test_org_en_tn/tn_JAS.tsv

1	Reference	ID	Tags	SupportReference	Quote	Occurrence	Note
2	front:intro	exs3				0	# Introduction to James\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Book of James\n\n1. Greetings (1:1)\n1. Testing and maturity (1:2-18)\n1. Hearing and doing the Word of God (1:19-27)\n1. True faith seen in works\n- Word of God (1:19-27)\n- Royal law of love (2:1-13)\n- Works (2:14-26)\n1. Difficulties in community\n- Dangers of the tongue (3:1-12)\n- Wisdom from above (3:13-18)\n- Worldly desires (4:1-12)\n1. God’s perspective on your decisions\n- Boasting about tomorrow (4:13-17)\n- Warning about riches (5:1-6)\n- Suffering with patience (5:7-11)\n1. Closing exhortations\n- Oaths (5:12)\n- Prayer and healing (5:13-18)\n- Care for one another (5:19-20)\n\n### Who wrote the Book of James?\n\nThe author identifies himself as James. This was probably James, the half-brother of Jesus. James was a leader in the early church and was part of the Jerusalem council. The Apostle Paul also called him a “pillar” of the church.\n\nThis is not the same man as the Apostle James. The Apostle James was killed before this letter was written.\n\n### What is the Book of James about?\n\nIn this letter, James encouraged believers who were suffering. He told them know that God uses their suffering to help them become mature Christians. James also told them of the need for believers to do good deeds. He wrote much in this letter about how believers should live and treat one another. For example, he commanded them to treat one another fairly, to not fight with one another, and to use riches wisely.\n\nJames taught his readers by using many examples from nature such as in 1:6, 11 and 3:1-12. Also, many parts of this letter are similar to what Jesus wrote in the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 5-7).\n\n### Who were the “twelve tribes in the dispersion”?\n\nJames said he was writing to the “twelve tribes in the dispersion” (1:1). Some scholars think that James was writing to Jewish Christians. Other scholars think that James was writing to all Christians in general. This letter is known as one of the “General Epistles” since it was not written to a specific church or individual.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “James.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “A Letter from James” or “The Letter James Wrote.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God?\n\nPaul taught in Romans that Christians are justified by faith and not by works. James seems to teach that Christians are justified by works. This can be confusing. But a better understanding of what Paul and James taught shows that they agree with one another. Both of them taught that a person needs faith in order to be justified. And they both taught that true faith will cause a person to do good works. Paul and James taught about these things in different ways because they had different audiences who needed to know different things about being justified. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James?\n\nThe letter quickly changes topics. Sometimes James does not tell the readers that he is about to change topics. It is acceptable to allow the verses to appear disconnected from each other. It may make sense to set the passages apart by starting a new line or putting a space between topics.\n\n### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James?\n\n* “Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?” (2:20). The ULT, UST, and modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is dead?” If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.\n\n(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
3	1:intro	pz2q				0	# James 01 General Notes\n## Structure and formatting\n\nJames formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Testing and temptation\n\nThese two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak of a person who is able to choose between doing something good and doing something evil. The difference between them is important. God is testing the person and wants him to do what is good. Satan is tempting the person and wants him to do what is evil.\n\n### Crowns\n\nThe crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nJames uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “To the twelve tribes in the dispersion”\n\nIt is not clear to whom James wrote this letter. He calls himself a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, so he was probably writing to Christians. But he calls his readers “the twelve tribes in the dispersion,” words which usually refer to Jews. It is possible that he is using the words as a metaphor for “all people whom God has chosen” or that he wrote the letter at a time when most Christians had grown up as Jews.
4	1:1	ssc8				0	The apostle James writes this letter to all the Christians. Many of them were Jews, and they lived in many different places.
5	1:1	pkt2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Ἰάκωβος, Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, δοῦλος	1	The phrase “this letter is from” is implied. Alternate translation: “This letter is from James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
6	1:1	l4i7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	ταῖς δώδεκα φυλαῖς	1	Possible meanings are (1) this is a synecdoche for Jewish Christians, or (2) this is a metaphor for all Christians. Alternate translation: “to God’s faithful people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7	1:1	vza9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ	1	The term “dispersion” normally referred to the Jews who were scattered in other countries, away from their homeland Israel. This abstract noun can be expressed with a phrase with the verb “scattered.” Alternate translation: “who are scattered around the world” or “who live in other countries” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8	1:1	huk9			χαίρειν	1	a basic greeting, such as “Hello!” or “Good day!”
9	1:2	knw6			πᾶσαν χαρὰν ἡγήσασθε, ἀδελφοί μου, ὅταν πειρασμοῖς περιπέσητε ποικίλοις	1	“My fellow believers, think of all your different kinds of troubles as something to celebrate”
10	1:3	xud2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως κατεργάζεται ὑπομονήν	1	The expressions “the testing,” “your faith,” and “endurance” are nouns that stand for actions. God does the testing, that is, he finds out how much the believers trust and obey him. Believers (“you”) believe in him and endure suffering. Alternate translation: “when you suffer hardships, God is finding out how much you trust him. As a result, you will become able to endure even more hardships” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
11	1:4	j2p4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἡ & ὑπομονὴ ἔργον τέλειον ἐχέτω	1	Here endurance is spoken of as if it were a person at work. Alternate translation: “Learn to endure any hardship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
12	1:4	unh4			τέλειοι	1	able to trust in Christ and obey him in all circumstances
13	1:4	l7ef			ἐν μηδενὶ λειπόμενοι	1	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: “having all that you need” or “being all that you need to be”
14	1:5	du7z			αἰτείτω παρὰ τοῦ διδόντος, Θεοῦ	1	“ask God for it. He is the one who gives”
15	1:5	q2df			τοῦ διδόντος, Θεοῦ, πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς, καὶ μὴ ὀνειδίζοντος	1	“gives generously and does not rebuke any”
16	1:5	xu31			δοθήσεται αὐτῷ	1	“God will do it” or “God will answer your prayer”
17	1:6	y2mk		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives	ἐν πίστει, μηδὲν διακρινόμενος	1	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: “with complete certainty that God will answer” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
18	1:6	p12l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὁ γὰρ διακρινόμενος ἔοικεν κλύδωνι θαλάσσης, ἀνεμιζομένῳ καὶ ῥιπιζομένῳ.	1	Anyone who doubts that God will help him is said to be like the water in the ocean or in a large lake, which keeps moving in different directions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
19	1:8	b5t6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	δίψυχος	1	The word “double-minded” refers to a person’s thoughts when he is unable to make a decision. Alternate translation: “cannot decide if he will follow Jesus or not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20	1:8	k89p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀκατάστατος ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ	1	Here this person is spoken of as if he cannot stay on one path but instead goes from one to another. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
21	1:9	gc9b			ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ταπεινὸς	1	“the believer who does not have much money”
22	1:9	yxs5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	καυχάσθω & ἐν τῷ ὕψει αὐτοῦ	1	Someone whom God has honored is spoken of as if he were standing in a high place. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23	1:10	uzk7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ὁ δὲ πλούσιος, ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	The words “let boast” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “but let the rich man boast of his low position” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
24	1:10	w4ta			ὁ δὲ πλούσιος	1	“but the man who has a lot of money.” Possible meanings are (1) the rich man is a believer or (2) the rich man is an unbeliever.
