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2front:introaxt40# Introduction to Malachi\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Malachi\n\n1. The word of Yahweh comes to Israel (1:1)\n1. Yahweh loves Israel and rejects Esau (Edom) (1:2–5)\n1. A message against the priests (1:6–2:9)\n1. A message against Judah: they have broken faith by divorcing and intermarrying (2:10–16)\n1. A message about the day of refining (2:17–3:6)\n1. A message about tithing (3:7–12)\n1. A message about those who others treated shamefully, but who were faithful to Yahweh (3:13–18)\n1. Yahweh will punish the wicked and send Elijah before the “great and terrible day of Yahweh” (4:5–6)\n\n### What is the Book of Malachi about?\n\nThe Book of Malachi is about the prophecies that Malachi spoke to the Jews who had returned from Babylon to Judah. At that time, the Jews were discouraged even though they had finished building a new temple. The wonderful things that previous prophets had promised for Judah had not yet happened. And the Persian Empire still ruled over them. As a result, they no longer were concerned about the law or worshiping Yahweh. Malachi rebuked them for not trusting in Yahweh. But he also promised them that Yahweh would do everything that he promised to do.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book traditionally has been titled “Malachi” or “The Book of Malachi.” Translators may decide to call it “The Book about Malachi” or “The Sayings of Malachi.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Malachi?\n\nThe prophet Malachi wrote these messages from Yahweh to the Jews. However, since “Malachi” means “my messenger,” it is possible that this was a title for this prophet. If so, we do not know his real name.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What was meant by the day of Yahweh?\n\nMalachi spoke about “the day” several times. This is the same as “the day of Yahweh.” In the Book of Malachi, this is the time when Yahweh would judge his people. He would remove those who wickedly sin and bless those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
31:introb7vm0# Malachi 01 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Yahweh of hosts\nThis is an important title used in this chapter. It reminds the reader of the great power Yahweh has to punish the nations. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\nThere are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. They all have a rather dramatic effect. They increase the emotional connotations of what is being said. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
41:1qm8z0This can be expressed as a statement. “This is the declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of Malachi”
51:1x4vm0This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
61:1lx85rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom0The phrase “by the hand of” is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Malachi to deliver his message. Alternate translation: “through Malachi” or “spoken to them by Malachi” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
71:2vb2mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0This question indicates that the people doubt the truth of what God says. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have not shown that you love us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
81:2cy61rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0This question, a reply of Yahweh reminding the people of their nation’s history, may also be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that Esau was Jacob’s brother.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
91:2l68t0“Yahweh has solemnly said this”
101:2ef9grc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit0Here “loved” implies a relationship of loyalty between Yahweh and Jacob, in which a covenant existed between them. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “as you know, I obligated myself with a covenant to love Jacob” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
111:2j176rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche0This name “Jacob” refers here not only to Jacob, but also to all his descendants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
121:3xf470Here “hated” implies that there was no covenant between Yahweh and Esau. However, it does not imply that Yahweh was emotionally against Esau.
131:3e38qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche0This name “Esau” refers here not only to Esau, but also to all his descendants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
141:3t9bu0This refers to the hill country of Edom.
151:3q6yq0In the Old Testament, the presence of wild animals such as jackals was a frequent description of land deserted by the people who once lived there.
161:3rff9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “inheritance” stands for the region that Esau’s descendants, the nation of Edom, occupied. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
171:4z8qdrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “Edom” stands for the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “If the people of Edom say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
181:4x6krrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “throw down” stands for “destroy.” Alternate translation: “I will destroy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
191:4zv9vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0Here “wickedness” stands either for wicked people or for wicked actions. Alternate translation: “country of wicked people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
201:5bq14rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche0Here “your own eyes” stands for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “You yourselves will see this” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
211:6zu710Yahweh rebukes the priests using an imaginary conversation in which the priests protest that they are doing right and Yahweh tells them what they are doing wrong.
221:6u3vjrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “my name” stands for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “treat me as though you hate me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
231:6awt1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0Here the priests are asking a question in order to state that they have not really despised Yahweh. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have not really despised your name.” or “Tell us how we have despised your name, because we do not think that we have done so.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
241:7dyc6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “polluted” describes anything that is not suitable to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
251:7v4atrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0Here the priests are asking a question in order to state that they have not really polluted Yahweh. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have not polluted you.” or “Tell us how we have polluted you, because we do not think that we have done so.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
261:7h6dvrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0This expression refers to insulting God by giving him unsuitable sacrifices. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
271:7efa30This refers to an altar.
