise him. Alternate translation: “Your name is very great … and so people throughout the world praise you greatly” or “People all throughout the world have heard of you … so people throughout the world praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:10 qf2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiomatic expression that means everywhere in the word. See how you translated this in [Psalms 46:9](../046/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 48:10 w3p6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of righteousness as if it were an object that God could hold in his hand. Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power and authority to rule. Alternate translation: “you rule with righteousness” or “you are righteous as you rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:11 w7c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of Mount Zion as if it were a person who could be glad. The phrase refers to the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Let those who live on Mount Zion be glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:11 csq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the towns in Judah as if they were Judah’s children. The phrase refers to the people who live in those towns. Alternate translation: “let the people who live in the cities of Judah rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 48:12 r196 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are parallel. Alternate translation: “Walk all the way around Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 48:13 d5xm 0 “notice in detail” 48:14 wub8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “guide” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he will guide us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 48:14 rmz8 0 Possible meanings are (1) “until we die” or (2) “forever.” 49:intro r9r3 0 # Psalm 049 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 49 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Riches\nRiches do not last forever. They cannot save a person from death, and they cannot be taken from a person at death. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 49:1 wm6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:1 f4gj 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 49:1 a8dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are parallel. Together they strengthen the command for all people to listen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:1 ski6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiomatic expression means to use one’s ears to listen. Alternate translation: “listen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:2 f6b7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of people who are weak or insignificant in society as being low and of people who are important and powerful as being high. Together, the words “low” and “high” represent all people. Alternate translation: “both important people and unimportant people” or “people of every social class” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 49:2 cq6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 Together the words “rich” and “poor” refer to all people, regardless of wealth. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 49:3 r7z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “mouth” refers to the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I will speak wise words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 49:3 hx37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The abstract nouns “meditation” and “understanding” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “the thoughts upon which I meditate will help you to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 49:4 wva9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:4 ge9u 0 “as I play the harp” 49:5 yhr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer asks this question to emphasize that he has no reason to fear when bad things happen. Alternate translation: “I have no reason to fear … heels.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 49:5 vu7z 0 “when evil things happen.” Here the word “days” refers to general periods of time. 49:5 ug31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) the writer speaks of the evil desires of his enemies as if it were a predator ready to overtake him. Alternate translation: “when the iniquity of sinful men is ready to overcome me” or (2) the writer’s enemies surround him as they commit their iniquity. Alternate translation: “when my enemies surround me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:6 z2gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 These people trust their wealth will keep them from having to suffer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 49:6 w369 0 a large amount of something 49:7 mmh3 0 “There is no way that any of them can” or Alternate translation: “No one can” 49:7 cj1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Both of these phrases express that a person cannot give God enough money to be able to avoid death. Alternate translation: “no one can pay money to God so that their brother will not die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 49:8 n5rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “redemption” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “it costs too much to redeem a person’s life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 49:9 nw4t 0 This refers to the body decomposing in the grave. 49:10 q1ib rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of experiencing something as if it were seeing that thing. Alternate translation: “he will die and his body will decay” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:10 v4i4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The author refers to all people by referring to those who have the most and least wisdom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 49:10 vpc1 0 This means a person who is stupid or unintelligent. 49:11 lu71 0 “Their belief” 49:11 brb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the places where they live will continue to all generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 49:11 zu1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “they name their lands after themselves.” This phrase expresses ownership. Alternate translation: “they own their own lands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:12 ma8l 0 “But man, even if he has wealth” 49:13 chs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the fate of fools as if it is the destination at the end of the path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “This is the fate of those who practice folly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:13 aze6 0 “yet after they die” 49:14 z1qc 0 The author continues to describe people who believe their wealth will save them. 49:14 yp7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer compares people who will all die to a flock of sheep. Just as sheep cannot escape when the butcher decides to slaughter them, so men will not escape when it is their time to die. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 49:14 le72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has appointed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 49:14 jp6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of men dying by personifying death as a shepherd who leads them into the grave. Alternate translation: “death will take them away as a shepherd leads away sheep to be slaughtered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:14 fu5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the word “morning” is a metaphor that refers to a time when God will vindicate righteous people and save them from evil people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:14 xwx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of Sheol, the place of the dead, as if it were a person or animal. He speaks of the decay of dead bodies as if Sheol were eating them. Alternate translation: “their bodies will decompose in the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 49:15 hdm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. From the context, it is implied that this power refers to consuming the bodies of the dead. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 49:15 vf45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “life” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “God will redeem me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 49:16 gm8v 0 The word “glory” here refers to wealth or riches. Possible meanings are (1) “when he gains more wealth in his house” or (2) “when his family becomes richer.” 49:17 a1l5 0 “he will take nothing with him to the grave” 49:17 cz54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 The phrase “go down” refers to when the man dies. Alternate translation: “his glory will not go along with him when he dies” or “he will not keep his reputation when he dies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 49:18 eq9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “soul” refers to the whole person. This phrase means that he considered himself to be happy and successful because of his riches. Alternate translation: “He congratulated himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 49:19 hq9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 “he will go to where his fathers’ generation is.” This is a euphemism that means that the rich man will die and join his ancestors in the grave. Alternate translation: “he will join his ancestors in the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 49:19 dvh8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “they” refers to the rich man and his ancestors. The word “light” may refer to the sun or be a metaphor for life. Alternate translation: “they will never see the sun again” or “they will never live again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:intro cbd7 0 # Psalm 050 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 50 is a wisdom psalm. It tells what pleases God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sacrifices\nGod does not need animal sacrifices; he does not eat meat or drink blood. The world and everything in it belong to God. He wants people to be thankful and to depend on him. God rejects evil people who reject his covenant. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 50:1 v4hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a song that teaches people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 50:1 wpn8 0 The author uses three different names to speak of God. 50:1 s58x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “earth” refers to the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “called all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 50:1 ycf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 50:2 k7vg 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Zion, whose beauty is perfect” or (2) “Zion, the most beautiful city.” 50:2 k22a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a light that shines. This refers to God causing people to know about his glory. Alternate translation: “God’s glory shines like a light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:3 ymh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 The writer uses this negative statement to emphasize the positive. Alternate translation: “speaks so that everyone can hear him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 50:3 m31d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of a fire burning things as if it were eating them. Alternate translation: “a fire burns in front of him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:3 pw8f 0 “there is a great storm around him” 50:4 d22v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) God is calling on all who live in heaven and on earth to be witnesses as he judges his people or (2) God is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses as he judges his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 50:6 fxq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) the writer uses the word “heavens” to refer to the angels who live there or (2) the writer speaks of “the heavens” as if they are a person who testifies about God’s righteousness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 50:8 ef2a 0 “I will reprove you, but not for your sacrifices.” God explains that their sacrifices are not the reason that he is reproving them. 50:8 s2pk 0 tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong 50:8 m19c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This explains why God is not rebuking them for their sacrifices. The phrase “are always before me” refers to being in God’s presence and means that his people are always sacrificing their burnt offerings to him. Alternate translation: “you are always sacrificing burnt offerings to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:9 a3jw 0 areas surrounded by walls in which sheep and goats are kept 50:10 sbr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 The phrase “on a thousand hills” does not represent the total number of cattle that God owns. The number is an exaggeration that emphasizes that God owns all of the cattle in the world. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “all the cattle in the world are mine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 50:10 f9vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 “1,000 hills” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 50:11 dx4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here the word “know” implies ownership. Alternate translation: “I own all the birds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 50:12 gaw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo 0 This describes something that could not happen, since God does not get hungry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 50:13 ybv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 God asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that he does not do these things and so has no need for their sacrifices. Alternate translation: “I do not eat the flesh of bulls or drink the blood of goats.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 50:14 tja9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 Here God refers to himself. Alternate translation: “Offer to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 50:14 hz6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of “vows” as if they are currency which a person pays to God. Alternate translation: “fulfill your vows to the Most High” or “do what you have promised the Most High to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:15 si2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here the word “day” refers to any period of time. Alternate translation: “whenever you have troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:16 ab6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 Here God is still speaking and speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “But to the wicked I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 50:16 ww85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The word “wicked” refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “to wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 50:16 mat4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of wicked people reciting the words of his covenant as if they are putting the covenant in their mouth. Alternate translation: “talk about my covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:17 zuf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This is the end of the rhetorical question begun with the words “What have you to do” ([Psalms 50:16](../050/016.md)). God uses this question to rebuke wicked people. This question can be turned into a statement: “It is not right for you to declare my statutes and my covenant, since you hate instruction and throw my words away.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 50:17 l69z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of the wicked people rejecting what he says as if they were throwing away trash. Alternate translation: “reject what I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:18 v2nw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Possible meanings are (1) that they approve of the thief’s actions. Alternate translation: “you approve or him” or (2) that they join the thief in their actions. Alternate translation: “you join him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:19 p5te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of a person speaking evil things as if that person’s mouth is a messenger whom the person sends to do evil things. Alternate translation: “You are always saying evil things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 50:19 eu22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The word “tongue” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “you are always telling lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 50:20 zjx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have the same meaning but use different words. God accuses them of speaking falsely against members of their own family. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 50:20 ea7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 To “sit and speak” against someone implies that this person deliberately thinks of bad things to say about someone. Alternate translation: “You always think of ways to speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 50:21 br29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Since God had kept silent and not yet rebuked the wicked people for their actions, they thought that God approved of what they did. Alternate translation: “you thought that I was someone who acts just like you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 50:21 w99y 0 tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong 50:21 j3hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 God speaks of listing all of the evil things that they have done. Alternate translation: “list … all the things you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:21 pf7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here, to be “before your eyes” means that it is in a place where they can see. This means that they will not be able to deny the charges that God brings against them. Alternate translation: “right in front of you” or “so that you can not deny them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 50:22 jz7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of the wicked rejecting him as if they have forgotten him. He speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “you who reject me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 50:22 ql5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of destroying the wicked as if he were a lion eating its prey. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:23 u8xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of a the way a person lives as if it were a path that the person travels. Alternate translation: “lives his life the right way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 50:23 u5xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “save.” God refers to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “I will save him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 51:intro uij8 0 # Psalm 051 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 51 is a psalm of repentance from sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Repentance\nThe psalmist is truly sorry for having sinned. He repented and God forgave his sins. God wants true sorrow for having sinned, not sacrifices. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]])\n\n### Author of Psalm\nScholars are divided over whether this psalm was authored by King David as is mentioned by the superscription. If nothing else, we can assume the last two verses were added later since Jerusalem is intact with well-built walls during King David’s reign. 51:1 v8pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. In this psalm David asks God for forgiveness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 51:1 rl6b 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 51:1 ia5j 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 51:1 sf45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It can be stated clearly what Nathan did when he came to David, because this psalm is in response to that. Alternate translation: “when Nathan the prophet came to David and rebuked him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 51:1 dlr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 51:1 pm2w 0 “because you do so many merciful things” 51:1 jan2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Forgiving sins is spoken of as either (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:2 rtj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 51:2 q5ks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Wash away all my sin” or “Forgive all my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:2 h3by 0 completely, totally 51:2 ja25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Make me clean from my sin” or “forgive me for my sin so that I will be clean” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:3 qpz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Not being able to forget his sins is spoken of as if they were always in front of him where he can see them. Alternate translation: “I am always aware of my sins” or “I cannot forget my sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:4 t9px rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “sight” here represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of David’s actions. Alternate translation: “what you judge to be evil” or “what you consider to be evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:5 j8f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being a sinner is spoken of as being in iniquity. Alternate translation: “I was already a sinner when I was born” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:5 i2cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being a sinner is spoken of as being in sin. Alternate translation: “even when my mother conceived me, I was a sinner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:6 w9f4 0 The use of “See” here draw our attention to the contrast between this sentence and “See, I was born in iniquity” (verse 5). “Truly I was born in iniquity … But you desire trustworthiness” 51:6 kqg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The “inner self” represents either (1) the person’s desires or (2) the whole person. Alternate translation: “you want me to desire trustworthiness” or “you want me to be trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 51:7 fc52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean or white. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:7 v7q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if God were a priest who would sprinkle water on him to make him acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “Make me acceptable by sprinkling water on me with hyssop” or “Forgive me for my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:7 im87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 This is a plant that the priests used to sprinkle water or blood on people or things to make them ceremonially clean, that is, acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 51:7 l5n6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Not having sin is spoken of as being white. Alternate translation: “very, very white” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 51:8 g7v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize his desire to hear joyful things. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 51:8 p4ef rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Feeling terrible sadness is spoken of as if his bones were broken. Alternate translation: “for you have caused me terrible sadness in my inner being. Let me rejoice again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:9 gs6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Thinking about someone’s sins is spoken of as seeing them. Forgiving or refusing to think about the sins is spoken of as choosing not to see them. Alternate translation: “Do not look at my sins” or “Do not remember my sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:9 b3jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Forgiving or refusing to think about someone’s sins is spoken of as either (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: (1) “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or (2) “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:10 q6ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the “heart” represents the feelings and desires. Being completely devoted and obedient to God is spoken of as having a clean heart. Alternate translation: “Make me completely devoted to you” or “Make me want to obey you always” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:10 bn5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “spirit” represents the attitude and desires of a David. Alternate translation: “make my attitude right” or “make me always want to do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 51:11 v6gj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “Do not force me to go away from you.” Being rejected by God is spoken of as being forced to go away from him. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me as one of your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:12 t5fh 0 “hold me up” or “assist me” 51:13 az4f 0 “the way you want people to live” or “what you want people to do” 51:13 tzw4 0 These two words refer to the same people here. 51:14 i5mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This phrase refers to killing another person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 51:15 mb7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the person is represented by his “mouth.” Being able to talk is spoken of as the lips being open. Here not being able to speak is a symbol of being guilty of sin and not being able to make a defense. Alternate translation: “Lord, make me able to speak, and I will praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 51:16 rlr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means that God wants something more important than these things. Alternate translation: “A sacrifice is not enough to please you … you want something more than burn offerings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 51:17 ib5d 0 “The sacrifices that please God” 51:17 e3fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A broken spirit represents a humble attitude. Alternate translation: “humility” or “a person who becomes humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 51:17 r49l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Being humble and sorry for one’s sin is spoken of as having a broken and contrite heart. The heart represents the emotions and will. Alternate translation: “sorrow and humility” or “a person who is sorry for his sin and humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 51:18 sl4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The walls of a city protect the city and the people in it. Possible meanings are (1) “enable us to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem” or (2) “protect Jerusalem and make it strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 51:19 qe3h 0 A bull is an adult male cow. Bulls were often used as sacrificial animals, according to God’s instruction. 52:intro gx5r 0 # Psalm 052 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 52 is a wisdom psalm. It teaches that God will destroy evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Evil people\nAlthough the evil people feel secure with their wealth and evil deeds, God will destroy them. But people who do good are secure because God protects them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])\n\n### Superscription\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 52:1 xe8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 In this psalm the word “you” refers to Doeg. When Saul wanted to kill David, Doeg told Saul where David was so that Saul could find him. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 52:1 eve8 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 52:1 px5f 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 52:1 iv91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 52:1 gv61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question shows how angry David was at the one who made trouble. Alternate translation: “You should not be so proud of making trouble, you mighty man.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 52:1 tc43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony 0 David may have been using irony when he called Doeg this. Alternate translation: “you, who think you are so mighty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) 52:1 u3iv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of God’s covenant faithfulness as if it were something that could come. David was probably referring to God’s promises to protect his people from wicked people. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective or an adverb. Alternate translation: “Every day, God is faithful to keep the promises of his covenant” or “Every day, God faithfully protects his people from wicked people like you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 52:2 yc5s 0 a sharp blade 52:2 hlt7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Here the tongue is compared to a sharp razor which is capable of causing great harm. Alternate translation: “Your tongue harms people like a sharp razor does, when you plan destruction and deceive others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 52:2 mc21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “your tongue” refers to the person David is speaking to. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 52:3 n4c1 0 David continues speaking to the “mighty man” of [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md) 52:3 u7f1 0 “you love lying more than speaking what is right” 52:4 c8a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here words that harm others are spoken of as if they were animals that devour people. Alternate translation: “words that harm others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 52:4 brj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This refers to the person the author is speaking to. Alternate translation: “you speaker of deceit” or “you liar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 52:5 b3i7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 All three of these phrases are different ways of saying “remove you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 52:5 r2bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being alive on earth is spoken of as if people are plants with roots in the ground. God killing someone is spoken of as digging up the plant’s roots and taking it out of the ground. Alternate translation: “he will take you out the land of the living” or “He will kill you so that you will no longer be on earth with living people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 52:5 cdy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate 0 This may be a musical term that tells people how to sing or play their instruments here. Some translations write the Hebrew word, and some translations do not include it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 52:6 mke5 0 “The righteous will also see God remove him and they will fear” 52:7 edv2 0 “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” 52:7 qv2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “refuge” represents a protector. Alternate translation: “did not make God his protector” or “did not ask God to protect him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 52:8 u1wy 0 Green olive trees are strong and secure. They do not fall over. 52:8 e2xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Being safe and secure is spoken of as being like a strong tree. Alternate translation: “I am strong in God’s house, like a green olive tree” or “Because I worship in God’s house, I am secure like a green olive tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 52:8 ydi4 0 This refers to God’s temple. 52:8 bgx6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will trust in God forever and ever because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 52:9 cj6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s name represents God himself. Waiting for God represents waiting for God to help him. Alternate translation: “I will wait for you, because you are good” or “I will wait for you to help me, because you are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 53:intro u3hp 0 # Psalm 053 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 53 is a wisdom psalm. It warns people who do evil that God will judge them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### God’s watching mankind\nGod looks down from heaven and sees that all humans are evil and corrupt. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])\n\n### Superscription\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 53:1 btc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 53:1 kkk8 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 53:1 a9tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate 0 This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 53:1 c5we 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 53:2 cmh4 0 This refers to all people. 53:2 dy8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Seeking God as a person would look for someone is spoken of as “seeking” God. Possible meanings are (1) wanting to know God. Alternate translation: “who want to know him” or (2) worshiping God. Alternate translation: “who worship him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 53:3 ki3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Rejecting God and what is right is spoken of as turning away. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from doing what is right” or “They have all rejected God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 53:4 l2u4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question is used to show the shock that the writer feels because the people are so sinful. It can be written as two statements. “Those who commit iniquity act as though they do not know anything. They devour my people as if they were eating bread, and they do not call on God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 53:4 l75m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Destroying people is spoken of as devouring them. Doing it as if they were eating bread implies that they did it very easily or without feeling guilty about it. Alternate translation: “those who destroy my people as freely as if they were eating bread” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 53:5 q6fe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Scattering people’s bones represents killing them and allowing their bones to remain wherever they have died and not be buried properly. “God will completely destroy whoever will camp against you, and their bones will lie scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 53:5 pl76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Camping against people represents attacking them. Enemy armies would travel and set up camps to live in temporarily near the people they wanted to attack. Alternate translation: “whoever will attack you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 53:6 mle3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 The word “Oh” here introduces an exclamation that expresses a hope or prayer. Alternate translation: “I hope that the salvation of Israel will come” or “I pray that the salvation of will come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 53:6 awk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The salvation represents God, the savior, whose temple is in Zion. Alternate translation: “the savior of Israel would come from Zion” or “God would come from Zion and save Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 53:6 hj3c 0 “When God saves his captive people” 53:6 fw2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have the same meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 53:6 xbm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:intro vvf3 0 # Psalm 054 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 54 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Rescue\nEvil people want to kill David; but God has rescued him in the past and he trusts God to rescue him again. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n### Superscription\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 54:1 fa4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 54:1 s1kh 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 54:1 nwg2 0 “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 54:1 w9pi 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md) 54:1 ql33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 people from the city of Ziph in the Judean mountains, southeast of Hebron. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 54:1 db2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here God’s name represents his character. It may represent specifically his power or his justice. Alternate translation: “Save me, God, by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:1 jb6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Judging David here represents showing people that David is not guilty. When God uses his might to save David, people will know that God has judged him as not guilty. Alternate translation: “In your might, show people that I am not guilty” or “Show people that I am not guilty by using your power to rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:2 r9er rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “listen to the words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:2 mc9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the speaker is represented by his mouth. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 54:3 u6zz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Rising up against someone represents preparing to attack him or actually attacking him. Alternate translation: “have prepared to attack me” or “are attacking me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:3 n85b 0 “men who have no mercy” 54:3 uub9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Seeking after someone’s life represents trying to kill him. Alternate translation: “have tried to kill me” or “want to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:3 qx9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Setting God before them represents paying attention to God. Alternate translation: “they do not pay attention to God” or “they ignore God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 54:4 f6wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Defending David and keeping him safe is spoken of as upholding or supporting him. Alternate translation: “who defends me” or “who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 54:5 gch4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Punishment is spoken as if it were payment. Alternate translation: “He will do the evil to my enemies that they have done to me” or “He will cause the evil that my enemies have done to me to be done to them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 54:5 y135 0 Here David changes from talking about God to talking to God. Alternate translation: “God, destroy them because you are faithful to me” 54:6 kq3s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Yahweh’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “I will give thanks to you, Yahweh, for you are good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 54:7 q8mm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The eye represents the person. Alternate translation: “I have looked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 54:7 z3ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) seeing that his enemies have been defeated. Alternate translation: “I have seen that my enemies have been defeated” or (2) defeating his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:intro fx5e 0 # Psalm 055 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 55 is a deliverance psalm. The psalmist is praying that God will deliver him from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Betrayal\nThe author wishes he could get far away from his enemies after his best friend betrayed him. He asks God to completely destroy his enemies. He is trusting God to save him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n### Superscription\nThis psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 55:1 gsm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 55:1 v48i 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 55:1 y5nc 0 “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 55:1 lzt7 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md) 55:1 v59z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:1 v8bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Refusing to pay attention to his plea is spoken of as hiding himself from it. Alternate translation: “do not ignore my plea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:3 ag8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “voice” represents what they say. Alternate translation: “because of what my enemies say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:3 iqu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Causing trouble is spoken of as bringing trouble. Alternate translation: “they cause me to have great troubles” or “they do wicked things to me and so I suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:4 z3pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here, “heart trembles” refers to his emotional pain and suffering. This suffering is because of fear. Alternate translation: “I am suffering because I am so afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:4 jr4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Becoming very afraid, or terrified, is spoken of as if terror is a thing that falls on a person. Alternate translation: “I am very much afraid that I will die” or “I am terrified that I will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:5 spg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Becoming fearful and trembling is spoken of as if fearfulness and trembling are things that come on a person. Alternate translation: “I have become very fearful and I tremble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:5 lr6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Feeling horror is spoken of as if horror were a thing that can cover people. Alternate translation: “I feel terrible horror” or “I am extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:6 xih1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 This exclamation expresses something the writer wishes for very much. Alternate translation: “I wish very much that I had wings like a dove” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 55:6 dd1u 0 “If I did have wings, I would fly away” 55:7 kwx9 0 “I would do that and more: I would wander” 55:8 kzu3 0 The writer finishes telling about what he had said. 55:8 v8vq 0 a strong storm 55:9 rlv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Destroying something is spoken of as eating all of it. Possible meanings are “Destroy my enemies’ plans” or “Destroy my enemies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:9 xsb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “Language” here represents what the people were saying to each other, and probably refers specifically to them talking about plans to do evil. Confusing it represents making the people unable to understand each other. Alternate translation: “confuse them when they speak to each other” or “confuse their plans” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:10 adq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 “violence and strife go about on her walls” ([Psalms 55:9](../055/009.md)). Violence and strife are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who cause violence and strife. Alternate translation: “people walk about on the city’s walls, being violent and fighting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:10 mjb4 0 “along the tops of the city walls.” Cities had thick walls around them to protect them from enemies. People could walk along the tops of the walls to see if any enemies were coming to the city. 55:10 wnf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Wickedness and trouble are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wickedness and trouble. Alternate translation: “people do wickedness and cause trouble in the middle of the city” or “people do sinful things and cause trouble in it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:11 r85i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a person. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wicked things. Alternate translation: “People do wicked things in the middle of the city” or “people destroy things in the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:11 c726 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Oppression and deceit are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who oppress and deceive others. Alternate translation: “People oppress and deceive others in the city streets, and they do not leave” or “People are always oppressing and deceiving others in the city streets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:11 av8t 0 This may refer to the marketplaces in the city. 55:12 fkh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Tolerating or enduring a rebuke is spoken of as bearing or carrying it. Alternate translation: “I could have tolerated the rebuke” or “I would not be so sad about the rebuke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:12 sl4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being proud of oneself and insulting another is spoken of as raising oneself up against another. Alternate translation: “insulted me” or “despised me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:13 q1xj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 The psalmist speaks as though the person who had rebuked and taunted him were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 55:13 h4d4 0 This can be divided and a new sentence begun. Alternate translation: “myself. You were my companion and my close friend” 55:14 uy9r 0 The word “we” refers to the psalmist and his friend. 55:14 jnv2 0 Possible meanings are (1) “together” or (2) “with the crowd.” 55:15 a7kh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Death is spoken of as if it were a person that could attack people. Alternate translation: “Let my enemies die suddenly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 55:15 v19n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Dying suddenly is spoken of as if people were to go to Sheol so fast that they do not even die first. Alternate translation: “let them suddenly go to Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:15 wv2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be in a certain place. The habitual wickedness of his enemies is spoken of as if wickedness were with them or near them. Alternate translation: “they always do wicked things where they live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:15 ngt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This phrase intensifies the idea of wickedness being very near them. Here wickedness is spoken of as being not only in their homes, but right where they are. Alternate translation: “They always do wicked things wherever they are” or “wherever they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:16 v37m 0 This phrase shows that the writer has stopped talking about one thing and is now about to talk about himself. Alternate translation: “But I” 55:17 wtr4 0 the sound people and animals make when they are in pain 55:17 jq8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “voice” represents either (1) the psalmist or (2) the psalmist’s complaints and moans. Alternate translation: “he will hear me” or “he will hear my moaning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:18 g4qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “my life” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:18 t38c 0 “for many people fought against me” 55:19 hz58 0 “will hear my enemies” or “will hear what my enemies say.” Some versions say “will hear me.” 55:19 tum6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 How God will humiliate them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will defeat and humiliate them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 55:20 c1lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Raising the hand against people represents attacking them. This may be a metaphor for saying things that put people in danger or cause them trouble. Alternate translation: “has attacked those” or “has betrayed those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:21 s648 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Someone’s “mouth” represents what he says. Alternate translation: “What my friend said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:21 r2m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Speech that is pleasant or nice to hear is spoken of as if it were smooth and easy to swallow. Alternate translation: “What he said was pleasant like smooth butter” or “He said nice things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 55:21 qub5 0 “was mean” or “was hateful” 55:21 xd9f 0 “what he said” 55:21 xz3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 People put oil on their skin to make it feel nice, and they put it on wounds to help them heal. Speech that is kind or helpful is spoken of as if it were soft or soothing. Alternate translation: “what he said was kind and soothing like oil” or “he said kind things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 55:21 h4sa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Speech that causes people trouble is spoken of as if it were swords that wound people. Alternate translation: “what he said wounded people as drawn swords do” or “what he said caused people trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:21 b32u 0 The word “drawn” here means that the swords were pulled out of their covers and ready to be used. 55:22 r4ww 0 Here the psalmist is speaking to other godly people. 55:22 es9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here troubles are spoken of as if they were burdens that people have to carry. Trusting God to help us when we have troubles is spoken of as putting our burdens on him so that he can carry them for us. Alternate translation: “Give Yahweh your problems” or “Trust God to help you with all your troubles like someone who trusts a stronger person to carry his load” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:22 vk43 0 Taking care of someone or helping someone when he has troubles is spoken of as supporting him. Alternate translation: “he will take care of you” or “he will help you” 55:22 x43r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A person who is about to be severely harmed by some sort of disaster is spoken of as if he is tottering or swaying and is about to fall down. Alternate translation: “he will not let a righteous person sway and fall down” or “he will not let a righteous person to be destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 55:23 el52 0 The author speaks to God now. 55:23 b5vk 0 This probably refers to the grave or hell. 55:23 u8sz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents causing people to die. Alternate translation: “will cause the wicked to die” or “will cause wicked people to die and go to the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 55:23 kab2 0 “people who lie and who want to kill others” or “deceitful murderers” 55:23 pe8d 0 “even half as long as other people live” 56:intro h1w3 0 # Psalm 056 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 56 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fear\nAlthough the psalmist’s enemies are trying to harm him, he is not afraid because God is protecting him.\n\n### Superscription\nThe word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” 56:1 xsm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 56:1 by4v 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship;” 56:1 azv1 0 This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing this psalm. Alternate translation: “Sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Jonath elem rehokim’” or “Sing this using the Jonath elem rehokim style” 56:1 urm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 This may mean “Dove on Distant Oak Trees.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 56:1 y6cg 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 56:1 q2la 0 The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). 56:1 sz95 0 “come closer and closer in order to attack me” 56:2 e4w9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “My enemies attack me severely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:3 zht6 0 The word “you” refers to God. 56:4 ggu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “mere man can do nothing to me!” or “mere man cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 56:4 x7n4 0 “just humans” or “people.” This implies that people are not powerful, but God is powerful. 56:5 n8j3 0 “All the time” 56:5 fnl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Repeating what someone says but changing it a little so that it means something different is spoken of as twisting their words. Alternate translation: “they say that I said things than I did not say” or “they claim that I said things, but they lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:5 q7xi 0 “they always have evil thoughts against me” or “they always think of evil things to do to me” 56:6 gh4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Watching what a person does in order to see how to cause him trouble is spoken of as watching his steps, just as someone who wants to capture a person watches where that person walks. Alternate translation: “they watch everything I do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:6 u2v9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Waiting to kill someone is spoken of as waiting for his life. Alternate translation: “as they wait to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 56:7 huf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 What they might escape can be sued clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not let them escape your punishment for their iniquity” or “Do not let them escape when you punish them for the wicked things they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 56:7 p8t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Defeating the enemies is spoken of as bringing them down. Alternate translation: “Defeat the peoples” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:8 anm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God counted each time that the psalmist has walked in sadness and with no place to go for comfort. Alternate translation: “You care about all the times that I have been wandering alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:8 m8ng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God saved the psalmist’s tears in a bottle. The tears represent crying. Alternate translation: “you know how much I have cried and you care about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 56:8 yv3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if he wrote the number of the psalmist’s tears in his book. This question is used to remind God about how greatly he cares for the psalmist. Alternate translation: “you have written about them in your book!” or “you remember my cries!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 56:9 rvm7 0 “will retreat” or “will turn and run away” 56:9 ui3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means that God favors him. In this context it implies that God fights against the psalmist’s enemies in order to protect him. Alternate translation: “God is fighting for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 56:11 an7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “People can do nothing to me!” or “People cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 56:12 mw9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being obligated to do something is spoken of as if the duty to do something is on a person. Alternate translation: “I must fulfill my vows to you” or “I must do what I promised you I would do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:13 y3b3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The feet here represent the person. Falling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have kept me from falling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 56:13 y78t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Living and being seen by God is spoken of as walking before God. Alternate translation: “so that I may live in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 56:13 npe7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the light of the living” probably represents God’s enabling people to live. Alternate translation: “with the life that you give” or “because you enable me to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 57:intro hv64 0 # Psalm 057 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 57 is a psalm of deliverance. It praises God for the many times he has delivered David. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fear\nSince God is protecting the psalmist, he has nothing to fear from his enemies.\n\n### Superscription\nThe word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” 57:1 i8s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 57:1 ga1f 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 57:1 s96j 0 This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Al Tashheth’” or “sing this using the Al Tashheth style” 57:1 yl31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 This means “Do Not Destroy.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 57:1 g4tb 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 57:1 jt8t 0 The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). 57:1 wv56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:1 yn99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of God as if he were a mother bird that protects its babies by huddling them under its wings. Alternate translation: “I trust you to protect me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:1 s371 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated as “destructive.” Alternate translation: “until this destructive storm is over” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:2 r2mu 0 This explains why he will cry out to God. It can be translated with “because.” Alternate translation: “because he does all things for me” 57:3 k9zh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “those who attack me severely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:3 t1vd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s being kind and faithful is spoken of as if he were sending his kindness and faithful. The abstract nouns “kindness” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “kind” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will be kind to me and trustworthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 57:4 v2nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “I live among fierce enemies” or “Fierce enemies surround me like lions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:4 e5fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Destroying is spoken of as devouring or eating something up. Some versions understand the Hebrew text to mean “fiery beasts.” Both images speak of his enemies as if they were wild beasts. Alternate translation: “those who are ready to destroy me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:4 j2hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The enemies’ spears and arrows are spoken of as if they were lions’ teeth. The psalmist continues to speak of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “people who kill others with spears and arrows as lions kill with their sharp teeth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:4 zdv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Since both of these terms are weapons, if your culture knows only one, it is acceptable to use it alone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 57:4 nz7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The tongue represents what someone says, and the enemies’ cruel words are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “whose cruel words are like sharp swords” or “who cause terrible trouble for me by what they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:5 t2dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:5 ij37 0 The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth” 57:6 ywr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had spread out a net on the ground to trap him. Alternate translation: “It is as though my enemies have spread a net out to trap me” or “They planned to capture me like people who spread out a net to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:6 pp5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had dug a pit for him to fall into. Alternate translation: “It is as though they dug a pit for me to fall into” or “They planned to capture me like people who dig a hole in the ground to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:6 cj6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The harm that came to his enemies when they tried to capture him is spoken of as if they fell into the trap that they had made for him. Alternate translation: “They themselves fell into the pit they had dug for me” or “But they themselves were hurt by what they planned to do to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:7 mvj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Being confident is spoken of as one’s heart being firm rather than shaken or easily moved. The phrase is repeated to show that he has complete confidence in God and will not change. Alternate translation: “I am completely confident in you, God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 57:7 gt62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Who he will sing to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will sing praises to you, God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 57:8 z1em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. Waking up may be a metaphor for starting or preparing to do something. The heart represents the psalmist or his emotions. Alternate translation: “Wake up, my honored heart, to sing praises to God” or “I will prepare my honored heart to sing praises to God” or “I am honored to wake up and sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 57:8 yl5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. The psalmist speaks as though the lute and harp were people who could wake up to sing praises to God. Alternate translation: “Wake up, lute and harp, and sing praises to God” or “I will play the lute and harp while I sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:8 hr4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The dawn is spoken of as if it were alive, and getting up before dawn happens is spoken of as waking it up. The purpose of getting up before dawn is to praise God. Alternate translation: “I will get up before dawn” or “I will get up before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 57:10 vaa3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The greatness of God’s unfailing love and the greatness of his faithfulness are spoken of as if they could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:10 tna7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The greatness of God’s unfailing love is spoken of as if it could be measured in distance. Alternate translation: “Your unfailing love is as great as the distance from the earth to the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:10 ywg7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “great is your” and “reaching” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “great is your faithfulness, reaching to the clouds” or “your faithfulness is as great as the distance from the earth to the clouds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:11 yyx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 57:11 n64e 0 The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth” 58:intro dhx6 0 # Psalm 058 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 58 is a deliverance psalm. It asks God for deliverance from the unjust rulers. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Deliverance\nAlthough the leaders are very evil and unfair, God can deliver his people from their oppression. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])\n\n### Superscription\nThe word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” 58:1 qfv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a song about wicked people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 58:1 d8qb 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 58:1 zc3z 0 This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). 58:1 x97c 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 58:1 xu51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The author uses this question to rebuke the rulers because they do not speak righteously. Alternate translation: “You rulers do not say what is right!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 58:1 f3j3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The author uses this question to rebuke the judges who do not judge uprightly. Alternate translation: “You people never judge people uprightly!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 58:2 n278 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 The words “you” and “your” refer to the mighty men who are judges ([Psalm 58:1](../058/001.md)) and so is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 58:2 c5jn 0 The author answers the two questions he had just asked. 58:2 d1u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The heart refers to the people’s thoughts or plans. Alternate translation: “you commit wickedness in your thoughts” or “you think about doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 58:2 fc72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Doing violence in various places throughout the land is spoken of as distributing or spreading the violence throughout the land, as if violence were some kind of stuff or things. Alternate translation: “you yourselves do violent deeds everywhere in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:3 e66x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 This is the same idea expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 58:3 d7k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Doing wrong things is spoken of as if people are walking on a road, and they turn off and go the wrong way. Alternate translation: “they do wrong things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:4 mff7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The wicked things people say are spoken of as if they were poison. Alternate translation: “Their wicked words cause trouble as a snake’s poison harms people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:4 f4ca rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Wicked people who do not listen to advice or rebukes are spoken of as if they were snakes that do not respond to a charmer’s music. Alternate translation: “they refuse to listen like a deaf adder that stops up its ears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:4 tt5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 An adder that does not respond to a charmer’s music is spoken of as if it could put something in its ears so that it will not hear. Alternate translation: “an adder that does not listen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 58:4 w1f7 0 a kind of poisonous snake 58:5 b6id 0 people who play or sing music in order to control snakes 58:5 hi9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 What the snake charmers were skillful at can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “no matter how skillful the charmers are at controlling snakes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 58:6 ptb3 0 The author lists things that he would like God to do to wicked people. 58:6 x2zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 In both of these phrases, the wicked people are spoken of as if they were lions, and making them powerless to kill people is spoken of as breaking their teeth. Alternate translation: “Take away their power to kill. Make them powerless like young lions whose teeth have been broken and fallen out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:7 na9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The wicked people are spoken of as if they were ice or water. No longer existing is spoken of as melting or draining away into the dry ground. Alternate translation: “Make them disappear like water that runs off” or “Make them vanish like ice that melts and drains into the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:7 c9dm 0 “let their arrows be as though they had no points” 58:8 hb5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 No longer existing is spoken of as melting and disappearing. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked vanish like a snail that melts and no longer exists” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:8 hi5z 0 small animal that the Israelites considered unclean and that looks like it is melting as it moves by sliding over slime it has produced 58:8 uu2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Not existing is spoken of as being like a baby that is born dead. Alternate translation: “like a baby who is born too early too live and see the sunlight” or “like a baby that was born dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 58:9 ut8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The wicked are spoken of as if they were thornbush branches, and God’s swift punishment of them is spoken of as if he were to quickly blow them away or sweep them away. Alternate translation: “God will destroy wicked people faster than a whirlwind can blow away thornbush branches that have been put under a cooking pot and lit with fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:9 khw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 David is speaking to God’s people, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 58:9 ka8t 0 “the heat from the burning thorn branches … the green thorn branches and the burning thorn branches” 58:10 wz3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 The phrase “the righteous” refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will rejoice when they see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 58:10 gi2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Getting one’s feet wet by walking on blood is spoken of as washing the feet in blood. Alternate translation: “the righteous will make their feet wet in the blood of the wicked” or “the righteous will march on the blood of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 58:10 ll57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This exaggeration expresses that a great number of wicked people will die. Alternate translation: “so many wicked people will die that when the righteous march on their blood, it will seem as if they could wash their feet in it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 59:intro zf27 0 # Psalm 059 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 59 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Protection\nThe author prays for God to defeat his enemies. God is his protector. Therefore, he will praise God.\n\n### Superscription\nThe word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” 59:1 w4sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 59:1 p57e 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 59:1 me33 0 This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). 59:1 il5y 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 59:1 ks3t 0 The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). 59:1 hk4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 A high place represents a safe place where his enemies cannot reach him. Alternate translation: “put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:1 rjh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Rising up against someone represents attacking him. Alternate translation: “attack me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:2 ica6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The word “bloodthirsty” contains “blood,” which refers to murder and “thirsty,” which refers to desire. Alternate translation: “people who desire to kill” or “people who like to kill people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 59:3 c6a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 David’s enemies are in hiding and are waiting quietly for the time when they can attack him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 59:4 zre5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 59:4 b239 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 What he wants God to see can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and see what is happening to me” or “and see what they are doing to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 59:5 shi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 59:5 t4a1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “nations” here represents the people of the nations that do not honor God. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:6 aej6 0 The word “they” refers to the wicked transgressors. 59:6 r2ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “they threaten to attack people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 59:6 fcr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Why they go around the city can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “go around the city to attack anyone they find” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 59:7 i5i6 0 Here the word “See” is being used to draw attention to something. Alternate translation: “Hear” 59:7 rh1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Saying terrible things is spoken of as belching. These terrible things may have been insults or threats. Alternate translation: “they say terrible things” or “they shout out terrible words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:7 q9fv 0 burp loudly; allow air from the stomach to come out of the mouth with a loud, rude noise 59:7 vs38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The cruel things that the wicked people were saying are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “they say cruel things that cause people trouble as much as swords destroy people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:7 d23a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question is used to show that they believed that God would not hear and punish them. Alternate translation: “No one can hear us!” or “Your God does not hear us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 59:8 k3ws 0 “laugh at them scornfully” or “mock them.” God would laugh at them because they are worthless and powerless. 