25	1:10	ulk4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	A rich believer should be happy if God causes him to suffer. Alternate translation: “should be happy that God has given him difficulties” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
26	1:10	nug7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου παρελεύσεται	1	Rich people are spoken of as being similar to wild flowers, which are alive for only a short time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
27	1:11	gv7v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ εὐπρέπεια τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἀπώλετο	1	A flower no longer being beautiful is spoken of as if its beauty dies. Alternate translation: “and it is no longer beautiful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
28	1:11	ng26		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὁ πλούσιος ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ μαρανθήσεται	1	Here the flower simile is probably continued. As flowers do not die suddenly but instead fade away over a short time, so also the rich people may not die suddenly but instead take a little time to disappear. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
29	1:11	sdi2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ	1	A rich man’s activities in daily life are spoken of as if they are a journey that he is making. This metaphor implies that he is giving no thought to his coming death, and that it will takes him by surprise. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
30	1:12	vcu4				0	James reminds the believers who have fled that God does not cause temptation; he tells them how to avoid temptation.
31	1:12	m13d			μακάριος ἀνὴρ ὃς ὑπομένει πειρασμόν	1	“The man who endures testing is fortunate” or “The man who endures testing is well off”
32	1:12	vr4a			ὑπομένει πειρασμόν	1	remains faithful to God during hardships
33	1:12	vta6			δόκιμος	1	he has been approved by God
34	1:12	k3hh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	λήμψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς	1	Eternal life is spoken of as if it were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: “receive eternal life as his reward” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
35	1:12	hx28		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has promised to those who love him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
36	1:13	a77a			πειραζόμενος	1	“when he desires to do something evil”
37	1:13	lh7z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἀπὸ Θεοῦ πειράζομαι	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God is trying to make me do something evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
38	1:13	p5cp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὁ & Θεὸς ἀπείραστός ἐστιν κακῶν	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one can make God desire to do evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
39	1:13	zb13			πειράζει δὲ αὐτὸς οὐδένα	1	“and God himself does not try to persuade anyone do evil”
40	1:14	nj9m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἕκαστος & πειράζεται ὑπὸ τῆς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας	1	A person’s desire is spoken of as if it were someone else who was tempting him to sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
41	1:14	nle5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἐξελκόμενος καὶ δελεαζόμενος	1	Evil desire continues to be spoken of as if it were a person who could drag away someone else. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
42	1:14	z4bd			δελεαζόμενος	1	attracts, persuades someone to do evil
43	1:15	s4cd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	εἶτα ἡ ἐπιθυμία συλλαβοῦσα τίκτει ἁμαρτίαν, ἡ δὲ ἁμαρτία ἀποτελεσθεῖσα, ἀποκύει θάνατον	1	Desire continues to be spoken of as a person, this time clearly as a woman who becomes pregnant with a child. The child is identified as sin. Sin is another female baby that grows up, becomes pregnant, and gives birth to death. This chain of metaphors is a picture of someone who ends up dying both spiritually and physically because of his evil desires and his sin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
44	1:16	v195			μὴ πλανᾶσθε	1	“Do not let anyone deceive you” or “Stop deceiving yourselves”
45	1:17	t2nn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	πᾶσα δόσις ἀγαθὴ, καὶ πᾶν δώρημα τέλειον	1	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize that anything good that a person has comes from God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
46	1:17	n7d8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τοῦ Πατρὸς τῶν φώτων	1	God, the creator of all the lights in the sky (sun, moon, and stars), is said to be their “Father.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
47	1:17	g5ge		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	παρ’ ᾧ οὐκ ἔνι παραλλαγὴ ἢ τροπῆς ἀποσκίασμα.	1	This expression pictures God as an unchanging light, like the sun, moon, planets, and stars in the sky. This is in contrast to shadows here on earth that constantly change. Alternate translation: “God does not change. He is as constant as the sun, moon, and stars in the sky, rather than like shadows which appear and disappear on earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
48	1:18	mj29		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς	1	God, who brought us eternal life, is spoken of as if he had given us birth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
49	1:18	ykq9			λόγῳ ἀληθείας	1	Possible meanings are (1) “the message about the truth” or (2) “the true message.”
50	1:18	qh2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς ἀπαρχήν τινα	1	James is using the traditional Hebrew idea of firstfruits as a way to describe the value of the Christian believers to God. He implies that there will be many more believers in the future. Alternate translation: “so that we would be like an offering of firstfruits” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
51	1:19	dt7i			ἴστε	1	Possible meanings are (1) “Know this” as a command, to pay attention to what I am about to write or (2) “You know this” as a statement, that I am about to remind you of something that you already know.
52	1:19	p728		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ἔστω & πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ταχὺς εἰς τὸ ἀκοῦσαι, βραδὺς εἰς τὸ λαλῆσαι	1	These sayings are idioms that mean people should first listen intently, and then consider carefully what they say. Here “slow to speak” does not mean speaking slowly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
53	1:19	ev3v			βραδὺς εἰς ὀργήν	1	“not get angry quickly”
54	1:20	ej4p			ὀργὴ & ἀνδρὸς, δικαιοσύνην Θεοῦ οὐκ ἐργάζεται.	1	When a person is always angry, he cannot do God’s work, which is righteous.