281:7xu5yrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis0This is the answer that Yahweh gives to the priests, but the full answer is only implied. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You have polluted me by saying, ‘Yahweh’s table is contemptible.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
291:7agd80regarded as worthless
301:8zw52rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0Here Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the people. Alternate translation: “You know very well that it is evil for you to offer blind animals for sacrifice!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
311:8i5xbrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0Here Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the people. Alternate translation: “And you know very well that it is evil for you to offer lame and sick animals!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
321:8f8k3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative0The command in the first sentence functions as a hypothetical condition. Alternate translation: “If you present that to your governor, will he accept you or will he lift up your face?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
331:8kw16rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0Here Yahweh asks this question in order to remind the people that their governor would never accept defective animals from them. Alternate translation: “If you do those things, you know that the governor will not accept you. He will not lift up your face.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
341:8ch8qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom0Lifting up someone’s face refers to accepting him with favor. Alternate translation: “will he accept you with favor” or “will he agree to help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
351:8j8zc0give as a gift to show respect
361:9d7q30Malachi is no longer speaking for God. He is talking directly to the Israelites; he is criticizing them for daring to think that God will have mercy on them.
371:9kht7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche0Here “face” stands for God and also for his presence. Alternate translation: “keep asking God in his presence” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
381:9r5f4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0Here Yahweh is asking a question in order to make a statement of rebuke. Alternate translation: “if you offer unacceptable offerings, he will certainly not lift up your faces.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
391:9wg220This difficult phrase in Hebrew is interpreted in many different ways by modern versions.
401:9kmg8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche0Here “hand” stands for the people bringing the offering. Alternate translation: “brought by you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
411:9m84qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom0Lifting up someone’s face refers to accepting him with favor. Alternate translation: “would he accept any of you with favor” or “would he agree to help any of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
421:10w5uc0This expresses great desire.
431:10pv8hrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “light fires on my altar” stands for offering sacrifices on Yahweh’s altar. Alternate translation: “so that you might not make fires to burn offerings that I will not accept” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
441:10ju31rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche0Here “your hand” stands for “you.” Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
451:11v4x9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism0This double expression means “everywhere.” It is parallel to “among the nations” and “in every place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
461:11ls76rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “my name” stands for Yahweh’s reputation and honor. Alternate translation: “I will be honored in other nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
471:11rx5crc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive0This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “in these nations people will offer incense and pure offerings to me in order to worship me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
481:11m2j4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “name” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
491:12n6gq0Possible meanings are (1) “the meat sacrificed on the altar from animals whose other parts the priests should eat” or (2) “the meat sacrificed on the altar.”
501:13la3nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom0show great disrespect by making noises through the nose (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
511:13kz7prc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0Here Yahweh is asking a question in order to make a statement of rebuke. Alternate translation: “I should certainly not accept this from you!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
521:13nx88rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche0Here “your hand” stands for “you.” Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
531:14v5fdrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive0This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “people in the other nations honor my name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
541:14z5rarc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “my name” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will be honored” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
552:introjc2b0# Malachi 02 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Levites\nThe priests are given a strong warning in this chapter. They have not followed the law of Moses and have led the people in the wrong direction. Yahweh has not accepted their sacrifices. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])\n\n### Marital unfaithfulness\nBecause the Jews lived under a covenantal arrangement with Yahweh, their relationship is described using the imagery of a marriage. Marital unfaithfulness indicates a person’s unfaithfulness to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
562:2y1ilrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom0This refers to considering something to be very important. Alternate translation: “consider it to be very important” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
572:2w6csrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0The abstract noun “honor” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “honor my name” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
582:2e4vhrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here this expression refers to God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
592:2k5mdrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0The abstract noun “curse” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will curse you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
602:2b7vlrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom0This refers to considering God’s command to be very important. Alternate translation: “you are not considering my command to be very important” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
612:3vsb2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “dung on your faces” stands for disgrace. Alternate translation: “I will most certainly put you in deep disgrace; it will be as bad as if I had spread dung on your faces” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
622:3skc9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “festivals” stands for the animals that the priests offered in sacrifice at the Israelite festivals. “The dung” probably refers both to the dung that was produced by the animals just before they were slaughtered for sacrifice, and to the dung that was found inside the animals when their bodies were cut apart before being sacrificed. Temple workers had to transport this dung to a place outside of the temple, and probably outside of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
632:3m2bsrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive0This difficult expression can be translated as “God will take you away with it,” that is, with the dung. This expression continues the same metaphor of slaughtering animals for sacrifice, and it can be put in active form. Alternate translation: “they will throw you on the dung pile; God will make sure that they take you away when they remove all the dung” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