59:8 x3cx 0 “you ridicule all the nations” or “you know that the people of the nations are fools” 59:8 tjt6 0 ridicule 59:9 av6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “you are my strength” or “you are my protector” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:9 mi4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A high tower is a place that people could go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you protect me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:10 v7d9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This phrase implies that God will come to him in order to save him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “My God, who is faithful to his covenant, will come to save me” or “My God will come to save me because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 59:10 tb7v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “desire” can be expressed with the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “what I want to happen to my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 59:11 c9tk 0 “Cause them to wander around” 59:11 yf94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s protecting the righteous is spoken of as if God were a shield. Alternate translation: “our protector” or “the one who protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:12 iz4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The mouths and lips represent the things people say. Alternate translation: “Because they sin by what they say” or “Because of the sinful things they say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:12 a3ed rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people capture them because of their pride” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 59:12 xb2v 0 “that they say” 59:13 u1ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Destroying them completely is spoken of either as burning them up or eating them. Alternate translation: “Be angry with them and destroy them completely so there will be no more of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:13 h4zf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Jacob here refers to Israel. Alternate translation: “in Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:13 ct9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “to even the most distance places on earth.” This represents all places on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:14 v4xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “threatening to attack us” or “threatening to attack us like wild dogs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 59:15 w18t 0 content, having everything they want 59:16 a9we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 High towers and refuges are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower and a refuge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:16 vmt2 0 “whenever I have had troubles” 59:17 q7yw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences 0 “To you, my strength” can be combined as one clause. Alternate translation: “You are my strength, so I will sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]]) 59:17 g4db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “my protector” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 59:17 m2u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 High towers are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 59:17 shn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. This can be expressed in a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “He is the God who is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 60:intro wza8 0 # Psalm 060 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 60 is a psalm of war.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Protection\nGod has preserved the land of Israel, and now he will give them victory over the countries of Moab and Edom. 60:1 ev3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 60:1 usc3 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 60:1 vsl6 0 This probably tells what tune or musical style to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Shushan Eduth’” or “sing this using the Shushan Eduth style” 60:1 m8be rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 This means “Lily of the Promise.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 60:1 tb2l 0 The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). 60:1 x59t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 “Aram of the two rivers … the Aramean nation of Zobah.” These are places. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 60:1 xt5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This refers to Joab and the army that he led. Alternate translation: “Joab and his army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 60:1 uk1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 “12,000 Edomites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 60:1 jey3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s rejecting people is spoken of as if he had thrown them away. Alternate translation: “you have rejected us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:1 tsh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s allowing Israel’s enemies to break through their defenses is spoken of as God himself had done it. Alternate translation: “you have allowed our enemies to break through our defenses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:2 cda8 0 The psalmist continues speaking to God. 60:2 rmg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of the disaster in his country as if it were an earthquake. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:2 qsa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Making the people strong again is spoken of as repairing the fissures in the ground or walls. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:2 n526 0 large cracks in the ground or walls 60:3 k155 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “see” represents “experience” or “suffer.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:3 m2ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being helpless is spoken of as staggering around, barely able to stand upright. The abstract noun “staggering” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the wine that makes us stagger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 60:4 fj97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s guiding his people in battle is spoken of as if God were a human king or commander who had set up a banner for the army. Alternate translation: “you are like a king who sets up a banner” or “you command us in battle like a king who raises up a banner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:4 f9q6 0 “battle flag.” This is a flag that a king or commander would raise up on a pole to show that the army should gather. 60:4 xr7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated with an active clause. However some versions have different interpretations of this phrase. Alternate translation: “to display against those who carry the bow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 60:4 pya3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “those who carry the bow” refers to the enemy soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “to display when he takes his army into battle against your enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:5 lb5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:5 p226 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 60:7 ft6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “the tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:7 d6zr 0 a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury 60:7 c5sk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:8 k3r4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:8 lax6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 60:10 ika5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “But God, it seems like you have rejected us.” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 60:10 v89k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 60:11 sm5b 0 “is worthless” 60:12 x5wt 0 “will defeat our enemies” 60:12 i34s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 61:intro is6k 0 # Psalm 061 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 61 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Vow\nThe author has vowed to praise God every day of his life because God has blessed him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 61:1 u44c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 61:1 y257 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 61:1 w7m6 0 “people should play a stringed instrument with this song” 61:1 dkq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These clauses have a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “God, listen to me and answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 61:2 z96p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the writer speaks of God as if he were a high rock that he could climb for protection. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 61:4 fq5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Here there is a second metaphor that speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he was a hen protecting her baby chicks under her wings. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection as a chick is safe under the wings of its mother” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 61:5 yk96 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “you have given to me the blessings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 61:5 jwf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “your name” means God himself. Alternate translation: “who honor you” or “who have an awesome respect for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 61:6 f381 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 61:6 m1j7 0 “You will extend the king’s life” or “You will cause the king’s life to last a long time” 61:6 dq7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “years” refers to how long the king will live. Alternate translation: “he will live for many generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 61:7 j14f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “to remain before God” means to be in God’s presence or to be with God. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God will be with him forever” or “God will be with the king forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 61:8 ut6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “I will always sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 61:8 yd7n 0 These refer to the promise to offer sacrifices to God every day. 62:intro dc2q 0 # Psalm 062 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 62 is a psalm of deliverance. It expresses trust that God will save the psalmist from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\nAlthough the psalmist’s enemies have attacked him when he was feeling weak, he trusts in God to deliver him. God is powerful and kind. 62:1 fc8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 62:1 a4ay 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 62:1 zun4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 62:1 l5l8 0 “he is the one who rescues me” or “he is the one who saves me” 62:2 hy6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a rock. Alternate translation: “He is the only one who can protect and rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:2 ngh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a high tower. Alternate translation: “he keeps me away from the grasp of my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:2 s4ie rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can ever move me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 62:3 b6ts 0 “my enemies” or “all my enemies” 62:3 z326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 David uses a rhetorical question to express his frustration. No answer is expected. Alternate translation: “It seems like my enemies will never stop attacking me. I feel that I am as weak against you as a leaning wall or a broken-down fence.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 62:3 c4q6 0 “attack me” 62:4 n82a 0 “They intend to” or “They plan to” 62:4 a18i 0 In these verses, David is referring to himself by “him.” 62:4 j3uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to their speech or their words. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 62:4 zqm3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to their thoughts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 62:5 nl4l 0 “for I place my hope in him” 62:6 fy6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock and a high tower. Both of these metaphors show how God provides protection from one’s enemies. Here “salvation” means that God rescues the writer. See how you translated this in [Psalms 62:2](../062/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:6 izy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can move me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 62:7 c9fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that keeps one safe from his enemies. He also speaks of God as if he were a shelter that provides protection. Alternate translation: “God always gives me strength and protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:8 yq3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This refers to telling God your inner feelings as if you were pouring out a liquid. Alternate translation: “give your deepest concerns to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 62:8 ss3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 The word “us” refers to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 62:9 zu93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 This refers to men of all levels of wealth and importance. The phrases “are vanity” and “are a lie” have the same meaning. One cannot confidently trust in anyone. Alternate translation: “you cannot place your trust in men, no matter how important they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 62:9 ckm7 0 If you put all of these kinds of men together on a scale, they would have no weight. This means that they have no real value to you. 62:10 ubx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words have basically the same meaning. You cannot trust in money that you get by taking it from other people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 62:10 eu3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of riches as if they were trees or vines that could bear fruit. Alternate translation: “for they will provide nothing good for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 62:10 j6sj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “fix your heart” is an idiom that means to desire something greatly. Alternate translation: “do not desire them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 62:11 x8ts 0 This means that God has said this more than once. 62:11 kc1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God being characterized by power is spoken of as if power belonged to him. The abstract noun “power” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “God is powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 62:12 n56f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God being characterized by covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness belonged to him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Lord, are also faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 62:12 gl1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s rewards as if he were paying a wage for work. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 63:intro py5b 0 # Psalm 063 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 63 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\nThe author praises God for who he is and for having protected him. 63:1 rct4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 63:1 jrr4 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 63:1 d7d1 0 sincerely 63:1 c3we rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how greatly the writer desires to be with God. Alternate translation: “my whole being greatly desires to be with you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 63:1 x4mg 0 “hot, dry desert” 63:3 w2ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb and the abstract noun “life” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I value you being faithful to your covenant more than I value living, so my lips” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 63:3 cx75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my lips” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will praise you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 63:4 vx4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “in your name” means “to you.” Alternate translation: “I will worship you and pray to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 63:5 x5ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Here the writer speaks of knowing and worshiping God as being more satisfying than eating a good meal. Alternate translation: “I will be happier than a person who eats a meal of fat and choice food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 63:5 y596 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “with joyful lips my mouth” represents the whole person who will praise God joyfully. Alternate translation: “I will praise you joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 63:6 a4ez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses have the same meaning. The ideas are repeated to emphasize how much the writer thinks about God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 63:7 ca2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were a bird protecting its young under his wings. Alternate translation: “I rejoice because you protect me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 63:8 y8gh 0 “I need you” or “I depend on you” 63:8 ua1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here, the right hand is used as a symbol of strength and power. Alternate translation: “you support me” or “you lift me up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 63:9 tm7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means they will die and go to the place of the dead. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “will die and descend into the place of the dead” or “will die and go down into the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 63:10 y78j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the sword” represents death in battle, and “those whose hands use the sword” refers to enemies who kill them in battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will cause them to die in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 63:10 i1md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “they” refers to the corpses of those who die in battle. Alternate translation: “jackals will eat their dead bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 63:10 ru7l 0 “jackals” here are a kind of long-legged wild dog. They feed on carrion, game, and fruit. 63:11 q4st rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 David is speaking about himself. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “I, the king of Israel, will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 63:11 lcq4 0 The word “him” refers to “God.” 63:11 a434 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “the mouth” represents the whole person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but God will silence the liars” or “but God will silence those who lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 64:intro t6rs 0 # Psalm 064 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 64 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Plotting of enemies\nThe author’s enemies have plotted against him but God has saved him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 64:1 b1fk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 64:1 j144 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 64:1 y5d6 0 save 64:2 aj26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Hide” represents protecting, and “the secret plotting of evildoers represents” represents the harm that evildoers secretly plan to do to David. Alternate translation: “Protect me from the harm that evil doers secretly plan to do to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 64:2 czb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “hide me” are understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “hide me from the commotion” or “protect me from the commotion”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 64:2 u721 0 Possible meanings are that “commotion” refers to (1) a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy disturbance that the doers of iniquity make” or (2) a crowd that makes a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy crowd of doers of iniquity” 64:3 zhn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks of his enemies’ tongues as if they were as sharp as swords. Here “tongues” represents the harsh words that the enemies speak. Alternate translation: “The harsh things that they say hurt me like a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 64:3 ugs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his enemies’ bitter words as if they were arrows being shot at him. Alternate translation: “bitter words which pierce me like arrows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 64:5 blg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The evildoers do not expect an answer to their question because they think no one will see them. Alternate translation: “No one will see what we are doing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 64:6 jn8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of man’s “inner thoughts” and “hearts of man” as if they were a deep body of water that no one can explore all the way to the bottom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 64:6 mfc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Both of these phrases refer to man’s private or inner thoughts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 64:7 g91b 0 The writer continues to speak of the “evildoers” of [Psalms 64:1](../064/001.md). 64:7 a77p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s punishment of the evildoers as if God were shooting arrows at them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 64:8 xs48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s causing the evildoers’ plans to fail as if God were making them stumble in their paths. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will make them stumble” or “God will cause their plans to fail” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 64:8 f4zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “tongues” represents the words that they say. Alternate translation: “since the words that they say are against them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 64:9 gv21 0 “what God has done” 64:10 v64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 64:10 pzy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “upright in heart” is an idiom that means godly or righteous. Alternate translation: “all the people who are godly will praise him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 65:intro zl1t 0 # Psalm 065 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 65 is a psalm of praise to God.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s power\nGod answered prayers and gave the people justice and hope. God created nature and controls it, sending rain so the grain and pastures grow well. 65:1 g299 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 65:1 qt1y 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 65:1 ce6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 This speaks of praise as if it were a person who could act on its own. Alternate translation: “To you alone, God in Zion, we will offer our praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 65:1 sw4a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will do what we have promised you that we would do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 65:3 z8fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 David speaks about iniquity as if it were a person that is able to defeat or oppress. Alternate translation: “It is as if our own sins were defeating us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 65:3 wz7b 0 The word “them” refers to our “iniquities.” 65:4 s325 0 The words “you” and “your” in this verse refer to Yahweh. 65:4 r5l8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This exaggeration expresses that the man is in the temple very frequently to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship often in your courts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 65:4 g4b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The goodness of your house, your holy temple, will satisfy us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 65:4 x47k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 Here the word “we” refers to David and the people of Israel, but not to God, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 65:4 re8y 0 “your house, which is your holy temple” 65:5 g2mg 0 “Because you are righteous” 65:5 q2jg 0 “you are” 65:5 f2m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “of all the people who live throughout the earth and across the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 65:5 m7rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the people who live all over the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 65:6 sza2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he wore his strength like a belt. Alternate translation: “showing that you are very powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 65:7 q7ky rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to create a vivid impression on the hearer or reader. Alternate translation: “the continuous roaring of the seas” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 65:7 r4p4 0 a loud noise caused by the wind and waves 65:7 uww2 0 This is also something that God makes quiet. 65:7 dyr9 0 loud noise 65:8 u5vn 0 proof or something that shows that another thing is true 65:8 vup2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “the east and the west” refers to the people who live all over the earth. Alternate translation: “you cause people everywhere to shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 65:9 e5cr 0 This refers to the soil of the earth. 65:9 mt8r 0 “you make the soil very good so that good things will grow in it” 65:9 rfe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the supply of water in the sky that God sends to water the earth and fill the streams. Alternate translation: “you fill the streams with water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 65:10 zg5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so these words are all singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 65:10 d2yu 0 “the earth’s furrows” 65:10 v5qu 0 A furrow is a long narrow trench made in the ground for planting seeds or for watering the field where grains have been planted. 65:10 l2ln 0 edges 65:11 r7wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you 0 The words “You” and “your” refer to Yahweh and so are singular. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 65:11 pc5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the “year” is given the human quality of wearing a crown. Alternate translation: “You have honored the year with a good harvest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 65:11 q39j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh making the soil so good and fertile that it produces an abundant harvest is spoken of as if Yahweh were traveling through an empty land in a cart, leaving abundant food behind wherever he goes. Alternate translation: “everywhere you have been, you have left abundant food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 65:12 f7hf 0 There is so much dew in the pastures that they are said to drip with it. Alternate translation: “The pastures … are full of dew” or “Much dew drips in the pastures of the wilderness” 65:12 m2ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of the beauty of the hills as if they were joyful people, and of joy as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “the hills are like people wearing joy” or “the hills are like joyful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 65:13 l7rv 0 The writer speaks of the pastures as being so covered with flocks that it is like the pastures are wearing a garment. 65:13 le4m 0 a large field where animals feed on the grass 65:13 h9k9 0 group of animals, such as sheep and goats 65:13 kh7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The pastures, hills and valleys are so bountiful, that they seem to shout and sing for joy. Alternate translation: “they are like joyful singing people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 65:13 e1qd 0 The word “they” refers to the pastures and valleys. 66:intro xwm8 0 # Psalm 066 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 66 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh saves\nJust as God brought Israel through the wilderness, he took the author through hard times but saved him. The author will worship God by sacrificing animals to him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 66:1 wxl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 66:1 kzn5 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 66:1 cmh2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 A “joyful noise to God” represents singing and shouting praises to God. Alternate translation: “Let all the earth sing and shout joyfully to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:1 j76g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to all the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:2 si2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how wonderful God is. Alternate translation: “Sing about how wonderful God’s name is; sing wonderful praise about how great God is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 66:2 n3za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s name here represents God himself. Alternate translation: “his glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:3 sr8b 0 The works of God cause us to be in awe and terrified because we know he is powerful and holy. 66:3 id4t 0 “Because you have great power” 66:4 p1ln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to all of the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “All the people on earth will worship you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:4 y7hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “your name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “they will praise and honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:5 vn26 0 These words refer to God. 66:5 y91w 0 “he causes people to feel fear and wonder when they see his deeds” 66:5 ebc3 0 “humanity” 66:6 t4bb 0 These words refer to God. 66:6 ipc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to the crossing of the Red Sea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 66:6 dbi6 0 The word “they” refers to God’s people, the Israelites. 66:6 c4mh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 The word “we” refers to the Israelites, their ancestors, David, and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 66:7 fhu2 0 These words refer to God. 66:7 v55x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 These phrase “his eyes” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “he sees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 66:7 csw4 0 “let not the rebellious people exalt themselves” or “let not the rebellious people be proud” 66:8 p33g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated to emphasize the importance of praising God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 66:9 nub8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 These words refer to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 66:9 qfj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s protection as preventing his people from slipping as they walk or falling off a cliff. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed us to fall into disaster” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:11 eq4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if God had captured his people in a net. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:11 wp2k 0 a trap for a bird or an animal 66:11 ib6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of what the people have endured as having to carry heavy loads on their backs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:12 el5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is a picture of being horribly defeated in battle. Alternate translation: “It is as if our enemies defeated us in battle and then drove their chariots over our fallen bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:12 ua43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God tested them with natural disasters like fires and floods. Alternate translation: “we suffered like people who suffer from fires and floods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 66:12 t7hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the blessings that the people of Israel now have as if they had been brought into a wide open space where they are safe. Alternate translation: “open place where we are safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 66:14 t3nu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “lips” and “mouth” refer to the words of promise that were spoken. Alternate translation: “which I promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 66:15 fl6u 0 “smell of the smoke of sacrificed rams” 66:16 kd6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The word “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what he has done for me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 66:17 utu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The word “mouth” represents the whole person who cries out to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 66:17 s7eh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 Here “tongue” represents words or speech. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I praised him with my tongue” or “I praised him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 66:18 f2m2 0 “loved sin” or “held iniquity” 66:18 kk8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “would not have listened” implies that God would not have answered his prayer. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “would not have heard me call out to him” or “he would not have answered my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 66:19 n9pa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two clauses have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that God has heard his prayer. Alternate translation: “But God has truly heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 66:19 itl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the author’s prayer is given the personal quality of having a voice. Alternate translation: “my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 66:20 sj37 0 Here “turned away’ represents ignoring his prayer. Alternate translation: “who has not ignored my prayer” 66:20 p1vb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The phrase “has not turned away” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. The idea of “his covenant faithfulness” can be translated with the phrase “being faithful to his covenant.” Alternate translation: “and has not turned away his covenant faithfulness from me” or “and has not stopped being faithful to his covenant with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 67:intro g3hz 0 # Psalm 067 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 67 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\nPeople all over the world should be praising God. 67:1 w6h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 67:1 v59b 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 67:1 d6gg 0 “people should play stringed instruments with this song” 67:1 h266 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 67:2 y8i3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people may know your ways on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 67:2 ahn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The writer desires for everyone to know that God has the power to save them. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “and the people of all nations may know that you have the power to save them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 67:4 w7lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “nations” represents the people who live in all the nations on the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 67:4 g91t 0 “fairly” or “justly” 67:5 e74n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 The second clause intensifies the meaning of the first to emphasize how important it is to praise God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 67:6 ew33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the writer speaks of “the earth” as if it has chosen to provide a harvest to the people. Alternate translation: “We have reaped a bountiful harvest from our crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 67:7 m77g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This means that people everywhere should honor God because of his blessings. Alternate translation: “I desire that all people everywhere on the earth may have an awesome respect for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 68:intro i82v 0 # Psalm 068 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 68 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s greatness\nGod is exceedingly great. He takes care of the weak and helpless. He is glorious in his temple. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n### No Common Theme\nScholars have found this psalm the most difficult to interpret. There does not appear to be any unity to this psalm. 68:1 c4xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 68:1 mf9s 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 68:1 e798 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 68:1 ebe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God beginning to act is spoke of as if he stands up. Alternate translation: “Let God begin to act” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:1 e3kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let God chase away his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 68:2 ea3v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are smoke that is easily blown away by the wind. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Drive them away as the wind blows away smoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 68:2 s3mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are wax that is easily melted by a fire. Alternate translation: “cause them to disappear as wax melts before a fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:2 ea8r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 68:3 s74b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the righteous people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 68:3 e8rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These means the same thing and emphasizes the amount of joy they feel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 68:4 u8td rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to God. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 68:4 mtd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s presence among people is spoken of as if he rides on the earth in a horse or chariot. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:5 nn11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as a compassionate God who acts like a father to orphans. Alternate translation: “One who acts like a father to children who have no parents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:5 jev5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as a merciful God who protects widows. Alternate translation: “a protector of widows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:6 ae7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as if he places lonely people into families. “God provides families for those who have no one to live with” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:6 pki3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as the one who leads prisoners out of their confinement. Alternate translation: “God frees prisoners and makes them sing with happiness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:6 ri2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective refers to rebellious people and can be translated with either an adjective or a noun. Alternate translation: “rebellious people” or “people who rebel against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 68:6 xq7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s punishment of the rebellious is spoken of as if he forces them to live in a hot desert land. Alternate translation: “a very hot and dry land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:7 txl9 0 David begins to tell the story of God leading the Israelites through the desert to Mt. Sinai. 68:7 nqa1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases refer to the same event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 68:7 vqt5 0 “you led your people” 68:7 ba2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as if he was a soldier marching ahead of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:8 t35q 0 “God caused it to rain” 68:8 br66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 This idiom here refers to God’s appearance before the Israelites. Alternate translation: “when God appeared to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 68:9 p896 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The land of Israel is spoken of as if it was a person who could be weary, or could gain strength. Alternate translation: “you caused the land to produce good crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:9 h87l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The land that God gave to the Israelites is spoken of as if it was an inheritance that a father passed on to his children. Alternate translation: “the land that you gave to us Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:10 k4fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 68:11 uv8e 0 David continues the story of the journey of the Israelites through the desert. In this part of the story, the Israelites are victorious in war over their enemies. 68:11 t91n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The large number of people told the Lord’s message to others. They are spoken of as if there were a large army. Since this phrase is feminine, some versions translate it as, “the women who announced them … army.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:12 bm73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The kings represent themselves and their entire armies. It is understood that they flee because they are defeated by Israel’s army. Alternate translation: “Kings and their armies flee from us because they are defeated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:12 gj9s 0 things that are taken from the defeated army and brought to the victorious army’s home. 68:13 u9e3 0 This means that some of the plunder is very valuable because it is covered with precious metals. 68:13 m4ps rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question is used to rebuke the people who did not participate in the battle. Alternate translation: “Those who stayed among the sheepfolds should not have stayed; they should have gone to the battle.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 68:14 zi84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 There were so many dead kings and soldiers on the mountain that they are spoken of as if they were snow covering the mountain. Alternate translation: “defeated so many enemy kings and soldiers there that they were like snowflakes covering Mount Zalmon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 68:14 qik2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “kings” refers to their armies as well. Alternate translation: “scattered the enemy kings and their armies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 68:14 d4j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 68:15 j4i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrase have similar meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “a mighty and high mountain is the hill country of Bashan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 68:16 g53a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The high hill country of Bashan should not look in envy at the mountain which God desires for the place he will live.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 68:17 gr2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 This is probably not meant to be an exact number, but to indicate a large number. Alternate translation: “many thousands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 68:18 z2qx 0 To “ascend” is to move up, to go toward the sky. 68:19 g3s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “carries our heavy loads every day.” The Lord’s care for his people is spoken of as if he was physically carrying their troubles as a burden. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:19 t8d1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The words “is our salvation” can be translated with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “the God who saves us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 68:21 w9jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as a warrior who will kill his enemies by striking them in their heads in order to kill them. Alternate translation: “will kill his enemies by striking them in the head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:21 kk8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It seems to have been the custom for soldiers not to cut their hair during the time of war. Alternate translation: “the long-haired skulls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:21 u633 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Offending God is spoken of as walking among the offenses. Alternate translation: “habitually offend him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:22 f82v 0 The word “them” refers to God’s enemies. 68:22 t4dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks of the most remote parts of the earth where people might try to escape from God as if they were the depths of the sea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:23 qyf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The total destruction of Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if the Israelites had crushed them under their feet. Alternate translation: “totally defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:23 c62p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The violence of from the destruction of the enemies is spoke of in very graphic form, as if the Israelites would be standing in the blood of their dead enemies. Alternate translation: “stepping in their blood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:23 g8uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The bloodshed from the battle against Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if it is so extensive that the dogs will lap up the flowing blood with their tongues. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:24 k3xf 0 A procession is a group of people walking together in an orderly manner as part of a ceremony. 68:25 kyt4 0 people who play musical instruments 68:26 qq11 0 It may be helpful to change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “You who are from the fountain of Israel, praise Yahweh and bless God in the assembly” 68:26 smi2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “fountain” is a metaphor for the ability of the man Israel to be the ancestor of many people: as much water comes from a fountain, so Israel is the ancestor of many people. This also implies that the call is to those who serve God as the man Israel did. Alternate translation: “true descendants of Israel” or “all of you descendants from Israel”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:27 nt5p 0 “their group.” The word “their” refers to the leaders of Judah. 68:28 f4wh 0 Some versions understand the Hebrew text differently: “Summon your strength, God” or “Use your strength, God” 68:28 f4rw 0 “People of Israel, your God has decreed” 68:28 wau7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 68:29 zq5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 68:29 isi1 0 “When you are present in the temple at Jerusalem, show us your power” 68:29 fem7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “power” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Show us that you are strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 68:30 c8e8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Many scholars believe these wild beasts are a metaphor that refers to the people of Egypt. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt who are like wild beasts in the reeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:30 g1z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The peoples of other nations are spoken of as if they were a large group of cattle. Alternate translation: “the powerful nations, who are like herds of bulls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:30 c6zu 0 to disperse or to cause something to spread quickly in different direction 68:31 n487 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that these princes come from Egypt in order to offer gifts to God in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Then the leaders of Egypt will bring gifts to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 68:31 c5dx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the people of Cush. Alternate translation: “The Cushites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 68:31 i46u rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This is a symbolic action that represents worship to God. Alternate translation: “lift up her hands to praise God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 68:32 gn8g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “kingdoms” refers to the citizens of the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “you people who are citizens of kingdoms all over the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 68:33 x1i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The word “Sing” is implied as the beginning of this verse. Here God is described as if he rides in a chariot in the sky. Alternate translation: “Sing to God who rides across the sky in his chariot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 68:33 npf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means he speaks powerfully. Alternate translation: “he shouts powerfully” or “he speaks loudly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 68:34 a3cn 0 “Ascribe” means to give credit to someone. Alternate translation: “Strength belongs to God” 68:34 ul58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “powerful.” Alternate translation: “in the skies he also shows that he is powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 68:35 m2ya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 Here the author speaks directly to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 68:35 sy6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words mean basically these same thing. They emphasize how much strength God provides to his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 69:intro im3w 0 # Psalm 069 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 69 is a psalm of deliverance. The author prays to be saved from his enemies and for them to be punished. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Deliverance\nThe author prays for God to rescue him from his enemies. They show him no mercy, and he asks God to show them no mercy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) 69:1 emd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 69:1 x1w1 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 69:1 jj9x 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md). 69:1 b6zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were drowning in a flood of water. Alternate translation: “for it feels like I am drowning in the waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:2 tpg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were sinking in deep mud. Alternate translation: “For it feels like I am sinking in deep mud and will die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:2 ry13 0 thick mud 69:2 u4k9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 The writer uses a negative statement to stress how unstable and uncertain his condition is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 69:2 bt2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer describes his problems as if he was drowning in a deep, raging river. Alternate translation: “t feels like I am in deep waters, and the floodwaters flow over me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:3 qdk1 0 very tired 69:3 d5w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means the writer has cried so much that his eyes do not see well any longer. Alternate translation: “my eyes are swollen from tears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:4 ks2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This is an exaggeration to express how many enemies the writer has. Alternate translation: “more than I can count, like the hairs on my head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 69:4 v3ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:5 z5mb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “foolishness” can be stated as “foolish.” Alternate translation: “the foolish things that I have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:5 c1z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be expressed as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you know all my sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 69:6 l21p 0 “Do not let those … do not let those” 69:6 d5j2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to put those who wait for you to shame because of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:6 ana6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to bring dishonor on those who seek you because of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:6 djs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Seeking God represents either (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: (1) “those who ask you for help” or (2) “those who worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:7 se7t 0 “On your behalf” or “For you” 69:7 td6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The rebukes of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he has had to carry. Alternate translation: “I have endured the insults of my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:7 l47r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the shame that he feels as if it is a foul thing on his face that everyone can clearly see. Alternate translation: “I am thoroughly humiliated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:8 f38a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “My brothers no longer know or accept me at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:8 au3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. They are repeated to stress his separation from his own family. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 69:8 w5cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 It is implied that “I have become” should be understood here. The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “my brothers no longer know or trust me at all” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:9 dwj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of his zeal for God’s temple as if it was a wild animal that devours the writer. Alternate translation: “the zeal I have for your house consumes me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 69:9 d4m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means that the writer’s zeal for the temple takes over all of his thoughts and actions. Alternate translation: “completely controls all that I think and do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:9 ckq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the rebukes of Gods’ enemies as if they were rocks that were thrown at the writer. Alternate translation: “those who rebuke you have also thrown their rebukes at me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:10 y39q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 The fact that the writer was fasting indicates that he was sad about the way people treated God’s temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 69:10 dn9i 0 “my enemies rebuked me because of it” 69:11 la4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 Wearing rough, cheap clothing was a symbol of mourning over sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 69:11 q7ys rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speak of himself as if he was the sad or foolish person in a proverb. Alternate translation: “I became the example of a sad person spoken of in their proverbs” or “they laugh at me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:12 m9ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “city gate” is associated with leadership of a town. Alternate translation: “The important people of the city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:12 u3uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he was the person about whom the drunkards sing mocking songs. Alternate translation: “the drunkards of the city sing disgusting songs about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:13 t3wv 0 “in your accepted time” or “when you are willing” 69:13 ye88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “trustworthiness” and “salvation” can be stated as “faithfully” and “rescue.” Alternate translation: “rescue me because you faithfully love me, as you have promised to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:14 glu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 69:14 ce9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his danger from his enemies as if he was sinking into a pit of mud. “Do not allow me to sink anymore in the mud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:14 q3rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “take away” refers to being removed from danger. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take me away” or “rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:14 zv92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 It is understood that “let me be” is implied here. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please rescue me out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:14 llk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if he was drowning in deep water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:15 ks55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if flood waters were covering him completely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:15 d558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of the deep as if it was a deadly animal that was about to eat him. Alternate translation: “the deep waters swallow me up like a dangerous animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:15 iz9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the “pit” is spoken of as if it has a mouth like a person and could eat the writer. Alternate translation: “Do not let the pit consume me” or “Do not let the pit of death close over me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:16 ywk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you are good and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:16 ir4z 0 “you are very merciful to me” 69:16 w23e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The idea of turning towards someone means to pay attention to them or help them. Alternate translation: “help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:17 l6nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 To hide one’s face means to refuse to hear or help someone. Alternate translation: “Please help your servant” or “Please help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:17 fq4r 0 “in great trouble” 69:18 a5r7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer asks God to redeem him as if the writer were a slave whose freedom God could purchase. Alternate translation: “free me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:18 emr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer asks God to ransom him as if the writer were a captive whose release could be paid for with money. Alternate translation: “rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:19 jv1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “how people have rebuked me, shamed me, and dishonored me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:19 cbu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “before you” means that God sees and knows all about them. Alternate translation: “you know who all my enemies are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:20 d7kg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means a person is extremely sad. Alternate translation: “offended me deeply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:20 dm8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer’s great sadness is spoken of as if he was full of a heavy weight. Alternate translation: “I am heavy with sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:20 zw1r 0 to feel sorrow or sadness 69:21 lfl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is probably figurative. The food that people gave to the writer was so bad that it tasted like poison. Alternate translation: “They gave me food that tasted like poison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:22 bt4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer would like for his enemies’ food to completely ruin them as if they were small animals caught in a snare or a trap. Alternate translation: “May their food ruin them like a snare … may it destroy them like a trap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:22 fd3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to food that was served on the tables, possibly at a feast. Alternate translation: “their own food” or “sacrificial feasts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:23 v67i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of eyes that cannot see well as if they were darkened. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please make them unable to see anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:23 d56n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Weak backs are spoken of as if they are shaking in weakness. Alternate translation: “cause their backs to be too weak for them to do anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:23 rry1 0 “their sides” or “their backs” 69:24 x9dl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s demonstration of his anger is described as if he poured it out on his enemies like water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:24 j3n9 0 anger of a person who has suffered injustice 69:24 a5mh 0 “your burning anger” or “your strong anger” 69:24 mws1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s judgment on his enemies is described as if he ran after them and caught them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:25 hl9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This abstract noun can be stated as “abandoned.” Alternate translation: “become abandoned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:26 u691 0 “they persecuted the man” 69:26 q569 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here to be “struck down” refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “you punished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:26 x39c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here to be “wounded” refers to causing them to suffer. Alternate translation: “those you have caused to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:27 ha19 0 “Keep making a record of all their sins” 69:27 ix9p 0 “very many sins” 69:27 fv3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 To come into God’s victory is an idiom that means to receive a reward from him. Alternate translation: “do not let them receive your righteous reward” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 69:28 qt7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “them” refers to the names of the enemies. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Wipe out their names in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:28 el1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 It is inferred that “let them” is understood. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not write down their names” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 69:29 k8wx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated with the verb “save.” Here “on high” refers to a place of safety.” Alternate translation: “God, save me and put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:30 m7bv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:30 bl7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This abstract noun can be stated with the verb “thank.” Alternate translation: “by thanking him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 69:31 q988 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is understood that the ox and the bull are to be offered to God as sacrifices. Alternate translation: “better than sacrificing an ox or sacrificing a bull” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 69:31 axd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish 0 This phrase distinguishes the full grown bulls from other younger cows. Alternate translation: “a bull that is full grown with horns and hooves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) 69:32 b8xa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to meek people in general. Alternate translation: “Meek people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 69:32 ky6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Seeking God represents either (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “you who ask God for help” or “you who think about God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 69:32 i99y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “hearts” refer to the people. Here “live” is an idiom that means to be encouraged. Alternate translation: “may you be encouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 69:33 arn6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hears” means to respond. Alternate translation: “Yahweh answers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:33 ij3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to needy people in general. Alternate translation: “needy people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 69:33 eag2 0 “those who have suffered for him” 69:34 k14w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here heaven and earth and the seas are spoken of as if they are people who are able to praise God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 69:34 p3qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 It is implied that “Let … praise him” should be understood here. Alternate translation: “let he seas and everything that moves in them praise him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 69:35 m398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Zion” refers to the people in Zion. Alternate translation: “God will save the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 69:35 w8jf 0 The word “it” refers to the land of Judah. 69:36 s9pk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “who love God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 70:intro qdg2 0 # Psalm 070 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 70 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist asks God to deliver him from his enemies.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Help\nThe author needs help and needs it immediately.\n\n### Psalm 40\nThis psalm is an almost exact duplicate of Psalm 40:13-17. 70:1 eg6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 70:1 m2am 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 70:1 f84m 0 Possible meanings are (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. 70:2 f38b 0 “the people who” 70:2 t9us rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 70:2 l7y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God put them to shame and bring disgrace upon them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 70:2 sxa6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God turn them around and make them ashamed for what they have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 70:2 g5lq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 To be stopped or thwarted is spoken of as being turned back from their attack. Alternate translation: “stopped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 70:3 b66b 0 This is an expression of mocking laughter. You may replace “Aha, aha” with whatever laughing sounds like in your language. Alternate translation: “those who mock and laugh at me” 70:4 hi48 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Seeking God represents either (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “ask you for help” or “think about you and obey you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 70:4 fiv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “rejoice greatly” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 70:4 k76h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 70:4 ymr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This exaggeration emphasizes that it is important to praise God often. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 70:4 xit2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let everyone praise God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 70:5 k146 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Here the words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 70:5 s6qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God as if he were running to the writer in order to help him. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 70:5 r77i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Here the phrase “you rescue me” explains how God is his “help.” Alternate translation: “you help me by rescuing me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 70:5 ww8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please come quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 71:intro r8sf 0 # Psalm 071 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 71 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nGod has helped the psalmist all his life. Now that he is old, his enemy thinks that God has abandoned him; but the psalmist trusts in God and will praise Yahweh with songs of praise. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 71:1 b9md rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 71:1 lb3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:1 ew7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. See how “do not let me be humiliated” is translated in [Psalms 25:2](../025/002.md). Alternate translation: “never let my enemies put me to shame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 71:2 xl47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Possible meanings are (1) “make me safe because you always do what is right” or (2) “make me safe as I do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 71:2 q2dk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 17:6](../017/006.md). Alternate translation: “pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:2 qwt1 0 “keep me safe” 71:3 a39u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist requests that Yahweh make him as safe as he would be if he were hiding in a large rock or cliff where his enemies could not find him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:3 w8pz 0 These are hills or mountains, not rocks one can hold in one’s hand. 71:3 usz4 0 “you have commanded your angels” 71:3 xd9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist believes that Yahweh will protect him and make him as safe as if he were hiding on top of a large mountain or inside a man-made fortress. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:4 p4mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the wicked, from the power of the unrighteous” or (2) “hand” refers to the person himself. Alternate translation: “from wicked people, from unrighteous … people” or “so that wicked people and unrighteous … people cannot harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:4 pb9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 “wicked; rescue me out of the hand of the unrighteous.” You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 71:4 pdn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 These adjectives can be translated as noun phrases. Alternate translation: “wicked people … unrighteous people … cruel people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 71:5 tph7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hope” is a metonym for the one in whom the psalmist hopes. Alternate translation: “you are the one whom I confidently expect to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:6 rmx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have supported me from the womb” or “You have taken care of me ever since I came out of my mother’s womb” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 71:6 h427 0 “you are the one” 71:7 cq9t 0 “Many people see how I live and want to live as I do” 71:8 di1q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The psalmist speaks of his desire to praise and honor Yahweh with the words he speaks as if his mouth were full of words the way it can be full of food. Alternate translation: “My mouth will be filled with words that praise you … that honor you” or “I will always praise you … will always honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:8 vh1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “praise” refer to the words that he will use to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:8 dq42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “honor” refer to the words that he will use to honor Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 71:8 z7sk 0 “all day long” or “at all times” 71:9 hwz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 71:9 ve6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “Do not force me to go away from you.” For God to reject him is spoken of as God forcing him to go away. See how this is translated in [Psalms 51:11](../051/011.