55	1:21	hit5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας	1	Sin and evil are spoken of here as if they were clothing that could be taken off. Alternate translation: “stop doing all filthy sins and stop doing abundant amounts of evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
56	1:21	h226		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας	1	Here the expressions “sinful filth” and “evil” share similar meanings. James uses them to emphasize how bad sin is. Alternate translation: “stop doing every kind of sinful behavior” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
57	1:21	h8ty		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ῥυπαρίαν	1	Here “filth,” that is, dirt, stands for sin and evil. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
58	1:21	a3u3			ἐν πραΰτητι	1	“Without pride” or “Without arrogance”
59	1:21	i9w1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	δέξασθε τὸν ἔμφυτον λόγον	1	The expression “implant” means to place one thing inside of another. Here God’s word is spoken of as if it were a plant made to grow inside believers. Alternate translation: “obey the message God has spoken to you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
60	1:21	ekl3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	σῶσαι τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν	1	What a person is saved from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “save you from God’s judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
61	1:21	z73e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν	1	Here the word “souls” refers to persons.Alternate translation: “yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
62	1:22	x14m			γίνεσθε δὲ ποιηταὶ λόγου	1	“Be people who follow God’s instructions”
63	1:22	wvp4			παραλογιζόμενοι ἑαυτούς	1	“fooling yourselves”
64	1:23	ewn9			ὅτι εἴ τις ἀκροατὴς λόγου ἐστὶν	1	“For if anyone listens to the God’s message in the scriptures”
65	1:23	r6pp		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	καὶ οὐ ποιητής	1	The word “is” and “of the word” are understood from the previous phrase. The noun “doer” can also be expressed with the verbs “do” or “obey.” Alternate translation: “but is not a doer of the word” or “but does not obey the word” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
66	1:23	pw5x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	οὗτος ἔοικεν ἀνδρὶ κατανοοῦντι τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐσόπτρῳ	1	A person who hears God’s word is like someone who looks in the mirror. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
67	1:23	shn9			τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ	1	The word “natural” clarifies that James is using the ordinary meaning of the word “face.” Alternate translation: “his face”
68	1:24	wu34		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	καὶ ἀπελήλυθεν, καὶ εὐθέως ἐπελάθετο ὁποῖος ἦν	1	It is implied that though he may see that he needs to do something, such as wash his face or fix his hair, he walks away and forgets to do it. This what a person who does not obey God’s word is like. Alternate translation: “then goes away and immediately forgets to do what he saw he needed to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
69	1:25	kvr7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	ὁ & παρακύψας εἰς νόμον τέλειον	1	This expression continues the image of the law as a mirror. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
70	1:25	sf8k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	νόμον τέλειον, τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας	1	The relationship between the law and freedom can be expressed clearly. Here “freedom” probably refers to freedom from sin. Alternate translation: “the perfect law that gives freedom” or “the perfect law that makes those who follow it free” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
71	1:25	jku1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	οὗτος μακάριος ἐν τῇ ποιήσει αὐτοῦ ἔσται	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless this man as he obeys the law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
72	1:26	j1bg			δοκεῖ θρησκὸς εἶναι	1	“thinks he worships God correctly”
73	1:26	vxu1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	γλῶσσαν αὐτοῦ	1	Controlling one’s tongue stands for controlling one’s speech. Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
74	1:26	bj2t			ἀπατῶν	1	gets someone to believe something that is not true
75	1:26	sex6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	καρδίαν αὐτοῦ	1	Here “heart” refers to his belief or thoughts. Alternate translation: “himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
76	1:26	q83d			τούτου μάταιος ἡ θρησκεία	1	“he worships God uselessly”
77	1:27	g11k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος	1	James speaks of religion, the way one worships God, as if it could be physically pure and unspoiled. These are traditional ways for Jews to say that something is acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “Completely acceptable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
78	1:27	skf4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί	1	directed to God (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
79	1:27	iiv2			ὀρφανοὺς	1	“the orphans”
80	1:27	r8nj			ἐν τῇ θλίψει αὐτῶν	1	The fatherless and widows are suffering because their fathers or husbands have died.
81	1:27	nmf7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου	1	Sin in the world is spoken of as something dirty that can stain a person. Alternate translation: “to not allow the evil in the world to cause oneself to sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
82	2:intro	f5zd				0	# James 02 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Favoritism\n\nSome of James’s readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well.\n\n### Justification\n\nJustification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Quotation marks\n\nThe words “Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works” are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what “someone may say,” like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that “someone.”\n\n### “You have … I have”\n\nSome people think that the words “you” and “I” are metonyms for “some people” and “other people.” If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, “Someone may say, ‘Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.’” If the next sentence is also what “someone may say,” it could be translated “Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith.” In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
83	2:1	ici9				0	James continues to tell the scattered Jewish believers how to live by loving one another and reminds them not to favor rich people over poor brothers.
84	2:1	kab4			ἀδελφοί μου	1	James considers his audience to be Jewish believers. Alternate translation: “My fellow believers” or “My brothers and sisters in Christ”
85	2:1	qs2x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἔχετε τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	Believing in Jesus Christ is spoken of as if it were an object that one could hold onto. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
86	2:1	x32n		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	The word “our” includes James and his fellow believers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
87	2:1	en1c			προσωπολημψίαις	1	the desire to help some people more than others
88	2:2	h5uh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	ἐὰν & ἀνὴρ	1	James starts to describe a situation where the believers might give more honor to a rich person than to a poor person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
89	2:2	j8d5			χρυσοδακτύλιος, ἐν ἐσθῆτι λαμπρᾷ	1	“dressed like a wealthy person”
90	2:3	zx9f			σὺ κάθου ὧδε καλῶς	1	sit in this place of honor
91	2:3	ce14			σὺ στῆθι ἐκεῖ	1	move to a place with less honor
92	2:3	h2fy			κάθου ὑπὸ τὸ ὑποπόδιόν μου	1	move to a humble place
93	2:4	x9el		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	οὐ διεκρίθητε ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένεσθε κριταὶ διαλογισμῶν πονηρῶν	1	James is using rhetorical questions to teach and possibly scold his readers. Alternate translation: “you are making judgments among yourselves and becoming judges with evil thoughts.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
94	2:5	m5jr			ἀκούσατε, ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί	1	James was exhorting his readers as family. “Pay attention, my dear fellow believers”
95	2:5	ha52		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	οὐχ ὁ Θεὸς ἐξελέξατο τοὺς πτωχοὺς τῷ κόσμῳ, πλουσίους ἐν πίστει, καὶ κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας ἧς ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν	1	Here James uses a rhetorical question to teach his readers not to show favoritism. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: “God has chosen … love him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
96	2:5	ke2q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	τοὺς πτωχοὺς	1	This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
97	2:5	s38z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πλουσίους ἐν πίστει	1	Having much faith is spoken of as being wealthy or rich. The object of faith may have to be specified. Alternate translation: “have strong faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
98	2:5	qii5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	κληρονόμους	1	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
99	2:6	yv6y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠτιμάσατε	1	James is speaking to his whole audience. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
100	2:6	vr53			ἠτιμάσατε τὸν πτωχόν	1	“you have shamed poor people”
101	2:6	l2lu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν	1	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. Alternate translation: “It is rich people who oppress you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
102	2:6	eeg5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	οἱ πλούσιοι	1	This refers to rich people in general. Alternate translation: “rich people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
103	2:6	z73x			καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν	1	“who treat you badly”
104	2:6	s9k1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	αὐτοὶ ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια	1	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: “The rich people are the ones … to court.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
105	2:6	h8jn		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια	1	“forcibly take you to court to accuse you in front of judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
106	2:7	las1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	οὐκ αὐτοὶ βλασφημοῦσιν τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς	1	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct and teach his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: “The rich people insult … have been called.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
107	2:7	wd8y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς	1	This refers to Christ’s name. Alternate translation: “the name of Christ who called you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
108	2:8	fe1i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	τελεῖτε	1	The word “you” refers to the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
109	2:8	q9hh			νόμον τελεῖτε βασιλικὸν	1	“obey God’s law.” The law is “royal” becuase God, the true king, is the one who gave it to people.
110	2:8	ymf5			ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν	1	James is quoting from the book of Leviticus.
111	2:8	gll2			τὸν πλησίον σου	1	“all people” or “everyone”
112	2:8	b9wu			καλῶς ποιεῖτε	1	“you are doing well” or “you are doing what is right”
113	2:9	xt6y			εἰ & προσωπολημπτεῖτε	1	“give special treatment to” or “give honor to”
114	2:9	cq5h			ἁμαρτίαν ἐργάζεσθε	1	“sinning.” That is, breaking the law.