642:3zti7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Possible meanings of this expression are (1) God will punish the unfaithful priests by killing them and causing their bodies to be carried away on the piles of animal dung, or (2) God will punish the unfaithful priests in such a horrible way that it will be as if their bodies had been carried away with the animal dung. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
652:4cr4jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here Levi represents his descendants, the tribe of Levi. Alternate translation: “so that my covenant may be with you, the descendants of Levi” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
662:5x7pvrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Yahweh speaks of the tribe of Levi as though they are Levi. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
672:5t8fsrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here the intended results of the covenant are spoken of as if they were the covenant itself. Alternate translation: “The purpose of my covenant with Levi was for the priests to live in prosperity and peace” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
682:5f2ifrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis0This expression continues the same metaphor, but leaves out an idea that is implied in the text. This can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “My covenant with him was also fear, and he feared me” or “In my covenant with him, I required him to fear me, and he did fear me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
692:5td35rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “my name” stands for God himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
702:6e73zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here finding something stands for that thing existing. Alternate translation: “there was no falsehood” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
712:6pjq6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “lips” stands for a person’s ability to speak. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
722:6u9rhrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here walking stands for living, conducting one’s life in a certain way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
732:6ws89rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here the idea of location stands for the manner in which Levi lived. Alternate translation: “peacefully and uprightly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
742:6p1lhrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here persuading people to stop sinning is spoken of as if it were turning them away from sin. Alternate translation: “he persuaded many people to stop sinning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
752:6fxl1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “lips” stands for a person’s ability to speak. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
762:7kp5vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were an object that a priest could keep. In this passage, the idea of “keep knowledge” implies communicating true knowledge about God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
772:7d2larc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0Here instruction is spoken of as if it were an object that people could look for. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “instruction.” Alternate translation: “want to be instructed” or “want a priest to teach them truly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
782:7sp8urc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “mouth” stands for what a person says. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
792:8si1src://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0The right way to behave is spoken of as if it were the right path to follow, and abandoning right conduct is spoken of as if it were turning away from that path. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
802:8um6vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Disobeying God is spoken of as if it were stumbling. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
812:8j9xs0The expression “with respect to the law” gives the context for the “stumbling.” Alternate translation: “You have caused many to disobey the law”
822:9gx4arc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0This spatial idea stands for the people’s awareness of the priests’ evil behavior. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
832:9wq7prc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “ways” stands for “desires” and “behavior.” These ways are spoken of as if they were things that could be kept by people. Alternate translation: “followed my desires in how you should live” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
842:9z4gm0“set easy standards of behavior for people you like and difficult standards of behavior for people you do not like”
852:9z9ytrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here the habit of favoring some people more than others is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be shown to others. Alternate translation: “made people aware that you favor some people more than others (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
862:10h2mp0Here the prophet Malachi begins to speak to his fellow Israelites.
872:10e1l1rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background0Malachi asks these questions in order to remind his fellow Israelites about what they already know. Alternate translation: “You know that we all have one father, that our God has created a nation out of us.” or “You all know that God is the father of all us Israelites, because he is the one who made our nation.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
882:10q37trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0This question is meant to express a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly it is the same God who has created us.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
892:10t4al0This probably refers to God forming the Hebrews into a nation.
902:10rm21rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0Malachi asks this question in order to rebuke his fellow Israelites. This question may be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We should certainly not mistreat our brothers and disrespect God’s covenant by disobeying his commands, as you have been doing.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
912:11h25urc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “Judah” stands for the people in the region of Judah, and the fact that they have been faithless to Yahweh is spoken of as if they were one man named “Judah.” Alternate translation: “The people of Judah have been faithless” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
922:11ef4lrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive0This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “People have done disgusting things in Israel and in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
932:11zbw5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “Judah” refers again to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For the people of Judah have profaned the holy place of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
942:11h7i9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0The people of Judah are again referred to as if they were one man named “Judah.” Alternate translation: “have married women from other nations, women who worship idols” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
952:12bxx3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Destroying something is often spoken of as it were cutting it off from something else. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh destroy anyone in the tents of Jacob who” or “May Yahweh kill anyone in the community of Israel who” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
962:12tkp6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “tents of Jacob” stands for the community of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
972:12f33mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “Jacob” stands for all the Israelites, because Jacob was one of the patriarchs from whom the Israelites were descended. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
982:12vdy5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom0This expression seems to mean “absolutely everyone.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
992:13dt290Malachi continues to speak to his fellow Israelites.