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:9 l9jz 0 “do not leave me forever” 71:10 wp8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that they are watching for an opportunity to take his life. The euphemism “to take a life” means to kill. Alternate translation: “watch for an opportunity to take my life” or “wait for an opportunity to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 71:11 kar6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This can be translated to make explicit that they are talking about him. Alternate translation: “They say about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 71:11 fv3j 0 “follow him when he runs away, and kill him” 71:12 acn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:12 eu8k 0 “help me soon” 71:13 fkp7 0 “Let those who are hostile to my life be put to shame and destroyed” 71:13 zj77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Put them to shame and destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 71:13 m9nd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The words “my life” represent the person. The idiom “hostile to my life” means that these are people who try to harm him by accusing him of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “those who accuse me of doing wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 71:13 jq5a 0 “let those who seek my hurt be covered with rebuke and dishonor” 71:13 bfc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. The abstract nouns “rebuke” and “dishonor” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “may everyone rebuke them, and may no one honor them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:13 i5m7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The noun “hurt” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:14 ew9i 0 “more all the time” or “always more than I have before” 71:15 ukx5 0 “I do not completely understand your righteousness and your salvation, but my mouth will tell about them all the day” 71:15 r4ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The mouth is synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell” or “I will speak with my mouth and tell” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:15 diu6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “righteousness.” Alternate translation: “how righteous you are” or “all the good things you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:15 hjv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “how you have saved me” or “how you save people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:16 mem9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go 0 Possible meanings are (1) “I will go to where people worship Yahweh” or (2) “I will go to my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) 71:16 ntp3 0 Possible meanings are (1) “I will tell them of the mighty deeds the Lord Yahweh has done” or (2) “because the Lord Yahweh has given me strength to do mighty acts.” 71:16 xcy8 0 “will talk about” 71:17 af7a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The implied information may be stated clearly. “taught me many things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 71:18 u6gc 0 “God, please do not forsake me” 71:18 u45h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “strength” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I have been telling how strong you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 71:18 bs2s 0 “to those who are children today” 71:18 k6sb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The omitted information may be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and as I declare your power to everyone who is to come” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 71:18 x4ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This exaggeration refers to everyone the writer can speak to. Alternate translation: “so as many people as I can tell will know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 71:19 mu1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of the good things God has done as though they were put together as a high building or a mountain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 71:19 a913 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no one like you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 71:20 wi74 0 strengthen or make lively again 71:20 sf33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “The depths of the earth” here is a metaphor for where people go when they die. The psalmist had not already died, but in this exaggeration he speaks as if he had. Alternate translation: “when we are near death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 71:21 b5t3 0 “I want you to increase … I want you to turn again and comfort.” Some translations read, “You will increase … you will turn again and comfort.” 71:21 e1ew rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys 0 This describes one action through two phrases. Alternate translation: “comfort me again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) 71:22 ix4p 0 “to you, who is the Holy One of Israel, I will sing praises while I play the harp” 71:23 aku6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 “Lips” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will shout for joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:23 we4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words the psalmist has omitted can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and my soul, which you have redeemed, will sing praises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 71:23 ijs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “soul” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:24 wy5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will also talk” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 71:24 mf6u 0 “those who sought my hurt have been put to shame and are confused” 71:24 h4mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for God has put to shame and confused them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 71:24 kz4y 0 This refers to the enemies of the writer. ([Psalms 71:10](../071/010.md)). See how “those who seek my hurt” is translated in [Psalms 71:13](./013.md). 72:intro h1hi 0 # Psalm 072 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 72 is a psalm for the king when he begins to be the king. David wrote it as a blessing on his son, Solomon. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessings for the king\nMay the king be honored throughout the world. May he help the poor. May there be prosperity while he is king.\n\n### Close of Book Two\nThe whole collection of Psalms has been divided into several “books.” This is the last psalm of the second book. It is attributed to Solomon, the son of David. 72:1 u47g rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. Possible meanings for the header “a psalm of Solomon” are (1) David wrote this psalm about Solomon (“the king’s son”) or (2) Solomon (who, as David’s son, was “the king’s son”) wrote this psalm as a prayer about himself or (3) another king wrote it about his son in the style of Solomon. People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 72:1 sep9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to my son” or (2) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to me, the king’s son.” People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 72:1 vw1m 0 “Enable the king to judge rightly” 72:1 p2xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Here the word “righteousness” refers to making righteous decisions. Alternate translation: “give your righteousness to the king’s son” or “enable the king’s son to rule with righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 72:2 d3dt 0 If David wrote this, he is talking about his son, “the king’s son,” he is speaking of the time when his son will be king. If Solomon wrote it, even though he is writing about himself, it would be best to translate as though he were writing about someone else. Either way, “May the king judge” is the best translation. 72:2 d51c 0 The psalmist is speaking to God. 72:2 faw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The adjective “poor” refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “may he judge your poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 72:3 fx1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The psalmist speaks of the people of Israel as if they were the mountains and hills on which they live. He speaks of the mountains and the hills as if they were the entire land of Israel, as if that land were a garden that produces fruit, and of peace and righteousness as if they are that fruit. Alternate translation: “May the people of the land live in peace … may they do everything in a righteous way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 72:4 ln6a 0 These refer to the one who will “judge” ([Psalms 72:2](../072/002.md)). 72:4 lx1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the king defeating or punishing people who oppress others as if those people were objects that the king would break into pieces. Alternate translation: “punish the person who oppresses others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 72:5 qf1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The sun and the moon are metonyms for the day and the night, which together are a merism for all time. Alternate translation: “forever, and without ending” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 72:6 fay4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for freshly cut grass. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 72:6 bsl9 0 “I desire that he come” 72:6 v3st rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 “May he come down like showers that water.” The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 72:7 ch52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 72:7 pqr9 0 Possible meanings are (1) “while the king rules” or (2) “as long as the righteous person lives” or “as long as the righteous people live.” 72:7 r4e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks as if peace were a physical object like food. An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “abundance” and “peace.” Alternate translation: “may righteous people live peacefully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 72:7 m2kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “as long as the moon shines” or “forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:8 mm24 0 “May the king have dominion” 72:8 vh7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 Both of these expressions are merisms and refer to the whole earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 72:8 v5fy 0 from the Dead Sea and the Sea of Kinnereth in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. 72:8 m3b5 0 “the Euphrates River,” which the Israelites would travel to on land by going north 72:8 dxj8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 as far as people could travel on land by different routes to the south. The Israelites spoke of the earth as if it were a flat surface with ends. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:9 c1h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is a metaphor for extreme humiliation. Alternate translation: “do everything they can so he will allow them to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 72:10 ds5s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 72:10 jht5 0 pay 72:10 h88r 0 “give gifts” 72:10 pg7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a country. It is not the same country as Sheba. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 72:11 j7ze 0 “bow down before him” or “honor him as their king” 72:11 ivl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “nations” represents the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people who live in every nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 72:12 cj1a 0 “no one else to help him” 72:13 w2hi 0 “He wants to stop the poor and needy from suffering” 72:13 dra6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Here the nominal adjectives “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are unable to help themselves. Alternate translation: “those who are poor and those who are needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 72:14 iey7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “lives” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “redeems them” or “saves them” or “rescues them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 72:14 a1wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the needy suffer. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “those who oppress them and hurt them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 72:14 gq3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “their blood” is a metonym for their well-being. The sight of Yahweh represents his judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “their well-being is very important to him” or “he wants them to live well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 72:14 u32y 0 See how this phrase is translated in [Psalms 19:14](../019/014.md). 72:15 e29x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This saying was used to honor the king by expressing a desire to have him live a long time. Alternate translation: “May the king live a long time!” or “I desire that the king live a long time!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:15 gew3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May they give him the gold of Sheba” or “May he receive the gold of Sheba” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 72:15 zya3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means “continually” and does not refer only to one day. Alternate translation: “continually” or “all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:16 d9j4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This abstract noun can be stated as “much” or “plenty” Alternate translation: “much grain” or “plenty of grain” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 72:16 nb8u 0 plants that people grow for food 72:16 d8rg 0 Use the word for what long grass does when a gentle wind blows on it and it moves slowly back and forth. 72:16 p8u5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 “like the cedar trees in Lebanon.” These trees were beautiful and had wood that was good for building. The meaning of this can be made clear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 72:16 rl8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The prosperity of the people in the cities is spoken of as if they were grass that grows abundantly in the fields. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 72:17 d3jj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This saying is used to honor God by expressing the desire for people to always remember him. Alternate translation: “May people always know about him” or “May people never forget who he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 72:17 ly6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “his name” refers to God’s reputation. Alternate translation: “the king’s name” or “the king’s reputation” or “the king’s fame” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 72:17 ys89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as long as the sun endures” or “as long as the sun shines” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 72:17 dq84 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God cause him to do good things for people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 72:17 ru3v 0 “recognize that God has blessed them” 72:18 ti3p 0 These verses are more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 2 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 42 and ends with Psalm 72. 72:18 j629 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people bless Yahweh God, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 72:19 nw8m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people bless his glorious name forever” or, treating “name” as a metonym for Yahweh himself, “May people forever know how glorious he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 72:19 s32j 0 “he, who is glorious, be blessed” 72:19 qe7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may his glory fill the whole earth” or “may he fill the whole earth with his glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 72:19 q3wa 0 The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so” 72:20 ktc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “David, the son of Jesse has finished his prayers” or “This is the last prayer of the David the son of Jesse” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 73:intro t2n1 0 # Psalm 073 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 73 is a wisdom psalm. It explains the problem of wicked people who seem to prosper. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Evil people\nSometimes it seems that wicked people have no problems and everything works for them. Despite this, they will be destroyed. In contrast, the righteous always have God to help them through problems. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n### Psalms by Asaph\nThere are twelve psalms attributed to Asaph; the first one is Psalm 50, which is in Book Two, and the other eleven (Psalm 73–83) are at the beginning of Book Three. 73:1 p92k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 73:2 bq59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of being unable to trust God and wanting to sin as if he had almost fallen while walking on a slippery path. Alternate translation: “I almost stopped trusting in God; I was almost guilty of committing a great sin against him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:3 eb9z 0 “I envied the arrogant” or “I did not want arrogant people to have the good things that they had” 73:3 jit7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The adjective “arrogant” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 73:3 k8tb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “prosperity” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “how the wicked have so many good things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 73:3 tu1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 73:4 b59h 0 Asaph begins to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). 73:5 uzu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “burdens” is a metonym for the struggles of daily life (need for food, shelter, clothing, and health). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 73:5 t5qn 0 “they do not suffer the way other people do” 73:6 kp3l 0 Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). 73:6 r8m8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This means the wicked show everyone how proud and violent they are as if they were wearing a necklace or beautiful robe. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 73:6 c2uh 0 This refers to things that rich and important people wear. 73:6 fyb1 0 a chain usually made of gold or jewels that goes around the neck 73:7 ttd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Because they are like blind people who cannot see where they are going, they sin without knowing it. Being blind is a metaphor for a person being unable to see how wicked he is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:7 l8fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the psalmist describes people’s thoughts as if they were people. He also describes the inner beings of wicked people as if they were a building in which those people could walk. Alternate translation: “in their inner beings they are always thinking about more evil things to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:8 alc5 0 Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). 73:8 fmq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Whom they mock can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “They mock God and his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 73:9 b91p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “their mouth” is a metonym for their speech, and “heavens” is a metonym for God, who lives in the heavens. Alternate translation: “They speak against God, who is in the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 73:9 cln7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The word “tongues” represents the people themselves. Possible meanings are (1) “they go through the earth saying bad things about God” or (2) “they go everywhere and boast about themselves.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 73:10 t3at 0 Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). 73:10 ack4 0 Possible meanings are (1) “God’s people love the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people return to this place” 73:10 k4em 0 Possible meanings are (1) “God’s people listen gladly to the words of the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people have plenty of food to eat and wine to drink” 73:11 k4v1 0 the wicked people say 73:11 iqv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 These rhetorical questions are to show contempt for God. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Surely God does not know what we are doing. The Most High has no knowledge of it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 73:13 i3dh 0 In verses 13 and 14, Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). In verse 15 he begins to talk about what he is really thinking. 73:13 m4jl 0 The word “I” refers to Asaph. 73:13 l9bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of guarding his heart as if he were guarding a city or building against enemies. Alternate translation: “I have kept my thoughts pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:13 v713 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his purity as if he had washed his hands with innocence instead of with water. See how you translated this in [Psalms 26:6](../026/006.md). Alternate translation: “my actions have remained pure” or “I have washed my hands to show that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:14 svu5 0 “always” or “every day” 73:14 gtr9 0 “You have made me suffer.” See how “they are not afflicted” is translated in [Psalms 73:5](../073/005.md). 73:14 c72g 0 “I have been … punished” 73:15 c23c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo 0 This hypothetical situation did not happen. Alternate translation: “I never said, ‘I will say these things,’ so I did not betray this generation of your children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 73:16 z5qd 0 The good things that happen to “the wicked” ([Psalms 73:4](../073/004.md)-[Psalms 12](./010.md)). 73:17 r3rj 0 “what happens to wicked people when they die” or “how wicked people die” 73:18 n9na 0 The word “them” refers to the wicked. 73:18 pt49 0 “unsafe or unstable ground.” See how “slipped” is translated in [Psalms 73:2](../073/002.md). 73:19 b63l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “wilderness” is a metaphor for a person who has lost everything good. Alternate translation: “How quickly they are destroyed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:20 d2qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The wicked will last no longer than what a person sees in a dream. It disappears as soon as the person wakes up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 73:21 dz6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The word “heart” represents the person emphasizing their thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “I was very sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 73:21 r3jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of emotional pain as if it were physical pain by being pierced with a knife or arrow. Alternate translation: “I felt like someone had wounded me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:22 ei39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how little he knew. Alternate translation: “very ignorant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 73:22 sb92 0 “understood nothing” 73:22 xw9q 0 This “you” refers to God. 73:23 v8cf 0 The word “I” here represents Asaph. The word “you” here represents God. 73:23 mif5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The person’s “right hand” refers to the whole person. This shows an intimate relationship with God that offers stability and security. Alternate translation: “You hold me close” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 73:24 yt7j 0 Possible meanings are (1) “put me where people will honor me” or (2) “honor me by taking me to where you are.” See how “receive me” is translated in [Psalms 49:15](../049/015.md). 73:25 l5a5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one for me in heaven but you!” or “You are the only one I have in heaven!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 73:25 p7l4 0 “among the gods” or “among the supernatural beings” 73:26 u7tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “My body and my mind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 73:27 zd6j 0 Asaph continues to talk about God. 73:27 i4nr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the idea of staying far from God is compared to being unwilling to obey him. Alternate translation: “Those who do not want to obey you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 73:28 s5pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a place to which a person could flee for safety. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:intro nd5v 0 # Psalm 074 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 74 is a psalm of deliverance. The people have been completely conquered and they pray for God to deliver them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### God’s power\nThe enemies have destroyed God’s temple and are insulting the people. God is powerful. He made everything and he chose Israel for his people. He should avenge himself on these enemies that have burnt his temple. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n### Superscription\nThis is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 74:1 vy9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 74:1 k7ui 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 74:1 c2uv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, we have done nothing wrong, but you have rejected us forever!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 74:1 nb2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We are the ones you have promised to care for, and we have done nothing wrong, but now you are angry with us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 74:1 ap93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of the people of Israel as if they were sheep. Alternate translation: “against Israel, who are like the sheep whom you feed in your pasture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:2 wr2p 0 “Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten his people, but he does not seem to be thinking about them. 74:2 n7ia 0 “yours forever” 74:3 i8hy 0 These verses describe an actual event, a physical attack on the temple of Israel in Jerusalem. 74:3 vn6h 0 Asaph is addressing God, asking him to come look at the destruction. 74:4 df7h 0 The adversaries were shouting loudly with a great cry of victory. 74:6 sqm2 0 This refers to carvings on wood, metal, or stone in the temple. 74:7 d2f6 0 Asaph continues to describe the destruction of the temple. 74:7 h8rv 0 Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). 74:8 dt7g 0 Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). 74:8 aq36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “They said to themselves” or “They thought to themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 74:9 c4rh 0 Asaph is addressing God about the destruction he sees. 74:9 y2uq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) “We do not see any more miraculous signs from God” or (2) “All our sacred symbols are gone” or (3) the “signs” are the flags and symbols of an army representing the army itself. Alternate translation: “They have completely destroyed our army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 74:10 d7ac rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, the enemy has been throwing insults at you for too long!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 74:10 qxe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as if you will never stop the enemy from blaspheming your name!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 74:10 nv8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “say that you are bad” or “insult you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 74:11 mc4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Stop holding back your hand, your right hand!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 74:11 m38y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “not show your power” or “not use your power to destroy your enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 74:11 hk11 0 “your strongest hand” 74:11 nc4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. “Stop hiding your power and take action” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 74:12 n2ul 0 This begins a new theme: Asaph is proclaiming God’s mighty deeds in the history of his people. 74:12 r8vz 0 Possible meanings are (1) Asaph is speaking as Israel’s representative, “God has been our king since we Israelites first became a nation” or (2) “God, my king, was alive even in ancient times.” 74:12 tqm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with the verb “to save.” Here Yahweh saving people is spoken of as if salvation were an object that he brings with him. Alternate translation: “saving people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:13 gap9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Asaph is probably speaking of the time God brought Israel out of Egypt, divided the Sea of Reeds, led Israel through it on dry land, then drowned Pharaoh’s army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 74:13 ag39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Asaph is speaking of God as if God had a physical body. “You are so strong you were able to make dry land in the middle of the sea.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 74:13 r6uh 0 “the great water” 74:13 f387 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph is probably speaking of Pharaoh and his army as if they were sea monsters. If possible, translate these words literally. Alternate translation: “when you killed Pharaoh’s army, it was as if you smashed the heads of sea monsters in the waters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:14 t17u 0 Asaph continues to speak of what God did long ago. He is probably speaking of when God brought Israel out of Egypt and drowned Pharaoh’s army in the Sea of Reeds. If possible, these words should be translated literally. 74:14 dzv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Leviathan is a sea monster. It represents a cruel enemy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:15 dqs2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh causing springs and streams to flow out of the ground as if he broke open the ground so that they could flow. Alternate translation: “You caused springs and streams to flow out of the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:16 i6gg 0 Asaph continues to recount God’s creative power. 74:17 h3n1 0 “the boundaries of the land and the sea” 74:18 c6xs 0 Asaph is pleading for God’s help. 74:18 g7dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “Pay attention to.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 74:18 x7xk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of insulting words as if they were physical objects, like stones, which the enemy was throwing at Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the enemy insulted you many times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:19 x5rc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of himself as if he were a dove, a defenseless bird. This phrase may also be a metaphor for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “me, your dove” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:19 zrd5 0 A small, defenseless bird often kept as a pet. 74:19 tp9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This phrase may be a metaphor for the enemies of Israel. Alternate translation: “a savage enemy that is like a wild animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:19 rgi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 “Do not continue forever to do nothing to help your oppressed people.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come soon to help your oppressed people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 74:20 y6si 0 Asaph continues his lament to Yahweh. 74:20 x6j9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of “regions” as if they were containers in which one could put “places of violence.” Alternate translation: “violent people do evil deeds in dark places in the land wherever they can” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:20 ul6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “dark” is probably a metaphor for a place where bad things happen or for the lands to which the Israelites had been sent in exile, but these words should be translated literally if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:21 b3w6 0 “Do not let wicked people defeat the oppressed and make them ashamed” 74:21 l26m 0 These are people who are treated cruelly by powerful people. 74:21 z7yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “poor” and “oppressed” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 35:10](../035/010.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 74:22 be6c 0 “show everyone that you are right” 74:22 a6kn 0 “Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten how fools insult him, but he does not seem to be thinking about it. See how this is translated in verse [Psalms 2](./001.md). 74:23 c7dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “voice” is a metonym for the words people use when they speak. Alternate translation: “what your adversaries are saying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 74:23 n9n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The psalmist speaks of the words of those who defy God as if they were the loud sound of animals or non-living objects like water or the wind. Alternate translation: “and pay attention to the loud and meaningless words of those who continually defy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 74:23 cyg8 0 boldly oppose 75:intro rtb1 0 # Psalm 075 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 75 is a wisdom psalm; teaching what will happen to evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Punishment\nGod has warned the evil people that they will be punished. He will strengthen the good people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) 75:1 nc37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 The people of God are speaking in 75:1, and God speaks in 75:2-3. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 75:1 isd5 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 75:1 wue5 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). 75:1 tu5l 0 “This is a psalm that Asaph wrote.” See how this is translated in [Psalms Psalm 53](../053/001.md). 75:3 a6n9 0 “all the people who live on it” 75:3 xv9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “keep the earth from being destroyed” or Alternate translation: “keep my people safe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:4 ix6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The words “the arrogant” and “the wicked” are nominal adjectives that can be translated with nouns. The verb for the second phrase may be supplied from the first. Alternate translation: “I said to the arrogant people … and I said to the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 75:4 wl2r 0 Possible meanings are (1) God is speaking or (2) Asaph is speaking. 75:4 yz7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns 0 The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 75:4 wg7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Do not be confident” or “Do not boast about how strong you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:5 zai8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns 0 The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 75:5 dl75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads as high as they can to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Be especially sure not to boast that you are greater than God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:5 cfl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Asaph speaks of wicked people who defy or challenge God as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “arrogantly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:6 eqm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Asaph speaks of the one who lifts up as if he were the action of lifting up. He also speaks of God giving strength and honor to a person as if God were physically lifting that person up. Alternate translation: “The one who will lift you up will not be someone who comes from the east” or “The one who will make you strong and have people honor you will not be someone who comes from the east” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 75:7 h39y 0 Asaph speaks about God. 75:7 ii5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The objects of the verbs can be stated clearly: “he brings some people down and he lifts other people up.” The words “brings down” and “raises up” are metaphors for God making people powerful and taking away their power. Alternate translation: “he makes one man king in place of another man” or “he takes away one man’s power and gives power to another man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:8 hs8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 When Yahweh punishes the people they will be like people who have drunk strong wine and become ill. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:8 w9az rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The foam is a metaphor for the power of the wine to make people drunk, Alternate translation: “strong wine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:8 gn3y 0 dried leaves or ground seeds 75:8 i928 0 pours it from a large container into the cups that the people will drink from 75:8 x1zf 0 “drink every drop of it” 75:10 vl5i 0 God says 75:10 eip6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. Alternate translation: “take away all power from” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 75:10 qr6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. This can be translated as a statement in active form. Alternate translation: “I will raise up the horns of the righteous” or “I will make the righteous powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 76:intro ml6q 0 # Psalm 076 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 76 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Yahweh’s greatness\nGod is great. He has conquered all the nations surrounding Israel. Everyone should bring him gifts. 76:1 qjr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 76:1 ps6c 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 76:1 ec3c 0 “people should play stringed instruments with this song.” 76:1 a8wr 0 “This is a psalm that Asaph wrote” See how this is translated in [Psalms 53:1](../053/001.md). 76:1 l846 0 “caused the people of Judah to know who he is” or “made himself famous in Judah” 76:1 mmj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “his name” are a metonym for his reputation. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel consider him good and powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 76:2 z5vd 0 “the place where he has chosen to live” 76:3 e4xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 These words are probably a metaphor for God causing the people of Judah to live in peace without being afraid of enemies making war on them, but the words should be translated literally. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 76:4 z2fb 0 Asaph speaks of God as if God was a soldier returning from a mountain after winning a great battle. 76:4 h3jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The second phrase strengthens the first phrase in that Yahweh’s glory relates to Yahweh shining brightly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 76:4 zyy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The words “shine brightly” are a metaphor for being great. Alternate translation: “You show how extremely great you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 76:5 at6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your people killed the brave soldiers of their enemies and then took all their possessions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 76:5 xyy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 Here “fell asleep” is a euphemism for died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 76:6 zz9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “rebuke” refers to saying something in an angry or critical way. Alternate translation: “When you rebuked them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 76:6 uud7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 This phrase is a polite way to say that they died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 76:7 tzq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can stand in your sight when you are angry.” or “You can destroy anyone at whom you are angry.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 76:8 gys7 0 “you pronounced judgment” or “you announced how you were going to punish wicked people” 76:8 ls8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the earth” is a metonym for the people living on the earth. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth were” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 76:9 rt43 0 “carry out judgment” or “punish wicked people” 76:10 ylu2 0 “It is certain that your angry judgment” 76:10 wqa6 0 Possible meanings are (1) “people will praise you because you are angry at the wicked and judge them” or (2) “people who are angry with you will do things that cause people to praise you.” 76:10 f4xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as something that he can tie around himself like a belt. Alternate translation: “you tie your remaining anger around you like a belt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 76:11 kw7a 0 “Yahweh, whom they should fear” 76:12 vwa6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “He cuts off the spirit” is an idiom that means He breaks the spirit or He humbles. Alternate translation: “He humbles the princes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 76:12 qgb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth fear him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 77:intro ks6q 0 # Psalm 077 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nThe author felt abandoned by God. This is a psalm of lament. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Lament\nGod used to be close to the psalmist, but now it seems that God has completely abandoned him. Long ago, God took care of Israel and brought the people safely through the sea. 77:1 r8dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 77:1 t66u 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 77:1 cek3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 77:2 hz8d 0 “I prayed with my arms extended” 77:2 a5dd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The “soul” represents the person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would not allow anyone to try to comfort me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 77:3 kq82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 77:3 cc7s 0 “as my spirit grew faint” or “as my spirit was overwhelmed” 77:4 lga2 0 After speaking about God, Asaph speaks to God in verse 4 and then returns to speaking about God. 77:4 kc23 0 “I said to God, ‘You held my eyes open.’” 77:4 bfk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Open eyes is a metonym for being unable to sleep. Alternate translation: “kept me from sleeping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 77:5 u2n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 If necessary, “days of old” and “times long past” can be combined. Alternate translation: “about things that happened a very long time ago” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 77:6 i4r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom for remembering. Alternate translation: “I remembered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 77:6 kh2e 0 Another possible meaning is “what was happening.” 77:7 ie4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases express feeling rejection from the Lord. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:7 gat1 0 “do things that show that he is pleased with me” 77:8 ydt2 0 Because Asaph was not sure of the answer to these questions, they are probably literal questions and should be translated literally. 77:8 d9gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 Asaph speaks of Yahweh no longer acting faithfully to his covenant as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness had gone away. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Has he stopped being faithful to his covenant forever?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 77:9 q3fw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These are two expressions stating similar concept of God not showing compassion. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:9 qup5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Asaph speaks of anger as if it were a person shutting a door to keep another person, compassion, from coming out, Alternate translation: “Had God stopped showing us compassion because he was angry with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 77:10 v28j 0 Possible meanings are (1) the psalmist was speaking to himself or (2) the psalmist was speaking to Yahweh. 77:10 m81u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The “right hand” is a metonym for power, authority or strength. Alternate translation: “the Most High no longer uses his power to help us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 77:11 xb3t 0 The writer begins to speak to Yahweh. 77:11 esp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “remember” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 77:11 ul2k 0 “the wonderful things you did long ago” 77:12 br6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases express the concept of meditating on what Yahweh has done. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:12 vsp7 0 think deeply about 77:12 ju2f 0 “think of what they mean” 77:13 hk88 0 The writer continues to speak to Yahweh. 77:13 tr7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no god compares to our great God.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 77:14 vh9m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “strength” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “shown people from many people groups how strong you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 77:15 nc87 0 “gave us, your people, victory … us who are the descendants” 77:15 cz77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “victory” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “caused your people to be victorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 77:15 ani3 0 This refers to the entire nation of Israel. 77:16 ms5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Asaph speaks of the water as if it were a person who saw something that terrified him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 77:16 a22h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 “water” and “depth” refers to large bodies of water such as the sea or ocean. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:16 yh2l 0 deepest waters 77:17 cbk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Asaph speaks of the clouds as if they were people pouring water out of containers. Alternate translation: “Much rain fell” or “It rained very hard” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 77:17 cil6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is a metaphor that describes lightning as God’s arrows. Alternate translation: “the lightning you made flashed like arrows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 77:17 x29a 0 Use your language’s word for what an arrow does after someone shoots it. 77:18 ks1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 This is personification, referring to the thunder as the voice of God. Alternate translation: “voice, which was as loud as thunder” or “very loud voice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 77:18 nr2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This is an exaggeration to emphasize that the lightning lit up everything the writer could see. Alternate translation: “lightning lit up everything as far as you could see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 77:19 mc1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases have similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 77:19 xj78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Asaph is speaking of Yahweh as if Yahweh was a person with feet. While this is personification, it should be translated literally, if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 77:19 k4y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one saw your footprints” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 77:20 iq66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This simile compares God’s people to a flock of animals. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 77:20 w73a 0 The phrase “by the hand of” here means “by the action of” or “through the action of.” 77:20 m5wn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “hand” is synechdoche for the whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 78:intro grf1 0 # Psalm 078 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 78 is a wisdom psalm using Israel’s history. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel’s complaining\nAlthough God did one miracle after the other, the people of Israel still complained and failed to believe Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])\n\n### Superscription\nThis is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. 78:1 w9rf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 78:1 n8s4 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 78:1 d6i3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The noun “teaching” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “Hear what I teach” or “Hear me as I teach you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 78:1 eqz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The word “mouth” represents the person. Alternate translation: “my words” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 78:2 h2db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The idiom “open my mouth” means to speak. Alternate translation: “speak in parables” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:2 z2j2 0 “tell.” See how “pours out” is translated in [Psalms 19:2](../019/002.md). 78:2 wp1x 0 If your language has a word for sayings that are purposely difficult to understand, you might use it here. 78:3 l6qu 0 Verse 3 continues the sentence begun in verse 2. 78:4 ypn2 0 This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will certainly tell our descendants about them” 78:4 n25r 0 “the things we praise Yahweh for” 78:5 py7k 0 “Yahweh established” 78:5 vj5d 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” 78:7 mlc7 0 The writer speaks of the “children” of [Psalms 78:5-6](./005.md). 78:9 m1ru 0 This is possibly a metaphor for not keeping the covenant (verse 10), but it is best to translate literally. 78:9 xu77 0 “The Ephraimite soldiers” 78:9 v8af rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The soldiers probably also had arrows. Alternate translation: “had bows and arrows for weapons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 78:12 yx1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This refers to the area around the city of Zoan, which was in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 78:15 era1 0 “God split” 78:15 c2kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This is probably hyperbole. Alternate translation: “more water than they could possibly drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 78:16 sa5m 0 small rivers 78:18 tv84 0 They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. 78:18 ms11 0 “with their whole hearts” 78:18 x27j 0 “so they could eat as much as they desired” 78:19 di5n 0 the Israelites spoke 78:19 gpm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not believe that God can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” or “God, prove to us that you can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 78:19 ui27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The idiom “lay out a table” means to prepare a table for a meal. Here the word “table” is a metonym for the food on the table. Alternate translation: “provide us with food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:20 xnn4 0 much water came out quickly 78:20 pe8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The people are laughing at God to insult him with these questions. Alternate translation: “But we will not believe that he can give us bread also or provide meat for his people until we see him do it.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 78:20 crp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 food from plants or food from animals. Though this is a merism for all kinds of food, it is best to translate it literally if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 78:21 fd1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire, and of Yahweh acting in anger against Jacob as if that fire burned Jacob. Alternate translation: “his anger was like a fire that burned Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:21 wp71 0 This refers to the nation of Israel 78:21 k1pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh punishing Israel when he was angry as if his anger were a person who attacked Israel. Alternate translation: “because he was angry, he attacked Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:22 ze3v 0 “did not trust him to save them” 78:23 er7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Asaph speaks of the skies as if they were a person who could hear and obey God’s commands. Alternate translation: “he spoke to the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:23 bs7u 0 Possible meanings are (1) “sky” or (2) “clouds.” 78:23 wx6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of the sky as if it were a storeroom with doors. Alternate translation: “opened the sky as if it were a storeroom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:24 mrr5 0 These two lines speak of the same event. 78:24 u9dw 0 “He caused manna to fall from the sky like rain” 78:25 l158 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This refers to the manna that God provided for the people. The word “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “the same kind of food that angels eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 78:25 a5x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “abundant food” or “a large amount of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 78:26 t8wt 0 “God caused” 78:27 f33h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh causing birds to fall from the sky as if the birds were rain that Yahweh caused to fall. He compares the large amount of birds to dust. Alternate translation: “He caused meat to fall from the sky like rain, and there was so much of it that it covered the ground like dust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:27 x2ac 0 birds 78:27 mw2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 No one can count the grains of sand. There were more birds than anyone could count, but this is an exaggeration: there were probably not literally the same number of birds as grains of sand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 78:29 uu98 0 strongly desired 78:31 sne1 0 while the food was still in their mouths ([Psalms 78:31](../078/031.md)) 78:31 pz58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 “God was angry and attacked them.” See how “his anger attacked Israel” is translated in [Psalms 78:21](../078/021.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:31 qn52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 This is a euphemism that means he caused them to die. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 78:32 lg44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “deeds” is a metonym for God, who did the deeds. What they did not believe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “did not believe that he would take care of them even though he had done such wonderful deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 78:33 wg5l 0 The writer continues telling of what God did to the Israelites. 78:33 k4p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 Here the word “days” refers to a lifetime. The idiom “to cut short … days” means to cause someone to die before they have lived a long life. Alternate translation: “killed them while they were still young” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 78:33 b6nk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of years as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “year after year they were afraid all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:34 njc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 to ask him what they needed to do so he would protect them (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:34 y7s9 0 These are different people from those whose days God “cut short.” When some of them died, others would “start to seek” God. 78:34 kt48 0 “would repent” or “would be truly sorry for their sins” 78:34 ut52 0 “look urgently” or “look as best they could” 78:35 nd5q 0 The tells of what the Israelites did. 78:35 g7l1 0 “remember.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). 78:35 lz71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks about God as if he were a hill or mountain where people could go to be safe from their enemies. Alternate translation: “God was the one who protected them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:35 xc3l 0 “the one who rescued them” 78:36 bh83 0 “tell him he was wonderful when they did not believe it” 78:36 u1ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words they spoke using their mouths. Alternate translation: “by saying what they said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:37 dml1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “hearts” is a metonym for their thoughts. To be loyal to him is spoken of as being solidly attached to him. Alternate translation: “their thoughts were not focused on him” or “they were not loyal to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:38 zr2s 0 “forgave them even though they had done evil deeds” 78:38 x9x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of God’s anger as if it were an angry person whom God held onto to keep him from attacking the one who had made him angry. Alternate translation: “did not punish them even though he was angry with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:38 n79l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a sleeping person whom God allowed to sleep and did not awaken. Alternate translation: “did not allow himself to become fully angry with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:39 uw3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “remembered.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:39 kj81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “flesh,” which is weak and then dies, is a metonym for human weakness and death. Alternate translation: “the Israelites were weak and would someday die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:40 pfz7 0 “places where nothing grows” 78:41 e1t4 0 They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md). 78:42 hig2 0 The writer speaks of how God had rescued the Israelites. 78:43 m414 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 a city in Egypt (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 78:44 f9kn 0 The writer describes what God did. 78:45 k7ba 0 so many flies that it looked like a cloud 78:45 iz2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The flies made the Egyptians almost as unhappy as they would have if they had eaten the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 78:45 bl66 0 “went everywhere in their land” 78:46 ze3g 0 “allowed the grasshoppers to eat all their crops and allowed the locusts to eat everything they had worked hard to produce” 78:46 wy2b 0 a plant-eating insect with long legs used for jumping 78:46 w8fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of the crops as a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. Alternate translation: “He allowed the grasshopper to eat their crops” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:46 n1cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “he gave their labor to the locust.” Asaph speaks of the people’s labor as if it were a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. The word “labor” is a metonym for the crops that their labor had produced. Alternate translation: “he allowed the locusts to eat the crops they had worked so hard to produce” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:47 wa4x 0 The writer continues to describe what God did to the Egyptians. 78:47 kzp7 0 a tree that gives fruit 78:48 m24k 0 lightning that makes loud thunder 78:48 w4nt 0 “He brought hail” or “He caused hail to fall” 78:49 jlg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Asaph speaks of God’s fierceness as if it were a person who could attack another person. Alternate translation: “He was angry with them, so he suddenly and fiercely attacked them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:49 f8zm 0 “His fierce anger” 78:49 qct3 0 “attacked them when they were not expecting anything to happen” 78:49 eh6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Asaph speaks of wrath, fury, and trouble as though they are people God can send to do his work for him. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he wanted to harm the Egyptians, so he made trouble for them and brought them to disaster” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:49 p12j 0 anger that makes someone want to harm others 78:50 wz8d 0 The writer continues to describe what God did to the Egyptians. 78:50 fr3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of anger as if it were a person who could walk Yahweh getting ready to punish the people as if he were making a smooth road for a person to walk on. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he did everything he could to harm them” or “It was as if his anger was an army and he made a smooth road for it to march on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:50 p57t 0 “he did not keep the Egyptians from dying” or “he did not permit the Egyptians to live” 78:50 d3e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of the plague as if it were a person who was going to harm the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “he made them all very ill with the plague” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 78:51 kng7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This phrase refers to the firstborn males of each family. Alternate translation: “the firstborn males” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:51 a3cw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “tents” is a metonym for families. The word “Ham” refers to Egypt by the name of their ancestor. Alternate translation: “among the families of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:52 s28c 0 The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. 78:52 bep8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks about the Israelites as if they were sheep. This means God cared for and protected the people like a shepherd does his sheep. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:53 fxw6 0 completely covered 78:54 w66a 0 The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. 78:54 bzp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “right hand” are a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “he won for himself using his own power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:55 er9f 0 Possible meanings are (1) God assigned the Israelites their inheritance in the land in which the other nations had once lived or (2) God assigned to the nations he had driven out an inheritance somewhere else. “gave them land that would always be theirs” 78:55 ph3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Possible meanings are (1) he settled Israel in their own tents in the land or (2) he settled Israel in the tents from which he had driven the other nations. Most of these “tents” were actually houses, both when the other nations lived in them and when the Israelites lived in them. Alternate translation: “in their homes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:56 ft4l 0 The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. 78:56 be26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not believe that God would either provide for them or punish evil as he had said he would. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 78:56 n34f 0 They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this idea in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md). 78:56 wzz7 0 refused to obey 78:57 dcj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not do for God what they had said they would do. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 78:58 s4jj 0 The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. 78:58 um4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are in parallel and have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 78:60 g4ie 0 The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. 78:61 l5jm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Asaph speaks of God’s strength and glory as if they were physical objects that people could capture and hold. The words “strength” and “glory” are probably mentonyms for the ark of the covenant. The word “hand” is a metonym for the enemy’s power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He allowed his enemies to capture the glorious ark of his covenant; he simply gave it to them so they could do whatever they wanted with it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 78:62 af4s 0 The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. 78:62 j359 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of God’s people as if they were a small object God would give as a gift, and of the sword, a metonym for death in war, as if it were a person who could receive a gift. Alternate translation: “He allowed people to kill all his people in war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:62 tj9q 0 “he was angry with the people he had said would be his forever” 78:63 zrz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) “The enemy used fire to kill all their young men” or (2) “Their young men died quickly in battle like a fire burns dry grass.” Do not communicate that these people used guns. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:63 fil5 0 To “devour” is to eat everything very quickly. 78:63 l8nc 0 the celebration when people marry 78:64 t7aj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “sword” represents soldiers who fought with swords. The phrase “fell by the sword” is an idiom that means to die in battle. Alternate translation: “Their priests died in battle” or “Enemies killed their priests with swords” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 78:64 zgw6 0 Possible meanings are (1) someone forced the widows not to weep or (2) so many priests died that there was no time for proper funerals. 78:64 cve4 0 women whose husbands have died 78:65 p4ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The Lord not acting for a period of time is spoken of as if he were asleep, and his beginning to act is spoken of as if he awakened. Alternate translation: “the Lord began to act as if he had awakened from sleep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:65 ny1d 0 Possible meanings are (1) like a warrior who had drunk too much wine and has become angry because he was awakened and so wants to fight or (2) like a warrior who drank much wine but is now able to think and fight well because he has slept. 78:67 wl1g 0 The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. 78:67 rr45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “tent” is a metonym for a family. In this phrase it refers to the descendants of Joseph. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 78:67 fzh7 0 Ephraim was Joseph’s son. 78:68 as8e 0 Mount Zion was in the land where the tribe of Judah lived. 78:69 dkr9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Possible meanings for this simile are (1) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as high as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary high, like the heavens” or (2) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as permanent as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the heavens last forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:69 bq5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous line. The writer compares the permanence of Yahweh’s sanctuary to the permanence of the earth. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the earth lasts permanently” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 78:70 w3bv 0 The writer continues to describe what God did 78:70 c6qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 “from where he was working in the sheepfolds” [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] 78:70 c6y9 0 spaces with walls around them where sheep are kept safe 78:71 x189 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “shepherd” is a metaphor for one who leads and protects other people. Alternate translation: “to lead and protect the descendants of Jacob, his people, and of Israel, his heritage” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 78:71 f6sh 0 “the ones he had chosen to be his forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:62](../078/062.md). 78:72 q2pe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “shepherded” is a metaphor for leading and protecting. Alternate translation: “David led them and protected them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:intro k1lh 0 # Psalm 079 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 79 is a deliverance psalm and a prayer for revenge against their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Destruction\nJerusalem has been destroyed and its people killed. God should destroy these enemy nations who do not pray to him. 79:1 q2wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 79:1 yd8b 0 “the land that was to be yours forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 68:9](../068/009.md). 79:3 da6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “blood” is a metonym for innocent life. To shed blood is to kill innocent people. Most people saw water every day, so for blood to be as common as water, many innocent people would have to die. Alternate translation: “They have killed so many innocent people that the blood is everywhere, like water after it rains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 79:4 ab9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “reproach,” “mocking,” and “derision” are metonyms for those whom others reproach, mock, and deride. Alternate translation: “We have become people whom our neighbors reproach; those around us mock and deride us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:4 kc2x 0 The pronoun “We” refers to God’s people. 79:4 beg9 0 strong laughter to shame a person 79:5 us3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as though your jealous anger will never stop burning like fire.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 79:5 fx6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “anger” can be stated as “angry.” Alternate translation: “will you be jealous and angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 79:5 g11j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This simile compares the expression of God’s anger to a fire that destroys things. Alternate translation: “destroy us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 79:6 dj2l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two pairs of phrases each share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 79:6 ez9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a liquid. Alternate translation: “Since you are angry, punish the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:6 b6qd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for the person’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “do not belong to you” or “do not ask you to help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:7 wy1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “Jacob” is a mentonym for his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “they have completely destroyed the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:8 l3hg 0 “Do not continue to remember the sins of our forefathers and punish us for them” or “Forgive us for the sins of our forefathers” 79:8 wp6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the people being weak and discouraged as if they were in a low position. Alternate translation: “we are very weak” or “we are very discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:9 el14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “salvation” can be translated with the verb “save”: “God who saves us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 79:9 bk3k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for his reputation, for what people know about him. Alternate translation: “so that people will know about your glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:9 m8z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God’s name here represents his whole being and the honor that he deserves. Alternate translation: “so that people will honor you” or “for your own sake” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 79:10 pgc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 79:10 q444 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This taunt can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Their God cannot do anything!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 79:10 syh5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 To shed blood is a metonym for killing innocent people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Avenge your innocent servants whom the nations killed where we can see you do it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 79:10 b56d 0 “in our sight” or “while we are present” 79:11 ppy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of the sound made by prisoners in pain and sorrow as if it were a person who appears before a king. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully to the groans of the prisoners and help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 79:11 ggp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom that refers to people who are condemned to death. Alternate translation: “those who are condemned to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 79:12 mm85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of the evil deeds that the neighboring countries did against Israel as “insults,” and as if they were physical items. He asks the Lord to count those deeds, and for every one that the neighboring countries committed, he asks the Lord to have someone do seven evil deeds to the neighboring countries. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:12 guy1 0 “Return” or “Give back” 79:12 v85q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 onto their knees and thighs as they are sitting. This is a metaphor for “directly and personally.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:13 uf6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “sheep” is a metaphor for helpless people whom a shepherd protects and leads. Alternate translation: “we who are your people, whom you protect and lead, will thank you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 79:13 qt1i 0 “make sure that all generations to come know all the good things you have done” 79:13 y9ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents the things that people will praise them the Lord for. Alternate translation: “continue to praise you for the things that you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 80:intro lis5 0 # Psalm 080 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 80 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nIsrael’s enemies threaten them. The psalmist asks Yahweh to look down with joy on them, then they will be saved. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThe author uses an extended metaphor of Israel as a vine planted by God which is being uprooted. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:1 ijk8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 80:1 lsl8 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” See how this is translated in [Psalms 4:1](../004/001.md). 80:1 gk4a 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md). 80:1 q2t5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph is referring to God as the one who leads and protects Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:1 aa1a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “Joseph” refers to the nation of Israel. Asaph speaks of the people as if they were a flock of sheep that Yahweh, who is the shepherd, leads. Alternate translation: “you who lead the descendants of Joseph as though they were a flock of sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:1 zxu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here Joseph represents the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 80:1 w585 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 80:1 qzy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph speaks of God as if he were the sun, giving light, a metaphor for moral goodness. Alternate translation: “give us light” or “show us the right way to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:2 k49s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “stir up” means to “put into action.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 80:3 yn32 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:3 h5vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “and please save us” or “so that you can save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 80:4 h8am 0 Israel 80:5 xu1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The words “bread of tears” and “tears to drink” are metaphors for continual sadness. Alternate translation: “You have made sure that they are very sad all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 80:7 p7tt 0 Asaph is speaking on behalf of the people of Israel. He begins in verse 8 to speak of the way God settled Israel in their land as if God were a man who cleared ground and planted a grapevine. The image of the grapevine continues through verse 16. 80:7 m1s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:7 s2tp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 80:8 wf8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph compares the nation of Israel to a vine made ready to transplant. Alternate translation: “You brought us, like a vine, out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 80:8 bze6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of his people as if they were a plant that Yahweh was transplanting. Alternate translation: “you drove out nations from their land and gave it to us, the vine, and planted us there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:9 p51x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asaph continues speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:9 da43 0 “You cleared the land for the vine” 80:9 z9lb 0 “the vine took root” or “the vine began to grow” 80:9 g1jw 0 “its branches covered the land” 80:10 fi6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Its shade covered the mountains, its branches the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 80:10 bmv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 “and the cedars of God were covered by its branches,” which copies the verb from the previous sentence. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and its branches covered the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 80:10 rx8y 0 Possible meanings are (1) “the highest cedar trees,” the cedar trees that grew on the “mountains” in the land of Lebanon north of Israel, or (2) “God’s own cedar trees.” 80:11 x87h 0 the Mediterranean Sea to the west of Israel 80:11 rmb1 0 the parts of new plants that are just starting to grow above the ground 80:12 un6e 0 Asaph continues speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. 80:12 fi84 0 walls of stone, not of wood 80:13 pyu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 wild pigs that ruin gardens and farms and attack people. If your readers do not know what these are, use the word for a wild animal that ruins gardens and farms and attacks people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 80:13 l9qw 0 land where there are many trees 80:13 sl1n 0 wild animals of any kind 80:13 q1bx 0 land where there are many plants but no trees 80:14 fln7 0 Asaph finishes speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. 80:14 ifq4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The writer wants God to turn back in order to help them. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn back to us” or “Come and help us again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 80:14 z9yp 0 “look at” 80:14 n1vp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer continues comparing the nation of Israel to the vine. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:15 am7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The right hand represents the Yahweh’s power and control. Alternate translation: “This is the root that you, Yahweh, planted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 80:15 zd8b 0 the part of a new plant that is just starting to grow above the ground. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:11](../080/011.md). 80:16 k41m 0 Possible meanings are (1) “down; your people perish because of your rebuke.” or (2) “down. May your enemies perish because of your rebuke!” 80:17 rs8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to Yahweh’s power and control. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 80:17 t6vz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 the nation of Israel, which Yahweh has chosen as his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 80:17 pxv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 When a man in Israel wanted to honor another man, he would have that other man stand at his right side, close to his right hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 80:18 hml7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “turn away” is a metaphor for rejecting someone. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will not stop worshiping and obeying you” or “we will always worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:19 sz4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 80:19 q2fl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 81:intro dvt7 0 # Psalm 081 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 81 is a wisdom psalm. It is meant to be sung at “new moon” and “full moon” ceremonies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Obedience\nIf Israel would obey and worship God, he would destroy their enemies. 81:1 m6jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 81:1 v66t 0 A psalm that Asaph wrote. 81:1 f39e 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship;” 81:1 mdg7 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md). 81:1 thx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “God who causes us to be strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 81:1 e6id rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:2 ft8a 0 These are musical instruments. 81:2 cm4s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 81:3 rlg9 0 This is the beginning of the lunar month. 81:3 d9nm 0 This is the middle of the lunar month. 81:3 k5wx 0 “and on the days when our feasts begin” 81:4 aq4w 0 Here “it” refers to the feast day. 81:4 q9gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob decreed it” or “the God of Jacob commanded it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 81:4 pf9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:5 n95q 0 “gave it as a law” 81:5 l2yn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “Joseph” represents all of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:5 qm81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to the historical events in Egypt when the people of Israel were enslaved and God rescued them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 81:5 i688 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 81:6 j91r 0 Here God begins speaking. 81:6 wgu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “the burden from his shoulder” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:6 r64s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “holding the basket” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 81:7 hx7m 0 “In your great suffering” 81:7 wi77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 When God came to the Israelites, he hid the fullness of his presence and glory in a dark and threatening cloud. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 81:7 u6w7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 God tested the children of Israel to see if they would trust him to supply water in the desert of Meribah. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 81:8 d1bd 0 Yahweh reminds the people what he said while they were in the desert. 81:8 nrg3 0 “because I am giving you a warning” 81:8 eir9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israelites” or “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 81:8 p48d 0 “how I wish you would listen to me” or “but you must start listening to me!” 81:10 pl1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God taking care of all the needs of the people is spoken of as if he were a mother bird feeding her baby birds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 81:11 e2fa 0 Now Yahweh tells what actually happened after he warned the people. 81:11 h3st 0 “to what I said” or “to me” 81:12 h3uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God allowing the people to remain stubborn is spoken of as if God were giving them over to an enemy to let the enemy harm them. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I let them be stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 81:13 ttu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God wanting the people to obey him is spoken of as if he wanted the people to walk on his paths or roads. Alternate translation: “I wish that they would obey my laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 81:14 ex41 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “I would destroy” or “I would defeat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 81:15 xkc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “who hate me … before me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 81:15 yp2m 0 “bow down in fear” or “fall down in fear” 81:15 pck7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would humiliate them forever” or “I will punish them forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 81:16 q9k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God causing the best wheat to grow in Israel is spoken of as if he would literally feed the wheat to the people. Alternate translation: “I would allow the Israelites to eat the finest wheat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 81:16 ix1f 0 Both “Israel” and “you” refer to the Israelites. 81:16 vv42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to wild honey. Bees would build hives in the holes in rocks and make the honey there. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 82:intro a4le 0 # Psalm 082 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 82 is a psalm of judgment against the leaders of the other nations. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Favoritism\nThe leaders of the nations need to protect the poor and needy and not to favor the evil rich people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metonymy\n\nThe leaders of the nations are represented by their gods. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) 82:1 why9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 82:1 c9rs 0 “the heavenly council” or “the meeting in heaven” 82:1 xb2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 “he gives judgment.” The abstract noun “judgment” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 82:1 x4p7 0 Possible meanings are (1) these are other spiritual beings who dwell in heaven. Alternate translation: “the divine beings” or “the heavenly judges” or (2) these are human judges that God has appointed. Either way, it does not mean they are gods like Yahweh is god. It means God has given them great power and authority. Alternate translation: “the rulers” 82:2 h4lp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the gods for not judging people fairly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 82:3 k9hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 These words are nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are fatherless … those who are afflicted … those who are destitute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 82:3 a8r9 0 “do what is right for the” 82:4 f1ay rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 These are all nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are needy … those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 82:4 x9up rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “stop the wicked people from harming them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 82:5 c2bz 0 Possible meanings are (1) “they” refers to the gods or (2) “they” refers to the wicked people. 82:5 ar42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Doing what is evil is spoken of as if they were walking in a very dark place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 82:5 r4ui rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The gods corrupting the moral order that Yahweh established is spoken of as if the gods were shaking the earth and making it fall apart. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 82:5 l1x8 0 fall apart 82:6 ie8b 0 Here “gods” refers to the same group as in [Psalms 82:1](../082/001.md). Whether this refers to spiritual beings or human beings, they are not gods like Yahweh is God, and they are not literally his sons. By calling them “gods” and “sons of the Most High,” Yahweh is acknowledging that he has given them great power and authority. 82:6 nch3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 Yahweh is speaking about himself as “the Most High.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 82:7 b7ra 0 “However you” 82:7 h2cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a way of speaking of a person dying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 82:8 rpl1 0 The writer is speaking again. 82:8 acl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “judge the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 82:8 lz8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “for all the nations are your inheritance.” Yahweh taking all the people as his own and ruling over them is spoken of as if the nations were a possession that he inherited. Alternate translation: “for you rule over all the people of every nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 82:8 j3wm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:intro kij7 0 # Psalm 083 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 83 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for deliverance from the many nations allied against Israel. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Destruction\nGod should destroy these enemy nations like he destroyed Israel’s enemies during the time of the Judges. 83:1 iiq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 83:1 c7u9 0 “do nothing to help us” 83:2 rq2g 0 Here “making a commotion” means they are rioting and rebelling. Alternate translation: “Look, your enemies are rebelling against you” 83:2 bzq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “raised their heads” is way of saying they are rebelling against God. Alternate translation: “those who hate you are defying you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 83:3 h1c2 0 “those whom you protect.” This refers to the Israelites. 83:4 fk1e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents a reputation or the memory of someone. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever remember the Israelites existed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 83:5 ygx6 0 “Your enemies have agreed together with one plan” 83:5 nn8v 0 “they have joined together against you” 83:6 gj4d 0 The writer continues to list the people groups who want to destroy Israel. 83:6 nv9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the people of Edom who lived in tents. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:6 mn94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a people group that lived on the east side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:7 sfe5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 These all represent the people of each area or tribe. Alternate translation: “the people of Gebal, the Ammonites, the Amalekites … the Philistines” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:7 t9lx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a region south of the Dead Sea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:8 fx46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:8 h5ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “arm” is a metonym that represents “help.” Alternate translation: “they have become a help for the descendants of Lot” or “they are helping the descendants of Lot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:8 tdc2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to the people of the nations of Moab and Ammon. You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 83:9 urp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The writer is asking God to defeat Israel’s enemies as he has done in the past. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 83:9 htz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “did to the Midianites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 83:9 ic8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 These are names of men. Jabin was king of Hazor. Sisera was the commander of Jabin’s army. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:9 ed1d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a river in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:10 m286 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a town in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:10 brp3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This means the bodies of Sisera and Jabin were not buried but were left to rot. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 83:11 pes3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The writer continues to remind God of other enemies he has defeated for Israel in the past. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 83:11 d9z1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 These are all names of kings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 83:12 iu21 0 Here “They” refers to Oreb, Zeeb, Zebah and Zalmunna. 83:12 umg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks about the land of Israel as if it were land for sheep to graze and God were the shepherd watching over it. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 83:13 uun3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer uses similes to describe God’s total destruction of Israel’s enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 83:13 f5ey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Both statements speak of God destroying his enemies as if he were a strong wind easily blowing them away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 83:14 j9u1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Both statements speak of God’s punishment as if it were a fire, and the enemies of God are things that burn in the fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 83:15 ax1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Both statements ask God to destroy the enemies with storms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 83:16 c54c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “faces” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Make them very ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 83:16 q834 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents God’s power. God’s enemies acknowledging that God is powerful is spoken of as if they are seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they might acknowledge that you are powerful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 83:16 rq63 0 Possible meanings are (1) God’s enemies admit that God is powerful or (2) God’s enemies are asking God for help or (3) God’s enemies start to worship and obey him. 83:17 q6j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Make them ashamed and terrified forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 83:17 l9px 0 “may they die while they are ashamed” 83:18 y45v 0 This can also be stated as the writer making a request to God. Alternate translation: “Cause them to know” 83:18 tw1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God ruling over everything in the earth is spoken of as if he were elevated higher than everything else. Alternate translation: “are supreme, and you rule all things on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:intro mf13 0 # Psalm 084 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 84 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Obedience\nGod blesses all who want to obey him. Praising God in his temple is better than anything else. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n### Similarity to Psalm 42-43\nThere are many similarities between these psalms and some scholars suggest they were written by the same people. 84:1 mkj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 84:1 wu9e 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship” 84:1 yxs9 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md). 84:1 yte3 0 “How beautiful” 84:2 ueb8 0 “I really want to be in the courts of Yahweh” 84:2 fp2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “courts” represent the temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 84:2 dw38 0 “my desire has exhausted me” or “I am tired because I want it so much” 84:2 jf7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I call out with all of my being” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 84:2 ctf7 0 This means God is living and he also has the power to cause other things to live. 84:3 c9d8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 These are types of birds. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 84:3 y2c8 0 “found her a home” or “made her a home” 84:3 pqi7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 Here the words “has found” or “has made” are understood. Alternate translation: “the swallow has found a nest” or “the swallow has made a nest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 84:3 xwe2 0 “where she may lay her eggs and care for her babies” 84:4 c9r1 0 Possible meanings are (1) “they” refers to the priests who permanently serve at the temple or (2) “they” refers to people in general who come and worship at the temple. 84:4 rs8w 0 “keep praising you again and again” 84:5 nkn2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 Here “man” refers to people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 84:5 pd3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as if strength was actually found in him. Alternate translation: “whom you strengthen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:5 kb9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This expression is about heart-felt desire. Alternate translation: “Who love to go up to Zion” or “Who earnestly wish go up to Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:5 lwg6 0 roads built higher than the surrounding ground 84:5 spb2 0 The temple was in Jerusalem on the top of the highest hill, called Mount Zion. 84:6 jep9 0 This refers to a dry, arid place. Some Bible versions have “the Valley of Baca.” The word “Baca” means “weeping.” 84:6 p6ml 0 This means the rain that falls in autumn before the cold season. This is during the months of October and November on Western calendars. 84:6 hln3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “blessings” is a metonym for the pools of water that make people who live in dry lands happy. Alternate translation: “pools of water that make them happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 84:7 w1gb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a way of saying they get stronger. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 84:7 jnf4 0 Here “They” refers to those who strongly desire to go to the temple to worship God. 84:9 jrd6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The king who protects his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. Alternate translation: “God, watch over our king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:10 r2ll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 This can be stated with the understood information. Alternate translation: “I would rather be in your courts for one day than to be somewhere else for a thousand days” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 84:10 k1rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 “1,000” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 84:10 ih7r 0 “be a guard at the door” or “stand at the door” 84:10 rz91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 84:11 d9l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh who guides and protects his people is spoken of as if he were the sun and a shield. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh God guides us like the light from the sun, and he protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 84:11 ge8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “grace” and “glory” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be kind to us and honor us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 84:11 tv3q 0 The way a person conducts their lives or behaves is spoken of as if the person were walking. Alternate translation: “who live honestly” or “who are honest” 84:12 tfi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun 0 Here “man” means people in general. Alternate translation: “blessed are those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 85:intro vtd4 0 # Psalm 085 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 85 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessings\nGod has given so many blessings. If the people stop their sinning, then the land will be filled by the glory of God and his blessings. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])\n\n### Group Prayer\nNote how this psalm uses the plural to show that it is a group praying. 85:1 d8a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 85:1 h493 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 85:1 iym4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “land” represents the nation and people of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 85:1 p2e2 0 This refers to a person being happy, healthy and prosperous. 85:1 hjx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “Jacob” represents Jacob’s descendents, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 85:2 bm36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “you have deliberately forgotten their sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:2 zdx5 0 This writer thought of himself as belonging to God’s people. Alternate translation: “our sin” 85:3 n2va rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God no longer punishing the Israelites is spoken of as if wrath were an object that Yahweh could take away from the Israelites. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:3 eh2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God no longer being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if anger were a fire that God from which God turned away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:4 r347 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “God who saves us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 85:4 u4ty rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asking God to stop being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if displeasure were an object the writer wants God to let go of. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:5 b6ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he is requesting God to stop being angry with them. These rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not stay angry at us forever.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 85:6 fc4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize his request to God to make the people of Israel prosper and happy again. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please make us prosper again.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 85:7 am5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in the abstract noun “covenant faithfulness” can be expressed with the phrase “faithful to your covenant.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 85:7 u94q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This is how the writer wants God to show his faithfulness to his people. If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in the abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “and save us” or “by saving us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 85:8 f1q2 0 “have a peaceful relationship with his people” or “bring peace to his people” 85:8 mt5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A person changing the way he behaves is spoken of as if he were physically turning to a different direction. Alternate translation: “Yet they must not start doing foolish things again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:9 q85w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God being ready to save someone is spoken of as if salvation were an object that God has placed near someone. Alternate translation: “Surely God is ready to save those” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 85:9 w9na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “glory” represents God’s presence. Alternate translation: “then his glorious presence will remain in our land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 85:10 r9mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were persons who meet together. Possible meanings are (1) God has been faithful because of his covenant and has done what he promised to do. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and has proven that he is worthy of people trusting him” or (2) God has been faithful because of his covenant and the people have responded by being faithful to him. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and people have responded by trusting him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 85:10 vxd4 0 Most likely the speaker is describing a time in the future when God causes the people to prosper again. Alternate translation: “will meet together … will kiss each other” 85:10 ilq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 Possible meanings are (1) the people will do what is right and God will cause the people to live in peace or (2) God will do what is right and will cause the people to live in peace. Either way righteousness and peace are abstract nouns and are spoken of as if they were persons who kiss each other. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 85:10 pbn4 0 This was a common way for friends to greet each other. 85:11 y3gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The people on earth being faithful to God is spoken of as if trustworthiness were a plant growing out of the ground. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “loyal.” Alternate translation: “Here on earth, we will be loyal to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 85:11 uw31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun, and it is spoken of as a person looking down as God does. Alternate translation: “God will look on us from heaven and will act justly towards us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 85:13 bxa8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 God doing what is right everywhere he goes is spoken of as if righteousness were a person who goes ahead of God and prepares a path for God to walk. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 85:13 b458 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “footsteps” represents where God walks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:intro yms3 0 # Psalm 086 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 86 is a deliverance psalm. He is praying for deliverance from his many enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nGod has blessed the psalmist and is so loving to him. He has been one of God’s servants. Now he needs God to save him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 86:1 ss24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 86:1 j7gt 0 “weak and needy” 86:2 b1gx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “save me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 86:3 xel4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This is an exaggeration. David cries out continually, but not literally at all times from dawn to dusk. Alternate translation: “continually” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 86:4 fc6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “Make me, your servant” or “Make me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 86:7 mlm4 0 “During my times of difficulty” 86:7 xp82 0 “I pray to you” 86:8 ey46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The writer is not acknowledging these other gods exist. He is referring to false gods that people from other nations worship. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 86:9 nvl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the nations” represent the people. Alternate translation: “The people from all nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:9 hb9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “They will honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:10 ide9 0 “very good things that amaze me” 86:10 qsw4 0 “you are the only God” 86:11 sa8a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A person who obeys what God wants is spoken of as if he were walking on God’s way or road. Alternate translation: “Teach me your truth, Yahweh. Then I will obey what you say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 86:11 up7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Asking God to cause a person to respect him completely is spoken of as if the person’s heart were in many pieces and that God unites them together. Alternate translation: “Cause me to respect you sincerely with all my heart” or “Cause me to respect you sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 86:12 ln3t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Alternate translation: “I will praise you completely and sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:12 r58p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will glorify you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 86:13 pa7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For you are very faithful to me because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 86:13 m9g3 0 This does not mean God brought him back to life after he died. It means God saved him when he was about to die. 86:14 dx52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 86:14 ih3b 0 “are coming together to harm me” 86:14 tb73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a way of saying they want to kill him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 86:15 l91z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God constantly being faithful and trustworthy is spoken of as if faithfulness and trustworthiness were objects of which God has a large quantity. The two abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “always faithful to your covenant and very worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 86:16 rlz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asking God to consider him is spoken of as if he wanted God to turn and look at him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 86:16 ha4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “strengthen your servant” or “make your servant strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 86:16 r4fq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The writer is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 86:17 ja63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 87:intro l8z3 0 # Psalm 087 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 87 is a psalm about Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Pride\nPeople will be proud to have been born in Jerusalem.\n\n### Psalms about Jerusalem\n\nPsalm 46, 48, and 76 are part of a group of psalms that celebrate Jerusalem. 87:1 pr6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 87:2 mz5w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “gates of Zion” represents the entire city of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “city of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 87:2 tah3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The people lived in tents while they wandered in the desert. Here the writer uses “tents of Jacob” to represent where the Israelites live now. Alternate translation: “any of the other dwelling places of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 87:3 hrr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 The writer speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You people in Jerusalem, other people say wonderful things about your city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 87:4 mkk9 0 “I tell about.” Here “I” refers to Yahweh. 87:4 x63j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Rahab” is a poetic way of referring to Egypt. Both “Rahab” and “Babylon” represent the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt and Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 87:4 x7tc 0 “to those who worship me” 87:4 qzf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 87:5 uer3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will say about Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 87:5 bqs5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People from other nations that worship Yahweh are spoken of as if they were born in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “It is as though all of these people were born in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 87:5 qxn4 0 It was common to refer to cities as “her.” Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” or “in Zion” 87:5 zdf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns 0 The writer uses the reflexive pronoun “himself” to emphasize that it is the Most High who is doing this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) 87:5 mx5t 0 “will make Jerusalem strong” 87:6 p3jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh acknowledging that the people from other nations belong to him is spoken of as if he were a king writing down the names of the people who live in his city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 87:6 wgv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. See how you translated this in [Psalms 87:4](../087/004.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 87:7 q7a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Jerusalem being a place where people receive all their blessings is spoken of as if Jerusalem were a spring that provided water to the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:intro w2mk 0 # Psalm 088 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 88 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Abandon\nEver since he was a child, the psalmist has been sick, and now all his friends have abandoned him. If he dies he cannot testify about God’s healing. 88:1 vi6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 88:1 d8eg 0 “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote” 88:1 qm8l 0 “this is for the director of music to use in worship” 88:1 f9te rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate 0 This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) 88:1 i9mw 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 88:1 l37h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 88:1 w1cg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 88:1 hj2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The writer uses these words with opposite meanings to say that he cries out continually. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 88:3 j9c1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he were a container and troubles are the contents that fill the container. Alternate translation: “For I am very troubled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:3 tee7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “life” represents the writer. And “Sheol” represents death. The writer speaks about himself possibly dying soon as if Sheol were a place and he has arrived at that place. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:4 xl1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “pit” means the same as “Sheol.” The phrase “go down into the pit” represents dying. Alternate translation: “people treat me like I have already died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 88:5 yvx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People treating the writer as if he were already dead is spoken of as if he were a corpse that they left unburied. Alternate translation: I am left alone as if I were dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:5 yw6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer feeling like people and God have abandoned him speaks about himself as if he were already a dead person lying in a grave. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 88:5 hf3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The nominal adjective “the dead” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “a dead person who lies” or “dead people who lie” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 88:5 khp3 0 “who no longer receive your care” or “people you have stopped caring about” 88:5 wf13 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God no longer using his power to help dead people is spoken of as if God literally cut him off or removed him from his power. Alternate translation: “you no longer use your power to help them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:6 z7j5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer feeling like God has abandoned him speaks about himself as if God has put the him in the deepest and darkest grave. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:7 b6u3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s wrath were a heavy object lying on top of the writer. Alternate translation: “I feel your great anger” or “I feel how very angry you are with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:7 te8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s anger were large waves rising up from the sea then landing on the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:8 vss9 0 “those who know me” 88:8 vb5j 0 “You have made me a disgusting sight to them” or “Because of you, they are shocked when they see me” 88:8 ezj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer’s physical condition that makes him repulsive to his friends is spoken of as if he were in closed into a confining space. Alternate translation: “It is as though I were in a prison” or “I am trapped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:9 k5hb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “eyes” represents a person’s ability to see. For his eyes to grow weary from trouble is a way of saying that he his troubles cause him to cry so much that it is hard for him to see. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 88:9 af1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 “I lift up my hands to you.” This is an action that shows that he totally depends on God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 88:10 q775 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then God will no longer be able to do wonderful things for him. Alternate translation: “You do not do wonders for dead people.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 88:10 nv8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then he will not be able to praise God any longer. Alternate translation: “You know that those who have died will not stand up and praise you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 88:11 a7rt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that a dead person is not able to praise God’s faithfulness. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “loyalty” can be translated as adjectives. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Nobody will proclaim your covenant faithfulness or loyalty from the grave.” or “Nobody will proclaim from the grave that you are faithful to your covenant and loyal to your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 88:11 pt2z 0 These represent the place where people go after they die. 88:11 vbv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your loyalty be proclaimed in the place of the dead?” or “Those who are dead will not proclaim your loyalty.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 88:12 ec9z 0 These represent the place where people go after they die. 88:12 lf46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that those who are dead are not able to experience or proclaim the great things God does. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will not talk about your wonderful deeds and righteousness in the dark place of the forgotten dead.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 88:12 u1h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your righteousness be known in the place of forgetfulness?” or “Those who are in the place of forgetfulness will not know about the righteous things you do.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 88:13 tle5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer praying to Yahweh is spoken of as if the prayer itself goes to speak with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:14 wg44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks of the writer feeling like God has rejected or abandoned him as if God were hiding his face or physically turning away from the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:16 q3hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks of God punishing the writer as if God’s actions are a large wave rising out of the sea that fall on and crush the writer. Alternate translation: “It is as if your angry actions crush me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:16 e9zd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This exaggeration speaks about God punishing the writer as if God has completely destroyed the writer. Alternate translation: “the terrifying things you do have destroyed me” or “the terrifying things you do have almost destroyed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 88:17 z4t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer compares God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” to a flood of water. Alternate translation: “All day long they threaten to destroy me like a flood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 88:17 e9s9 0 The word “They” refers to God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” from the previous verse. 88:17 qva9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” as if they were enemies who were trying to capture and kill him. Alternate translation: “they have surrounded me like enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 88:18 x6gd 0 “every person I love and know” 88:18 pnc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 This speaks about darkness as if it were a person that could be friends with someone else. The writer is emphasizing that he feels completely alone. Alternate translation: “Everywhere I go it is dark” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 89:intro aw17 0 # Psalm 089 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 89 is a worship and a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s promises\nGod is mighty and has promised David an eternal kingdom. But now that kingdom is being destroyed. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])\n\n### Parallelism\nThis psalm exhibits the kind of parallelism where the second line often emphasizes the first line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 89:1 knd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 89:1 mu2k 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 89:1 dqe7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is the name of the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 89:1 sv5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “faithful acts” or “loving acts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:2 pbm7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will always be faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:2 hn1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:2 l9ik 0 Possible meanings are (1) this refers to God’s dwelling place. This would mean God rules from heaven and he always does what he promises or (2) this refers to the sky. This would mean that God’s promises are as constant and permanent as the sky . 89:3 d13j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 You can make explicit that “chosen one” refers to David. Alternate translation: “I made a promise to David, the one I chose” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:3 y54c 0 Yahweh is speaking in 89:3-4. 89:4 yr1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh always causing one of David’s descendants to be king is spoken of as if David’s descendants are a building that Yahweh will build and make firm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:4 p2z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. The psalmist speaks of God promising that one of David’s descendants will always rule as king as if God will build David’s throne and make it firm. Alternate translation: “I will make sure that one of your descendants will rule as king over every generation of my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:5 m81y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heavens” represents those who are in heaven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:5 e553 0 “praise you, Yahweh, because of the wonderful things you do” 89:5 gs3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 The abstract noun “truthfulness” can be stated as “you always do what you promise to do.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The assembly of the holy ones praises you because you always do what you promise to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:5 g9qz 0 This refers to the angels in heaven. 89:6 c358 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both questions mean the same thing. The writer is using question to emphasize that there in no one in heaven like Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:6 vj1k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “sons of” means having the characteristics of. This is a way of referring to other spiritual beings that live in heaven. Alternate translation: “angels” or “divine beings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 89:7 rgy8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The council of the holy ones greatly honors God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:7 vtz8 0 “the gathering of heavenly beings” or “the gathering of angels” 89:8 cs88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer asks the question to emphasize there is no one as strong as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:8 niz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh always dong what he promises to do is spoken of as if his truthfulness were a cloak or garment that wraps around him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:9 t34l 0 “You control the raging sea” 89:10 q99x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The word “Rahab” here refers to a monster of the sea. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 89:10 uhp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “with your great power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:12 di8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The writer uses the words “north” and “south” together to mean that God created everything everywhere. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 89:12 y2hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Tabor is a mountain southwest of the sea of Galilee and Hermon is a mountain northeast of the sea of Galilee. The writer describes these mountains as if they were persons who could rejoice. Alternate translation: “It is as if Mount Tabor and Mount Hermon were rejoicing in your name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 89:12 b76n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:13 j9ue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “mighty arm,” “strong hand,” and “right hand” all represent God’s power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:13 ldw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 To raise the right hand high into the air is a gesture that indicates power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:14 hyu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God ruling as king and doing what is right and just is spoken of as if God’s throne were a building, and righteousness and justice were its foundation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:14 w4d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The throne represents God’s rule as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:14 x3in rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God always being faithful and doing what he promises to do is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come and meet with God. The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “You are always faithful to your covenant and are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:15 a8ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here the word “worship” implies shouting and blowing horns. These were common acts of worship during Israelite festivals. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:15 p2gi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here people living their lives is spoken of as if they were walking. Alternate translation: “they live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:15 v1rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “knowing that you act favorably towards them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:16 j2hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents the person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:16 uz6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “they exalt you because you always do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:17 f1h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “You make them wonderfully strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:17 w9hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “their” refers to the Israelites. The writer would have included himself as a member of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “You are our” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:17 t45a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 Here “we” refers to the writer and the Israelites but not to Yahweh, to whom he speaks. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 89:18 nu6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The king who protects his people and whom Yahweh chose is spoken of as if he were a shield that belongs to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:19 e2wr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The writer assumes that the reader knows the history of how David became the chosen king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:19 erw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 To place a crown on a person’s head is a sign of making him king. Alternate translation: “I have made a mighty man king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:19 fxq4 0 Some Bible translations have “given strength to a mighty one” or “helped a mighty one.” 89:19 ss27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here “raised up” means appointed. It is implied that God chose this person to be king. Alternate translation: “I have chosen one from among the people to be king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:20 nkd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 Here to pour oil on someone’s head is a sign that God is appointing the person to be king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:21 u6uc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” and “arm” both means the power and control of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will support him and make him strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 89:22 h3tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The writer refers to those who have the nature or character of wickedness as “sons of wickedness.” Alternate translation: “wicked person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:24 x8f4 0 Yahweh continues speaking about David. 89:24 v3cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God always being loyal and doing what he promises for David is spoken of as if truth and faithfulness were objects that would be with David. The abstract nouns “truth” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will always be truthful with him and I will always act faithfully towards him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:24 q652 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents God’ power. Alternate translation: “I, God, will cause him to be victorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:25 k7aa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” and “right hand” represent power and authority. Here “the sea” seems to refer to the Mediterranean Sea west of Israel, and “rivers” refers to the Euphrates river in the east. This means David will have authority over everything from the sea to the river. Alternate translation: “I will give him authority over everything from the Mediterranean sea to the Euphrates river” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 89:26 hc3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes 0 This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He will say that I am his Father, his God, and the rock of his salvation.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) 89:26 ue8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh protecting and saving David is spoken of as if Yahweh were a high rock that David could stand on top of for protection from enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:27 m5u8 0 Yahweh continues speaking about David. 89:27 i4nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh giving David special rank and privileges over all other people is spoken of as if David would be Yahweh’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:28 zs6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh speaks of continuing to act faithfully towards David is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were an object that he extends or makes longer. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “I will continue to act faithfully towards him forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:29 nlx7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Someone from David’s family always ruling as king is spoken of as if his throne would last as long as the sky will last. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 89:29 k6mi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:30 zb7x 0 “David’s descendants” 89:32 s8vu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if he would hit them with a rod. The abstract noun “rebellion” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “punish them for rebelling against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:32 fq8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if God would literally hit them. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “I will punish them because they sinned against me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 89:33 k75f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always love David, and I will do what I promised to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 89:34 m6m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “lips” represent the whole mouth and the person speaking. Alternate translation: “what I said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 89:36 by6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “will continue” are understood. Alternate translation: “his throne will continue as long as the sun before me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 89:36 tm79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. God is promising that one of David’s descendants will always be king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:36 w6yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 God compares David’s rule as king to the sun to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 89:37 mwr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 Here “It” stands for David’s throne or power to rule as king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause it to last forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:37 je44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 God compares David’s rule as king to the moon to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 89:37 gb6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The moon is spoken of as if it were a person who witnesses God making this promise to David. Alternate translation: “the moon, which is like a faithful witness in the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 89:38 exj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “the king” are understood. Alternate translation: “you have refused and rejected the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 89:38 qnj2 0 “with the king you chose” 89:39 c1wc 0 “You have rejected the covenant” 89:39 prp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 To push down into the ground or dust is a sign of great humiliation. Alternate translation: “You have defiled his crown on the ground” or “You have caused his crown to fall into the dirt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:39 tbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents the king’s power as king and his right to rule. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:40 lz6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This implies that God allowed enemies to destroy the defenses at Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You have allowed enemies to break down his walls and ruin his strongholds in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 89:41 ed5r 0 Here “neighbors” means people of nearby nations. 89:42 i7mp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “right hand” represents power. To “raise the right hand” means that Yahweh has made his enemies strong enough to defeat God’s chosen king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 89:43 g8dt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “sword” represents the king’s power in battle. To turn the sword back represents making the king unable to win in battle. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 89:43 c3fd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “edge” represents the whole sword. Alternate translation: “his sword” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 89:43 w77q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “stand” represents being victorious in battle. Alternate translation: “You have not helped him to be victorious in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:44 g7kf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, have ended his reign as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:45 hg97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a way of saying God made the king seem old even while he was still young. Alternate translation: “Even while he is young you have made him weak like an old man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 89:45 b231 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh completely humiliating the king is spoken of as if shame were a garment that God used to cover the king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:46 r3l1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he does not want God to continue to refuse the king. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, do not refuse to help the king forever.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:46 mu5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God not helping the king is spoken of as if God were hiding from him. Alternate translation: “Will you refuse to help the king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:46 q873 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that he does not want God to remain angry. Alternate translation: “Please do not continue being angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:46 y4fv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 God being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a hot fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 89:47 ajl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “uselessness” can be stated as “uselessly.” Alternate translation: “that you have created all people to die uselessly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:47 fe7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations 0 This refers to humans in general. Alternate translation: “humans” or “people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 89:48 er51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses these questions to emphasize that all people will die. Alternate translation: “No one can live forever or bring himself back to life after dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:48 gg9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” refers to power. The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. Possible meanings are (1) a person cannot bring himself back to life after dying or (2) a person cannot keep himself from dying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 89:49 hvz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses a question to request the Lord to be faithful to his covenant with David. Alternate translation: “Lord, be faithful to your covenant with David as you have been in the past” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 89:49 b6dc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “acts” and “faithfulness” can be translated with a verb and an adverb. Alternate translation: “the things that you did before that showed that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 89:50 v1jl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The writer asks Yahweh to bring this up in his memory. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Consider” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 89:50 r6c3 0 Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “how they mock us, your servants” 89:50 iq2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents the person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I endure so many insults from the people of the nations” or “I suffer because the people from the nations insult me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:50 rn7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:51 fjd4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The enemies shouting insults at the king is spoken of as if insults were an object that the enemies throw violently at the king. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 89:51 vq6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “footsteps” represents where the king goes. Alternate translation: “they mock your anointed one wherever he goes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 89:52 hvn5 0 This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 3 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 73 and ends with Psalm 89. 89:52 fig1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 89:52 h8fn 0 The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). 90:intro gmu6 0 # Psalm 090 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm is a wisdom psalm. God is eternal but a human’s life is short. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Life’s shortness\nBecause life is so short, people need to spend it as God wants them to spend it. 90:1 jue7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 90:1 n3vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God protecting his people is spoken of as if God were a refuge or shelter. Alternate translation: “Lord, you have been like a shelter for us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 90:1 ykl6 0 “always” 90:2 i1f4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you formed the mountains” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 90:2 b7ju 0 “were created” or “were shaped” 90:2 mz45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents everything that is in the world. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 90:2 x21e 0 This phrase represents all time past, present, and future. 90:3 spk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This implies that just as God created the first man, Adam, from the soil, God will cause people’s bodies to turn back into soil after they die. Alternate translation: “You return people to dust when they die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 90:3 yjk2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations 0 Here “man” means people in general. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 90:3 j396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “to dust” or “to soil” are understood. Alternate translation: “Return to dust, you descendants” or “Return to soil, you descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 90:3 ijh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a way of referring to humans in general. Alternate translation: “you humans” or “you people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 90:4 zt2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer means that a long period of time seems like a short period of time to God. Alternate translation: “You consider a thousand years the same as one day in the past, or as a few short hours in the night” or “Even a thousand years is not a long time to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 90:4 b3xf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 “1,000 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 90:4 qd6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 90:5 prp6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God causing people to die suddenly is spoken of as if he swept them away with a broom. This sweeping is also spoken of as if it were a flood that carried people away. Alternate translation: “Lord, you destroy the people as with a flood and they die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 90:5 wws1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 This is a polite way of speaking of people dying. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 90:6 k25r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Both of these phrases refer to how the grass grows. Alternate translation: “it begins to grow and develop” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 90:6 udh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Both of these phrases refer to how the grass dies. Alternate translation: “it fades and dries up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 90:7 vhb5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God destroying people in his anger is spoken of as if God’s anger were a fire that completely burns up the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You destroy us in your anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 90:7 qp5h 0 “when you are angry we are greatly afraid” 90:8 fbk1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God considering people’s sins is spoken of as if sins were an objects he could place in front of himself and look at them. Alternate translation: “You see every sinful thing we do, even the sinful things we do in secret” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 90:9 tw9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 The word “because” can be used to make clear that God’s wrath causes human life to end. Alternate translation: “Our lives come to an end because of your wrath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 90:9 z6eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer compares human life to a sigh to emphasize that life is very brief. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 90:10 bb7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 “70” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 90:10 f12z rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 “80” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 90:10 ydb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Even in our best years we experience trouble and sorrow” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 90:10 cun8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 This is a polite way of referring to people dying. Alternate translation: “we die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 90:11 xl7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses a question to emphasize that no one has fully experienced God anger. Therefore no one truly reveres God and fears his anger when people sin. Alternate translation: “No one knows the intensity of your anger. Therefore no one fears your wrath when they sin.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 90:13 lcn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Asking Yahweh to no longer be angry is spoken of as if the writer wants God to turn physically away from his anger. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do not be angry any longer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 90:13 e9p1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses a question to state that he wants God to stop being angry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 90:13 zs74 0 Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Be merciful to us, your servants” 90:14 p6kf 0 “Satisfy us every morning” 90:14 k6eg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “by being faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 90:15 z79l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these phrases mean the same thing. The writer is asking Yahweh to make them happy for the same amount of time he punished them. Alternate translation: “for the same amount of time that you afflicted us and caused us to suffer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 90:16 tb62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “your servants” refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let us, your servants” or “Let us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 90:16 g2qt 0 Here “children” means children and descendants. 