115	2:9	gl2e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἐλεγχόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου ὡς παραβάται	1	Here the law is spoken of as if it were a human judge. Alternate translation: “guilty of breaking God’s law” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
116	2:10	l29g			ὅστις γὰρ & τηρήσῃ	1	“For anyone who obeys”
117	2:10	jb5u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πταίσῃ δὲ ἐν ἑνί, γέγονεν πάντων ἔνοχος	1	Stumbling is falling down while one is trying to walk. Disobeying one point of the law is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
118	2:10	m8ep			ἐν ἑνί	1	because of disobedience to just one requirement of the law
119	2:11	ez11			ὁ γὰρ εἰπών	1	This refers to God, who gave the law to Moses.
120	2:11	q19i			μὴ μοιχεύσῃς	1	To “commit” is to do an action.
121	2:11	c8jm		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	εἰ & οὐ μοιχεύεις, φονεύεις δέ, γέγονας	1	Here “you” means “each one of you.” Although James was writing to many Jewish believers, in this case, he used the singular form as if he was writing to each person individually. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
122	2:12	c6y8			οὕτως λαλεῖτε, καὶ οὕτως ποιεῖτε	1	“So you must speak and obey.” James commanded the people to do this.
123	2:12	yp6i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	διὰ νόμου ἐλευθερίας μέλλοντες κρίνεσθαι	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who know that God will judge them by means of the law of freedom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
124	2:12	ik76			διὰ νόμου	1	This passage implies that it is God who will judge according to his law.
125	2:12	e87r			νόμου ἐλευθερίας	1	“the law that gives true freedom”
126	2:13	yv6l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	κατακαυχᾶται ἔλεος κρίσεως	1	“Mercy is better than” or “Mercy defeats.” Here mercy and justice are spoken of as if they were persons. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
127	2:14	h384				0	James encourages the scattered believers to show their faith before others, just as Abraham showed others his faith by his works.
128	2:14	k4e4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος, ἀδελφοί μου, ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις, ἔχειν ἔργα, δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ	1	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: “It is no good at all, fellow believers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
129	2:14	c234		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις, ἔχειν ἔργα, δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ	1	The can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “if someone says he believes in God but he does not do what God commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
130	2:14	z9q8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν?	1	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “faith.” Alternate translation: “That faith cannot save him.” or “If a person does not do what God commands, then just saying he believes in God will not save him.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
131	2:14	g8kr			σῶσαι αὐτόν	1	“spare him from God’s judgment”
132	2:15	f6el			ἀδελφὸς ἢ ἀδελφὴ	1	a fellow believer in Christ, whether male or female
133	2:16	lj89		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	θερμαίνεσθε	1	This means either “have enough clothes to wear” or “have a place to sleep.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
134	2:16	ngj8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	χορτάζεσθε	1	The thing that fills them is food. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “be filled with food” or “have enough to eat” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
135	2:16	n5jh		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τοῦ σώματος	1	to eat, to wear, and to live comfortably (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
136	2:16	yi63		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος?	1	James uses a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: “that is not good.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
137	2:17	me1d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ πίστις, ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ ἔργα, νεκρά ἐστιν καθ’ ἑαυτήν	1	James speaks of faith as if it were alive if one does good works, and of faith as if it were dead if one does not do good deeds. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “a person who says he believes God, but does not do what God commands, does not really believe God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
138	2:18	al63		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	ἀλλ’ ἐρεῖ τις	1	James describes a hypothetical situation where someone objects to his teaching. James seeks to correct his audience’s understanding of faith and works. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
139	2:18	ii8d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	σὺ πίστιν ἔχεις, κἀγὼ ἔργα ἔχω; δεῖξόν μοι τὴν πίστιν σου χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων, κἀγώ σοι δείξω ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μου τὴν πίστιν.	1	James is describing how someone may argue against his teaching and how he would respond. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “‘It is acceptable that you believe God and that I do what God commands.’ Prove to me that you can believe God and not do what he commands, and I will prove to you that I believe God by doing what he commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
140	2:19	fv39			τὰ δαιμόνια πιστεύουσιν καὶ φρίσσουσιν	1	“the demons also believe, but they shake with fear.” James contrasts the demons with those who claim to believe and not do good deeds. James states that the demons are wiser because they fear God while the others do not.
141	2:20	ax95		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	θέλεις δὲ γνῶναι, ὦ ἄνθρωπε κενέ, ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν?	1	James uses this question to introduce the next part of his teaching. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, foolish man, and I will show that faith without works is useless.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
142	2:20	sd63		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν	1	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “that if you do not do what God commands, then it is useless for you to say that you believe in God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
143	2:21	ysr8				0	Since these are Jewish believers, they know the story of Abraham, about whom God had told them long ago in his word.
144	2:21	q8iv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἀνενέγκας Ἰσαὰκ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον?	1	This rhetorical question is used to rebut the foolish man’s arguments from [James 2:18](../02/18.md), who refuses to believe that faith and works go together. Alternate translation: “Abraham our father was certainly justified … on the altar.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
145	2:21	v3ft		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	James speaks of works as if they were objects that one can own. Alternate translation: “justified by doing good deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
146	2:21	ph1s			ὁ πατὴρ	1	Here “father” is used in the sense of “ancestor.”
147	2:22	t832			βλέπεις	1	The word “you” is singular, referring to the hypothetical man. James is addressing his whole audience as if they were one person.
148	2:22	l1gj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	βλέπεις	1	The word “see” is a metonym. Alternate translation: “You understand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
149	2:22	vde4			ἡ πίστις συνήργει τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη	1	James speaks as if “faith” and “works” are things that can work together and help each other. Alternate translation: “because Abraham believed God, he did what God commanded. And because Abraham did what God commanded, he believed God completely”
150	2:22	bd9d			βλέπεις	1	James again addresses his audience directly by using the plural form of “you.”
151	2:23	qh4i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐπληρώθη ἡ Γραφὴ	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This fulfilled the scripture” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
152	2:23	l818		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην	1	“God regarded his faith as righteousness.” Abraham’s faith and righteousness were treated as if they were able to be counted as having value. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
153	2:24	yha5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ἐξ ἔργων δικαιοῦται ἄνθρωπος, καὶ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον	1	“actions and faith are what justify a person, and not only faith.” James speaks of works as if they were objects to obtain. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
154	2:25	hir8			ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	James says that what was true of Abraham was also true of Rahab. Both were justified by works.
155	2:25	dcv5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους, καὶ ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα	1	James is using this rhetorical question to instruct his audience. Alternate translation: “it was what Rahab the prostitute did that justified her … another road.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
156	2:25	pn2f			Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη	1	James expected his audience to know the Old Testament story about the woman Rahab.