1002:13sw3frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole0This sarcastically exaggerates the amount of tears the people cry to show that Yahweh knows that the people do not really feel sad. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
1012:13rx8erc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet0The words “weeping” and “sighing” share similar meanings and intensify the idea of weeping. Alternate translation: “with great weeping” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1022:13gt5urc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here turning toward a gift stands for receiving it and showing favor to the giver. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1032:13lbk9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit0This implies that those who are weeping at Yahweh’s altar have offered sacrifices to him. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1042:13y3lrrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche0Here “hand” stands for the person giving the offering. Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1052:14n6ulrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis0The full thought, as in [Malachi 2:13](../02/13.md), is “Why does he not turn toward the offering or accept it with favor from our hand?” Some translators may decide to provide this entire thought in their versions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
1062:14u2qp0“the woman you married when you were young”
1072:14xn6frc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background0This statement assumes that this woman is still living. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
1082:14s3k3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here a witness to an agreement between two people is thought of as standing between them in order to testify about what they agreed to, in case a dispute arises between the two people. This sentence also was meant to remind the people that Yahweh would punish any Israelite who broke the covenant of marriage. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
1092:14mz1qrc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background0This statement implies that many of the Israelites had divorced their wives. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
1102:14txe10“by the covenant of marriage that you agreed to”
1112:15x1girc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0This question may be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “He certainly made husband and wife one, with a portion of his spirit.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1122:15qfl1rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background0This expression implies making husband and wife one flesh. Alternate translation: “make husband and wife one flesh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
1132:15i3ny0Children who would honor and obey God.
1142:16hp7zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0Here “divorce” stands for the act of divorce, when a man sends away his wife, so as to end his marriage to her. Alternate translation: “I hate it when a man divorces his wife” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1152:16ly2grc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom0This phrase probably means any man who is violent toward his wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1162:16iv8h0“So be careful to be loyal to your wife”
1172:17ug3arc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Yahweh is spoken of as if human behavior could make him tired, but God cannot grow weary in a physical or emotional sense. This statement probably means that Yahweh has become offended or exasperated. Alternate translation: “You have offended Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1182:17d6k5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0This question is meant to deny that the people have done any wrong. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have certainly not wearied him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1192:17ba81rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit0The complete idea here is, “You have wearied him by saying.” This is the prophet’s answer to the rhetorical question. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1202:17wde5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “in the opinion” or “in the judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1212:17ze8src://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0The priests ask this question in order to claim either that Yahweh does not care whether people do evil or not, or that he never punishes evildoers. Alternate translation: “God certainly does not punish evil people!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1222:17kw1t0the God who punishes evildoers justly
1233:introwb480# Malachi 03 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Messiah\nThere are several prophecies in this chapter concerning the Messiah and the one who comes before the Messiah. At times, this chapter switches between prophesying about the first coming of the Messiah and the second coming of the Messiah without formal divisions between them. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical questions\nSeveral rhetorical questions are used in this chapter to convince the reader of the truth of what he is saying and of their sin. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
1243:1zeq20Yahweh begins speaking again to the people of Israel in verse 1, but the prophet Malachi begins speaking in verse 2.
1253:1v6se0“Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
1263:1j5perc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here getting people ready to welcome Yahweh is spoken of as if a road were being cleared for Yahweh to travel on. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1273:1d1j70Some modern versions translate this in a way that implies that these two expressions refer to the same person. Other modern versions leave this matter ambiguous. We recommend that translations leave this matter ambiguous, as the ULT and UST do.
1283:1w8yf0Almost all versions leave ambiguous the sense of this expression. But translators may need to make explicit the relationship between “messenger” and “the covenant.” The UST presents “the messenger” as one promised by the covenant that Yahweh had with Israel. Another choice is to present the messenger as a person who will either confirm that covenant or announce a new covenant.
1293:2f24jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0These rhetorical questions imply that no one will be able to resist Yahweh when he comes. They can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “However, no one will be able to resist Yahweh when he comes to judge them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1303:2phd60Here “day” stands for “time.” Alternate translation: “the time when he comes”
1313:2z2xerc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here standing represents resisting someone’s attack or accusations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1323:2iqv7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile0This sentence gives the reason why no one will be able to resist God when he comes. God’s power to judge the people and to stop them from sinning is spoken of as if it were the power of strong soap to clean clothes, or the power of fire to melt an object. These are ways of saying that God’s power to do these things cannot be stopped. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1333:3bxz3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Forgiving the sons of Levi and persuading them not to sin any longer is spoken of as if it were purifying metal. Alternate translation: “he will correct the sons of Levi and forgive them for having sinned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1343:3tcd4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “sons” refers to descendants. The male descendants of Levi were the priests and workers in the temple. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1353:3pfr2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile0Here sitting implies the action of a metalworker, who sits down in order to purify small amounts of gold or silver. It also implies the action of a king, who sits down to judge people and give decrees. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1363:3q9lirc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile0Here persuading people not to sin any longer is spoken of as if a metalworker were making gold and silver more pure. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1373:3n3xs0Here “of righteousness” means “motivated by righteous desires to worship God.” Alternate translation: “they will bring acceptable offerings to Yahweh in order to worship Yahweh”
1383:4pj3s0Malachi continues speaking in verse 4, but Yahweh begins speaking again in verse 5.
1393:4ws2lrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “Judah” and “Jerusalem” stand for the people in those places. Alternate translation: “the offerings brought by the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1403:4y8h1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism0These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the offering was once pleasing to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “as it was in the distant past” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
1413:5te3urc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0Here “judgment” refers to the act of judging. Alternate translation: “Then I will approach you in order to judge you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1423:5dx2i0“cause the hired worker to suffer by not paying him for his work”
1433:5k42erc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit0That is, turning away the foreigner from gaining his rights. Depriving people of their rights is spoken of as if it were physically turning them away from oneself. Perhaps the idea is turning away someone who comes for a wrong to be set right. Alternate translation: “deny foreigners living in Israel the rights that they should have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1443:6tl2p0Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel.
1453:6mep40“have not perished”
1463:7ji32rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Disobeying God’s statutes is spoken of as if it were turning away from them. Alternate translation: “You have disobeyed my statutes ever since the days of your ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1473:7deh7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here loving each other and being faithful to each other is spoken of as if it were returning to each other. Alternate translation: “Love me and honor me, and I will always help you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1483:7l1irrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0The people ask this question in order to claim that they have never stopped obeying God. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have never gone away from you, so we cannot return to you.” or “We have never gone away from you, so it makes no sense to speak of us as returning to you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1493:8w6x10Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel.
1503:8dn4irc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0This question implies that the idea of robbing God is very wicked. This can be expressed as a statement. God speaks of himself in the third person Alternate translation: “A man should certainly not rob God.” or “No one should ever rob me.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
1513:8ijc5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0This question implies that the people do not think they have robbed God. Alternate translation: “We have certainly not robbed you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1523:8cy6mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit0This reply from Yahweh implies a fuller answer. Alternate translation: “You have robbed me by withholding from me your tithes and offerings” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1533:9grs1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive0This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have certainly cursed you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1543:9mr470Here “nation” stands for the people to whom Yahweh is speaking. Alternate translation: “all of you in the whole nation are robbing me”
1553:10v6qw0Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel.
1563:10n4ch0“all the tithes”
1573:10dmr8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “house” stands for the temple. Alternate translation: “my temple” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1583:10wcp4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here the command “test me” stands for something that the people can do and should do: “if you test me.” This can be divided into two sentences also. Alternate translation: “And if you test me … I will open up the windows of heaven” or “And you should test me … If you do, I will open up the windows of heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1593:12mfq1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here to be called blessed stands for being blessed. Alternate translation: “All the nations will know that you have been blessed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1603:12bvs1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0This expression stands for the people in all the nations. Alternate translation: “The people in all the nations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1613:12rm7vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0Here “delight” stands for the condition in which the inhabitants of a land take delight in their land. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1623:13l55w0These verses begin a new section in the book. Here Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.