90:16 sjz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “majesty” can be stated as “great things.” Alternate translation: “see the great things you do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 90:17 at2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as “be kind.” Alternate translation: “May the Lord our God be kind to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 90:17 ye67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “cause us to be successful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 91:intro ye5h 0 # Psalm 091 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 91 is a wisdom psalm. Those who depend on God are protected by him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fear\nNo matter what dangers befall a person, they do not need to fear. God is protecting them from all harm. 91:1 xv6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 91:1 g3bv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Because “live” and “stay” mean almost the same thing, as do “shelter” and “shadow,” which are both metaphors for protection, you may need to combine the two lines into one. Alternate translation: “The Most High, the Almighty, will care for all those who live where he can protect them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 91:1 lc6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “shelter” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “who lives where the Most High protects him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:1 jl84 0 The words “the Most High” refer to Yahweh. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:13](../018/013.md). 91:1 qi6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “shadow” here is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “will stay where the Almighty can protect him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:1 jmc8 0 the one who has power and control over everything. See how this was translated in [Psalms 68:14](../068/014.md) 91:2 kwv7 0 “I will say about Yahweh” 91:2 d5cu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A “refuge” is any place a person can go and have someone or something protect him. A “fortress” is something that people make so they can protect themselves and their property. Asaph uses them here as metaphors for protection. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I can go and he will protect me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:3 ss8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words that have been left out can be put in. Alternate translation: “For God will rescue you from the snare of the hunter and he will rescue you from the plagues that can kill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 91:3 laj3 0 “from the snare that the hunter has set to catch you” 91:4 k4cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s protection is here referred to as “wings” which a bird uses to cover its’ young from danger. “Cover you with his wings” and “under his wings” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “He will keep you safe and protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 91:4 j3p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s trustworthiness is here referred to as a “shield” which can protect people who rely on him. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “trust.” Alternate translation: “You can trust him to protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 91:4 f8d9 0 No one knows for sure what this word means. Possible meanings are (1) a small shield strapped to the forearm that soldiers used to defend themselves against arrows and swords or (2) a wall of stones set in a circle inside which soldiers could hide and shoot arrows. 91:5 yp8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The psalmist speaks of “terror” as if it were a spirit or fierce animal that could attack at night and so terrify people. Alternate translation: “things attacking you at night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 91:5 g6en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 91:5 b8kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “Arrow” here is a metonym for the people who shoot the arrows. Alternate translation: “people attacking you with arrows during the day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 91:6 c6xg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The psalmist speaks of illness as if it were a person who went about at night killing other people. Alternate translation: “You will not be afraid of dying from illness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 91:6 gba8 0 goes wherever he wants to go at any time 91:6 y6eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 91:6 t9ab 0 an illness that makes many people ill at the same time 91:7 c8n1 0 “Many people may fall all around you.” If translating the exact numbers confuses the readers, you may omit them. 91:7 z1e3 0 “the evil will not harm you” 91:8 ad8c 0 “You yourself will not suffer, but you will watch carefully, and you will see” 91:8 dv9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “punishment” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “how God punishes the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 91:9 yz6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh protecting him as if Yahweh were a safe place for him to find protection from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects me, like a person finds protection in a place of refuge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:9 k71v 0 “You should make the Most High your refuge also.” The psalmist stops speaking to God and speaks to the reader. 91:10 ey4g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of a person experiencing bad or evil things as if evil were a person who overtakes another person. Alternate translation: “Nothing evil will happen to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 91:10 emx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The psalmist speaks of people who afflict others as though they were the harm they cause. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to harm your family” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 91:11 pe5b 0 “Yahweh will command” 91:11 gjx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of the way a person lives his life as if it were a path down which the person walked. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” or “at all times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:12 v8h1 0 “Yahweh’s angels will lift you” 91:12 dkd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 The angels will protect not only the reader’s foot but the rest of his body as well. The words “not … hit your foot on a stone” is an exaggerated metonym to say that not even small bad things will happen. This should probably not be taken as a promise that no bad things will ever happen again. Alternate translation: “you will not even hit your foot on a stone” or “not even the smallest bad thing will happen to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 91:13 bq3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Where “hit your foot on a stone” is a minor problem, lions and snake are examples of great dangers. The psalmist speaks of lions and snakes as if they were small enough to be crushed under a person’s foot. Alternate translation: “You will be able kill lions and adders as if they were small animals you could crush under your feet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 91:13 sw74 0 types of poisonous snake. 91:13 qme2 0 crush by walking heavily on 91:14 hzl3 0 “Because he loves me” 91:15 cwn1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will be with him when he is in trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 91:15 am3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “victory” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to be victorious” or “I will enable him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 91:16 jc9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The idiom “the length of his days” here refers to the duration of his life. It may imply a long life. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy him by giving him a long life” or “I will make him happy by letting him live a very long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 91:16 xnz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “and I will show him my salvation.” The psalmist speaks of the work God does to save people as if it were a physical object. Alternate translation: “I will save him so that he knows I am the one who saved him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:intro cs72 0 # Psalm 092 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 92 is a psalm of praise for God’s kindness and faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Justice\nGod causes evil people to be destroyed and good people to be happy and useful, even after they grow old. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 92:1 bx9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 92:1 fur9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “your name” are a metonym for “you.” Alternate translation: “to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 92:2 b75i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with the adjective “faithful.” Alternate translation: “proclaim in the morning that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:2 s7d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The abstract noun “truthfulness” can be translated with the adjective “true.” Alternate translation: “proclaim every night that everything you say is true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:4 mn13 0 happy 92:4 m1f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with the relative clause “what you have done.” Alternate translation: “by what you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:4 if93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun phrase “the deeds of your hands” can be translated with the relative clause “what your hands have done.” The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “What you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 92:4 ke7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “what you have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:5 j4cz 0 “We cannot understand what you plan to do until you do it” 92:5 syp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun phrase “your thoughts” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “What you think” or “What you plan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 92:6 j8wu 0 animal-like 92:7 a97q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This compares evil people to grass, which grows quickly and in many places. Alternate translation: “When evil people appear quickly and seem to be everywhere, like grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 92:7 w41d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has decided that he will destroy them completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 92:9 cb78 0 Many texts do not have these words. 92:9 u85w 0 “They will die” or “You will kill them” 92:9 dk5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will scatter all those who do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 92:9 l7k2 0 Many texts read, “have been scattered.” 92:9 g3wa 0 “driven away” 92:10 e26g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The psalmist speaks of God as if he had made him as strong as a wild animal. Here his “horn” represents his strength. Alternate translation: “You have made me as strong as a wild ox” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 92:10 gid3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are that the oil that God has put on the psalmist is a metaphor for God (1) making him happy “you have made me very happy” or (2) making him strong, “you have made me strong” or (3) enabling him to defeat his enemies, “you have enabled me to defeat my enemies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:11 kpw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The words “eyes” and “ears” are synecdoches for the person who sees and hears. The lines may be combined. Alternate translation: “I have seen and heard of the defeat of my evil enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 92:12 q7cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy palm tree because they will (1) be strong or (2) live for long time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 92:12 dyq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy cedar tree growing in the land of Lebanon because (1) they will be strong or (2) people will honor them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 92:13 lk33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has planted them” or “Yahweh takes care of them as if they were trees he had planted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:13 sh46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of people who truly worship God as if they were trees growing in Yahweh’s house. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:13 g7gv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were healthy trees. Alternate translation: “they are growing well” or “they are very strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:13 rg5j 0 in the courtyard of the temple in Jerusalem. 92:14 pf43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees that produce food. Alternate translation: “They please God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:14 m2x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees. Alternate translation: “they remain strong and healthy” or “they always do what pleases God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 92:15 sev8 0 These words continue the thought begun by the words “they stay fresh and green” in ([Psalms 92:14](../092/014.md)). Possible meanings are (1) “they stay fresh and green, so that they can proclaim” or (2) “they stay fresh and green. This shows that.” 92:15 fh1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “Yahweh is the one who protects me.” The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that would protect him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 93:intro r2fh 0 # Psalm 093 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 93 is a worship psalm about the power of Yahweh.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\nYahweh is all powerful; He even controls the ocean. 93:1 gs1h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 93:1 cif2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s strength and majesty as if they were things Yahweh wears. Alternate translation: “he shows everyone that he is a powerful king” or “his majesty is there for all to see, like the robe a king wears; everything about Yahweh shows that he is strong and he is ready to do great work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 93:1 g76j 0 the power of a king and the way a king acts 93:1 y5ut 0 put on a belt—a band of leather or another material that a person wears around his waist—to prepare for work or battle 93:1 nv27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have firmly established the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 93:1 m76h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever move it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 93:2 q45b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You established your throne in ancient times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 93:2 vq1t 0 “you have always existed” 93:3 u6dq 0 Some versions read “floods … floods’.” The word often refers to a river (See: “the River” in [Psalms 72:8](../072/008.md)), but “oceans … oceans’” has been chosen here because oceans, not rivers, have “waves” that “crash and roar.” 93:3 qkw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The psalmist speaks of the ocean as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: “have made a mighty noise because their waves crash and roar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 93:3 kli1 0 make a long, loud sound. 93:4 bv4p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The phrase “the mighty breakers of the sea” means basically the same thing as “many waves” and emphasizes how great these waves are. Alternate translation: “Above the crashing of all of the very great waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 93:4 x149 0 large waves coming to land 93:4 z182 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of where God lives as if it were high above the earth. Alternate translation: “in heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 93:5 g6vn 0 very serious 93:5 s6rb 0 “always stay the same” or “never change” 93:5 f31y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s house as if it were a woman wearing beautiful clothing or jewelry and of Yahweh’s holiness as the beautiful clothing or jewelry. Alternate translation: “your house is beautiful because you are holy” or “your holiness makes your house beautiful the way beautiful clothes and jewelry make a woman more beautiful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 93:5 a9yi 0 makes beautiful 93:5 xku4 0 This refers to the temple in Jerusalem. 93:5 lsy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom refers to the duration of God’s life. Since God lives forever, it can also be translated as forever. Alternate translation: “for as long as you live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 94:intro afb5 0 # Psalm 094 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 94 is a prayer requesting that evil people be punished. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Justice\nEvil people expect God to ignore their injustices. But God knows what they are doing and will punish them for their evil deeds. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) 94:1 ns8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 94:1 h3e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “shine” is a metaphor for God revealing himself. Alternate translation: “show yourself” or “reveal your glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:2 i9f5 0 “Come, judge of the earth, and punish the proud” 94:2 sjp9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The psalmist speaks of starting to do something as getting up. If your language has a word for beginning to act, use it here. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 94:3 dx87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The psalmist repeats the question to show that he is unhappy with how long Yahweh has allowed the wicked to rejoice. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have waited too long Yahweh; you have waited too long to stop the wicked from rejoicing.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:3 nve7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Why the wicked rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will the wicked rejoice because you never punish them for the evil deeds they do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 94:4 h71p 0 “All those who do evil pour out” 94:4 ks4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist writes of the wicked speaking as if their words were a liquid being poured out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:4 dri9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The translation can make explicit that these people boast about their evil actions. Alternate translation: “all those who do evil boast about their evil deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 94:5 ifj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the metonym “nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “afflict the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 94:5 l8he rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of powerful people treating powerless people badly as if it were crushing them or breaking them in pieces. See how “break in pieces” is translated in [Psalms 72:4](../072/004.md). Alternate translation: “They completely destroy” or “They greatly harm” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:6 fk7f 0 “women whose husbands have died” 94:6 wei8 0 “children without fathers” 94:7 rs53 0 “the God of Israel does not see what we do” 94:8 iz57 0 The writer now instructs the wicked people. 94:8 ybz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes the anger of the writer with the wicked people he is speaking to. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “stop your foolish ways!” or “learn from your mistakes!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:9 b851 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements or commands. Alternate translation: “God made ears, so he can hear. God made eyes, so he can see.” or “God made ears, so stop acting as if he does not hear. God made eyes, so stop acting as if he does not see.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:10 p12i 0 The writer continues instructing the wicked people. 94:10 ig2v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question can be translated as a statement. It is implied that Yahweh corrects his people. Alternate translation: “You know that Yahweh corrects the nations, so you can be sure that he will correct his people!” or “he will punish his people!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 94:10 ex2w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Possible meanings are (1) God corrects. Alternate translation: “he corrects” or (2) God punishes. “he punishes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 94:11 s3c6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the thoughts of men are compared to vapor or steam that disappears into the air. This metaphor shows how unimportant and useless they are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:11 z81z 0 “mist.” See how this word is translated in [Psalms 39:11](../039/011.md) 94:12 dl5m 0 Now the writer again talks to Yahweh. 94:13 y3g3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s punishing the wicked as if Yahweh were trapping an animal in a pit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until you dig a pit for the wicked” or “until you destroy the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:14 gwf5 0 “those whom he has chosen to be with him forever” 94:15 m8cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The psalmist speaks of those who judge as if they were the decisions they make. The abstract noun “judgment” can be translated with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “judges will again judge righteously” or “judges will again make righteous decisions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 94:15 l96i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The adjective phrase “upright in heart” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those whose hearts are right with God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 94:15 h275 0 “will want the judges to judge righteously” 94:16 h7cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will defend me against the evildoers. No one will help me fight against the wicked.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:16 x3ap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 94:17 pgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo 0 This is a hypothetical situation. Yahweh did help him, so he was not lying in the place of silence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 94:17 ecb1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “help” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “If Yahweh had not helped me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 94:17 zjq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 Here “would be lying down” refers to “death” and “in the place of silence” refers to the grave.” Alternate translation: “in a short time, I would be dead, lying in a silent grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 94:18 gqn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, held me up because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 94:19 f9kp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The psalmist speaks of care as if he could count separate cares. The abstract noun “consolations” can be translated with the verb “console” or “comfort.” Alternate translation: “When I have been worried about many things, you have comforted me and made me happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 94:20 uc2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This rhetorical question is used to make a point. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “A wicked ruler who makes unjust laws is not your friend” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 94:20 w3hm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the metonym “throne” refers to a king or ruler. Alternate translation: “a wicked ruler” or “corrupt judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 94:21 z1ls 0 secretly plan with a person something harmful or illegal 94:21 rnk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom which means to kill someone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 94:22 k9hg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “tower” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has protected me from my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:22 r48i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of having God protect him as if God were a place where the psalmist could go to be safe. See how “rock” and “refuge” are translated in [Psalms 62:7](../062/007.md). Alternate translation: “I have asked God to protect me, and he has kept me safe by his power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 94:23 fx4p 0 Possible meanings are (1) “will do to them the evil things they have done to others” or (2) “will punish them for all the evil things he has done to others.” 94:23 qc5b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom which means “kill them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 94:23 i6z5 0 Possible meanings are (1) “while they are doing wicked things” or (2) “because they have done wicked things.” 95:intro e91f 0 # Psalm 095 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 95 is the first in a series of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s care\nGod made everything and takes good care of people. People should not be stubborn like the Israelites were in the days of Moses. The Israelites with Moses wandered in the desert for forty years. 95:1 qaf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 95:1 gv24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were a mountain the people could climb so they would be safe. See how “rock” and “of my salvation” are translated in [Psalms 18:46](../018/046.md). Alternate translation: “the rock where we can go and God will save us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:2 q5qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:2 g5i4 0 “thanking him as we enter his presence” 95:3 ufc9 0 Possible meanings are that Yahweh is a great king (1) “who rules over all other gods,” or (2) “who is much better than all gods.” 95:4 j19t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom which means “in his control” or “he is responsible for.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 95:4 gf4l 0 deep places 95:4 bx51 0 high places 95:5 xy9q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The word “hands” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “he himself formed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 95:6 ab7h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 put both knees on the ground, often to show submission (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 95:7 cey6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “pasture” is a metonym for the food that animals eat in the pasture, which in turn is a synecdoche for everything that Yahweh provides for his people. Alternate translation: “we are the people whose needs he meets” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 95:7 kr47 0 an area where animals find grass to eat 95:7 f66d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “hand” here refers to how Yahweh protects his people the way a shepherd protects his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people whom he protects like a shepherd protects his sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:7 l8vp 0 “Oh, that you would hear his voice today!” The psalmist purposely interrupts what he is saying. 95:7 qm6r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “his voice” represents God speaking or what he says. Alternate translation: “listen to God speak” or “hear what God says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 95:8 jf37 0 Now the writer writes the words that Yahweh spoke. 95:8 g9zt 0 “become stubborn” 95:8 a62x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 These are places in the desert that Moses named because the Israelites rebelled against God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 95:9 z4ax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 These two phrases are both metaphors for the people seeing how much evil they could do before Yahweh would punish them. The phrases say basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “tested me” or “wanted to see if they could do evil things without my punishing them … tested whether I would continue to be patient with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 95:9 tdc4 0 “the amazing things I had done” 95:10 n2cd 0 Yahweh continues speaking directly to his people. 95:10 ms7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 “40 years” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 95:10 mu82 0 “all of those people” or “that entire generation of people” 95:10 ejg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of the people as if they were sheep, which will go wherever they want to and not stay near their shepherd. Alternate translation: “move away from me” or “go their own way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:10 b41a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s commands are spoken of as if they were paths on which the people should walk. The people not obeying Yahweh’s commands is spoken of as if they did not know these paths. Alternate translation: “they have not obeyed my commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 95:11 l98t 0 “the place where I would have allowed them to rest” 96:intro hdp3 0 # Psalm 096 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 96 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh, the king\nYahweh is king over all the earth and is worthy of all praise. 96:1 i5dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 96:1 sm6u 0 a song no one has ever sung before 96:1 mlu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all you people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:2 e8ws rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:2 m2w2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated using the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “announce that he has saved us” or “tell people that he is the one who saves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 96:3 w4ht 0 “Tell all the people in every nation about his great glory” 96:4 t9di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is great. Praise him greatly” or “Yahweh is great, and people should praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 96:4 lx5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fear him above all other gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 96:6 x8v4 0 “where he is” 96:6 c8fx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The psalmist speaks as if splendor and majesty are people who can stand before a king. Alternate translation: “Everyone knows of his splendor and majesty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 96:6 geu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “strength” and “beauty” are metonyms for the ark of the covenant decrees, which is found in the sanctuary. Alternate translation: “It is his sanctuary that contains the ark of the covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:7 pq3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This can be restated to removed the abstract nouns “praise,” “glory,” and “strength.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:1](../029/001.md). Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh … praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 96:8 y25v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “glory” can be stated as a verb or adjective. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:2](../029/002.md). Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 96:8 mvb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” refers to the person of God. Alternate translation: “he deserves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:8 pw15 0 the temple courtyard where the priests sacrificed animals to Yahweh 96:9 z4rm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 96:9 hjw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 96:9 pb7y 0 to shake because of fear 96:9 ud6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:10 hsr2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “He also established the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 96:10 yhs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can shake it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 96:11 p26n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Possible meanings are (1) the heavens and the earth are spoken of as if they have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the heavens are glad and the earth rejoices” or (2) “the heavens” and “the earth” are metonyms for those who dwell in those places. Alternate translation: “Let those who live in the heavens be glad and let those who live on the earth rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:11 v2y3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The implied information is that this refers to all the creatures living in the sea. They are spoken of as if they should shout with joy like people might do. Alternate translation: “the sea creatures shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 96:12 ms99 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 “Let the fields and all that is in them rejoice.” The psalmist speaks as if “the fields” and the animals that live in them have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the fields themselves and all the animals that live in them are rejoicing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 96:12 j65h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 This speaks about the trees as if they were people who could shout for joy. Alternate translation: “let it be as if all the trees in the forest shout for joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 96:13 gp2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 The three phrase have similar meanings; the last two phases are used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 96:13 jp59 0 Another possible meaning is “to rule … will rule.” 96:13 yk8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the world” is a metonym for all the people in the world. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 9:8](../009/008.md). Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 96:13 yn8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “he will judge” are understood. Alternate translation: “he will judge the peoples with his faithfulness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 96:13 z7r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The can be restated to remove the abstract noun “faithfulness.” Possible meanings are (1) Alternate translation: “fairly, according to what he knows is true” or (2) Alternate translation: “using the same standard for all people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 97:intro ydx4 0 # Psalm 097 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 97 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s authority\nAll people who worship idols are disgraced because Yahweh rules over all the world. 97:1 myd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 97:1 aa9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The earth and the coastlands are said to have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Rejoice and be glad every person on the earth and near the seas” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 97:1 n5lw 0 Possible meanings are (1) “lands near the seas” or (2) “islands.” 97:2 rl3n 0 “We cannot see him; it is as if he were sitting in the dark with clouds all around him” 97:2 h2md rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “throne” is a metonym for the deeds and words of the one who sits on it. The psalmist speaks as if righteousness and justice were physical objects that made the throne secure. Alternate translation: “He is righteous and just in everything he does” or “He is able to rule because he rules righteously and justly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 97:2 tat1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “the foundation of his throne” refers to how Yahweh rules his kingdom. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 97:3 e96v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The psalmist speaks as if fire were a person walking before King Yahweh and telling people that the king was coming. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 97:3 nz83 0 “burns up his enemies” 97:4 th94 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of the earth as if it were a person who sees what Yahweh does and trembles in fear. Alternate translation: “like a person, the earth sees and trembles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 97:4 c2ef 0 shakes with fear 97:5 r8fc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer speaks of the mountains crumbling before Yahweh as if they were wax that was exposed to a fire. Alternate translation: “The mountains are unable to stand as Yahweh comes near” or “The mountains crumble in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 97:6 t73s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Possible meanings are (1) the psalmist speaks as if the skies are Yahweh’s messengers who declare that Yahweh is just. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that God is just, the same way that everyone can see the skies” or (2) the skies refer to the beings that live in the heavens. Alternate translation: “All those who live in heaven declare that Yahweh is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 97:8 t6tg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the people who live in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion heard … the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 97:9 fh9w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “rule over all the people who live on” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 97:9 etq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “You are high, far” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 97:10 v6ge rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh rescuing people from the power of wicked people is spoken of as if he took them out of their hands. Alternate translation: “he rescues them from the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 97:11 zi9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sows light for those who do right, and he sows gladness for those with honest hearts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 97:11 c84h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. “Light” is a metaphor for good things. Alternate translation: “Yahweh plans for good things to happen to the righteous in the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 97:11 s7rl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 97:11 a81f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “is sown” are understood. The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. The abstract noun “gladness” can be stated as “happy.” Alternate translation: “gladness is sown for those with honest hearts” or “Yahweh plans for people with honest hearts to be happy in the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 97:11 tqu7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “honest people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 97:12 bkn2 0 This verse has a command followed by the reason for the command. If your language requires the reason to precede the command: “Because of what Yahweh has done for you, you righteous people, be glad and give thanks when you remember his holiness.” 97:12 h6wc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means to be glad because of what Yahweh has done. Alternate translation: “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 97:12 df6i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) “when you remember how holy he is” or (2) “to his holy name,” a metonym for “to him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:intro rt9w 0 # Psalm 098 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 98 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\nEveryone and every thing should sing praises to Yahweh because he is worthy of all praise. 98:1 p45q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 98:1 p2zl 0 a song no one has ever sung before. See how this is translated in [Psalms 96:1](../096/001.md). 98:1 diq2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “right hand” and “holy arm” refer to Yahweh’s strength. Together they emphasize how great his strength is. Alternate translation: “his very great power has” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 98:1 wsb2 0 the more powerful and skilled hand 98:1 q78c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “arm” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “the power that is his alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:1 q2q6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “victory.” Alternate translation: “have enabled him to be victorious over his enemies” or “has enabled him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 98:2 e23q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated using the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “showed people that he saves his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 98:2 r9rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “justice” can be translated using the adjective “just.” The word “nations” is a metonym for “the people who live in all the nations.” Alternate translation: “showed the people who live in all the nations that he is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 98:3 p5wz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “remembers.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 98:3 k1dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “people from all over the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:3 g1bq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “victory” can be translated using the verb “defeat.” Alternate translation: “will see our God defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 98:4 qdk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:4 l8fc 0 “suddenly begin singing happily” 98:4 p9j9 0 “sing because you are happy” 98:4 si76 0 “sing praises to God” 98:5 mn38 0 delightful or pleasing musical sound 98:6 q5hb 0 an animal horn used as a musical instrument 98:6 ulk2 0 “raise a shout.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md). 98:7 cyl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The psalmist speaks as if the sea were a person who could shout to God. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the sea and everything in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 98:7 gsp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The psalmist speaks as if the world were a person. Alternate translation: “and let it be as if the world and those who live in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 98:7 wcf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “the people in the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:8 t1an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The psalmist speaks as if the rivers and mountains were people who could clap and shout. Alternate translation: “Let it be as though the rivers are clapping their hands and mountains were shouting for joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 98:9 r45f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he will judge the nations with fairness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 98:9 qd66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This is a metonym for “the people who live in the nations.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 98:9 lp38 0 “honestly” or “using the same standard for everyone” 99:intro wma5 0 # Psalm 099 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 99 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s justice\nGod is just and fair. Moses, Aaron and Samuel each prayed to him and obeyed him and he answered their prayers. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) 99:1 k3aw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 99:1 gp6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the people of all nations. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 99:1 mf5d 0 shake with fear 99:1 rm8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “He sits on his throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 99:1 i5p3 0 shakes 99:2 w3l7 0 “Not only is Yahweh great in Zion, he is exalted above all the nations” or “Not only does Yahweh rule in Zion, he rules over all the nations” 99:2 e9l4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people in all the nations exalt him” or “people in all nations praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 99:3 r44j 0 Here the author shifts from speaking about God, to speaking to God. After this phrase though, he shifts back to speaking about God. 99:4 c51t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “justice” can be translated using the phrase “what is just.” Alternate translation: “he loves doing what is just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 99:4 f41e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “fairness” is a metonym for the laws that are fair. Alternate translation: “The laws you have established are fair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 99:5 j6yj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here the word “footstool” likely refers to the ark of the covenant, which the biblical writers often spoke of as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. The translation can make explicit that the people are to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship Yahweh at his footstool” or “worship Yahweh before his throne in the temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 99:7 cv85 0 important, given seriously 99:8 v1qa 0 “You answered your people” 99:9 lw8c 0 “Mount Zion” 100:intro n9yp 0 # Psalm 100 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 100 is the last of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s care for his creation\nGod made mankind and takes good care of people. 100:1 m9ga rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 100:1 xue7 0 “Raise a shout to Yahweh.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md). 100:1 szl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to all the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 100:2 kub7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is with joyful singing” or “he can hear you, so sing joyfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 100:3 uxa7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s people are like his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people God provides for and protects” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 100:3 z4at 0 a grassy area for feeding animals 100:4 tb64 0 “while thanking him” or “while giving thanks to him” 100:4 zt85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 100:5 qn11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he is faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 100:5 e52y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The abstract noun “truthfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “his truthfulness endures through all generations” or “he is truthful through all generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 100:5 nly8 0 “generation after generation.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 89:4](../089/004.md). 101:intro vhm3 0 # Psalm 101 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 101 is a psalm asking God’s help in living as a person should.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Encouragement\nThe psalmist wanted to encourage all the good people in the land restrain all the evil people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 101:1 icq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 101:1 lx29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “justice” can be translated with adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will sing that you are faithful to your covenant and that you are just” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 101:2 v15m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “I will live in a way that is honest and right” or “I will live a life full of integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 101:2 x9km rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks about “living” as if it were walking.” Also, David speaks of overseeing his house with integrity, as if integrity were a physical object residing in his house. Alternate translation: “I will oversee my house with integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 101:3 ebd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “wrongdoing.” The idiom, “put evil before my eyes,” means to approve of it. Alternate translation: “I will not approve of anyone doing anything that is wrong in my presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 101:3 l5pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 David describes “evil” as if it were something unable to cling to him. This means that he would avoid evil things and people doing evil things. Alternate translation: “I will completely avoid evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 101:3 cx52 0 hold on to something or someone very tightly 101:4 v5jw 0 “to anything that is evil” 101:5 f3b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful such people are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 101:5 nsy2 0 “a proud outward appearance.”” This refers to a person being so proud that anyone who looks at him can see how proud he is. 101:6 p6qp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means that David would allow those people to be around him and live with him. Alternate translation: “I will allow the faithful of the land to live with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 101:6 ph2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the people who are faithful to God. Alternate translation: “the faithful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 101:6 qs64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “live in a way that is honest and right” or “live lives full of integrity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 101:7 n792 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have the same idea and are used together to emphasize how David will not tolerate deceitful people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 101:7 pag2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not welcome liars” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 101:7 hk5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “my eyes” refers to David himself. Alternate translation: “before me” or “in my presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 101:8 xql1 0 “Every day” 101:8 e3n4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 101:8 nwb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 David is referring to the city that he is in as “the city of Yahweh.” This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from this city, which is Yahweh’s city” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 102:intro ew2b 0 # Psalm 102 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 102 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Salvation\nThe author does not want to die young. He also wants to see Jerusalem saved. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 102:1 p5kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 102:1 g5ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to a man who is afflicted. Alternate translation: “the afflicted man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 102:3 z22d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Here “my days” refers to the author’s life and the idea of “smoke” is something that quickly disappears. Alternate translation: “my life passes away quickly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:3 uzi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the author refers to his “body” as his “bones.” Alternate translation: “my body feels like it is burning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:4 c6kx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the author refers to himself as his “heart.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am in despair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 102:4 g6gz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 This is another way to describe his despair. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am drying up like withered grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:6 lb9r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 He compares his loneliness to that of a pelican, which is often seem alone instead of with other birds. Alternate translation: “I am lonely and despised like a pelican in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:6 e6su 0 a large fish-eating bird 102:6 mja3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The author continues to describe loneliness by comparing himself to an owl in abandoned ruins. Alternate translation: “I have become alone like an owl in abandoned ruins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:6 z5z7 0 This is a bird that is awake at night. Alternate translation: “a night bird” 102:7 g7mv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer compares himself to a bird to emphasize his feeling of loneliness. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:9 w9f3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 David would have sat in ashes as an act of mourning, therefore ashes would have fallen on his food. Alternate translation: “I eat ashes like I eat bread” or “As I mourn, ashes fall on the bread that I eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:9 x9c8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 David did not purposefully mix his drink with tears; rather his tear would have fallen into his cup while he mourned and wept. Alternate translation: “my tears fall into the cup that I drink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 102:10 n1sq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God has not literally lifted and thrown David’s body to the ground; rather David says this to describe what he is feeling and experiencing. Alternate translation: “it is like you have lifted me up to throw me down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 102:11 p3fu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 David compares his time left to live on earth to a fading shadow. Alternate translation: “My time to remain alive is short like an evening shadow that will soon be gone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:11 i6b5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 As David’s body becomes weak and he is nearing the end of his life, he compares himself to withering grass. Alternate translation: “my body has become weak like withered grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 102:11 zgl8 0 dry and wrinkled 102:12 u198 0 “you will be recognized for all generations to come” 102:12 ge7b 0 being known by many people 102:13 xp79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Zion” refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “have mercy on the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 102:13 rn9d 0 The word “her” refers to Zion. 102:14 ew61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The “stones” refer to the stones that were part of the city walls before they were destroyed. Alternate translation: “still love the stones that were formerly in the city walls” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 102:15 h2k3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “your name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 102:15 n7ut rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The people will honor Yahweh because of his glory. Here Yahweh is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “will honor you because you are glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 102:16 p45x 0 “will be seen as glorious” or “people will see his glory” 102:17 c68k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to destitute people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 102:17 l5ly rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will accept their prayers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 102:18 ex9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will write this for future generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 102:19 p7h3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have similar meaning and are used together for emphasize how God looks down from heaven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 102:19 f2bl 0 “his holy place high above the earth” 102:20 zeq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the authorities had sentenced to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 102:21 jgk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have the same meaning and emphasize the idea of praising the name of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 102:23 vj74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David describes God causing him to become weak as if his strength were a physical item that could be taken away from him. Alternate translation: “has caused me to become weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 102:23 bbe3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “days” here refers to his life. Alternate translation: “my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 102:24 zb7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David is asking God to not let him die. Alternate translation: “do not take me away from the earth” or “do not let me die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 102:24 tyv4 0 “you are present throughout all generations” 102:26 r72f 0 The word “they” refers to “the earth” and “the heavens.” 102:27 fd7u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David describes the length of time that God is alive as his “years.” This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “you will live forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 102:28 va7h 0 “will continue to live” 102:28 nf8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David describes the descendants being protected by Yahweh as being in his presence. Alternate translation: “be protected as they live in your presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 103:intro b1ht 0 # Psalm 103 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 103 is the first in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s grace\nGod is good to us by forgiving our sins and not punishing us as much as we deserve. His loving-kindness goes on from generation to generation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) 103:1 j269 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:1 dn28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much he will praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all that I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:1 tv2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to praising Yahweh’s name as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:1 qlm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 “all of me” or “all that I am.” David uses this phrase to refer to himself and to emphasize his devotion to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 103:3 ts4f 0 David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. 103:4 d9r5 0 David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. 103:4 ktm1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This means that Yahweh keeps him alive. Alternate translation: “He saves me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 103:4 n5d6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here blessing someone and treating them with great honor is described as if it were placing a crown on that person’s head. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “mercy” can be translated with adverbs. Alternate translation: “he blesses you by acting faithfully and mercifully towards you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 103:5 u7y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “your life” refers to “you,” but it emphasizes that Yahweh gives blessings throughout life. Alternate translation: “He satisfies you with good things through your life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:5 ga8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Having your “youth renewed” means to feel young again. Here David compares this feeling of youth to the swiftness and strength of an eagle. Alternate translation: “you feel young and are strong like an eagle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:5 c2mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “youth” refers to the strength one had as a young adult. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:6 g16e 0 “causes justice to happen to” 103:6 d2hy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Who is doing the oppressing can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “all who are oppressed by men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 103:7 b1ww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “he made known” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “he made known his deeds to the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 103:8 s8zz 0 “is full of mercy and love” 103:9 whp1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:10 ma6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are parallel and emphasize that God does not punish us as we deserve. Alternate translation: “He does not repay us with the punishment we deserve for our sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:10 e5pc 0 “punish us” 103:11 me8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The simile compares the great distance between heaven and earth to the greatness of God’s love for his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:11 e326 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “so he is very faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 103:12 tv54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The distance between east and west is so far that it cannot be measured. In this simile, that distance is being compared to how far God moves our guilt away from us. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:13 yv8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Here the author compares a father’s compassion for his children to Yahweh’s compassion for those who honor him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:14 l1y7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what our bodies are like” or “how he formed our bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 103:14 pmk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 When Yahweh created Adam the first man he created him from dust. Alternate translation: “he remembers that he created us from dust” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 103:15 dwr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 In this simile, the length of man’s life is being compared to the short length of time that grass grows before it dies. Alternate translation: “The length of man’s life is short like that of grass” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:15 zx2q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 In this simile, how man grows over time is compared to how a flower grows. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:15 p86d 0 To “flourish” is to grow well or be healthy. 103:16 pk91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 These phrases continue to talk about flowers and grass. They compare how flowers and grass die to how man dies. Alternate translation: “The wind blows over the flowers and grass and they disappear, and no one can tell where they once grew—it is the same way with man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 103:17 x8ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 103:17 c87z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 This means that Yahweh’s love continues forever. Alternate translation: “will continue forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 103:17 h9c9 0 “the descendants of those who honor him” 103:18 qg3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 103:19 zz3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here Yahweh’s reign as king is referred to as his “throne.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken his seat in the heavens where he rules as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:19 wr38 0 “has made” 103:19 q47p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here Yahweh is referred to by “his kingdom” to emphasize his authority as king. Alternate translation: “he rules” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 103:21 hie6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom meaning to “do his will.” Alternate translation: “do his will” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 103:22 kgz3 0 “praise him in all the places where he reigns” 103:22 te1g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 104:intro zu6w 0 # Psalm 104 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 104 is the second in the series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Yahweh’s creation\nGod has created everything good on earth, in the sky and in the sea. 104:1 n2h6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. This psalm is a song of praise. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 104:1 h3du rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 104:1 pn87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “splendor” and “majesty” have similar meanings and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh’s glory. They are described as clothing Yahweh like a garment. Alternate translation: “you have splendor and majesty all around you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:2 a2ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Yahweh is described as being covered with light as if the light were a garment around him. Alternate translation: “You are covered in light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 104:2 dy5x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Here God is described as spreading out the heavens like someone spreads out a tent when setting it up. Alternate translation: “you spread out the heavens like someone sets up a tent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 104:3 mw5b 0 “You build your upper rooms in the heavens.” This is referring to his house is so tall that the upper floor extends into the clouds. 104:3 wvf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the clouds are described as carrying Yahweh as if they were a chariot. Alternate translation: “you make the clouds carry you like a chariot” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:3 cb6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the blowing of the wind is described as wings on which Yahweh walks. Alternate translation: “you walk upon the wind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:4 h3wj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Possible meanings are (1) he causes the wind to be able to carry a message like a messenger, “He makes the winds to be like his messengers” or (2) “He makes his messengers swift like the wind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:4 hx2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Possible meanings are (1) “he causes flames of fire to be like his servants.” He causes fire to serve him like a servant would or (2) “he makes his servants to be like flames of fire”and (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:4 m17r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 This can be stated with the implied information from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He makes the flames of fire his servants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 104:5 slc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here the phrase “laid the foundations” means “created.” Alternate translation: “He created the whole earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 104:6 uvx2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Here the water that covered the earth is being compared to how a large garment is able to completely cover something. Alternate translation: “You completely covered the earth with water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 104:7 cyi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how God spoke and the waters went away. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 104:7 xcn5 0 move back, go down 104:7 e57p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the psalmist speaks about the waters receding as if they fled like an animal after hearing Yahweh’s voice. The word “fled” means to run away quickly. Alternate translation: “rushed away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 104:8 scr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the mountains and valleys to move and change as if they chose to move themselves. They are described this way to emphasize God’s power. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 104:8 l42f 0 The word “them” refers to the waters. 104:9 n9ik rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the waters not to cross the boundary that he created for them as if the waters themselves chose not to cross it. They are described this way to emphasize God’s authority over them. Alternate translation: “a boundary for them that they cannot cross” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 104:9 dvf6 0 border 104:10 iif6 0 small rivers 104:11 lyg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It can be stated clearly that they quench their thirst by drinking the water. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys drink the water to quench their thirst” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:12 agc8 0 the ground at the edges of a river 104:12 f9hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David describes birds chirping as if they were singing. Alternate translation: “they chirp among the tree branches” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:13 t46e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This means that God causes it to rain. The waters are described as residing in chambers in the sky. Alternate translation: “He waters the mountains by causing the rains to fall from the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:13 umz5 0 “the many good things that you create” 104:14 e34g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “he makes” and “grow” are understood from the previous phrase, and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and he makes the plants grow for man to cultivate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 104:16 wk1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh provides plenty of rain for his trees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 104:17 hms7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 They makes their nests in the cedars. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The birds make their nests in the cedars” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:17 hw3v 0 This is a type of bird. Alternate translation: “bird” 104:18 k4ms 0 I hyrax is a small animal that looks like a large rodent. Alternate translation: “rock badger” 104:19 ph3b 0 This word refers to different weather changes through the year. Some places have rainy season and dry season, while others have spring, summer, fall, and winter. 104:19 e39s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here David describes the sun as if it knows what time of day it is. Alternate translation: “he made the sun to set when it is time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 104:20 qx53 0 “Yahweh, you make.” Here the authors switches from speaking about Yahweh to speaking to him. 104:21 lyz7 0 an animal that is food for another animal 104:21 jb9f 0 “but they rely on God to provide their food” 104:22 gx5s 0 go back to their dens 104:22 y9tf 0 the homes of some mammals and small animals 104:24 z55t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David describes the amount of things that Yahweh had created as if they were a liquid overflowing out of a container. Alternate translation: “is filled with your work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:25 ci1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 “it is very deep and very wide.” The depth and width of the sea emphasizes how large it is. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 104:25 px6m 0 “having in them more creatures than anyone could count” 104:25 ury2 0 more than anyone can count 104:25 qyy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 This means creatures of all sizes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 104:26 hy31 0 “The ships travel on the sea” 104:27 f1i2 0 “All these creatures” 104:27 ty2m 0 “give them their food when they need it” 104:28 zi19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It may be helpful to state that it is food that is given. Alternate translation: “When you give food to them, they gather it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:28 lri9 0 collect 104:28 rs7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This describes Yahweh as opening his hand to give food to the creatures. Alternate translation: “when you open your hand to feed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:29 mel5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means that Yahweh does not look at them or pay attention to them. Alternate translation: “when you do not look upon them” or “when you ignore them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:29 w8jz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means that their bodies decay and are and become soil again. Alternate translation: “their bodies decay and return to the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 104:30 nc9i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This refers to his Spirit being sent to give life to creatures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 104:30 ufs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 It is Yahweh’s spirit that created them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 104:30 bvs4 0 “you cause the land to be full of new life” 104:34 wqg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 He is comparing his thoughts to something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “my thoughts be pleasing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 104:35 j2if 0 disappear 104:35 d8e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The phrase “the wicked” refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “may wicked people disappear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 105:intro lfu2 0 # Psalm 105 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 105 is the third in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nGod protected Abraham and Jacob. He worked throughout Israel’s history to bring Israel into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) 105:1 zzf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:1 vd4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “call on him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:1 x3bs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the people in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:3 te1c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Boast in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:3 a47m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “the heart” represents the person who seeks Yahweh. Alternate translation: “let the people who seek Yahweh rejoice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 105:4 hn4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 To “seek Yahweh’s strength” means to ask him to strengthen you. Alternate translation: “Seek Yahweh and ask him to give you his strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:5 bp9g 0 remember and think about 105:5 d8xx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The word “recall” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “recall his miracles and” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 105:5 mlf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “mouth” refers to the things that he spoke. Alternate translation: “the decrees that he has spoken” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:6 h2s3 0 The author is speaking to the Israelites, calling them these names. 