157	2:25	bx6i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	James speaks of works as something to possess. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
158	2:25	af9u			ἀγγέλους	1	people who bring news from another place
159	2:25	xm5m			ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα	1	“then helped them escape and leave the city”
160	2:26	uum8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος νεκρόν ἐστιν, οὕτως καὶ ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων νεκρά ἐστιν	1	James is speaking of faith without works as if it were a dead body without the spirit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
161	3:intro	py3p				0	# James 03 General Notes\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nJames teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
162	3:1	p4uu		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	μὴ πολλοὶ	1	James is making a generalized statement. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
163	3:1	c36b			ἀδελφοί μου	1	“my fellow believers”
164	3:1	aw5f		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	μεῖζον κρίμα λημψόμεθα.	1	This passage speaks of stricter judgment that will come from God on those who teach others about him. Alternate translation: “God will judge us who teach more severely because we know his word better than some people whom we have taught” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
165	3:1	v7fa		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive		1	James includes himself and other teachers, but not the readers, so the word “we” is exclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
166	3:2	ab9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive	πταίομεν ἅπαντες	1	James speaks of himself, other teachers, and the readers, so the word “we” is inclusive. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
167	3:2	p9ek		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πταίομεν	1	Sinning is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. Alternate translation: “fail” or “sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
168	3:2	t6xt			ἐν λόγῳ οὐ πταίει	1	“does not sin by saying wrong things”
169	3:2	kn4v			οὗτος τέλειος ἀνήρ	1	“he is spiritually mature”
170	3:2	b16h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	χαλιναγωγῆσαι καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	James is referring to one’s heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: “control his behavior” or “control his actions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
171	3:3	z2ez				0	James is developing an argument that small things can control big things.
172	3:3	zql3			εἰ δὲ τῶν ἵππων τοὺς χαλινοὺς εἰς τὰ στόματα βάλλομεν	1	James speaks about horses’ bits. A bit is a small piece of metal that is placed into a horse’s mouth to control where it goes.
173	3:3	s1nf			εἰ δὲ	1	“If” or “When”
174	3:3	u92q			τῶν ἵππων	1	A horse is a large animal used to carry things or people.
175	3:4	yn42			ἰδοὺ, καὶ τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα, καὶ ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα, μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου	1	A ship is like a truck that floats on water. A rudder is a flat piece of wood or metal at the back of the ship, used to control where it goes. The word “rudder” could also be translated as “tool.”
176	3:4	k7f5		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “strong winds push them, they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
177	3:4	jrk1			μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου, ὅπου ἡ ὁρμὴ τοῦ εὐθύνοντος βούλεται	1	“have a small tool that a person can use to control where the ship goes”
178	3:5	wt6i			οὕτως καὶ	1	This word signals the analogy of the tongue to the horses’ bits and the ships’ rudders mentioned in the previous verses. Alternate translation: “In the same way”
179	3:5	qx1k			μεγάλα αὐχεῖ	1	Here “things” is a general word for everything about which these people are proud.
180	3:5	ub5h			ἰδοὺ	1	“Think about”
181	3:5	fr8x			ἡλίκον πῦρ, ἡλίκην ὕλην ἀνάπτει	1	In order to help people understand the harm that the tongue can cause, James speaks of the harm that a small flame can cause. Alternate translation: “how a small flame can start a fire that burns many trees”
182	3:6	wm5q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ	1	The tongue is a metonym for what people say. James calls it a fire because of the great damage it can do. Alternate translation: “The tongue is like a fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
183	3:6	i61e		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ κόσμος τῆς ἀδικίας & καθίσταται ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν	1	The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
184	3:6	sv44		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἡ σπιλοῦσα ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	Sinful speaking is spoken of metaphorically as if it stained one’s body. And becoming unacceptable to God is spoken of as if it were dirt on the body. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
185	3:6	lf1j		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	φλογίζουσα τὸν τροχὸν τῆς γενέσεως	1	The phrase “course of life” refers to a person’s entire life. Alternate translation: “it ruins a person’s entire life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
186	3:6	a7qd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	γενέσεως, καὶ φλογιζομένη ὑπὸ τῆς Γεέννης	1	The word “itself” refers to the tongue. Also, here “hell” refers to the powers of evil or to the devil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “life because the devil uses it for evil” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
187	3:7	ug59		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	πᾶσα γὰρ φύσις θηρίων τε καὶ πετεινῶν, ἑρπετῶν τε καὶ ἐναλίων, δαμάζεται καὶ δεδάμασται τῇ φύσει τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ	1	The phrase “every kind” is a general statement referring to all or many kinds of wild animals. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have learned to control many kinds of wild animals, birds, reptiles, and sea creatures” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
188	3:7	b8c9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown	ἑρπετῶν	1	This is an animal that crawls on the ground. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
189	3:7	zw5m			ἐναλίων	1	an animal that lives in the sea
190	3:8	q9xe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	τὴν δὲ γλῶσσαν οὐδεὶς δαμάσαι δύναται ἀνθρώπων	1	James speaks of the tongue as if it were a wild animal. Here “tongue” represents a person’s desire to speak evil thoughts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
191	3:8	m7vi		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀκατάστατον κακόν	1	James speaks of the harm that people can cause by what they say as if the tongue were an evil and poisonous creature that can kill people. Alternate translation: “It is like a restless and evil creature, full of deadly poison” or “It is like a restless and evil creature that can kill people with its venom” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
192	3:9	le6h			ἐν αὐτῇ εὐλογοῦμεν	1	“We use the tongue to say words that”
193	3:9	ucm9			καταρώμεθα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	“we ask God to harm men”
194	3:9	umg1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	τοὺς καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ γεγονότας	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God made in his likeness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
195	3:10	a1ly		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ στόματος ἐξέρχεται εὐλογία καὶ κατάρα	1	The nouns “blessing” and “cursing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “With the same mouth, a person blesses people and curses people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
196	3:10	qrs2			ἀδελφοί μου	1	“Fellow Christians”
197	3:10	n9zy			οὐ χρή, & ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι	1	“these things are wrong”
198	3:11	m18q				0	After James stresses that the words of believers should not both bless and curse, he gives examples from nature to teach his readers that people who honor God by worshiping him should also live in right ways.
199	3:11	mz8d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	μήτι ἡ πηγὴ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ὀπῆς βρύει τὸ γλυκὺ καὶ τὸ πικρόν	1	James uses a rhetorical question to remind believers about what happens in nature. This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: “You know that a spring does not pour out both sweet water and bitter water.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
200	3:12	z3qg		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται, ἀδελφοί μου, συκῆ ἐλαίας ποιῆσαι	1	James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: “Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
201	3:12	jjj8			ἀδελφοί μου	1	“my fellow believers”
202	3:12	bu4l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	ἢ ἄμπελος σῦκα?	1	The word “make” is understood from the previous phrase. James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: “Or does a grapevine make figs?” or “And a grapevine cannot grow figs.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
203	3:13	fgb7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	τίς σοφὸς καὶ ἐπιστήμων ἐν ὑμῖν?	1	James uses this question to teach his audience about proper behavior. The words “wise” and “understanding” are similar. Alternate translation: “I will tell you how a wise and understanding person is to act.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
204	3:13	f9xv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	δειξάτω ἐκ τῆς καλῆς ἀναστροφῆς τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ ἐν πραΰτητι σοφίας.	1	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “humility” and “wisdom.” Alternate translation: “That person should live a good life by doing the kind of deeds that come from being humble and wise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
205	3:14	js7b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	εἰ & ζῆλον πικρὸν ἔχετε, καὶ ἐριθείαν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν	1	Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “jealousy” and “ambition.” Alternate translation: “if you are jealous and selfish” or “if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
206	3:14	a191		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	μὴ κατακαυχᾶσθε καὶ ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας.	1	The abstract noun “truth” can be stated as “true.” Alternate translation: “do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
207	3:15	clz6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη	1	Here “This” refers to the “bitter jealousy and strife” described in the previous verses. The phrase “from above” is a metonym that represents “heaven” which represents God himself. Alternate translation: “This is not the kind of wisdom that God teaches us from heaven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
208	3:15	g44u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη, ἀλλὰ ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης.	1	The abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as “wise.” - Alternate translation: “Whoever acts like this is not wise according to what God in heaven teaches us. Instead this person is earthly, unspiritual, and demonic” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
209	3:15	h36b		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐπίγειος	1	The word “earthly” refers to the values and behaviors of the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: “not honoring to God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
210	3:15	a2u6			ψυχική	1	“not from the Holy Spirit” or “not spiritual”
211	3:15	mzc9			δαιμονιώδης	1	“from demons”
212	3:16	x5jz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ὅπου γὰρ ζῆλος καὶ ἐριθεία, ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία καὶ πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα.	1	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “jealousy,” “ambition,” and “confusion.” Alternate translation: “For when people are jealous and selfish, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
213	3:16	dvd7			ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία	1	“there is disorder” or “there is chaos”
214	3:16	vmt4			πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα	1	“every kind of sinful behavior” or “every kind of wicked deed”
215	3:17	s8w4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἡ δὲ ἄνωθεν σοφία, πρῶτον μὲν ἁγνή ἐστιν	1	Here “from above” is metonym that represents “heaven” which represents God himself. The abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
216	3:17	hhk5			πρῶτον μὲν ἁγνή ἐστιν	1	“is first holy”
217	3:17	hfh9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν	1	Here “good fruits” refer to kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: “full of mercy and good deeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
218	3:17	by2l			ἀνυπόκριτος	1	“and honest” or “and truthful”
219	3:18	md56		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	καρπὸς & δικαιοσύνης ἐν εἰρήνῃ σπείρεται, τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	People making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: “The result of making peace is righteousness” or “Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
220	3:18	htr1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	The abstract noun “peace” can be stated as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “cause people to live peacefully” or “help people not to be angry with each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
221	4:intro	r6vv				0	# James 04 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Adultery\n\nWriters in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])\n\n### Law\n\nJames probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to “the royal law” ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)).\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical Questions\n\nJames asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Humble\n\nThis word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him.
222	4:1	q3pd				0	In this section, the words “yourselves,” “your,” and “you” are plural and refer to the believers to whom James writes.
223	4:1	k21j				0	James rebukes these believers for their worldliness and their lack of humility. He again urges them to watch how they speak to and about each other.
224	4:1	ub82		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν?	1	The abstract nouns “quarrels” and “disputes” mean basically the same thing and can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “Why do you quarrel and dispute among yourselves?” or “Why do you fight among yourselves?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
225	4:1	pqx2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν?	1	James uses this question to rebuke his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “They come from your evil desires for things, desires that fight among your members.” or “They come from your desires for evil things, desires that fight among your members.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
226	4:1	vpe2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν?	1	James speaks of desires as they were enemies who waged war against the believers. In reality, of course, it is the people who have these desires who fight among themselves. Alternate translation: “They come from your desires for evil things, by which you end up harming each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
227	4:1	v5kg			ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν	1	Possible meanings are (1) there is fighting among the local believers, or (2) the fighting, that is, the conflict, is inside each believer.
228	4:2	khh9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole	φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε, καὶ οὐ δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν	1	The phrase “You kill” expresses how badly the people behave in order to get what they want. It can be translated as “You do all kinds of evil things to get what you cannot have” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
229	4:2	v9m8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	μάχεσθε καὶ πολεμεῖτε	1	The words “fight” and “quarrel” mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize how much the people argue among themselves. Alternate translation: “You constantly fight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
230	4:3	nk57			κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε	1	Possible meanings are (1) “you ask with wrong motives” or “you ask with bad attitudes” or (2) “you are asking for wrong things” or “you are asking for bad things”
231	4:4	efi8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	μοιχαλίδες!	1	James speaks of believers as being like wives who sleep with men other than their husbands. Alternate translation: “You are not being faithful to God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
232	4:4	wu5v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου, ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν?	1	James uses this question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know … God!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
233	4:4	b5ly		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου	1	This phrase refers to identifying with or participating in the world’s value system and behavior. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
234	4:4	br36		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου	1	Here the world’s value system is spoken of as if it were a person that others could be friends with. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
235	4:4	jf1g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου, ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν	1	One who is friends with the world is an enemy of God. Here “friendship with the world” stands for being friends with the world, and “hostility against God” stands for being hostile against God. Alternate translation: “friends of the world are enemies of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
236	4:5	i2y4			ἢ δοκεῖτε & κενῶς ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει	1	This is a rhetorical question James uses to exhort his audience. To speak in vain is to speak uselessly. Alternate translation: “There is a reason that scripture says”
237	4:5	bx68			τὸ Πνεῦμα ὃ κατῴκισεν ἐν ἡμῖν	1	Some versions, including the ULT and UST, understand this as a reference to the Holy Spirit. Other versions translate this as “the spirit” and mean by it the human spirit that each person has been created to have. We suggest that you use the meaning that is presented in other translations used by your readers.
238	4:6	ub8z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	μείζονα δὲ δίδωσιν χάριν	1	How this phrase relates to the previous verse can be made explicit: “But, even though our spirits may desire what we cannot have, God gives us even more grace, if we will humble ourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
239	4:6	hyh2			διὸ λέγει	1	“Because God gives more grace, the scripture”
240	4:6	qs61		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	ὑπερηφάνοις	1	This refers to proud people in general. Alternate translation: “proud people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
241	4:6	uu3r		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj	ταπεινοῖς	1	This refers to humble people in general. Alternate translation: “humble people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
242	4:7	da5t			ὑποτάγητε οὖν	1	“Because God gives grace to the humble, submit”
243	4:7	g7e5			ὑποτάγητε & τῷ Θεῷ	1	“obey God”
244	4:7	nud3			ἀντίστητε & τῷ διαβόλῳ	1	“Oppose the devil” or “Do not do what the devil wants”
245	4:7	w9ue			φεύξεται	1	“he will run away”
246	4:7	b5yz		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you	ὑμῶν	1	Here this pronoun is plural and refers to James’ audience. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
247	4:8	vd6z		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you		0	The word “you” here is plural and refers to the scattered believers to whom James writes. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
248	4:8	g62m		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐγγίσατε τῷ Θεῷ	1	Here the idea of coming close stands for becoming honest and open with God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
249	4:8	yh1k		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας, ἁμαρτωλοί, καὶ ἁγνίσατε καρδίας, δίψυχοι.	1	These are two phrases in parallel with each other. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
250	4:8	elh1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας	1	This expression is a command for people to do righteous acts instead of unrighteous acts. Alternate translation: “Behave in a way that honors God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
251	4:8	mw54		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἁγνίσατε καρδίας	1	Here “hearts” refers to a person’s thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “make your thoughts and intentions right” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
252	4:8	iw61		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	δίψυχοι	1	The word “double-minded” refers to a person who cannot make a firm decision about something. Alternate translation: “double-minded people” or “people who cannot decide if you want to obey God or not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
253	4:9	kdn8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	ταλαιπωρήσατε, καὶ πενθήσατε, καὶ κλαύσατε	1	These three words have similar meanings. James uses them together to emphasize that the people should be truly sorry for not obeying God. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
254	4:9	rf6g		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μετατραπήτω, καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν.	1	This is saying the same thing in different ways for emphasis. The abstract nouns “laughter,” “sadness,” “joy,” and “gloom” can be translated as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: “Stop laughing and be sad. Stop being joyful and be gloomy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
255	4:10	an8i		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον Κυρίου	1	“Be humble toward God.” Actions done with God in mind are often spoken of as being done in his physical presence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
256	4:10	tn5w		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὑψώσει ὑμᾶς	1	James indicates that God will honor the humble person by saying God will pick that person up off the ground physically from where that person had prostrated himself in humility. Alternate translation: “he will honor you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
257	4:11	sy54				0	The words “you” and “your” in this section refer to the believers to whom James writes.
258	4:11	r3hc			καταλαλεῖτε	1	“speak badly about” or “oppose”
259	4:11	uyi9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἀδελφοί	1	James speaks of the believers as if they are biological brothers. The term here includes women as well as men. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
260	4:11	jlx4			ἀλλὰ κριτής	1	“but you are acting like the person who gives the law”
261	4:12	e9da			εἷς ἐστιν νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής	1	This refers to God. “God is the only one who gives laws and judges people”
262	4:12	m49q		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	σὺ δὲ τίς εἶ, ὁ κρίνων τὸν πλησίον?	1	This is a rhetorical question James uses to scold his audience. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are just a human and cannot judge another human.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
263	4:13	iz9h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	ποιήσομεν ἐκεῖ ἐνιαυτὸν	1	James speaks of spending time as if it were money. “stay there for a year” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
264	4:14	b7ir		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	οἵτινες οὐκ ἐπίστασθε τὸ τῆς αὔριον, ποία ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν?	1	James uses these questions to correct his audience and to teach these believers that physical life is not that important. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “No one knows what will happen tomorrow, and your life does not last very long!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
265	4:14	a9v2		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἀτμὶς γάρ ἐστε, ἡ πρὸς ὀλίγον φαινομένη, ἔπειτα καὶ ἀφανιζομένη.	1	James speaks of people as if they were a mist that appears and then quickly goes away. Alternate translation: “You live for only a short amount of time, and then you die” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
266	4:15	gj65			ἀντὶ τοῦ λέγειν ὑμᾶς	1	“Instead, your attitude should be”
267	4:15	e1il			ζήσομεν καὶ ποιήσομεν, τοῦτο ἢ ἐκεῖνο	1	“we will live long enough to do what we have planned to do.” The word “we” does not directly refer to James or his audience but is part of the example of how James’ audience should consider the future.
268	4:17	q84z			εἰδότι οὖν καλὸν ποιεῖν, καὶ μὴ ποιοῦντι, ἁμαρτία αὐτῷ ἐστιν.	1	Anyone who fails to do the good he knows he should do is guilty of sin.
269	5:intro	ud8q				0	# James 05 General Notes\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Eternity\nThis chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])\n\n### Oaths\nScholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Elijah\nThis story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated.\n\n### “Save his soul from death”\nThis probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
270	5:1	phs3				0	James warns rich people about their focus on pleasure and riches.
271	5:1	gel9		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	οἱ πλούσιοι	1	Possible meanings are (1) James is giving a strong warning to wealthy believers or (2) James is talking about wealthy unbelievers. Alternate translation: “you who are rich and say you honor God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
272	5:1	l3wd		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ὑμῶν ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις	1	James states that these people will suffer terribly in the future and writes as if their sufferings were objects that were coming toward them. The abstract noun “miseries” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you will suffer terribly in the future” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
273	5:2	gq45		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	ὁ πλοῦτος ὑμῶν σέσηπεν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν σητόβρωτα γέγονεν.	1	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: “Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
274	5:2	v241			ὁ πλοῦτος & τὰ ἱμάτια	1	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
275	5:3	am1u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture	ὁ χρυσὸς ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ ἄργυρος κατίωται,	1	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: “Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths. Your gold and silver will become tarnished” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
276	5:3	wj9v			χρυσὸς & ἄργυρος	1	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
277	5:3	q4pm			κατίωται, & ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν	1	These phrases are used here to describe how gold and silver are ruined. Alternate translation: “are ruined … their ruined condition” or “are corroded … their corrosion”
278	5:3	e55t		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν εἰς μαρτύριον ὑμῖν ἔσται	1	James wrote of their valuable things being ruined as if they were a person in a courtroom accusing the wicked of their crimes. Alternate translation: “and when God judges you, your ruined treasures will be like someone who accuses you in court. Their corrosion” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] )
279	5:3	i37x		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ.	1	Here the corrosion is spoken of as if it were a fire that will burn up their owners. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
280	5:3	w3aj		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν	1	Here “flesh” stands for the physical body. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
281	5:3	j6fe		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πῦρ	1	The idea of fire here is meant to lead people to remember that fire often stands for God’s punishment that will come on all the wicked. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
282	5:3	np1u		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις	1	This refers to the time right before God comes to judge all people. The wicked think they are storing up riches for the future, but what they are doing is storing up judgment. Alternate translation: “for when God is about to judge you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
283	5:4	gcj5				0	James continues to warn rich people about thier focus on pleasure and riches.
284	5:4	e9iy		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	ὁ μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν, τῶν ἀμησάντων τὰς χώρας ὑμῶν, ὁ ἀφυστερημένος ἀφ’ ὑμῶν, κράζει,	1	The money that should have been paid is spoken of as a person who is shouting because of the injustice done to him. Alternate translation: “the fact that you did not pay those you hired to work in your fields shows that you have done wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
285	5:4	n21a		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	αἱ βοαὶ τῶν θερισάντων, εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ εἰσελήλυθαν.	1	The shouts of the harvesters are spoken of as if they could be heard in heaven. Alternate translation: “the Lord of hosts has heard the cries of the harvesters” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
286	5:4	h9y8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ	1	God is spoken of as if he had ears as humans have. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
287	5:5	xt8h		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐθρέψατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σφαγῆς.	1	Here people are viewed as if they were cattle, luxuriously fed on grain so they would become fattened to be slaughtered for a feast. However, no one will feast at the time of judgment. Alternate translation: “Your greed has only prepared you for harsh eternal judgment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
288	5:5	pr31		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	The “heart” was considered to be the center of human desire, and here stands for the entire person. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
289	5:6	u5c5			κατεδικάσατε, ἐφονεύσατε τὸν δίκαιον,	1	This is probably not “condemned” in the legal sense of a judge passing a sentence of death on a criminal. Instead, it probably refers to the wicked and powerful people who decide to mistreat the poor until they die.
290	5:6	lq6p		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	τὸν δίκαιον, οὐκ ἀντιτάσσεται	1	“the people who do what is right. They do not.” Here “the righteous person” refers to righteous people in general and not to a specific person. Alternate translation: “righteous people. They do not” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
291	5:6	z7w1			ἀντιτάσσεται ὑμῖν	1	“oppose you”
292	5:7	n888				0	In closing, James reminds the believers about the Lord’s coming and gives several short lessons on how to live for the Lord.
293	5:7	xr6g				0	James changes topics from a rebuke of the rich people to an exhortation to the believers.
294	5:7	a4sv			μακροθυμήσατε οὖν	1	“Because of this, wait and be calm”
295	5:7	wgk4		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἕως τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Κυρίου.	1	This phrase refers to the return of Jesus, when he will begin his kingdom on the earth and judge all people. Alternate translation: “until Christ’s return” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
296	5:7	y4er		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ γεωργὸς	1	James makes an analogy using farmers and believers to teach what it means to be patient. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
297	5:8	bbn1		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	στηρίξατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	James is equating the believers’ hearts to their will to remain committed. Alternate translation: “Stay committed” or “Keep your faith strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
298	5:8	jw3b			ἡ παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου ἤγγικεν.	1	“the Lord will return soon”
299	5:9	k74r			μὴ στενάζετε, ἀδελφοί, κατ’ ἀλλήλων, ἵνα μὴ κριθῆτε.	1	James is writing to all the scattered Jewish believers.
300	5:9	w9xv			κατ’ ἀλλήλων	1	“about each other”
301	5:9	z3p7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	μὴ κριθῆτε	1	This can be stated in the active. Alternate translation: “Christ will not judge you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
302	5:9	ita4			ἰδοὺ, ὁ κριτὴς	1	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the judge”
303	5:9	g938		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν.	1	James compares Jesus, the judge, to a person about to walk through a door to emphasize how soon Jesus will return to judge the world. Alternate translation: “the judge is coming soon” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
304	5:10	sic1			τῆς κακοπαθίας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας, τοὺς προφήτας, οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου	1	“how the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord suffered persecution with patience”
305	5:10	pvs3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου.	1	“Name” here is a metonym for the person of the Lord. Alternate translation: “by the authority of the Lord” or “spoke for the Lord to the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
306	5:11	xwr8			ἰδοὺ, μακαρίζομεν	1	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: we regard”
307	5:11	s3nl			τοὺς ὑπομείναντας	1	“those who continued obeying God even through hardship”
308	5:12	fug7			πρὸ πάντων & ἀδελφοί μου,	1	“This is important, may brothers:” or “Especially, my brothers,”
309	5:12	bjt3		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί μου	1	This refers to all believers including women. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
310	5:12	s755			μὴ ὀμνύετε	1	To “swear” is to say that you will do something, or that something is true, and to be held accountable by a higher authority. Alternate translation: “do not make an oath” or “do not make a vow”
311	5:12	t1uq		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	μήτε τὸν οὐρανὸν, μήτε τὴν γῆν	1	The words “heaven” and “earth” refer to the spiritual or human authorities that are in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
312	5:12	m3ve			ἤτω & ὑμῶν τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ,	1	“do what you say you will do, or say that something is true, without making an oath”
313	5:12	f6mx		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ κρίσιν πέσητε	1	Being condemned is spoken of as if one had fallen, crushed by the weight of something heavy. Alternate translation: “so God will not punish you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
314	5:13	m3e6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	κακοπαθεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσευχέσθω.	1	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is enduring troubles, he should pray” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
315	5:13	wdf7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	εὐθυμεῖ τις? ψαλλέτω.	1	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their blessings. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is happy, he should sing songs of praise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
316	5:14	in34		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	ἀσθενεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσκαλεσάσθω	1	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is sick, he should call” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
317	5:14	fik7		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου	1	“Name” is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “by the authority of the Lord” or “with the authority that the Lord has given hthem” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
318	5:15	c8q6		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα	1	The writer speaks of God hearing believers pray for sick people and healing those people as if the prayers themselves healed the people. Alternate translation: “The Lord will hear the prayer of faith and will heal the sick person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
319	5:15	qiw4			ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως	1	“The prayer made by believers” or “The prayer that people pray believing God will do as they ask”
320	5:15	ei3q			ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ Κύριος	1	“the Lord will make him well” or “the Lord will enable him to resume his normal life”
321	5:16	t2iq				0	As these were Jewish believers, James reminds them to pray by recalling one of the prophets of old and that prophet’s practical prayers.
322	5:16	dl5k			ἐξομολογεῖσθε οὖν & τὰς ἁμαρτίας,	1	Admit to other believers things you did wrong so that you can be forgiven.
323	5:16	i8cm			ἀλλήλοις	1	“to each other”
324	5:16	mzk8		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	ὅπως ἰαθῆτε	1	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God may heal you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
325	5:16	zk62		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	πολὺ ἰσχύει δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη.	1	Prayer is presented as if it were an object that was strong or powerful. Alternate translation: “When the person who obeys God prays, God will do great things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
326	5:17	vhw2			προσευχῇ προσηύξατο	1	“prayed eagerly” or “prayed passionately”
327	5:17	i8wv		rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	τρεῖς & ἕξ	1	“3 … 6” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
328	5:18	zwc9			ὁ οὐρανὸς ὑετὸν ἔδωκεν	1	“The heavens” probably refers to the sky, which is presented as the source of the rain. Alternate translation: “Rain fell from the sky”
329	5:18	yi7m			ἡ γῆ ἐβλάστησεν τὸν καρπὸν αὐτῆς	1	Here the earth is presented as the source of the crops.
330	5:18	s76l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	τὸν καρπὸν	1	Here “fruit” stands for all the crops of the farmers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
331	5:19	xr4l		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	Here this word probably refers to both men and women. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
332	5:19	dv4v		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	ἐάν τις ἐν ὑμῖν πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας, καὶ ἐπιστρέψῃ τις αὐτόν	1	A believer who stops trusting in God and obeying him is spoken of as if he were a sheep that wandered away from the flock. The person who persuades him to trust in God again is spoken of as if he were a shepherd who went to search for the lost sheep. Alternate translation: “whenever anyone stops obeying God, and another person helps him start obeying again” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
333	5:20	xg1y		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	ὁ ἐπιστρέψας ἁμαρτωλὸν ἐκ πλάνης ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ, σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου, καὶ καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.	1	James means that God will use the actions of this person to persuade the sinner to repent and be saved. But James speaks as if it were this other person who actually saved the sinner’s soul from death. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
334	5:20	pd78		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου, καὶ καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.	1	Here “death” refers to spiritual death, eternal separation from God. Alternate translation: “will save him from spiritual death, and God will forgive the sinner for all of his sins” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
335	5:20	rh4d		rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.	1	Possible meanings are (1) the person who brings back the disobedient brother will have his sins forgiven or (2) the disobedient brother, when he returns to the Lord, will have his sins forgiven. Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that God could cover so that he would not see them, so that he would forgive them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])