1633:13h229rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “strong” stands for “harsh” or “terrible.” And “Your words” stands for “What you have said.” Alternate translation: “What you have said about me is terrible” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1643:13fv74rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0The people ask this question in order to claim that they have said nothing against God. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have not said anything among ourselves against you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1653:14hnv8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion0The people ask this question among themselves in order to make a statement. Alternate translation: “It is useless that we have kept his requirements and walked mournfully before Yahweh of hosts.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
1663:14j6y1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here “walk mournfully” stands for “behave in a sorrowful manner,” probably in order to indicate sorrow over their sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1673:14n7bsrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here this expression refers to God being aware of what the people were doing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1683:15maa8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here to be called “blessed” stands for being blessed. Alternate translation: “we say that the arrogant are blessed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1693:15a55nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive0This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we say that the arrogant are well off” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
1703:15e45rrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit0That is, “they escape God’s punishment.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1713:16e2b80The event described here may have taken place after the godly people in Israel repented of their sins.
1723:16le6y0This can mean (1) the Israelites wrote a book so they would remember what they had promised and listed the names of people who feared Yahweh or (2) Yahweh caused someone in heaven to write a book with the names of people who feared him.
1733:16tdq5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0This expression refers to any book that helps people remember important things, such as events or people who lived in the past. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1743:16b8vcrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “his name” stands for God himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1753:17em210“They will be my people”
1763:17j5aprc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0Here “possession” refers to one’s personal property. This idea can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “they will belong completely to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1773:17pp170the time when Yahweh will judge and punish the rebellious Israelites, giving victory to the faithful Israelites
1783:18d9hz0“see a difference between” or “treat differently”
1794:introazp50# Malachi 04 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Last days\nAlthough the Jews may have hoped these prophecies referenced a time in the near future to them, the prophecies of this chapter exclusively relate to the last days. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
1804:1q73f0“look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
1814:1y5w1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0The disaster occurring at this time is spoken of as if the day itself were burning. God’s judgment is often spoken of as if it were a fire. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1824:1e9jy0See how you translated these wordsd in [Malachi 3:15](../03/15.md).
1834:1i1qyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0These people are spoken of as if they will become dried-up plants fit only for being burned. It is common for the Bible to speak of people as if they were plants or trees. Alternate translation: “all the arrogant and all the evildoers will burn up like dry plants” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1844:1f4xrrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “the day” stands for the events that will occur on that day. Alternate translation: “On that day I will burn them up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1854:1x4llrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism0This expression continues to speak of people as if they were plants or trees. So being deprived of all roots and branches stands for being completely killed off. Alternate translation: “nothing will be left” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1864:2tqe5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “my name” stands for Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1874:2jc140This can mean (1) Yahweh, who always acts righteously, will come and heal his people on that day or (2) on that day Yahweh will reveal the people’s righteousness and heal them.
1884:2p4ncrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0Possible meanings are (1) the act of healing someone is spoken of as if it were an object that the sun carried to people by means of its wings or (2) the healing takes place under the wings, that is, in the security God gives his people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1894:2n991rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0It was common in the Ancient Near East to speak of the sun as if it had wings, with which it moved across the sky. Possible meanings are (1) the sun’s life-giving rays of light are spoken of as if they were its wings or (2) the wings are said to cover God’s people so as to give them peace and safey. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1904:2is44rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile0Here the redeemed people of Yahweh are spoken of as if they were young bulls released from their stalls, allowed to go out into their pasture. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
1914:3cn2rrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here the victory of God’s people is spoken of as if they were walking over the burned bodies of their enemies. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
1924:3f8ct0The Israelites’ enemies are spoken of as having been burned to ashes ([Malachi 4:1](../04/01.md)).
1934:4if2vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns0The abstract noun “teaching” can be stated as “taught.” Alternate translation: “Remember what I taught my servant Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1944:4td5c0Here “Remember” stands for “Think about” and, at the same time, “Obey.”
1954:4n5dr0This is another name for Sinai.
1964:4r85grc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy0Here “all Israel” is a reference to all the people in the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1974:4arq60These are the laws that God gave Israel for all time.
1984:4l5p20These are legal decisions meant to make clear how the general statutes apply to everyday life.
1994:5cnc1rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here the occurrence of this day is spoken of as if it were coming. Alternate translation: “before the great and fearful day of Yahweh happens” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
2004:5s6ig0This expression refers to any time in which Yahweh acts decisively.
2014:6kql7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor0Here changing how people think is spoken of as if it were turning their hearts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])