105:6 qt6k 0 “Abraham, Yahweh’s servant” 105:8 dsi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases share similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. The word “word” refers to the covenant. Alternate translation: “He keeps in mind his covenant forever, the promise he made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:8 jiu4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means to remember and think about something. Alternate translation: “remembers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:8 myq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 “1,000 generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 105:9 f63m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “he remembers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:9 q6jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these phrases “the covenant” and “the oath” refer to the same promise that Yahweh made to his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:9 xgp2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “that he made” are undestood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “his oath that he made to Isaac” or “his oath that he gave to Isaac” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 105:12 mm4y 0 The psalmist is writing about Israel. 105:12 y52u 0 The word “they” refers to the Israelites. 105:12 xll7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that “the land” refers to Canaan. Alternate translation: “were foreigners in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:13 m9g6 0 “They continued to wander” 105:13 zb22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:14 y2y2 0 The psalmist is writing about Israel. 105:14 zit6 0 “for their own well-being.” This is referring to Israel. 105:15 ex2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 Here “touch” means to harm, it’s an exaggeration Yahweh used to strengthen his warning to not harm his people. Alternate translation: “Do not harm the people I have anointed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 105:16 yy95 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “He sent.” This means that caused a famine to happen in the land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:16 ih1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “the whole supply of food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 105:17 w46a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It may be helpful to state that he sent him ahead of them to Egypt. Alternate translation: “He sent a man ahead of them to Egypt; he sent Joseph who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:17 a5yd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s brothers sold him as a slave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 105:18 y8ja 0 metal restraints used to fasten a prisoner’s wrists or ankles together 105:18 y4be rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 These statements can be restated as active. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians bound his feet in shackles; they put an iron collar around his neck. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:19 d2i1 0 “The message of Yahweh tested him” 105:20 t5jp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that the king set Joseph free. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:23 cy4l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here “Israel” refers to Jacob. Jacob also brought his family with him. Alternate translation: “Then Israel and his family came into Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:24 dy5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the increase of Israel as if they were a plant that produced a lot of fruit. “God increased the number of his people greatly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 105:25 dlg8 0 “to hate his people and to mistreat his servants” 105:27 m86t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning. Alternate translation: “Moses and Aaron performed God’s miracles in Egypt among the descendants of Ham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:27 ejj7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “they performed” are understood fromt the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and they performed his wonders in the land of Ham” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 105:27 sf91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Ham was an ancestor of the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the land of Ham’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:28 x43u 0 “made the sky dark” 105:30 l4fr 0 a small jumping reptile 105:30 svn6 0 “they were even in the rooms of their rulers” 105:31 bg5e 0 The psalmist continues to describe Yahweh’s judgment on Egypt. 105:31 xv9w 0 large flying groups 105:31 p85g 0 small flying insects like flies but smaller 105:32 xxb2 0 ice that falls from the sky like rain 105:33 sa1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God caused the hail, rain, and lightning to ruin the vines and trees. Alternate translation: “He caused it to destroy … and to break” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:34 pv2a 0 “there were so many locusts” 105:35 ytq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrase have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The insects ate all the plants and all the crops in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:36 ur3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Here the second phrase about the “firstfruits” is used to describe the “firstborn” in the first phrase. Alternate translation: “He killed every firstborn in their land, which were the firstfruits of all their strength” or “Then Yahweh killed the oldest son in every house of the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 105:37 p9rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 When the Israelites left Egypt they took silver and gold with them. Alternate translation: “He brought the Isrealites out of Egypt with silver and gold in their possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:37 jug1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives 0 No one was left behind. This can be stated positively Alternate translation: “all of his tribes was able to make the journey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 105:38 b4ia rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Egypt” refers to the people who live in Egypt. Alternate translation: The people of Egypt were glad (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 105:39 z8gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the psalmist describes Yahweh placing a cloud in the sky as if he were spreading out a garment. The cloud was a “covering” to protect them from the sun. Alternate translation: “He placed a cloud in the sky to protect them from the sun and heat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:39 tm1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Yahweh placed a pillar of fire in the sky to give light during the night. Alternate translation: “placed a fire it the sky to light up the night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:40 ny85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It may be helpful to make clear that quail are small birds Yahweh sent for them to eat. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sent small birds to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:40 i82g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Yahweh caused manna, a type of bread, to fall from the sky. Alternate translation: “with bread that fell from the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 105:41 kr8h 0 “the waters flowed” 105:42 p4um rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means to remember. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 105:43 s27l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that God’s people were joyful when he led them out of Egypt. The people were shouting joyfully. Alternate translation: “He led his chosen people out with shouts of joy and triumph” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 105:43 is64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 Here “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “his chosen people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 105:43 vc3k 0 the sound that people make when they are shouting with joy because they have defeated their enemies 105:45 x32z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. “To keep” his statutes means to obey them. Alternate translation: “obey his laws and statutes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:intro b2l3 0 # Psalm 106 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 106 is the fourth in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel’s sin\nAlthough Israel continually sinned in the desert, God still took them to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) 106:1 m751 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:1 n4rk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “for he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 106:2 mp3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The author asks this question to praise God and does not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “No one can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 106:2 gxs8 0 “deeds that are worthy of praise” 106:4 hu15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remember me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 106:5 a4xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The word “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “of your chosen people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 106:5 hyv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 These are things that David says he will do, along with “seeing the prosperity of your chosen.” The words “I will” may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice in the gladness … and I will glory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 106:5 xr8z 0 joy, delight 106:5 upf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the phrase “your inheritance” refers to the Isrealites, who are Yahweh’s chosen people. Here “glory” means “to boast about” something; in this case they are boasting about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “boast of your greatness with your people” or “boast with your people about you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:7 f98d 0 “were not grateful for the marvelous deed you did” 106:7 ba4y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they ignored the many things that you did because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 106:7 i9mu 0 These two phrases refer to the same sea. The second is the name of the sea. 106:8 gj3d 0 “Even though what I have just said is true, he” 106:8 cz9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for the sake of his own reputation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:9 f4nv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Here David compares the way that Yahweh led the Isrealites through the Sea of Reeds to the way people can be led across the dry ground of a wilderness. “The depths” refers the riverbed that appeared after Yahweh parted the waters. Alternate translation: “through the Seas of Reeds on dry ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 106:10 tc7g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh saved them from their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:10 hd8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “the power of those who hated them” or “the control of those who hated them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:11 iwb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 This is a polite way to talk about them drowning. Alternate translation: “drowned their enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 106:12 z9pl 0 Here the word “they” refers to “their ancestors” and the word “his” refers to “Yahweh.” 106:13 k4qa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that they did things without waiting to find out what Yahweh wanted them to go. Alternate translation: “they did things without first waiting for Yahweh’s instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:14 hxm8 0 “cravings that could not be satisfied” 106:14 ut7k 0 “They rebelled against God” 106:15 p9dq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks about Yahweh causing the people to be afflicted by a disease as if Yahweh sent a disease to them in the same way that someone sends a person or a messenger. Alternate translation: “but he caused them to suffer from a horrible disease” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 106:15 cz4b 0 a disease that caused people to slowly become weak and caused some of them to die 106:16 ymj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to the Israelites’ camp in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “In the camp in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:17 rfy5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here how the ground opens up and buries the people is being compared to how a creature swallows something. Alternate translation: “The earth opened and buried” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 106:17 n2we rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 106:17 acj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The followers of Abiram were also buried when the earth opened and buried Dathan. Alternate translation: “it also covered the followers of Abiram” or “it also buried the followers of Abiram” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 106:17 trp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 106:18 k3ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases mean the same things and are written together to emphasize how the wicked people were killed by the fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:19 uq33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This information can be reordered so that it is clear that the calf was the cast metal figure. Alternate translation: “At Horeb, they made a cast metal figure of a calf and worshiped it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:20 em83 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means that instead of worshiping God they worshiped the image of the bull. Alternate translation: “They traded worshiping the glory of God to worship the image of a bull” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:20 ke98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here God is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “their glorious God” or “God who is glorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:22 ej25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession 0 This refers to the land where Ham’s descendants lived. Alternate translation: “the land where Ham’s descendant live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) 106:22 s85r 0 “awesome things” 106:23 s6ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks about Moses persuading Yahweh not to destroy the Israelites as intervening with him in the breach. Alternate translation: “stood between Yahweh and the Israelites and begged Yahweh to not destroy them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 106:24 rv7l 0 This refers to Yahweh’s promise that he would allow them to take the land of Canaan as their possession. 106:25 g1re 0 complained 106:26 rxu8 0 The word “his” refers to Yahweh. Also, it was custom to raise a hand when swearing an oath. 106:27 gk8t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “and that he would make their descendants live in foreign lands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 106:27 yf1j 0 This means to disperse or spread out something. 106:28 ju2m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices that they offered to the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:28 sm42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 “The dead” refers to the idols and gods that the Israelites were worshiping. Alternate translation: “to gods who are dead” or “to lifeless gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 106:29 fu7m 0 “a plague spread” 106:29 m7n8 0 “angered him” 106:30 eqn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Phinehas intervened among the people, punishing them for their sin. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Then Phinehas rose to intervene among the people because of their sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:31 s4km rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People credited it to him as a righteous deed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:32 p4gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 This is a place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 106:32 zj4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Moses suffered because of the peoples’ sin. Here the word “them” is a pronoun for the people and a metonym referring to their sin. Alternate translation: “suffered because of their actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:35 kf8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Hey David speaks of the people intermarrying with the women from other nations as “mingling” with them. Alternate translation: “but they mixed in marriage with the other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 106:36 j9ws 0 The idols became a snare to them. 106:38 f98r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 The phrase “shedding blood” is a descriptive euphemism used for “killing.” Alternate translation: “They shed innocent blood when they killed their sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 106:39 dy5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their deeds defiled them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:39 b2u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here David compares their unfaithfulness to Yahweh to the unfaithfulness of a prostitute. Alternate translation: “they were as unfaithful to Yahweh as prostitutes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 106:40 ef5t 0 “So Yahweh was angry with his people and despised them” 106:41 wrc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “God allowed the nations to take control of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:41 ukn1 0 “people who hated them” 106:42 q1ds rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their enemies caused them to be subject to their authority” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:43 k223 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Here the phrase “brought low” means to be destroyed. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their sin ruined them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:44 mj3k 0 “Even though what I have just said is true, he.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 106:8](../106/008.md). 106:44 ry5x 0 “their affliction” or “their suffering” 106:45 try4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 106:45 fi1e 0 “He … decided that because he still loved them very much he would not punish them” 106:46 vqs1 0 “their captors.” This refers to the Isrealites’ enemies who had taken them captive. 106:46 i4vh 0 “to be compassionate on them” 106:47 p7rh 0 Here 106:48 is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 4 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 90 and ends with Psalm 106. 106:47 n47s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here Yahweh is referred to by his “holy name.” Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 106:48 qmx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 106:48 qzy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 This refers to two extremes and means for all time. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 107:intro j88n 0 # Psalm 107 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 107 is the last in a series of five psalms of praise to God (Psalm 103-107).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Praise\nThe psalmist praises Yahweh for saving people lost in the desert, in prison, sick, in a storm at sea, homeless and oppressed. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) 107:1 h2en rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 107:1 he6p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:2 p5ij rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 “The redeemed” refers to the people whom Yahweh has saved. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh has saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 107:2 j8q7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means to tell others about something. Alternate translation: “tell about what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:2 ftq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the enemy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 107:3 vj8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 Here the four directions are given to emphasize that he gather them from everywhere. Alternate translation: “from every direction” or “from every part of the world” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 107:3 fu7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 This describes the places that Yahweh gather his people from. Alternate translation: “he has gathered them from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 107:4 un2c 0 “Some people wandered” 107:4 hnu5 0 “on a road that was in the desert” 107:4 c3wb 0 “that they could live in” 107:6 j2tf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:6 xe6n 0 “their difficulties” or “their afflictions” 107:8 cw6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:8 a7ad 0 “for all people” 107:9 v9jj 0 “For he gives water to those who desire it—to those who are thirsty” 107:9 pk1w 0 “to those who are very hungry and desire food, he give them good things to eat” 107:10 d8zk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that these are people that Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also rescued people who sat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:10 pb1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. Alternate translation: “in complete darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 107:11 hv2f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how much they had rebelled again God, which is why they had been imprisoned. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 107:12 n1vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the heart represents a person, but specifically his will. Alternate translation: “He humbled them by allowing them to suffer hardship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 107:12 pw85 0 Possible meanings are (1) “trouble” or (2) “hard labor.” 107:12 rn21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The word “stumbled” refers to times when these people got into very difficult situations. Alternate translation: “they got into trouble and there was no one to help them out of it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:13 ee2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:13 w6na 0 “difficulties” or “afflictions.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md) 107:13 qk74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David describes Yahweh saving them from their distress as if their distress were a physical place that he was bringing them out of. Alternate translation: “he saved” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 107:14 h4hv 0 “Yahweh brought those in prison” 107:14 ca58 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:10](../107/010.md). Alternate translation: “complete darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 107:15 hl74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:16 xw9f 0 “because he” 107:16 a9c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these phrases describe Yahweh freeing his people from prison and are used to emphasize that Yahweh truly freed them. Alternate translation: “He freed his people from prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:17 cg19 0 “They were foolish in the way they rebelled against Yahweh” 107:17 w525 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 “and they suffered.” Specifically they were afflicted by becoming sick. Alternate translation: “and they became sick” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:18 qkk6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the act of “dying” is described as a place, “the gates of death” Alternate translation: “they almost died” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 107:19 h1yt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:20 q29l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here David describes Yahweh speaking as sending his words as if they were a messenger. Possible meanings are (1) “He commanded for them to be healed and they were healed” or (2) “He encouraged them and healed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 107:21 b9jy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:22 qpm7 0 “that show that they are thankful” 107:22 ct4t 0 “by singing about them” 107:23 w4vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 They would sail to places and buy and sell things with the people there. Alternate translation: “selling things in cities far away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:25 h9pa 0 “he commanded the wind and caused it become a great windstorm that stirred up the sea” 107:25 wyy3 0 a strong wind, like the wind that accompanies a strong rain storm 107:25 j3g8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David describes the winds causing the waves to become high as if the wind was an object fiercely stirring something. Alternate translation: “that caused the waves of the sea to become very high” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 107:26 y5x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This describes the ships rising and falling with the waves. The extremes of rising to the sky and falling to the depths are an exaggeration to express how horrible the windstorm was and how large the waves were. Alternate translation: “their ships would rise very high on the waves and then they would fall very low between the waves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 107:26 jma2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom describes the sailors’ great fear. Alternate translation: “The men were terrified and greatly distressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:27 yjm2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “at their wit’s end” means that they did not know what to do. Alternate translation: “and they did not know what to do” or “they had no idea what to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:28 j371 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:28 i5p5 0 The word “they” refers to the sailors. 107:28 jw4k 0 “he guided them” 107:29 yp9j 0 “He made the wind stop” 107:29 ca97 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he made the waves still” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 107:30 pch1 0 “to the harbor where they wanted to go” 107:31 bw2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 107:32 r3mg 0 “when the elders sit together.” The elders sat together to discuss issues in the community and to make decisions for the community. 107:33 ni1b 0 “Yahweh makes” 107:34 d8df 0 “because the people that live there are wicked” 107:35 iw79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Both of these phrases have similar meaning and emphasize how Yahweh makes water appear in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “He make springs and lakes in land that used to be desert” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 107:36 h54c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The word “there” refers to the places where Yahweh made springs and lakes appear. Also, the phrase “the hungry” refers to people who are hungry. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes people who are hungry live there” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 107:37 u1tb 0 “to plant vineyards in” 107:37 bsi7 0 “so that they can produce a plentiful harvest” 107:38 rb6h 0 “so that their people are very numerous” 107:38 ah11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “He keeps their cattle very numerous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 107:39 aqn7 0 The word “They” refers to the people who were hungry that Yahweh had settled in the land. This sentence describes how they were before Yahweh settled them in the land. 107:39 x3qv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their leaders diminished their number and brought them low” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 107:39 sl5d 0 “became fewer in number” 107:39 fpr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means to be humiliated. Alternate translation: “humiliated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:40 k39h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh showing contempt for the leaders as if contempt were a liquid he poured out on them. Alternate translation: “shows contempt for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 107:40 i78e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 “the nobles.” This refers to the leaders who oppressed the people. Alternate translation: “the leaders who oppressed them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 107:40 b5e5 0 “where people never go” 107:41 eaq2 0 “But Yahweh” 107:41 a9fb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to needy people. Alternate translation: “needy people” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 107:41 n1pw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Here David compares how Yahweh cares for his people to how a shepherd cares for his sheep. Possible meanings are (1) “makes the number of people in their families increase like flocks” or (2) “takes care of them like a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 107:42 j8l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to people who live in an upright way. Alternate translation: “Upright people” or “People who do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 107:42 pa98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here wicked people are referred to as “wickedness.” Alternate translation: “all wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 107:42 s6wb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means to not say anything in response. Alternate translation: “has nothing to say against Yahweh in reply” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:43 fk8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means to think about these things. Alternate translation: “think about these things” or “remember these things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 107:43 u9kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “meditate on the things that Yahweh has done that show that he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 108:intro vpj5 0 # Psalm 108 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 108 is a psalm of war.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Victory\nGod promised success to the psalmist, but Yahweh failed to help him conquer the country of Edom. He needed God to give him victory over Edom. 108:1 lxd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 108:1 c1mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here David is referring to himself by his heart. Also, the word “fixed” means to trust completely. Alternate translation: “My heart is fixed on you, God” or “I am trusting completely in you, God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 108:1 tuz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here David is represented by his “heart.” David refers to himself as having the honor of praising God. Alternate translation: “You honor me by allowing me to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 108:2 gl6h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here David describes playing his instruments as waking them up from sleep. Alternate translation: “I will praise you by playing the lute and the harp” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 108:2 dnf4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here David is describing the dawn waking up like a person waking up in the morning. Alternate translation: “I will be praising you when the dawn comes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 108:2 yj5i 0 when the sun rises 108:4 ce4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak of the greatness of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that were tall enough to reach up to the sky. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For your covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are greater than the distance between heaven and earth” or “For you are more faithful to your covenant and more worthy of people trusting you than the sky is higher than the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 108:5 y6qh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:5 v9cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here Yahweh is referred to by his “glory.” Alternate translation: “may you be exalted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 108:6 ewv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: Because those you love need rescuing” or “Rescue those you love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 108:6 yda2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here Yahweh’s “right hand” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 108:6 m9rg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 108:7 e11p 0 This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:6](../060/006.md). 108:7 j6ax rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David describes God speaking something because he is holy as speaking “in his holiness,” as if his holiness were something that he was physically inside of. Alternate translation: “God, because he is holy, has said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:7 vkv8 0 Here God is speaking about dividing the land of Shechem and the Valley of Succoth. 108:7 mr5j 0 to divide into portions 108:8 tt4v 0 This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:7](../060/007.md). 108:8 acw8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “The tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:8 sj9d 0 a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury 108:8 yz46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:9 db77 0 This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:8](../060/008.md). 108:9 xz1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:9 n1ym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 108:10 ian9 0 This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:9](../060/009.md). 108:11 f164 0 This verse is almost the same as [Psalms 60:10](../060/010.md). 108:11 htl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “It seems like you have rejected us!” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 108:11 mze2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 108:12 h6li 0 This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:11](../060/011.md). 108:12 va87 0 “is worthless” 108:13 vs71 0 This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:12](../060/012.md). 108:13 wk3a 0 “will defeat our enemies” 108:13 a18r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:intro r1w7 0 # Psalm 109 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 109 is a psalm of vengeance against an enemy who has lied about him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Enemies destroyed\nThis enemy lied about the psalmist. So he asked God to completely destroy his enemy and his enemy’s family. 109:1 w5rb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 109:1 ka6w 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 109:2 tj2t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The words “wicked” and “deceitful” refer to people. They have similar meanings and emphasize how bad these people are. Alternate translation: “For wicked and deceitful men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 109:4 e77p 0 “Although I loved them” 109:4 p5ny 0 “my love for them” 109:4 lek5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The word “they” refers to the people who are wicked and deceitful. You may need to make explicit that those who accuse the psalmist do so falsely. Alternate translation: “they accuse me falsely” or “they slander me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 109:6 p353 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are parallel and the phrases “a wicked man” and “an accuser” refer to the same person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 109:6 axd7 0 “at my enemy’s right hand” 109:7 li65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When he is on trial, may the judge find him guilty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:7 sfk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “consider his prayer sinful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:8 s7dn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “his days” refers to the length of his life. Alternate translation: “May he not live a long time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 109:8 nt3y 0 “his position of authority” 109:10 d7fa 0 food or money given to beggars 109:10 ba23 0 “their destroyed homes” 109:11 s52u 0 someone who lends money to another person but expects that the person will pay the money back 109:11 f7aq 0 steal by force 109:13 i5qb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize his children being destroyed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 109:13 hn3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Cause his children to be cut off” or “Cause his children to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:13 i4f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the idea of there being no one to carry on the family name is spoke of as “their name being blotted out.” Alternate translation: “may there be no one to carry on his name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:14 k5nj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May you remember the sins of his ancestors, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:14 hen7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May you not forget the sins that his mother committed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:15 bg71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks about Yahweh thinking about their guilt as if their guilt is something physically present before him. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh continually think about their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:15 g7c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 David uses the word “earth” to refer to all the people that live on the earth. Also, the phrase “their memory” refers to people remembering them after they have died. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh make it so that no one on earth remembers them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 109:16 yx2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to him showing covenant faithfulness to people. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “this man never bothered to show any covenant faithfulness to people” or “this man never did anything to show that he was faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 109:16 x4b8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to oppressed and needy people. Alternate translation: “oppressed people, needy people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 109:16 ju66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to people who are disheartened. Alternate translation: “disheartened people” or “people who have lost hope” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 109:16 qim3 0 “until they died.” This means that he harassed them until they died. 109:17 va8l 0 “may his curses come upon him” 109:18 msj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of the wicked person’s behavior as if it were his clothing. Alternate translation: “He cursed other people as often as he wore clothing” or “He cursed people all the time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:18 dq39 0 “as if they were his clothing” 109:18 h86c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are: (1) He spoke curses so often that they became a part of his identity. “the curses that he speaks are part of who he is” or (2) the curse that he spoke happened to him. “his whole being was cursed by the curse he spoke” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:18 h7bb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to how a person drinks water. Alternate translation: “like water a person drinks” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 109:18 bkc9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to how oil soaks into bones when rubbed on the skin. Alternate translation: “like olive oil soaks into a person’s bones when it is rubbed on his skin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 109:19 u676 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 People wore their clothes everyday. David speaks of a wicked person always being cursed as if his curses always covered him as his clothing does. Alternate translation: “Let his curses be on him every day like the garment he wears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 109:19 j7lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “may his curses be to him” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “may his curses be to him like the belt he always wears” or “and let his curses always be on him like the belt he always wears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 109:20 l5zl 0 “May these curses be the reward” 109:21 a7fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is a request for Yahweh to treat him kindly. Alternate translation: “treat me kindly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 109:21 zbn1 0 “the sake of your reputation” 109:21 qx2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are good and are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 109:22 c385 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words have similar meanings and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 109:22 b3t9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks of being in great despair as his heart being wounded. Alternate translation: “I am full of grief and despair” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:23 gx1w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David feels like he is going to die soon and describes this feeling by comparing himself to a fading shadow and to how the wind blows away locust. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am about to die, like an evening shadow that will soon disappear, like a locust is easily blown away by the wind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:24 b9m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means that he is weak and it is difficult for him to stand. Alternate translation: “I have difficulty standing” or “My body is weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 109:24 v9cy 0 “because I am not eating any food” 109:24 i7xf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means that he has lost a lot of weight. Alternate translation: “my body has become very thin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 109:25 li9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My accusers ridicule me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:25 qvc7 0 This is an act of disapproval. 109:26 u86i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 109:27 hv1a 0 The word “they” refers to David’s accusers and the people who say bad things about him. 109:27 j58d 0 “have saved me” 109:28 acp8 0 The word “they” refers to the people who accuse David and say bad things about him. 109:28 ryv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may they be ashamed” or “let them be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 109:28 u9an 0 “but may I, your servant, rejoice” or “I am your servant, let me rejoice.” David uses the phrase “your servant” to refer to himself. 109:29 mfp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrase have them same meaning and are used together for emphasize how greatly he wishes for them to be ashamed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 109:29 qa66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David speaks of them being ashamed as if were clothing they wore. Alternate translation: “be very ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 109:29 xhb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 David speaks of them being ashamed as if it were a robe that they wore. Alternate translation: “may their shame cover them just like their robe is wrapped around them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 109:30 d8ig rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means that he will speak. Alternate translation: “I will speak and give” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 109:31 pa49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This means that he will help and defend the poor person. Alternate translation: “will defend the one who is needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 110:intro h1ti 0 # Psalm 110 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 110 is a psalm honoring the king as he becomes king and also a prophecy about Christ. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### King\nThe king will be able to conquer his enemies. Christ is seen as both high priest and king. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) 110:1 u94e rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 110:1 xte6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 The phrase “my right hand” refers to the place of honor. Alternate translation: “Sit at the place of honor which I have for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 110:1 ke66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here David describes Yahweh placing his master’s enemies under his power and control as putting them under his feet like a footstool. Alternate translation: “put your enemies under your power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 110:2 m67u 0 David continues speaking to the king. 110:2 pjk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here David speaks of Yahweh extending the area that the king rules as holding out his scepter. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will extend the area over which you powerfully rule” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:2 s6mj 0 “King, rule among your enemies.” This is spoken to the king as a command. 110:3 v9sn 0 “by their own choice.” This means that they will chose to follow the king. 110:3 m1bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to the day that the king will lead his armies into battle. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “on the day that you lead your armies into battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:3 nr17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 David describes the dew as a baby to whom the dawn gives birth. Alternate translation: “in the morning … like the dew” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 110:3 t8fr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David is telling the king that he will have youthful strength each morning by comparing it to how the dew appears early each morning. Alternate translation: “each morning you will be filled with youthful strength to sustain you just like each morning the dew appears to water and sustain the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 110:4 ng77 0 Yahweh is speaking to the lord, the one David calls “my master” in [Psalms 110:1](../110/001.md). 110:4 c4te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means that he will not change what he has said. Alternate translation: “will not change his mind” or “will not change what he has said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:4 qp9v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The idea of being priest is understood from the previous phrase. It can be stated clearly here. Alternate translation: “after the manner that Melchizedek was priest” or “in the same way that Melchizedek was priest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 110:5 icc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 When the lord goes to battle, Yahweh stands at his right hand in order to help him. Alternate translation: “The Lord helps you in battle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:5 e4t4 0 The word “Lord” refers to Yahweh. 110:5 ij3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “He” refers to Yahweh. He will cause the kings to be defeated and die, but he will allow the king’s armies to kill the enemy kings. Alternate translation: “He will cause the kings to die” or “He will allow your armies to kill the kings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 110:5 d7kw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This refers to his enemies. Alternate translation: “enemy kings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:5 zlj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Here David speaks of the day when Yahweh will become angry and defeat the kings as “the day of his anger.” Alternate translation: “on the day of judgment when his patience turns to anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:6 zrf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill all of the people who die on the battleground. Alternate translation: “he will cause the battlegrounds to be filled with death bodies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 110:6 sc5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill the leaders. Alternate translation: “he will cause the leaders in many countries to be killed” or “he will allow the leaders in many countries to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 110:7 uw7e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The king only stops briefly for a drink and then he continues the pursuit of his enemies. Alternate translation: “As he pursues his enemies, he will only stop to drink quickly from a brook” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 110:7 mb7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This means the he will drink water from the brook. A brook is a small stream. Alternate translation: “he will drink water from the brook” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 110:7 hi2c 0 “and so” or “therefore” 110:7 qf91 0 Possible meanings are (1) the king lifts up his own head or (2) Yahweh lifts up the head of the king. 110:7 c1xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 People raised their heads when they are victorious, confident, and joyful. Alternate translation: “he will confidently lift his head after victory” or “he will be victorious” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 111:intro mk5d 0 # Psalm 111 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 111 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles and care. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s character\nGod is great. He has given his people food and a land always keeps his promises to his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) 111:1 gj78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 111:1 ydq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “heart” represents the person’s entire inner being and emotions. Alternate translation: “with all that I am” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 111:1 wk3i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases mean that same thing and may be combined if necessary. Alternate translation: “in the gathering of upright people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 111:2 t1nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 The word “them” refers to the “works of Yahweh.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all those who desire the works of Yahweh eagerly await them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 111:2 hfu9 0 Possible meanings are (1) “sought after” or (2) “studied.” 111:4 iu4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that people will always remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 111:5 b5ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom that means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 111:6 xr2m 0 “his works that demonstrated his power” 111:6 v69n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the land that belonged to the nations in Canaan as if it were their inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land that belonged to other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 111:7 t14c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “hands” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “The works that he does” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 111:8 aj31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This means that Yahweh’s instructions are unchangeable and will last forever. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He has established them forever” or “They will last forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 111:8 shk9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh has given his instructions in a faithful and proper manner or (2) his people are to observe Yahweh’s instructions in a faithful and proper manner. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for his people to observe them faithfully and properly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 111:9 e4zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is holy and awesome” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 111:10 x95h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “wisdom” can be translated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “the first step to becoming wise” or “the most important thing to become wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 111:10 rv8i 0 “those who obey his instructions” 111:10 vh6q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “praise” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “People will praise him forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 112:intro s165 0 # Psalm 112 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 112 is a wisdom psalm teaching the value of a righteous life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Righteous people\nThe righteous people will be well-known for their generosity and they will not have to worry about bad news because God is taking care of them. 112:1 m17p rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 112:1 s1nc 0 “takes great pleasure” 112:2 yd3e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless the descendants of the godly man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 112:3 n3wd 0 The person who sings this song continues to describe a person who reveres Yahweh. 112:3 uu3p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “house” represents the family. The words “Wealth” and “riches” mean basically the same thing and indicate an abundance of wealth. Alternate translation: “His family is very wealthy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 112:4 kw55 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God blessing the godly person in difficult times as if it were a light shining in darkness. Alternate translation: “The blessings that a godly person receives from God are like a light that shines in the darkness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 112:5 q9qm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lends his money to other people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 112:6 p13c 0 The person who sings this song continues to describe a person who reveres Yahweh. 112:6 vvk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 he will not be troubled or overwhelmed by circumstances for his trust is in Yahweh? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For nothing will ever move him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 112:6 d3ji rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will remember the righteous person forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 112:8 p92s 0 The person who sings this song continues to describe a person who reveres Yahweh. 112:8 b8q2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 “His heart is supported.” Here the word “heart” refers to the person. Possible meanings are (1) “He is at peace” or (2) “He is confident” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 112:9 yw9m 0 “his righteous deeds will endure forever.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 112:3](../112/003.md). 112:9 d44a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will exalt him by giving him honor” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 112:10 rn5k 0 “will see that things go well for the godly person.” The word “this” refers to everything good that the writer has described in the previous verses about the godly person. 112:10 c3ev rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 The grinding of teeth is an expression of extreme anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 35:16](../035/016.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 112:10 xx9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the wicked person’s eventual death as if that person were something, such as ice, that can melt. Alternate translation: “eventually die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 112:10 ig26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings of “desire” are (1) the emotional desire that wicked people have. Alternate translation: “the things that wicked people want to do will never happen” or (2) it is a metonym for the things that wicked people have desired. Alternate translation: “wicked people will lose the things that they desired” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 113:intro p4uj 0 # Psalm 113 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 113 is a psalm of praise to God for his goodness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nGod helps the poor and gives children to the wife who cannot conceive children. 113:1 qx3m rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 113:1 pvw9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 113:3 fc3w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. See how you translated this in [Psalms 50:1](../050/001.md). Alternate translation: “Everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 113:3 l5e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people should praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 113:4 s2f9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The glory of God is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “his glory is higher than the skies” or “his glory is enormously great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 113:5 wih3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This is the first part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 113:5 q76s 0 “who is enthroned on high” or “who rules in the highest position” 113:6 ig92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This is the second part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement that begins a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who looks down at the sky and at the earth.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 113:7 d8bp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of Yahweh helping and honoring people who are poor as if Yahweh caused them to stand up from sitting in dirt and ashes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 113:7 rib6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 Sitting in dirt and ashes represents either poverty or despair. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 113:8 ztn3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 Here the second phrase clarifies that the first phrase refers to the princes of Yahweh’s people. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh may seat him next to rulers of his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 113:9 c3e3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “home” refers to the children that live in a home. Alternate translation: “He gives children to the woman who had none” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 114:intro vu9f 0 # Psalm 114 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 114 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles in bringing the people of Israel to the promised land. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\nThe psalmist praised God for opening up the Red Sea for the people to cross, for providing the earthquake that stopped the Jordan River so the people could cross and providing water from a rock for the people to drink. 114:1 eph8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 114:1 d4dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two lines are parallel, with “Israel” and “the house of Jacob” meaning the same thing and “Egypt” and “that foreign people” referring to the same people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 114:1 trv6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “house” here represents the family or descendents. The verb may be supplied to this phrase. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob left people who spoke a language that the descendants of Jacob did not understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 114:2 rxv7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings for “Judah” and “Israel” are (1) they refer to the land. Alternate translation: “The land of Judah became Yahweh’s holy place, the land of Israel became his kingdom” or (2) they are metonyms for the people of Judah and Israel. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah became those among whom Yahweh lived, the people of Israel became those over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 114:3 pq6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of the Sea of Reeds as if it were a person who fled away as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “It was as though the sea looked and fled” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 114:3 wht9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of the Jordan River as if it were a person who retreated as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “it was as though the Jordan retreated” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 114:4 hr5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. Alternate translation: “It was as if the mountains shook like jumping rams and the hills shook like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 114:5 a5rh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 Verses 5-6 contain four rhetorical questions. The expected answer to each question is found in verse 7, “because of the presence of the Lord.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 114:6 m256 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. See how you translated similar phrases in [Psalms 114:4](./004.md). Alternate translation: “shake like jumping rams … shake like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 114:7 xi33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 The last two phrases are parallel. The verb may be supplied in the second line. Alternate translation: “Tremble, earth, before the Lord, tremble at the presence of the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 114:7 k6tn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Possible meanings are (1) the writer is speaking to the earth as if it were a person and commands it to tremble with fear before God or (2) the word “earth” is a metonym for those who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “Tremble, everyone one earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 114:8 u6n5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases are parallel. The writer describes Yahweh causing water to flow from the rock as if he turned the rock into water. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 114:8 ca4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “He turned the hard rock into a spring of water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 115:intro it4i 0 # Psalm 115 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 115 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s power\nGod is in heaven and is able to do whatever he wants. Idols can not do anything. Therefore, people and priests should trust God for their protection. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 115:1 i2ig rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 115:1 l7ze rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The writer repeats the phrase “Not to us” in order to emphasize that they are not worthy to receive the honor that is due only to Yahweh. If necessary, a verbal phrase may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “Do not bring honor to us, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 115:1 a1ln 0 The word “us” refers to the people of Israel. 115:1 xrr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “but bring honor to yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:1 ckd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 115:2 frw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This rhetorical question emphasizes that there should be no reason for the nations to say what they say. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 115:2 ya4w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The people of other nations use this question to mock the people of Israel and to express that they do not see Yahweh helping them. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 115:4 ums8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “hands” represents the people who made the idols. Alternate translation: “things which men have made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 115:5 p4em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The idols do not have real mouths, eyes, ears, or noses. Rather, people made them with the likeness of mouths, eyes, ears, and noses. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make clear the implied information. Alternate translation: “People have given mouths to those idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 115:7 n3bn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The idols do not have real hands, feet, or mouths. Rather, people made them with the likeness of hands, feet, and mouths. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make this implicit information clear. Alternate translation: “People have given hands to those idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 115:7 ak88 0 “but those hands do not feel” 115:8 x5i2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 Those who make and worship idols become lifeless and powerless, just like those idols. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who make them become lifeless like they are, as does everyone who trusts in them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 115:9 tqr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “People of Israel, trust in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:9 l1tq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield because he protects his people as a shield would protect them from harm. Alternate translation: “the one who helps you and protects you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 115:10 fa9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “House” represents the family or descendants. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Descendants of Aaron” or “Priests” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:12 sbd2 0 “has paid attention to us” 115:12 bns5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the people of Israel, who are descendants of Jacob, who also called Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:12 bu8h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the priests, who are descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Aaron” or “the priests” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 115:13 j4vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 “both small and great.” Possible meanings are that this refers (1) to social status or (2) to age. In either case, the two extremes represent every person, regardless of age or social status. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 115:14 fg71 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The writer is speaking of the number of children that the people of Israel would have. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh increase the number of your children more and more” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 115:14 ezp4 0 “both your children and your descendants’ children.” The writer clarifies that his request for more children applies not only to the present generation, but to their descendants, as well. 115:15 psd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh, who made heaven and earth, bless you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 115:16 qu64 0 This does not mean that the earth does not belong to Yahweh, but that has given the earth to mankind as a dwelling place. 115:17 n4er rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The adjective “dead” may be translated with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “People who are dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 115:17 m2zu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 This parallel phrase has a similar meaning to phrase before it. The verb may be supplied from that previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go down into silence praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 115:17 hd34 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the grave or the place of the dead as a place of silence where no one can speak. This is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go to the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 115:18 m43y 0 The word “we” refers to the people of Israel who are still alive. 116:intro r7gl 0 # Psalm 116 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 116 is a psalm of praise for saving the psalmist’s life. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Healing\nThe author was very sick and expected to die but God healed him. So he will pay his vow and sacrifice an offering of thanks. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) 116:1 y25k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 116:1 w8ar rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “voice” represents the person who is speaking. The abstract nouns “pleas” and “mercy” can be stated as “plead” and “merciful.” Alternate translation: “he hears me when I plead for him to be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 116:3 vib3 0 The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. 116:3 mte5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:4](../018/004.md). Alternate translation: “I felt like I was about to die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:3 w8sp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of “Sheol,” the place of the dead, as if it were a person who could trap him with snares. Alternate translation: “I felt as if I were ready to enter the grave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:4 sp5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “called out to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:4 uq14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “rescue me” or “keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 116:5 u5i7 0 The person who made this song continues to speak. 116:6 wd2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to people who are inexperienced or who cannot care for themselves. The adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those who are naive” or “those who are helpless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 116:6 ll37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of being humbled as in being in a lower position. Alternate translation: “I was helpless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:7 xns9 0 The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. 116:7 sc4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of having peace and confidence as if it were a place where his soul can rest. The word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “I can rest in peace again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 116:8 x6na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” or “you have kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:8 i9p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “you have rescued my eyes from tears” or “you have kept me from crying” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 116:8 b6lj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. The feet here represent the person. Stumbling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have rescued me from stumbling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 116:9 rz6b 0 The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. 116:9 nz3e 0 “in this world where people are alive.” This is in contrast to the place of the dead. 116:10 v8l2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I suffer greatly” or “People afflict me very much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 116:11 i5hw 0 “I said too quickly” or “I said without considering” 116:11 m4td 0 “Every person is a liar” or “All people are liars” 116:12 e1wh 0 The person who made this song continues to speak. 116:12 vxb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer asks this leading question to introduce how he will respond to what Yahweh has done for him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how I will repay Yahweh … to me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 116:13 s8vs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This is probably a reference to a drink offering, which was a sacrifice that involved pouring wine on the altar, and which the writer will offer in response to Yahweh saving him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will present a drink offering to Yahweh because he saved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 116:13 fa8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:15 brj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The word “Precious” here does not imply that Yahweh values the death of his saints, but that the death of his saints is costly to him and grieves him. Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh considers the death of his saints to be a costly thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:16 gx5d 0 The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. 116:16 xp66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This is likely a reference to the writer’s mother and indicates that she faithfully worshiped Yahweh. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “as my mother was” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 116:16 r6jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of being in danger of dying as if he had been chained in prison. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 116:17 nqi1 0 “a sacrifice to express my thankfulness” 116:17 qr1l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “will call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:18 tj19 0 The person who made this song continues to speak. 116:18 ttr5 0 See how you translated [Psalms 116:14](../116/014.md). 116:19 u16b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “house” refers to Yahweh’s temple. Alternate translation: “in the courtyards of Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 116:19 hv6v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks to Jerusalem as though it were a person. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 117:intro kfu1 0 # Psalm 117 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 117 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\nEveryone should praise God for his love and unending faithfulness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) 117:1 wmd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 117:2 ce43 0 “Because his” 117:2 t4z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he does great things for us because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 117:2 uht9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be translated with an adjective or a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh remains trustworthy forever” or “Yahweh will forever be worthy of people trusting him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 118:intro z9au 0 # Psalm 118 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 118 is a psalm of war and is about Christ. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Rejected stone\nThe author praised Yahweh for his rescuing him. God enabled him to overpower his enemies. The new Testament, and even Jesus himself, saw the rejected stone as a reference to the Messiah’s rejection by the Jewish leaders. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) 118:1 g414 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 118:1 af6g 0 “Thank Yahweh because of the good things he does” 118:1 qcw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 118:2 zs4m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let the people of Israel say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:3 cy9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “house” represents the family and descendants of a person. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Let the descendants of Aaron say” or “Let the priests say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:3 iu6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “He remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 118:4 e43s 0 “those who fear Yahweh” or “those who worship Yahweh” 118:5 j39j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh saving him from distress as if Yahweh had taken him from a place of confinement to a wide open space where he could move about freely. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:6 eux4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is nothing that man can do to hurt him since Yahweh is with him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “people cannot do anything to harm me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 118:7 j4le rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 To be on one’s side is an idiomatic expression that indicates that that person approves of and will help another. Alternate translation: “Yahweh approves of me and will help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 118:7 k4dj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that Yahweh is the one who will defeat the writer’s enemies, while the writer looks on. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will see Yahweh defeating all those who hate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 118:8 c7t1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as if he were a shelter, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:9 rm2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This verse is parallel to the one preceding it. God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:10 f41h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “nations” represents the armies of those nations. The writer uses hyperbole to emphasize the great number of armies that surrounded him. Alternate translation: “The armies of many nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 118:10 hvq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:10 tc44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of defeating the enemy armies as if he were cutting them off like a person would cut a branch off of a plant. Alternate translation: “I defeated them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:12 j3q1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer compares the enemy armies to a swarm of bees. Alternate translation: “They surrounded me like a swarm of bees would surround a person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 118:12 j2cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Just like dry thorns burn out quickly, the attack of the enemy armies was quickly over. Alternate translation: “their attack lasted only a short time, as a fire that consumes thorns quickly dies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 118:13 y5sd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the enemy armies trying to defeat him as if they were trying to push him down onto the ground. Alternate translation: “in order to defeat me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:14 r27j 0 “Yahweh gives me strength and joy” 118:15 y8x1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People hear the joyful shout of victory in the tents of the righteous” or “The righteous shout joyfully for victory in their tents” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 118:15 yq3x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has conquered by his great strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:16 p8gg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 Here, to raise one’s hand is a gesture of victory. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has exalted his right hand” or “Yahweh has raised his right hand in victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 118:17 t6ql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The writer states the same idea both negatively and positively to emphasize that he will certainly live. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 118:18 ta77 0 “Yahweh has disciplined me” 118:18 f92a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of death as if it were a person under whose power Yahweh could place the writer. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed me to die” or “he has not allowed my enemies to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 118:19 h3z5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 “Open to me the gates through which the righteous people enter.” This is a reference to the gates of the temple, and the writer is addressing the gatekeepers. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Open for me the temple gates” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 118:20 auq4 0 “the gate that leads to Yahweh’s presence” or “Yahweh’s gate” 118:21 u256 0 Here the writer begins to speak to Yahweh. 118:21 dqj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “salvation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you have saved me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 118:22 kk3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs 0 This is likely a proverb that the writer has used to describe either the king or the nation of Israel. That which others have considered worthless, Yahweh has made to be the most important. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) 118:23 ta5n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 Possible meanings are (1) “it is a marvelous thing for us to see” or (2) “we consider it to be a marvelous thing.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 118:24 k6jd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very glad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 118:26 wj3i 0 Here the priests begin to address the king. 118:26 iq2u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “the one who comes in the power of the Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:26 eh79 0 Here the priests address the people. 118:26 lp9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “house” refers to the temple. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 118:27 l5mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh blessing his people as if Yahweh were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “he has blessed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 118:27 r4wh 0 “tie the sacrifice with rope” 118:28 rb4j 0 Here the writer begins to speak again and addresses Yahweh directly. 118:29 b2wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 118:29 vx5j 0 “thank Yahweh because of the good things he does.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1](../118/001.md). 118:29 k1qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:intro yf89 0 # Psalm 119 General Notes\n## Formatting in this chapter\n\nThis is an alphabetic psalm with twenty-two groups of eight verses each all beginning with the same letter of the alphabet in the alphabetical order of the Hebrew alphabet.\n\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 119 is a wisdom psalm about the Law of God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### The Law\nThe author loved the law of God and was blessed by obeying it. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 119:1 ipj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 119:1 r86i 0 “How good it is for those” 119:1 a56q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 How a person behaves is spoken of as “ways” or “paths.” Alternate translation: “those whose behavior is blameless” or “those whom no one can blame for doing wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:1 sjt3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The way a person lives or behaves is spoken of as walking. Alternate translation: “who live according to the law of Yahweh” or “who obey the law of Yahweh.” This phrase clarifies the meaning of “whose ways are blameless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:2 wxv2 0 To “seek” God means to want to know him. 119:2 r3jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom which means intensely or sincerely. Alternate translation: “with all their being” or “with everything in them” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:3 c892 0 Most of this psalm is addressed to God, and the words “you” and “your” almost always refer to him. 119:3 f4is 0 They do not disobey Yahweh. 119:3 rps7 0 “they walk in Yahweh’s ways.” Here their behavior is spoken of as “walking,” and the way God wants them to behave is spoken of as “his ways.” Alternate translation: “they behave as Yahweh wants them to” 119:4 a6ze 0 “obey all the things that you have declared that we should do” 119:4 w8v4 0 This is to carefully know and understand the commandments and to obey those commandments. 119:5 gu12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of being established in God’s commandments as if no one could physically make him move. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:5 eqk4 0 “in obeying your statutes” 119:6 v2e6 0 The writer does not want to be ashamed when he is in God’s presence. 119:6 ecl7 0 “all that you have commanded us” 119:7 hd5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “a sincere heart.” A person who is sincere will do what is right. The heart refers to the center of emotions in a person. See how you translated “uprightness” in [Psalms 25:21](../025/021.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:8 v49a 0 “Statutes” refers to God’s laws or commands. 119:9 lp29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 This question is used to introduce a new value to the word of God. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how a young person can keep his path pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 119:9 gm1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer compares living according to God’s law as a path kept clear of obstructions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:10 h5t8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. The heart refers to all of one’s emotions, feelings, desires, and will. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:10 kqg2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here to disobey God’s commandments is described as straying off a path. Alternate translation: “Do not let me disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:11 f3ke rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “I have put your words in my heart.” This is a metaphor that means “I have memorized your word.” The heart is pictured as a container that can hold what people think. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:14 ktv7 0 “more than all the wealth” 119:15 e5hd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These are parallel thoughts that have similar meanings, which are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 119:15 v9ru 0 “think carefully about what you have instructed us” 119:15 rb5a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom refers to thinking clearly about what is being discussed. Alternate translation: “give careful thought” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:16 il7r 0 to take pleasure 119:17 fr7n 0 The writer called himself “your servant” to show his humility. 119:18 jpj2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The author speaks of gaining understanding, knowledge and wisdom as being able to see. Alternate translation: Help me to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:18 d25d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The author speaks of insight into the law as objects to marvel at. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:18 a35a 0 “in your instructions” or “in your commands” 119:19 att5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) the writers speaks of his short life on earth as if he were a foreigner who would not stay long in the land. Alternate translation: “I am like a foreigner living a short time in the land” or (2) the writer’s ignorance of God’s law as if he were a foreigner who did not know the laws of the land. Alternate translation: “I am ignorant like a foreigner in the land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:20 y84c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his desires being very strong as if they were in pain. Alternate translation: “My inner being strongly desires to know” or “My soul aches because I want so much to know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:21 r8y6 0 Possible meanings are that (1) God will curse them or (2) they deserve God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “who deserve your punishment” 119:21 k8t4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of disobeying God’s commandments as if they were a path that can be wandered off from. Alternate translation: “who go away from the path of your commandments” or “who disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:22 nqp7 0 “Keep me from” or “Rescue me from” 119:23 z9ci 0 “Though rulers make plans to harm me and say bad things about me” 119:24 pb1g 0 “Your covenant decrees make me very happy.” 119:24 rta6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 God’s decrees are spoken of as if they were people. Alternate translation: “they are like wise counselors to me” or “they give me wise counsel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:25 v3c7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. Possible meanings are that (1) he thought that he would die soon, or (2) he lay in the dust because he was very sad, or (3) he realized that he desired the worthless things of the earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:25 cn62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. Here “life” refers to purpose and significance, not just biological life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:25 ks95 0 “according to your promise” 119:26 u8j6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 What a person does or how he behaves is spoken of as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “what I have done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:27 x7qh 0 “amazing teachings” 119:28 n45q 0 “because I am so sad” 119:28 n4h6 0 “Make me strong.” This may refer to physical strength or spiritual strength. 119:29 n1pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The word “path” here refers to a way of behaving. Alternate translation: “Keep me from following the path of deceit” or “Prevent me from being deceptive” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:29 p23d 0 Possible meanings are (1) “lying” or (2) “believing lies” or “following lies.” 119:30 u8gw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 How a person behaves or acts is spoken as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “to be faithful to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:31 hf1b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Holding tightly to them refers to being committed to obeying them. Alternate translation: “I hold tightly to your covenant decrees” or “I am committed to obeying your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:31 zc7g 0 This refers to the law of Moses. 119:32 zq4i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of being focused or committed to obeying God’s commands as if one is running on a path. Alternate translation: “I will be committed to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:32 fzh3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. Possible meanings are (1) “you help me gain greater understanding of your commands” or (2) “you give me greater desire to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:33 eg16 0 This is another way of describing the law of Moses. 119:33 j4dt 0 Possible meanings are (1) “completely” or (2) “to the end of my life” or (3) “to the end of time.” 119:34 uwv4 0 “obey your law” 119:34 r2ux 0 “I will surely observe your law” or “I am completely committed to doing what it says” 119:34 ij5y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:35 bh21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “Guide me according to your commandments” or “Teach me to obey your commandments.” God’s commandments are compared to a path that a person walks in obedience to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:36 uc28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. The “heart” here refers to the will, desires, and choices that directs one’s life. Alternate translation: “Make me want” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:36 vct5 0 “to obey your covenant decrees.” This is referring to obeying the law of Moses. 119:36 ah76 0 “the desire for riches.” This is referring to wealth gained by illegal methods or wrongdoing towards others. 119:37 t9za rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is a metaphor that refers to one desiring things that have no eternal value. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:37 vdd9 0 “make me able to live as you wish me to live” 119:37 xeu1 0 “make my life strong” or “give me strength” 119:38 yk2j 0 “Do for your servant what you promised to do for those who honor you” 119:38 x2tw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The writer referred to himself as God’s servant to show his humility. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:39 yau8 0 “I am very afraid of” 119:39 mk9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 God judges rightly and his decisions are good. Alternate translation: “Your judgments are righteous and good” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:40 yl75 0 This refers to being aware of the situation. The focus is on knowledge or understanding, rather than just observing. 119:40 d8v4 0 Possible meanings are (1) “I want very much to know your instructions” or (2) “I want very much to obey what you teach us to do.” 119:40 pr5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun and refers to being righteous. Alternate translation: “revive me because you are righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:40 ci53 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Keep me alive” or (2) “Make me strong.” 119:41 fa7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 You may make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “give me your salvation” or “save me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 119:42 vms5 0 “an answer” or “a response” 119:43 j9dg 0 Here the writer is represented by his “mouth.” Possible meanings are (1) “never prevent me from speaking the message about the truth” or (2) “never prevent me from speaking the true message.” 119:44 mp4n 0 “I will obey” 119:45 lq9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 To walk securely is to live one’s life securely. Alternate translation: “I will live securely in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:45 h23e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 To “seek” is to perceive, or gain understanding of God’s instructions as if one can see them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:46 uj95 0 “serious commands to kings” or “instructions to kings” 119:47 y49b 0 Possible meanings are (1) “I find delight in studying your commandments” or (2) “I am delighted that I have the opportunity to study your commandments.” 119:48 v87b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom which means to honor, cherish or respect God’s commandments. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:49 gb3p 0 “Remember your promise.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md) 119:50 mlp7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences 0 This clause can be restructured. Alternate translation: “The reason for my comfort is that your promise has kept me alive in my affliction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]]) 119:51 n3rr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “The proud people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:51 f89y 0 to mock someone or something that is looked down on, doubted, or not honored 119:52 nhe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This is a reference to when the decrees, the Law, were given to Moses many years before. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:53 x2f1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. Anger is expressed as if it is a person that can grab another person. Alternate translation: “I have become very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:54 t7xf 0 “I have used your statutes as lyrics to my music” or “I have created songs from your statutes” 119:55 ntb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “I think about you, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:55 iwf2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom which means to obey the law. Alternate translation: “I obey your law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:56 ch5n 0 “my habit” 119:56 ii8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom which means to follow or to obey those instructions. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed your instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:57 f7jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means Yahweh is all he wants. Just as the Levites did not receive vast territories of land for the Lord was to be their portion so the writer claims Yahweh as the satisfier of his needs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:59 x88a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “feet” represent the whole person. To repent and choose to obey God’s laws is like turning one’s feet on a path to head in another direction. Alternate translation: “changed my direction” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:60 uuk4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The writer expresses the same idea both positively and negatively in order to emphasize the urgency with which he obeys Yahweh’s commands. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 119:61 i6di rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 In this metaphor, wicked or evil people tried to cause the writer to sin like a hunter seeking to catch an animal with a trap. Alternate translation: “My enemies have tried to catch me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:63 tvy5 0 “I am a friend of all who honor you” 119:64 p7l3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. The abstract noun “covenant faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 33:5](../033/005.md). Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:65 d39z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “to me, your servant” or “to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:65 k4vq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. “Your word” refers to the promises Yahweh has made to the writer. Alternate translation: “as you have promised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:66 x5n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences 0 Some languages may require change in logical progression. Alternate translation: “Since I have believed in your commandments, teach me proper discernment and understanding” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-intro]]) 119:67 ln6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you afflicted me” or “Before you punished me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:67 t586 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Disobeying God is spoken of as if the person walked on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “I disobeyed you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:67 qc4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “word” represents commandments. Alternate translation: “I obey your commandments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:69 f9re rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Arrogant people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:69 g5zy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People telling many lies about a person is spoken of as if they made the person dirty by spreading lies over him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:69 ljt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s will. Alternate translation: “with complete commitment” or “completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:70 kwi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hearts” represents the people’s wills. A person being stubborn is spoken of as if their hearts or wills were hard like a rock. Alternate translation: “They are stubborn” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:72 ll7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “mouth” represents what God says. Alternate translation: “The instructions you have spoken are” or “Your instructions are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:72 l1f9 0 This can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “than a large amount of money” or “than great wealth” 119:73 hf5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God creating a person is spoken of as if God used his hands to shape the person the way someone may shape clay into an object. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:73 wc9b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hands” represents God’s power or action. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:74 u7a8 0 “because I trust what you say” or “I confidently believe what you say” 119:75 zx24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 God promises to reward the righteous and punish wrongdoers, so he is faithful to do what he says he will. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you punished me because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:76 zzf3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Comfort me by showing me that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:76 k57e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “me, your servant” or “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:78 j2en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Put the proud to shame” or “Cause those who are proud to be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:78 l2cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “proud people” or “those who are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:79 i7zp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People returning in friendship to the writer is spoken of as if they physically turn towards him. Alternate translation: “come to me” or “unite with me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:79 u1zx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 Possible meanings are (1) this further describes those who honor God or (2) this indicates the purpose for those who honor God to return to the writer. Alternate translation: “so that they may learn your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) 119:80 b84y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “May I be blameless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:80 xg4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I may not be ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:81 kx77 0 “I confidently trust in what you say” 119:82 vm5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I wait and wait for you to do what you promised to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:83 pgx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 A wineskin is ruined when it hangs for a long time in a smoke-filled place. The writer compares himself to a wineskin that has been ruined by smoke to emphasize that he feels useless. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 119:84 dl2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses a question to request God to punish those who persecute him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not make wait any longer. Punish those who persecute me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 119:84 jt81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “must I, your servant” or “must I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:85 j1jf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The proud are seeking to capture the writer or cause him to do wrong. This is spoken of as if they were hunters digging holes to trap the writer like an animal. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:85 spv2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Proud people” or “Those who are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:87 pds6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 This is a polite way of speaking about someone killing someone else. Alternate translation: “They have almost killed me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 119:88 x4ml rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 “According to your steadfast love.” The phrase “steadfast love” or “faithfulness” can be stated as an adverb. Alternate translation: “because you faithfully love me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:89 sp49 0 “what you have said will be true forever” 119:89 t6jr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This speaks about what God has said as if it were an object that stands firmly upright. Alternate translation: “what you have said will be true in heaven forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:90 uer7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 “for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:91 es2c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 All created things are spoken of as if they were persons who can serve God. Alternate translation: “all things serve you” or “all things obey your commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:93 cck9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always remember” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 119:93 n64v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that the writer obeys God’s instructions. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “for you have kept me alive because I obey them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:94 qu81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Trying hard to obey God’s instructions is spoken of as if instructions were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:95 d7bk 0 “I will try hard to understand” 119:96 p32w 0 “all things have an end” 119:96 tr87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s commandments always being true and perfect is spoken of as if God’s commandments were an object that is so wide that it never ends. Alternate translation: “but your commandments are without limits” or “but your commandments are eternal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:98 yp9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Constantly thinking about God’s commandments is spoken of as if the commandments were an object that the writer keeps with him always. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:101 m6vx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Avoiding doing what is evil is spoken of as if it were avoiding walking on paths that are evil. Alternate translation: “I have avoided doing what is evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:101 xel3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “kept myself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:101 cs59 0 “obey your word” or “observe your commands” 119:102 kf28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Continuing to obey God’s righteous decrees is spoken of as if the writer has not physically turned away from the righteous decrees. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always obey your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 119:103 t4ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer delighting in what God says is spoken of as if God’s words were food that tasted sweet to the writer. Alternate translation: “Your words are good and delightful!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:104 bv6d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “discernment” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I learn to discern what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:104 p647 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Evil behavior is spoken of as if it were a false way or road. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:105 b1vw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak about God telling a person how to live as if the person were walking on a path and God’s words were a light that helps the person see where to go. Alternate translation: “Your words tell me how to live my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:105 id73 0 Here “word” represents all that God communicates to people. 119:107 k2ca 0 “as you have promised to do” 119:108 de1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his prayer as if it were a sacrifice that he is offering to God. Alternate translation: “my prayer as a sacrifice to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:108 guc7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “mouth” represents the whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:109 r1uz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom that means the writer’s life is always in danger. Alternate translation: “My enemies are often trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:109 p41n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes 0 This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always remember your laws” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 119:110 axl9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Wicked people trying to capture and kill the writer is spoken of as if they were hunters setting a trap to catch an animal. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:110 ike3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:110 n3qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Not disobeying God’s instructions is spoken of as if the writer has not walked away from God’s instructions. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I obey your instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 119:111 ma4d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer always cherishing and obeying God’s decrees is spoken of as if the decrees are land or a possession that the writer will inherit. Alternate translation: “Your laws will belong to me forever” or “Your covenant decrees are like a heritage I will keep forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:111 p236 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “they make me joyful” or “I delight in them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:112 yy19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “heart” represents the writer’s will. The phrase “heart is set” is an idiom. It is a way of saying the writer is determined. Alternate translation: “I am determined to obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:112 a2c7 0 Possible meanings are (1) “every one of them” (2) “to the very end of my life” or (3) “to the very end of time” 119:113 ewl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A person who is not sincere and not fully committed to obeying God is spoken of as if the person has two minds. Alternate translation: “who are not completely committed to obeying you” or “who are insincere” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:114 p5ix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God making the writer safe is spoken of as if God were a place where the writer could go and hide. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:114 pas2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God protecting the writer is spoken of as if God were the writer’s shield. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:114 wtx3 0 Here “wait” means to wait expectantly. This has the idea of hope and trust. Alternate translation: “I trust in your word” 119:114 l68r 0 Here “word” represents what God communicates to people. 119:116 f189 0 “Give me strength as you said you would” or “Enable me to be strong as you promised” 119:116 zw3z 0 Here “my hope” represents the writer’s trust in God and his promises. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not disappoint me” or “Do not cause me shame by not doing what you promised to do” 119:117 pq8s 0 “Help me” or “Strengthen me” 119:118 kd3f 0 Possible meanings are (1) “those people lie and no one can trust them” or (2) “those people make deceitful plans but they will fail” 119:119 tbp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Slag is the waste or undesired leftovers in the process of refining gold or other metals. Yahweh removes the wicked people as if they were trash. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 119:119 z8fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:119 e1lj 0 “like trash” or “like waste” 119:120 p82w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “body” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I shake because I fear you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:120 n7mg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 It is implied that the writer is afraid of God’s righteous decrees because the writer knows that God punishes those who disobey his decrees. You can make the full meaning of this statement explicit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 119:121 du8n 0 “do not allow people to oppress me” 119:122 dv7q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Guarantee my welfare” or “Help and protect me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:122 x86e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are proud” or “proud people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:123 r56e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I grow tired because I wait and wait” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:123 z4cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “for you to save me as you promised to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:123 ptu5 0 “your righteous promise” 119:124 k6pq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Show me” or “Show me, your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:124 ygx1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adverb or adjective. Alternate translation: “that you faithfully love me” or “that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:125 van8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “understanding” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “enable me to understand what you want me to know” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:126 g82b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The writer is speaking to Yahweh in the third person. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “It is time for you to act, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 119:126 n98z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. Here “have broken” means “disobeyed.” This is a way of saying the people have disobeyed God’s law. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:128 z4ux rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A person carefully obeying all of God’s instructions is spoken of as if as if the instructions were leading a person and that person follows behind. Alternate translation: I carefully obey all of your instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:128 p1py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People doing what is evil is spoken of as if they are walking on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “all the bad ways some people live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:130 m49k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words as if those words were fabric that is folded, and of the person who explains Yahweh’s words as if they are unfolding that fabric. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives light” or “When someone explains your words, they give light” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:130 d6rx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words giving wisdom to a person as if his words were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives people wisdom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:131 qm6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his desire for Yahweh’s commandments as if he were a dog panting for water. Alternate translation: “I earnestly long for your commandments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:132 jqh6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 To turn towards someone means to pay attention to that person. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 119:132 ar7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “love you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:133 mja8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “footsteps” represents the writer as he is walking. He speaks of the way he lives, or his conduct, as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “Direct me” or “Teach me how to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:133 y2w5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks of sin as if it were a person who has authority over him. Possible meanings are (1) “do not let me habitually commit any sin” or (2) “do not let sinful men rule me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:134 a4a4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Save me from people who oppress others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:135 g736 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:136 jv4q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of his many tears as if they were streams of water. Alternate translation: “Many tears” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:136 sst5 0 “obey your law” 119:138 hus8 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). 119:139 z79n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. The phrase is an exaggeration for “I am extremely angry.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 119:140 r9cv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have tested your word many times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:140 q5x5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns 0 The writer speaks of himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, love” or “I love” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 119:141 x2xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People despise me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 119:143 q6qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The psalmist speaks of distress and anguish as if they were people. Alternate translation: “I have become distressed and anguished” or “my body and my mind are suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:145 fux2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The psalmist speaks of his whole being as if it were only his heart. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:146 g5gk 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.”See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). 119:147 kg9u 0 “before the sun first appears” 119:148 c1n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. In Hebrew culture, the night was usually divided into three “watches” or periods. Alternate translation: “I am awake all night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:149 uw93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:150 r7sh 0 “they have strayed from your law” or “they do not pay any attention to your laws” 119:151 l238 0 “I can trust your commandments” 119:152 tc7x 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md) 119:152 zx3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s commands as if they were posts set in the ground. Alternate translation: “given them for people to obey” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:153 i4e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of affliction as if it were an object that people could see. Alternate translation: “Look at how much I am suffering” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:154 rqf5 0 “Defend me against those who accuse me” 119:154 l7lr 0 “protect my life” or “give me life” 119:155 cc3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God not saving a person is spoken of as if salvation were far from the person. The abstract noun “Salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “You will certainly not save the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:156 r4u3 0 Here “great” means “many.” Alternate translation: “You have shown mercy to people many times” or “You have done many merciful things” 119:156 gus8 0 Another possible meaning is “because you do what is just.” 119:157 a4rf 0 “Those who persecute me” 119:157 x688 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. “I have not stopped obeying” or “I have not stopped believing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 119:157 n1r7 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). 119:158 keb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The adjective “treacherous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who betray me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 119:158 fs8u 0 “do not obey” 119:159 rv26 0 “Look at me so you can see” 119:159 r1n2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:160 iir8 0 “Your word is completely true” or “Your word can be trusted” 119:161 tq5i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The psalmist speaks of the heart as if it could be amazed. The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am amazed at your word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 119:162 n1dy 0 Possible meanings are (1) things that soldiers and robbers take from those they have defeated in battle or (2) things of great value or “treasure.” 119:163 jx6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words mean almost the same thing. Alternate translation: “hate very strongly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 119:163 ue4r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are this is a metonym for (1) “people who lie” or (2) “the false words that people say.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 119:165 fin9 0 Possible meanings are (1) “nothing makes them do wrong” or (2) “nothing causes them trouble.” 119:167 t7k7 0 “I obey your solemn commands” 119:167 iqz6 0 Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 119:2](../119/002.md). 119:168 zj2b 0 “I obey your instructions” 119:169 cgi3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of the ability to understand as if it were a solid object. Alternate translation: “help me understand your word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:170 r59u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of the words he says in prayer as if they were people who want to speak to a king. Alternate translation: “May you hear my prayer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:171 x454 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of his lips as if they were a container and his praise a liquid that could be poured out. Here the word “lips” is a synecdoche which represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I desire to praise you much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:172 hk6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of his tongue either (1) as if it were a person or (2) as a synecdoche for his whole being. Alternate translation: “me sing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:173 ui9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Please help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 119:173 vx9b 0 “have chosen to obey” 119:174 l3rh 0 “you to rescue me” 119:174 wa6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “delight” can be stated as a verb. “I very much enjoy obeying your law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 119:175 z1ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s decrees as if they were a person who could help him. Alternate translation: “may I listen to your righteous decrees and so become wise and strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 119:176 xw7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The psalmist compares his disobedience to Yahweh to a sheep that has wandered away from the flock. Alternate translation: “I have left your way like a sheep that has left its flock” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 119:176 ap6x 0 “because I am your servant, come and search for me” 120:intro x4aj 0 # Psalm 120 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Fighting\nThe author did not want to fight, but the people he lived with wanted to fight him. 120:1 xq2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 120:1 d8u6 0 “In my trouble” or “When I was in trouble” 120:2 a439 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 120:2 yy4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the phrases “their lips” and “their tongues” represent the people who speak lies and deceit. Alternate translation: “those who lie to me and try to deceive me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 120:3 rl7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer asks this as a leading question to explain what God will do to liars. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how God will punish you, and this is what he will do to you, you who have a lying tongue.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 120:3 k1uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “a lying tongue” represents the person who speaks lies. Alternate translation: “you who tell lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 120:4 tp2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of God severely punishing liars as if God were shooting them with arrows. Alternate translation: “He will punish you severely, as if he were shooting you with warrior’s arrows” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 120:4 gu1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This refers to how people forged the tip of the arrow in a fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 120:5 mg3z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 These two places were far away from each other. The writer is likely using the names metaphorically to represent living among cruel and barbaric people. Alternate translation: “It is as if I live in Meshech or among the tents of Kedar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 120:5 qx4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This phrase represents the people of Kedar who live in those tents. Alternate translation: “the people who live in Kedar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 120:7 sf92 0 “I want peace” 120:7 lr78 0 “they want war” 121:intro n97g 0 # Psalm 121 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 121 is a worship psalm.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nGod always watches over those who believe in him and protects them from harm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) 121:1 xgy7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 121:1 cb45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This expression means “look at” or “focus my attention on.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 121:1 yb6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses this question to focus attention on the source of his help. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you from where my help comes.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 121:2 d3ip 0 This is the answer to the previous question. 121:3 r43x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 There is a shift here to the second person. This may mean (1) the writer begins speaking to the people of Israel or (2) the writer is quoting another person speaking to the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 121:3 uj6f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The slipping of a foot is associated with falling. Alternate translation: “you to fall” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 121:3 l1fp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here to “slumber” means he would stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “God will not fall asleep and stop protecting you” or “God will always protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 121:3 j2nn 0 God 121:4 eq68 0 God 121:4 b5yf 0 This word alerts us to pay attention to the important information that follows. 121:4 f8qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words mean the same thing. Here to “slumber” means to stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “will not sleep and stop protecting you” or “will always protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 121:5 sk2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “shade” refers to protection. Alternate translation: “God is beside you to protect you from things that would hurt you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 121:5 hq1i 0 Here this expression means to be beside or near to the writer. 121:6 p2y6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The contrasting terms “day” and “night” refer to those extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “God protects you from the elements at all times” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 121:6 wzt9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 It is implies that “will not harm you” is implied here. The full meaning of this statement may be made clear. Alternate translation: “nor will the moon harm you by night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 121:7 au24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 122:intro x7wj 0 # Psalm 122 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 122 is a psalm about Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jerusalem\nJerusalem is an important city, the center of government and religious activities; so the author prays for peace for the city. 122:1 lck5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 122:1 x5k5 0 Possible meanings are (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 122:2 d2gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 The writer briefly stops speaking to his audience and speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is spoken to as if it was a person who could hear the writer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 122:2 gjq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “feet” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “we are standing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 122:2 pe5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “gates” refers to the city. Alternate translation: “inside you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 122:4 xbf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “name” refers to Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 122:5 xk6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “house” refers to the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 122:6 q9u2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 This section states the content of the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 122:7 qxx3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 This verse finishes the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 122:7 exb9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two phrases have the same meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “May the people in Jerusalem live in peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 122:7 d4tc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here Jerusalem is referred to by the fortress walls that protects it. The terms “walls” and “fortress” refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 122:8 hz78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 In this section, the writer speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 122:8 i3zr 0 “For the well-being” 122:8 b3mx 0 “May the people in you live in peace” 122:9 nt39 0 The abstract noun “good” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “I will pray that people treat you well” 123:intro vet5 0 # Psalm 123 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 123 is a psalm asking for deliverance from the contempt of proud people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\nJust as a servant trusts his master to protect him, so the author is trusting God to stop proud people from insulting him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 123:1 iym8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 123:1 ja7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the author refers to his eyes because that is the part of the body used for seeing. Alternate translation: “I look to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 123:1 kx53 0 sitting on a throne and ruling as king 123:2 kyd5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These three phrases have similar meanings. The third phrase, about the Israelites, is being compared to how the servants and maids look to their masters and mistresses for help. In each case “eyes” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 123:2 xe43 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” refers to the provision for needs. Alternate translation: “master’s provision … mistress’s provision” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 123:2 av8s 0 servant girl 123:2 cs6v 0 woman who has authority over servant girls 123:2 kj4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 123:3 e5sh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as an action. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 123:2](../123/002.md). Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 123:3 rn1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here humiliation is spoken of as if it were something that could be fill up a person. “we are very disgraced” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 123:4 h3h7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom means that the amount is excessive, in a negative sense. Alternate translation: “We have had too much” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 123:4 fq81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 There two phrases have very similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how much they have been mocked by the people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 123:4 xq36 0 “mocking” or “insults” 123:4 gp8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the insolent people. Alternate translation: “rude and arrogant people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 123:4 ugx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This refers to the proud people. Alternate translation: “the people who are proud” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 124:intro khc4 0 # Psalm 124 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 124 is a psalm of praise for God’s delivering the Israelites from their enemy’s attack. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh saves\nGod saved the Israelites from their enemy who wanted to completely destroy them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 124:1 fes4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 124:1 uf2u 0 Possible meanings are (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 124:1 zqy6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo 0 This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:2 qz9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo 0 This is the continuation of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:3 n3uw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo 0 This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “They were not able to swallow us up alive because Yahweh was on our side.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:3 g8z9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This metaphor describes how the Israelites could have died to how a fierce animal would attack a smaller animal to eat. Alternate translation: “killed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:3 tq3h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “their anger” refers to the enemies who were angry. Alternate translation: “they were very angry with us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 124:4 ca3n 0 In these two verses the author compares the enemies of Israel to a flood of water. 124:4 hgr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo 0 This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The water did not sweep us away, and the torrent did not overwhelm us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:4 x86j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Our enemies would have easily defeated us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:4 mkg4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have overwhelmed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:5 j6yh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo 0 This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The raging waters did not drown us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 124:5 rxj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a raging river that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have destroyed us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:6 thg5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The enemies are spoken of as if they were wild animals that would destroy the Israelites by eating them. Alternate translation: “destroyed as if we were eaten by wild animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:7 fr8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer describes his escape from the enemies as if he was a bird that had escaped from the snare of the hunters. Alternate translation: “escaped from our enemies as a bird escapes from the trap that hunters have set” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 124:7 r8zv 0 a small trap of string or wire made for catching small animals or birds 124:7 a4a8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The plot of the enemies to catch the writer failed as if it was a snare that had broken. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 125:intro bc6u 0 # Psalm 125 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 125 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nGod protects good people. He will not allow the evil people to rule over the good people because they might make them do evil. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 125:1 d4h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 125:1 spt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 People who trust in Yahweh are spoken of as if they were Mount Zion. Mountains are unable to be moved. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 125:2 t72p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Yahweh’s protection is spoken of as if he was the mountains surrounding Jerusalem. Jerusalem was surrounded by several mountains, which protected it from attack. Alternate translation: “As the hills that surround Jerusalem protect it, so Yahweh protects his people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 125:2 z93n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 Here, this phrase means “always.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 125:3 we9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the scepter of wickedness represents the rule of wicked people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” or “Wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 125:4 m8s8 0 This is a request. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do good things” or “Yahweh, I beg you to do good things” 125:4 y93a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here, “hearts” refers to their desires. Alternate translation: “desire to do the right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 125:5 t4ae rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Refusing to obey Yahweh is spoken of as turning away from a good path. Alternate translation: “leave good and go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 125:5 daf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here wicked ways are spoken of as if they were a path that is not straight. Alternate translation: “their wicked ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 125:5 ru69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 People are lead away in order to punish them. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lead them away to punish them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 126:intro q9ig 0 # Psalm 126 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 126 is a psalm of praise for Yahweh bringing captives home.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Sorrow and joy\nPeople may have sorrow now; but later it will turn into joy. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) 126:1 h3wt rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 126:1 y7ss 0 “made Zion prosperous again” 126:2 wxr3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Laughing is spoken of as if their mouths were a container and their laughter was in it. It can be made clear that this laughter was a response to their joy. Alternate translation: “we laughed for joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 126:2 g1bj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verbs “were filled” can be stated clearly. Singing is spoken of as if their tongues were containers and singing was in them. Alternate translation: “our tongues were filled with singing” or “we sang songs of joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 126:2 xir4 0 “the people of the nations said among themselves.” The pronoun is used before introducing what it references. This is very unusual. 126:3 js5q 0 “How glad we were, because Yahweh did these great things for us!” 126:5 i43v 0 “Those who weep as they sow” 127:intro ipx7 0 # Psalm 127 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 127 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Blessings\nGod wants his people to have rest. It is a blessing to have many children. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/rest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 127:1 nt9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 127:1 m7vn 0 Possible meanings are (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 127:2 qvi2 0 A person who works hard often has to wake up earlier in the morning and return home late at night. 127:2 vc2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This is an idiom. Bread often represents the food a person needs every day in order to live. Alternate translation: “work hard for your daily needs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 127:3 qz98 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 property that a person can inherit from his ancestors. Children normally receive an inheritance from their parents. Inheritance goes from parents to children. This passage uses parents inheriting children from Yahweh as a metaphor for Yahweh being the only one who can give children. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 127:4 iyl8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Arrows are very important to a warrior because they protect him in battle. Children are spoken of as if they are a warrior’s arrow. Alternate translation: “Having many children will help to protect you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 127:5 vf7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A quiver is a container for arrows. Having many children is spoken of as if the children were arrows in a quiver. Alternate translation: “a home full of children” or “many children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 128:intro f8w6 0 # Psalm 128 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 128 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Respect\nThose people who respect God will live well and have many children. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) 128:1 xub9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 128:1 h11n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This phrase occurs in the passive voice to avoid implying that Yahweh is obligated to bless those who honor him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless everyone who honors him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 128:2 xw8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 A man can be referred to by his hands because that is the part of the body he works with. Alternate translation: “What you provide” or “What you work for” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 128:2 b9im rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “be blessed” and “prosper” share similar meanings and emphasize God’s favor. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you and prosper you” or “Yahweh will make you blessed and prosperous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 128:3 x211 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The wife is spoke of as a vine producing a lot of fruit. This implies that children are like fruit and the wife will have many children. Alternate translation: “very productive and give you many children” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 128:3 mf2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Children are compared to olive plants because of the way they grow to surround something. Children will surround the table and make it full. Alternate translation: “you will have many children who will grow and prosper” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 128:3 vlk1 0 This refers to the place where a family gathers to eat. Often, all those who eat a man’s table are under his authority or control. 128:4 v5em rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated as an active verb. “Yahweh will bless the man who honors him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 128:5 iz4u 0 “throughout your lifetime” 128:6 cd66 0 “May Israel have peace” 129:intro p9dv 0 # Psalm 129 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 129 is a psalm of deliverance from Israel’s many enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh saves\nIsrael’s enemies have always persecuted them but God has saved them from their enemies. He prays that this enemy will be destroyed with no one to wish them well. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 129:1 ut36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 129:3 wpl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The cuts from a whipping are spoken of as the plow of a plowman. A farmer plowed deep lines into a field. Alternate translation: “My enemies have cut me deeply on my back” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 129:3 nq4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is a continuation of the plowing metaphor. The “furrow” is the line the farmer plowed. Alternate translation: “they made their cuts long” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 129:4 yzu9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Israel is spoken of as being bound by evil people. Alternate translation: “he has freed us from our enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 129:5 z781 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh is not explicitly mentioned as the one who does these things. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame them and defeat them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 129:6 s2gl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. Alternate translation: “May they die and may there be few of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 129:7 s57h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 These words finish the simile that begins in ([Psalms 129:6](../129/006.md)). The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. “May they be like the grass, which cannot fill … together” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 129:8 pu7b 0 “Yahweh bless you” 130:intro c2ly 0 # Psalm 130 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 130 is a psalm of praise that God forgives sins. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Forgive\nGod forgives sin and helps the sinner. So Israel should trust in God for his forgiveness. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) 130:1 f4r9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 130:1 h3vi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The author’s sadness is spoken of as if it were a container. His sadness comes from the bottom of the container. Sadness is often spoken of as being a container that fills from the top to the bottom. Alternate translation: “Because I am very sad, I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 130:2 i2dr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The ears represent Yahweh, but because the author knows that Yahweh hears everything, he is really asking for Yahweh to respond. Alternate translation: “please listen” or “please respond” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 130:2 cvz1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as “merciful.” Alternate translation: “to my pleas and be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 130:3 fu8l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The speaker uses this question to express the futility of thinking that anyone could stand in this situation. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one could stand.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 130:3 l8mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “Stand” often represents escaping or surviving when someone attacks. In this case, it would be to escape from being punished. Alternate translation: “no one could escape from your punishment” or “no one could survive your punishment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 130:6 lj6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 “My soul” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 130:6 yb89 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The psalmist is spoken of as if he were waiting on something with expectation. Alternate translation: “I hope” or “I trust” or “I desire for something” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 130:6 ge7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The psalmist speaks of his desire for the Lord to help him as being greater than the desire that those who work all night have for the morning to come. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 130:6 cx47 0 These are men who guard towns or fields against enemies or robbers. Here it refers to men who have to stay awake at night doing this. 130:7 ua2z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 130:8 i64f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “who will redeem the people of Israel from all their sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 131:intro ej7h 0 # Psalm 131 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 131 is a wisdom psalm teaching trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\nThis psalm focuses on the concept of trust. A quiet trust in Yahweh is best. 131:1 ct5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 131:1 px11 0 Possible meanings are (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 131:1 kgc5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The heart and the eyes represent the person. Alternate translation: “I am not proud or haughty” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 131:1 tz2s 0 Possible meanings are “I do not expect to do great things” or “I do not think I am great.” 131:1 xfb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Things that are too hard for a person to understand are spoken of as if they are beyond the person or too far away from the person to be able to reach them. Alternate translation: “things that are too hard to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 131:2 r92s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The soul represents the person or his emotions. Being calm and peaceful is spoken of has having making one’s soul still and quiet. Alternate translation: “I am calm and peaceful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 131:2 sep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The soul represents the person or his emotions. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 131:2 sim5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of himself being content and resting as if he were a young child that no longer demands breast milk from his mother. Alternate translation: “content like a young child that no longer cries for breast milk but rests in his mother’s arms” or “content and resting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:intro fp7w 0 # Psalm 132 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David brought the ark to Jerusalem.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Ark\nThe Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) 132:1 sq3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 132:1 lvf4 0 “because of what happened to David” 132:1 rsq8 0 “remember” or “think about” 132:2 v7zr 0 This refers to God. 132:3 qz8t 0 “King David said” 132:4 s5lw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Sleep and rest are spoken of as if they are things that can be given. Here eyes and eyelids represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not allow my eyes to sleep or my eyelids to rest” or “I will not sleep or close my eyes and rest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 132:5 q4n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Building a place for Yahweh is spoken of as finding a place for him. Alternate translation: “until I build a place for Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 132:5 ydb1 0 This refers to God. 132:6 ii2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The word “it” probably refers to where God’s sacred chest was. The phrase “in Ephrathah” probably refers to where they were when they heard about it. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “we who were in Ephrathah heard about where the sacred chest was” or “we in Ephrathah heard that the holy box was in Jaar” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 132:6 nbj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 Jaar is probably another name for the city of Kiriath Jearim. This probably refers to the fields surrounding the city. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 132:7 gcy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Worshiping God at the covenant box is spoken of as bowing at the feet of the king who is sitting on his throne. This communicates humility and submission to God. Alternate translation: “we will go to God’s covenant box and worship him as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:8 jkj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The verb “come” can be stated clearly. “Arise, Yahweh, and come to your resting place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 132:8 e7g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where you stay” or “your tabernacle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:8 ktv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 Possible meanings are (1) “come to the ark of your strength” or (2) “come, and make the ark of your strength come.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 132:8 pg13 0 “the ark that shows your great power” 132:9 y1an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Integrity is spoken of as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “May people recognize that your priests have integrity” or “I want people see how your priests always do what is right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:10 zns5 0 “Because of what happened to your servant David.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 132:1](../132/001.md). 132:10 e268 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “turning away” means to reject someone. Alternate translation: “do not abandon the king that you anointed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:11 l5l7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Making a king’s descendant become king in his place is spoken of as placing him on that king’s throne. AT “I will cause one of your descendants to rule Israel in your place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:12 ir7p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Ruling as king is spoken of as sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “rule as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:12 ht92 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “your sons” represents the descendants of David that would become king. Alternate translation: “your descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 132:13 ym8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns 0 “He”, “my” and “I” refer to Yahweh and “her” refers to Zion. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) 132:13 kw5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The author writes as though the city of Zion were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 132:13 wvs3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “Yahweh has desired Zion for Yahweh’s seat.” Here “seat” represents either (1) his throne where he would rule, or (2) the place where he would stay. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 132:14 t9p9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The author writes as though the city of Zion ([Psalms 132:13](../132/013.md)) were a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 132:14 y9cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where I stay” or “my tabernacle” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:15 afl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 God continues to speak about the city of Zion as if Zion was a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 132:15 gvy6 0 “will abundantly bless Zion” 132:15 md5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 Here “poor” refers to the poor people in Zion and “bread” probably represents food in general. Alternate translation: “will satisfy the poor people in Zion with food” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 132:16 w9cn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Salvation is spoken of as if it is clothing. Possible meanings are (1) “I will cause the priests to behave in a manner worthy of ones whom I have saved” or (2) “I will save her priests” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:17 vls7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of a powerful descendant of David as if he was the powerful horn of an animal. Alternate translation: “I will make a descendant of David become king after him” or “I will cause David to have a descendant who will be a powerful king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:17 yc3b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God speaks of causing David’s descendants to continue to rule as king as if they were a lamp that would continue to shine. Alternate translation: “I will cause my anointed one’s descendants to continue to rule as king” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:17 dms8 0 “my chosen king” or “the king I have chosen” 132:18 gp1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Shame is spoken of as if it was clothing. This shame would result from losing in war. Alternate translation: “I will cause his enemies to be ashamed” or “I will cause his enemies to be defeated and ashamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 132:18 hdu2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The crown represents his rule, and greatness is spoken of as shining. Alternate translation: “he will be a great king” or “his greatness will shine” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 133:intro lg1c 0 # Psalm 133 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 133 is a wisdom psalm about harmony. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Harmony\nHarmony between relatives is refreshing and brings a blessings from God. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 133:1 s9bf rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 133:1 xwd2 0 Possible meanings are (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) 133:1 d9ck 0 This word is used to stress the importance of the statement that follows. 133:1 s8hv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The relationships among fellow God’s people is spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: “for God’s people to live together peacefully as brothers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 133:2 qj4c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as if it were like the fine oil that was poured on Aaron’s head. Alternate translation: “This unity is precious like the oil that was poured on Aaron’s head” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 133:3 r3pl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as it if it were refreshing like dew. Alternate translation: “refreshing like the dew of Hermon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 133:3 q5fz 0 This is a mountain in Israel that has snow on its peak year-round. 134:intro az9r 0 # Psalm 134 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 134 is a temple psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Watchmen\nThe watchmen who work at night should praise God. Then he will bless them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 134:1 x2de rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 134:1 y7mi 0 “all you who serve Yahweh” 134:2 fx9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This is how people prayed or praised God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 134:2 x39j 0 Possible meanings are (1) “to the temple” or (2) “to the holy place in the temple.” 134:3 d5zb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The phrase “heaven and earth” here represents all things. Alternate translation: “everything in heaven and earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 135:intro qzj7 0 # Psalm 135 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 135 is a worship psalm focusing on worshiping God because his greatness.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Praise\nThe people, priests and their helpers should praise God because he is so great. He defeated the Egyptians and led his people to the promise land. Idols have no power. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) 135:1 s987 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 135:1 q37i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s name represents him. “Praise Yahweh” or “Praise him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 135:2 hmn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents serving Yahweh in his temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 135:2 acj2 0 These words refer to Yahweh ([Psalms 135:1](../135/001.md)). 135:3 txp9 0 “because we get pleasure from praising his name” 135:4 e6pd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “Jacob” here refers to his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has chosen Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 135:4 tbz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The beginning of the sentence can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “he has chosen Israel to be his possession” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 135:5 bu42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “I know that our Lord is above all gods.” Being greater than something is spoken of as being above it. Alternate translation: “that our Lord is greater than all gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 135:7 g3hj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 A storehouse is a place where things are kept for future use. This imagery shows God’s power to control the wind. Alternate translation: “causing the wind to blow by his power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 135:9 pln1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to the miraculous troubles that God had caused in Egypt. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 135:9 jjz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 The psalmist speaks as if the people of Egypt were listening to him. Alternate translation: “among you people of Egypt” or “among the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 135:9 eb2x 0 “to punish Pharaoh” 135:11 tnk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 135:12 xu2g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God’s gift of the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if it were inheritance from father to son. Alternate translation: “He gave us their land to have forever” or “He gave us their land to be ours forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 135:13 z179 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 His name here represents his fame or reputation. Alternate translation: “Your fame” or “Your reputation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 135:18 wi2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Being ignorant and powerless is spoken of as being like idols, which cannot speak, see, hear, or breathe. Alternate translation: “Those who make them are stupid and powerless like their idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 135:18 z43m 0 “and so are those who trust in the idols” 135:21 l26a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 God is spoken of as if he lived in Jerusalem because the temple where the Israelites worshiped him was there. Alternate translation: “he whose temple is in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 136:intro wah2 0 # Psalm 136 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 136 is a worship psalm. It was written to be sung by two parts of the choir. One part would sing the first part of each of the lines and then the other part of the choir would sing the repeated refrain.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Israel blessed\nGod has blessed Israel throughout its history and taken care of the needy people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 136:1 my49 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 136:1 ra72 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations 0 This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 136:1 f89e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 136:2 f8xr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 the God who is greater than the gods that other people worship (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 136:5 f8eu 0 That is, because he is wise. 136:6 x27a 0 The ancient Israelites thought that the earth’s dry land was on top of the sea. Alternate translation: “placed the earth over the waters” 136:7 wi2k 0 This is a reference to the sources of light for the earth, especially the sun and the moon. Alternate translation: “the sun and the moon and the stars” 136:8 f4vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The sun is spoken of as if it were a king. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 136:8 h1q9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 136:1](../136/001.md). Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 136:9 m4de rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The moon, and stars are spoken of as if they were kings. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 136:11 v395 0 “from among the people of Egypt” 136:12 eaa4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “hand” and “arm” represent power. Alternate translation: “with great power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 136:13 avd4 0 The soldiers of Pharaoh drowned in the Sea of Reeds. 136:15 a7s1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here defeat is spoken of as if it were tipping someone over. Alternate translation: “defeated Pharaoh” or “defeated the king of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 136:15 mi4b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 That is, the army of Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 136:19 j4wg rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 a man’s name (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 136:20 r49c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names 0 a man’s name (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) 136:23 q5t2 0 “thought about us” 136:23 g78u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The condition of feeling shame is spoken of as if it were a place that the Israelites had been in. This is a reference to the many times when the Israelites’ enemies had defeated them in battle and shamed them. Alternate translation: “cared when we were shamed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 136:24 zn74 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Causing people to be victorious and defeat their enemies is spoken of as giving them victory, as if victory were an object that can be given. Alternate translation: “has made us victorious over our enemies” or “has made us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 136:26 vqb3 0 “the God who lives in heaven” or “the God whom the heavenly beings worship” 137:intro syg4 0 # Psalm 137 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 137 is a psalm of mourning and vengeance. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Songs of Zion\nThe captives are told to sing songs of Zion there in Babylon but they felt too unhappy to want to sing. The army from Babylon was cruel when it destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Edom encouraged them to destroy Jerusalem. They prayed that God will be cruel to the people of Edom and Babylon. 137:1 g7si rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 137:1 kt8v 0 “Next to one of the rivers near Babylon” 137:1 rih5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 137:2 j2py rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive 0 The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 137:2 xl9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Poplar trees do not grow in Israel. “Poplars” may here stand for all the trees in Babylon. Alternate translation: “On the trees in Babylon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 137:3 sad7 0 “our captors required us to sing” 137:3 htl1 0 “made us pretend to be happy” 137:3 j7ws 0 This probably refers to songs that the Israelites had used in worship at the temple in Jerusalem. 137:5 s6nm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks as if Jerusalem is listening to him. Alternate translation: “If I act as if I did not remember you, Jerusalem” or “If I try to forget you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 137:5 evg5 0 the hand most people use most often 137:7 fey4 0 “Remember” or “Think about” 137:7 wp1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here remembering what the Edomites did represents punishing them for what they did. Alternate translation: “Punish the Edomites, Yahweh, for what they did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 137:7 fk91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Jerusalem being captured by an enemy army is spoken of as if it had fallen. Who captured Jerusalem can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the day Jerusalem was captured” or “the day the Babylonian army entered Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 137:8 vlj1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 The psalmist addresses the people of Babylon as if they were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 137:8 c3dh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents the city of Babylon and its people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 137:8 w6kc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God bless the person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 137:8 v1xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of someone doing to others what they have done as if were payment. Alternate translation: “does to you what you did to us” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 137:9 v5tp 0 “smashes your babies’ heads against rocks” 138:intro lv6z 0 # Psalm 138 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Answered prayers\nGod answers prayers and he protects the psalmist from his enemies. 138:1 uq65 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 138:1 hm3q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The heart here represents the emotions. Doing something sincerely or completely is spoken of as doing it with all one’s heart. Alternate translation: “I will sincerely thank you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 138:1 eq6r 0 Possible meanings are (1) “in spite of the false idols that exist” or (2) “before the heavenly assembly,” which means “in the knowledge of the angels in heaven.” 138:2 bda1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 Bowing down is a symbolic action that represents worship and giving honor. Alternate translation: “I will worship you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 138:2 p2fj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 138:2 t3ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 138:2 wkx6 0 “what you have said” or “your commands and promises” 138:2 m6ju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) “yourself” or (2) “your fame.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 138:4 zpz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This expression stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 138:6 sg1t 0 Yahweh is above all creation in power, position, and authority. Yet his interest is in those who are humble in spirit, servants to all. This is a simple contrast. 138:6 ly27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This expression probably means that God is not faithful to those who are proud. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 138:7 se2w 0 live, exist 138:7 wu4n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being in danger is spoken of as being in a physical place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 138:7 ez6k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as if he will strike the enemies with his hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 138:7 uh62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “anger” can be stated as “angry.” Alternate translation: “my enemies, who are angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 138:8 uma6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, remain faithful to your covenant forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 138:8 hc8j 0 This expression probably refers to the nation of Israel. 138:8 m81b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God is spoken of as if he had physically used hands to create. Alternate translation: “you have created” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:intro spl6 0 # Psalm 139 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 139 is a psalm of praise.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### God’s care\nGod created the psalmist in his mother’s womb and has taken care of him all of his life. No matter where he goes, God is always with him. 139:1 f2ij rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 139:1 m5if 0 “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 139:1 z372 0 “have tested” 139:2 rgf9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The psalmist uses these two actions to represent everything he does. Alternate translation: “everything I do” or “everything about me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 139:3 u269 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “path” stands for one’s behavior. “My path and my lying down” together represent everything about the psalmist. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 139:4 i5s4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “word on the tongue” represents speech. Alternate translation: “before I say anything” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:5 q23v 0 This expression refers to God’s presence everywhere. 139:5 xr3g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This expression refers to guidance and help. Alternate translation: “you guide and help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:6 yr6j 0 “too much for me to understand” 139:6 m18y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Being high and out of reach is an expression, in this case, about some knowledge that human beings cannot have. Alternate translation: “it is too difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:7 w65n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 These two questions are in parallel. The psalmist says that he cannot go away from God’s presence. Alternate translation: “I cannot escape from your Spirit.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 139:8 tdr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “Making one’s bed” refers to staying somewhere. Alternate translation: “even if I stay in Sheol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:9 v6q9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 The author uses exaggeration to explain that wherever he is, God is there too. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 139:9 rt5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 In the ancient near east, the sun was often imagined as if it had wings which enabled it to fly across the sky. Alternate translation: “If the sun could carry me with itself across the sky” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:9 iph4 0 “very far away to the west” 139:10 fx9r 0 “will help me” 139:11 z546 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of the night as if it were a blanket that could conceal him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:12 v3s8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The night, which is dark, is spoken of as if it were bright with light. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:13 zvi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 “Inner parts” refers to the interior organs of a person, but here the expression probably stands for the entire body. Alternate translation: “You made my entire body (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 139:14 t36w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “soul” probably refers to the psalmist’s innermost ability to be certain about God’s love and guidance. The translator may, however, treat “soul” here as metonymy for the psalmist’s mind and heart. Alternate translation: “I know this with all my heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 139:15 wrz7 0 “made with great complexity” 139:15 r8mk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 This is probably a way of speaking about a mother’s womb (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:16 i7h1 0 This expression implies that ancient Israelites imagined that God wrote down his plans in a book. 139:17 e3mj 0 “I consider your thoughts very important” or “Your thoughts are very valuable to me” 139:17 j6ja 0 “Your thoughts are so many.” 139:18 y1h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole 0 This hyperbole means that the writer would be unable to count God’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “there would be more than I could count” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 139:19 g2az rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe 0 The psalmist is only pretending to speak directly to the violent men whom he has in mind. Translators may decide to express this command as a wish. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 139:20 t47k 0 “They rebel against your authority, God” 139:20 lzi8 0 “your enemies lie about you” 139:21 f3gc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. Both of these questions actually make statements. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I hate those who hate you! I despise those who rise up against you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 139:21 s4kn 0 rebel against 139:23 e3ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This is a request for God to tell the psalmist about any sinful thoughts that he may have. Alternate translation: “Please search me” or “I beg you to search me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 139:23 s3gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 139:24 r9qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “way” stands for behavior. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 139:24 h9f8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “way” refers to trust and obedience in God. Anyone who “walks” this way will have everlasting life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:intro qi17 0 # Psalm 140 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 140 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s protection\nHe prayed that God would save him from his enemies who are lying about him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) 140:1 g538 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 140:1 gc5w 0 This is for the director of music to use in worship.” 140:2 luc4 0 Here “battles” probably refers to conflict of any kind, including quarrels. 140:3 pz2s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 People who cause conflict by what they say are spoken of as if they had tongues of serpents. Of course, snakes do not do damage with their tongues, but with their bites and especially with poison. Neither can a person make his tongue sharp. Instead, here the idea of a sharp tongue stands for speaking in a way to cause trouble. And the idea the snakes have sharp tongues stands for the fact that many of them have poison. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:4 b8fg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 That is, the power of the wicked (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:5 fa3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The exact kinds of traps are less important than the idea that wicked and proud people are planning to make trouble for the psalmist. If your readers do not know much about different ways of trapping, you may need to reduce this to one line. Alternate translation: “have set a trap to catch me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 140:6 w5qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 140:7 c56x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 A person’s head is in great danger during battle. Protecting the person’s head represents protecting the whole person. Alternate translation: “you protect me when I go to war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:7 pz1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “battle” probably stands for any kind of severe trouble (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:8 c5jb 0 “please do not allow the wicked to have what they desire” 140:8 hdj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 140:9 gn44 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This is a sign of being arrogant. Alternate translation: “are arrogant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 140:9 x51m 0 This is a prayer that God would make the evildoers suffer from the trouble that they caused by the things they said. 140:9 a8kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The trouble that they themselves caused by what they said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:9 tmk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 That is, stop them from causing any more trouble. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:10 yxz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Images of fire stand for severe punishment for the wicked. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 140:10 pqf9 0 This is probably a reference to Sheol, the world of the dead. 140:11 sf31 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 those who speak evil of others without cause (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 140:11 i174 0 “safe in this life” 140:11 k1fm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here evil is spoken of as if it were someone taking revenge on another person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 140:12 em3r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as “just.” Alternate translation: “He will act in a just manner to help the needy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 140:13 wfl7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 141:intro j6r9 0 # Psalm 141 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 141 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies and from sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s correction\nThe author prayed that God would keep him from sinning. He is glad to be corrected by good people. He asked God to show that he is right by destroying the evil leaders of the people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) 141:1 f34t rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 141:1 gns6 0 “asking you for help” 141:1 uq2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The psalmist speaks as if Yahweh were a person who needed to come from another place to help him. What the psalmist wanted Yahweh to do can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 141:1 f66k 0 “Please hear me when I call” or “I beg you to hear me when I call” 141:2 d4jp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The psalmist asks Yahweh to accept and be pleased with his prayer the way he would accept and be pleased with incense. Alternate translation: “May the my prayer please you the way the sweet smell of incense pleases people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 141:2 vz6a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The psalmist wants Yahweh to be pleased with him because he is praying and because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 141:2 f9h1 0 “the hands that I have lifted up.” Lifted hands are a metonym for prayer. People lifted their hands when they prayed or praised Yahweh. See how you translated “lift up your hands” in [Psalms 134:2](../134/002.md). 141:2 vf7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The means to be like the animal that was burned on the altar in the evening. The psalmist speaks as if he wants Yahweh to be as pleased with him as he is with those who bring animals to sacrifice. He wants Yahweh to be pleased because the psalmist is praying or because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 141:3 kge1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things that are evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:3 pt7y 0 “tell someone to guard” 141:3 hf52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things when I should not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:4 cg6p 0 “do sinful deeds” 141:4 ft7c 0 “their special foods” 141:5 z9wf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks as if giving a rebuke were physically hitting someone. Alternate translation: “rebuke me” or “hit me so I will listen when he corrects me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:5 d396 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “kindness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “he will be acting kindly to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 141:5 vbt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Possible meanings are that the psalmist speaks as if a person correcting him were putting oil on his head (1) to honor him. Alternate translation: “when he corrects me, I will know that the one who corrects me is doing a good deed to me” or (2) to make his head feel better. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:5 sry9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The head is a synecdoche for the person. The litotes can be translated as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “may I accept it gladly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 141:5 m2xw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “wicked deeds” are a metonym for the people who do the wicked deeds. Alternate translation: “I always pray that Yahweh will stop wicked people from doing evil deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 141:6 k4ld rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 Possible meanings are (1) “Someone will throw their leaders down” or (2) “Their leaders will throw them down.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 141:6 fj6j 0 ground that goes straight down a long way 141:7 b6wd 0 Possible meanings are (1) “people have thrown our bones around in different directions” or (2) as a result of the fall from the cliffs (141:6) “our bodies are broken and our bones lie in disorder.” 141:8 cjd2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am looking to see what you will do” or “I expect you to help me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 141:8 wm6m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 “I am asking you to protect me” See how “take refuge” is translated in [Psalms 118:9](../118/009.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 141:8 wls6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 141:9 q9db rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of deceiving a good man so the good man will sin or so that the evil people can defeat him as if it were laying a trap for an animal. The word “snares” is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 141:9 y879 0 Bible experts disagree on the exact meanings of these words. It would be best either to translate one of them with the word for a net or cage that contains the prey and the other as a rope or vine that catches the prey by the leg or neck or to translate both with the general word for “traps.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 140:5](../140/005.md). 141:9 g9xn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “and protect me from the traps that those who do evil have set” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 141:10 zb2q 0 The psalmist speaks of evil people deceiving good people as if hunters were trapping animals. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked fall into the net traps they have made to trap other people” or “Let the bad things the wicked planned for the righteous happen to the wicked instead” 142:intro psy6 0 # Psalm 142 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 142 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nThe psalmist is alone, and has many enemies surrounding him. Despite this, Yahweh will help him. Then, good people will join the author. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) 142:1 j93h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 142:1 p2w2 0 This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). 142:1 bue5 0 open place under the earth large enough for people to walk around in 142:1 e46x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 142:1 gl9i 0 “using my voice” - 142:2 e15u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 142:2 ay1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of telling Yahweh why he is sad as if he were pouring all of a liquid out of a container. Alternate translation: “I tell him all about why I am sad” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 142:2 vh7u 0 “tell him about everything that makes me worry” 142:3 aks7 0 “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged” 142:3 j7ir rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 “you know the path I should take.” The psalmist speaks as if what a person does were a path that that person walked along. Alternate translation: “you know the way I should live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 142:3 qy2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of people wanting to harm him as if they were trying to trap an animal. Alternate translation: “They are making plans so that whatever I do they can harm me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 142:4 e9h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This is a metonym for “me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 142:5 d83b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “called to you now for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 142:5 u3fb 0 Possible meanings are (1) “all I want” or (2) “all I need” or (3) “all I have.” 142:5 v2uk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 This idiom refers to a person being alive, as opposed to a person who is dead and in the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “while I am living” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 142:6 t4vr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This is a call for help. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 142:6 y2xf 0 Possible meanings are (1) “I am very needy” and (2) “I am very weak.” See how “we are very low” is translated in [Psalms 78:8](../078/008.md). 142:7 va7w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 This is a request. The “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “bring me out of prison” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 142:7 w9yx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for the person. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:11](../005/011.md). Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 143:intro tm9v 0 # Psalm 143 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 143 is a deliverance psalm. The author prays for deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s help\nThe author prayed for help from Yahweh against his enemies because he is God’s servant. 143:1 jk8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 143:1 c8pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The words “my prayer” are a metonym for the person who is praying. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 39:12](../039/012.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I pray to you” or “Be willing to do what I ask you to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 143:2 h1x7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom 0 To “enter into judgment” is an idiom that means to pronounce judgment. Alternate translation: “Please do not judge” or “I beg you not to judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 143:2 ab38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person 0 The psalmist speaks of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) 143:2 u6lh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment no one is righteous” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:3 p6sx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “pursued me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 143:3 u666 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Defeating an enemy is spoken of as a heavy object crushing a lighter object on the ground. Alternate translation: “has completely defeated me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:4 j66k 0 “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged” 143:4 yv4a 0 “I no longer have any hope” 143:5 nii3 0 “think about” 143:5 z21m 0 “all that you have accomplished” or “all the great things you have done” 143:6 i96g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 What one does with one’s body here is a metonym for the purpose of doing so. The Israelites would commonly pray while standing with their hands raised and spread out at their sides. Alternate translation: “pray to you with my hands lifted up at my sides” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 143:6 c8nl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of wanting to be with God as if he were in a parched land and he also was about to die of thirst. Alternate translation: “I want to be with you the way a person in a parched land who is very thirsty wants water” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:6 x1rn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist desires to know Yahweh. The intensity of his desire to know Yahweh is like one who is very thirsty. Alternate translation: “I long for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:6 m3qk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The soul is a metonym for the person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 143:6 zc2r 0 A land where everything has died because there is no water. 143:7 r837 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 Here the “spirit” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 143:7 h5nt 0 This is a request. “I beg you not to hide from me” or “Please, do not hide from me” 143:7 t1s2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh refusing to do what the psalmist asks as if Yahweh were refusing to even look at the psalmist. This litotes can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: “Do not refuse to listen to me” or “Please listen to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) 143:7 yh17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 Here the word “pit” refers to the place of the dead. This phrase is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “I will become just another dead person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 143:8 cbz8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 “Cause me to hear of your covenant faithfulness” or “Tell me of your covenant faithfulness.” The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let me hear of how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 143:8 z9rb 0 Possible meanings are (1) “in the morning,” at the time many people thought was the best time to pray, or (2) “morning by morning,” every day. 143:8 aut8 0 “Tell me” 143:8 e86d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of the way people live as if it were a path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “how you want me to live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:8 idb7 0 Possible meanings are (1) “I pray to you” or (2) “I believe that you will guide and protect me.” 143:9 uh4d 0 Possible meanings are (1) “I flee to you so I can hide” and (2) “I flee to you so you will hide and protect me.” 143:10 hfy5 0 “to do what you want me to do” 143:10 u2i6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) “help me to live righteously” or (2) “may my life be free of trouble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:10 kpf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) this is a metaphor for righteous living or (2) “a level land,” a metaphor for life free of trouble. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 143:11 drk5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s name represents his reputation and character. Alternate translation: “because of who you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 143:12 d1cl 0 “the enemies who want to take my life” 143:12 wp4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 “Show your covenant faithfulness by cutting off my enemies.” The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are faithful to your covenant, cut off my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 143:12 wl46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 “the enemies of my soul.” My “life” may be understood as representing the speaker. Alternate translation: “my enemies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 144:intro j9c6 0 # Psalm 144 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 144 is a worship psalm. It is the first worship psalm in a series consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Safety\nPsalm 144 is a prayer for safety and prosperity for the nation of Israel. 144:1 kh8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 144:1 lg69 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) “the one who keeps me safe” or (2) “the one who gives me strength” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:1 r6cj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The words “hands” and “fingers” are synecdoches for “me.” If “war” and “battle” are the same word in your language, you can translate this as one line. Alternate translation: “who trains me for war and trains me for battle” or “who trains me for war” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 144:2 k7jc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with anadverb. Possible meanings are (1) “the one who faithfully loves me” or (2) “the one who faithfully protects me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 144:2 bpc6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist uses many metaphors to emphasize that Yahweh will protect him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:2 naw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a fortress that protects him from attack. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:2 v4eq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield that protects a soldier. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:2 ig17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I go so he will protect me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:2 qyp9 0 “the one who enables me to defeat other nations” 144:3 la8b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Man is so small compared to everything else you have made that I am surprised that you take notice of man and that you think about the son of man” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 144:3 e6zt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 two words for human beings. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 144:4 hu1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 The writer compares humans to these thing to emphasize how short their lives are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 144:5 cp6t 0 These words should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. 144:5 as4e 0 Possible meanings are (1) tear the sky open or (2) bend the heavens like a tree branch bends when someone walks on it or as one bends a bow before shooting arrows. 144:6 jip6 0 These should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. 144:6 ye36 0 “so they do not know what to think or what to do” 144:7 w63l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 David speaks as if God were on land above a flood and had physical hands with which he could pull David out of a flood. The flood is a metaphor for the troubles caused by the “foreigners.” Alternate translation: “You who are able to act, help me overcome my troubles” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:7 a8fn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 144:8 i188 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “mouths” represent the people who speak. Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 144:8 f1nz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:9 wz6d 0 Possible meanings are (1) “a song no one has ever sung before” or (2) “a song I have never sung before.” 144:10 rad1 0 You may end a sentence at the end of [Psalms 144:9](../144/009.md) and start a new sentence here. “you. It is you who give … kings. It is you who rescued” 144:10 t9g4 0 David speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “me, David, your servant” 144:10 r919 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 David speaks of evil people as if they were the swords they use as weapons. Alternate translation: “from evil people who were trying to kill him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 144:11 a7t7 0 “Please rescue me and free me” 144:11 iv5z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “hand” refers to power. See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:7](./007.md). Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 144:11 vu7l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The people are represented by their “mouths.” See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 144:11 me9z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Possible meanings are (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.”See how you translated these words [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 144:12 mxt8 0 healthy and strong 144:12 jn5c 0 the time when people develop 144:12 zf8s 0 “may our daughters be like carved corner pillars” 144:12 qvz7 0 “beautiful posts that hold up the corners of a large house” 144:12 ah7c 0 “pillars that are carved to make a palace beautiful” 144:13 m4xe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers 0 “thousands—even tens of thousands!—and fill up our fields” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 144:14 zjd7 0 “No one will be able to invade our city” 144:14 r26v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the outcry is associated with a severe problem that causes the person to cry out. Alternate translation: “no one crying in pain” or “no one crying for help” or “no one calling out for justice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 145:intro nm65 0 # Psalm 145 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 145 is a worship psalm. This is the second in a series of worship psalms consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n### Praise\nGod is worthy of all praise. This is in part because he does such wonderful things for all who worship him. 145:1 rw8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 145:1 dl46 0 “tell people how wonderful you are” 145:1 p5ni rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “bless you” or “do what makes you happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 145:2 q3yg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise you” or “tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 145:4 b492 0 “the things you can do because you are strong” 145:7 ri73 0 “tell others how very good you are” 145:8 jqk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of covenant faithfulness as if it were a physical object of which one could possess a large amount. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “completely faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 145:9 k61r 0 “people can see him showing mercy in everything he does” 145:10 v1rj 0 “All the people you have made will give thanks” or “It will be as if everything you have made will give you thanks” 145:13 yys6 0 “remains forever” 145:14 f2te rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The psalmist speaks of Yahweh encouraging people as if he were helping people who were physically weak. You may need to translate both lines using only one line. AT “encourages those who are discouraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 145:15 w41b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the word “eyes” represents those who watch and wait for Yahweh to act. Alternate translation: “Everyone watches and waits” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 145:16 xft8 0 “You generously provide” 145:16 b2bx 0 “you give everyone more than they need and as much as they want” 145:17 h9wa 0 “People can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is righteous” 145:17 h24t 0 “and he is gracious in all he does” or “people can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is gracious” 145:18 kq17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Here “is near” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “is always ready to help all those who call to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 145:18 v98h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “to all who tell only the truth when they pray” or “to all whom he trusts when they pray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 145:21 asw2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here the words “My mouth” represent the one speaking. Alternate translation: “I will speak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 145:21 t2tr 0 “tell everyone how good Yahweh is” 145:21 nc4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “let all people bless him” or “let all people do what makes him happy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 146:intro s9dj 0 # Psalm 146 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 146 is a worship psalm. It is the third in series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Trust\nTrusting people for protection is useless because they die. But God blesses everyone who trusts in him. He provides everything people need. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) 146:1 xb8v rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 146:1 jq1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “soul” represents the writer’s inner being. The writer is commanding his inner being to praise Yahweh. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all my soul” or “I give praise to Yahweh with all my life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 146:2 isg7 0 “until I die” or “while I live” 146:3 x34i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 Here “princes” represents all human leaders. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 146:3 br6l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “in any person because they cannot save you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 146:3 ure6 0 “in humankind” or “in people” 146:4 xqq1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 This is a polite way to refer to someone dying. Alternate translation: When a person dies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) 146:4 c8h2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 This means that just as God made the first human, Adam, from the soil, so will a person’s body decay and become soil again when he dies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 146:6 ci47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The words “heaven” and “earth” represent everything that exists in the physical universe. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 146:6 ca4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “remains trustworthy” or “remains faithful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 146:7 zbn6 0 “He decides matters fairly” 146:7 kk2i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “for oppressed people” or “for those whom other people oppress” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 146:7 key9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “to hungry people” or “to those who are hungry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 146:8 tjb6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Causing a blind person to see is spoken of as if Yahweh were opening the person’s eyes. Alternate translation: “causes the blind to see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 146:8 pav7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “blind people” or “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 146:8 ey4k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically helping someone to stand up. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps those who are discouraged” or “Yahweh helps those who are weak” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 146:8 ml15 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction 0 This action is a sign of distress or mourning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 146:9 l8p2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 God helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically lifting them up. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 146:10 kr81 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here “Zion” represents all the people of Israel. The writer is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “your God, people of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) 146:10 il4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The words “will reign” are understood. Alternate translation: “will reign for all generations” or “will reign forever” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 147:intro z5be 0 # Psalm 147 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 147 is a worship psalm. It is the fourth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh’s control\nYahweh has created everything and controls all of nature. He provides for the animals and people. 147:1 u7wi rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 147:1 g689 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The object may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “it is pleasant to sing praises” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 147:1 i9pm 0 “praise is fitting” or “praise is appropriate” 147:3 ip6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of the people’s sorrow and discouragement as if they were physical wounds, and of Yahweh encouraging them as if he were healing those wounds. Alternate translation: “He encourages those who are sad and helps them to heal from their emotional wounds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 147:5 sq6c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can measure his understanding” or “his understanding has no limit” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 147:6 ret4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh honoring those who are oppressed as if Yahweh were lifting them up from the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh honors the oppressed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 147:6 j87w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh humiliating the wicked as if Yahweh were forcing them to lie on the ground. Alternate translation: “he humiliates the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 147:7 x7xx 0 “while playing a harp” 147:9 y81a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “he gives food to the young ravens when they cry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 147:9 hrg8 0 “whey they chirp” or “when they call” 147:10 ih2w 0 “Strong horses do not delight him” 147:10 vg8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Possible meanings are (1) “strong legs” is a metonym that represents how swiftly a man can run. Alternate translation: “men who can run swiftly” or (2) “strong legs” represents the strength of the whole man. Alternate translation: “how strong a man is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 147:11 fe9n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with and adjective. Alternate translation: “who trust him because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 147:12 c1ra rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks to Jerusalem, which he also calls Zion, as if it were a person. The names of the city are metonyms for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “people of Jerusalem … people of Zion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 147:13 v5j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The phrase “the bars of your gates” represent the city as a whole. Yahweh will make Jerusalem secure from enemy invasion. Alternate translation: “For he protects Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 147:13 kjw5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of those who live in Jerusalem as if they were Jerusalem’s children. Alternate translation: “he blesses those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 147:14 jv5d 0 “He brings peace.” Possible meanings are (1) Yahweh causes the people who live in Jerusalem to prosper materially and financially or (2) the word translated as “prosperity” means “peace” and Yahweh keeps Jerusalem safe from enemy attack. 147:15 a37s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer describes God’s command as if it were a messenger that moves quickly to deliver God’s message. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 147:16 c1ee rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 These emphasize how easy it is for him to do these things. He covers the ground with snow as easily as a person covers something with a wool blanket. And, he removes the frost as easily as the wind blows ashes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 147:17 nl42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile 0 Yahweh scatters hail as easily as a person would scatter bread crumbs. Alternate translation: “He dispenses the hail easily, as if it were crumbs” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 147:17 ljb8 0 “He sends” 147:17 iq6h 0 small pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain 147:17 sid1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion 0 The writer uses this question to emphasize that it is difficult to endure the cold weather that Yahweh causes. Alternate translation: “no one can live in the cold he sends.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 147:18 db1u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s command as if it were his messenger. The word “command” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “He commands the ice to melt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 147:19 h3ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gave his law only to Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 147:19 m4av rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He proclaimed his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 147:19 c558 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet 0 The words “statutes” and “righteous decrees,” along with “word” in the previous line, all refer to the law of Moses. If your language does not have different words for these terms, you may combine the two lines into one, using either “Jacob” or “Israel” for the people who received them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 147:20 s9ly 0 The other nations do not know Yahweh’s decrees. 148:intro ug77 0 # Psalm 148 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 148 is a worship psalm. It is the fifth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\nAll creation, including humans, should praise God for his greatness. 148:1 hy45 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry 0 Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 148:1 y3gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 “Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the sky.” These two lines are parallel, with phrase “the heights” meaning the same thing as “the heavens” in the previous line. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 148:3 ri28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks to the sun and moon as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, sun and moon, as people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:3 qw9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks to the shining stars as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, shining stars, as people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:4 ek5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The phrase “highest heaven” is an idiom that refers to heaven itself. The writer speaks to heaven as if it were a person and commands it to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, highest heaven, as people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:4 vf7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks to “the waters that are above the sky” as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “praise him, you waters that are above the sky, as people do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 148:4 ut7b 0 The writer speaks of a place above the sky where water is stored and from which the rain comes. 148:5 ch3d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Let them praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 148:5 tcm6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive 0 This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he created them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 148:6 c9ty 0 Possible meanings are (1) “he gave a command that is permanent” or (2) “he gave a command that they will not disobey.” 148:6 n8cn 0 “he gave” 148:7 n48i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 This phrase represents every creature that lives in the depths of the oceans. Alternate translation: “all creatures in the ocean depths” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 148:8 s17i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer speaks to these natural phenomena as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:8 u52w 0 “stormy wind that does what Yahweh commands” 148:9 e5cz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 The writer continues to speak to things that are not human as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 148:10 b65a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The words “wild” and “tame” are opposites. Together they encompass all animals. Alternate translation: “all animals” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 148:11 j3b1 0 The writer commands all people to praise Yahweh. 148:11 w92u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “nations” represents the people who live in those nations. Alternate translation: “people of every nation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 148:12 g9p4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism 0 The writer uses two merisms, one related to gender and one related to age, to represent every person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) 148:13 r7cb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, for he alone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 148:13 lr9t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh’s greatness as his glory being high above earth and heaven. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 148:14 qn5e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of strength as if it were the horn of an animal. Lifting up an animal horn was a symbolic action that represented military victory. Alternate translation: “He has made his people strong” or “He has given his people victory” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) 148:14 wv8t 0 “so that all his faithful ones praise him” 148:14 n4ru rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor 0 The writer speaks of Yahweh loving his people as if his people were physically close to him. Alternate translation: “the people he loves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 149:intro au8i 0 # Psalm 149 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 149 is a worship psalm. It is the sixth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Praise\nThe people of Israel should praise God and conquer the other nations. 149:1 p2dk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns 0 The psalmist is speaking to all of God’s people, so you should use the plural command form if your language has one. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 149:1 e71a 0 Possible meanings are (1) “a song you have never sung before” or (2) a song no one has ever sung before. 149:1 vlr1 0 “praise him with songs” 149:2 r1nd 0 Possible meanings are (1) “rejoice because he made them” or (2) “rejoice because the one who made them is good.” 149:2 jyp7 0 The words “their king” is likely a reference to God. Possible meanings are (1) “rejoice because he is their king” or (2) “rejoice because their king is good.” 149:3 isj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise him” or “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 149:3 pu1i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown 0 a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 149:4 hrp8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “glorifies the humble by saving them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 149:4 t8tz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj 0 This can be restated to remove the nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 149:5 b5tj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit 0 The translation can make explicit that this refers to when a person lies down at night to sleep in a bed. Alternate translation: “as they lie down to sleep at night” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 149:6 s1s6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche 0 The mouth represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “May they always be ready to praise God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 149:6 pq93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis 0 If swords are not known, use the name of a local weapon. The word “sword” is a metonym for being ready to fight in war. Alternate translation: “may they always be ready to go to war for him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 149:7 c66f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy 0 The phrase “the nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 149:8 ka3y 0 These are made of heavy metal and restrict the movement of prisoners. 149:8 ety5 0 a pair of chains or bands with a chain between that limits the movement of both a person’s hands or feet. 149:9 jie7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns 0 The abstract noun “judgment” can be stated as “judge.” Alternate translation: “They will judge and punish the people of those nations as God wrote should be done” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 150:intro r7f5 0 # Psalm 150 General Notes\n## Type of psalm\n\nPsalm 150 is a worship psalm. It is last in a series of worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Instruments\nPeople should praise Yahweh with every type of musical instrument. 150: