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2EPHfrontintroe3di0# Introduction to Ephesians<br><br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Ephesians<br><br>1. Greeting and prayer for the spiritual blessings in Christ (1:1-23)<br>1. Sin and salvation (2:1-10)<br>1. Unity and peace (2:11-22)<br>1. Mystery of Christ in the believers, made known (3:1-13)<br>1. Prayer for riches of his glory to make the believers strong (3:14-21)<br>1. Unity of the Spirit, building up the Body of Christ (4:1-16)<br>1. New life (4:17-32)<br>1. Imitators of God (5:1-21)<br>1. 1 Wives and husbands; children and parents; slaves and masters (5:22-6:9)<br>11. Armor of God (6:10-20)<br>1. Final greeting (6:21-24)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Ephesians?<br><br>Paul wrote Ephesians. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>The Apostle Paul helped start the church in Ephesus on one of his trips. He also lived in Ephesus for a year and a half and helped the believers there. Paul probably wrote this letter while he was in prison in Rome.<br><br>### What is the Book of Ephesians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to the Christians in Ephesus to explain Gods love for them in Christ Jesus. He described the blessings that God was giving them because they were now united with Christ. He explained that all believers are united together, whether Jew or Gentile. Paul also wanted to encourage them to live in a way that pleases God.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Ephesians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Pauls Letter to the Church in Ephesus” or “A Letter to the Christians in Ephesus.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the “mystery” in the book of Ephesians?<br><br>The expression translated in the ULT as “mystery” or “hidden” occurs six times. By it, Paul always meant something that God had to reveal to human beings because they could not know it on their own. It always referred to something about how God planned to save mankind. Sometimes it was about his plan to bring about peace between himself and mankind. Sometimes it was more specifically about his plan to save both Jews and Gentiles by uniting them through Christ. This hidden truth was that Gentiles are now able to benefit from the promises of Christ as equals with the Jews.<br><br>### What did Paul say about salvation and righteous living?<br><br>Paul said much about salvation and righteous living in this letter and in many of his letters. He said that God has been very kind and saved Christians because they believe in Jesus. Therefore, after they become Christians, they should live in a righteous way to show that they have faith in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br><br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. The word “you” is almost always plural and refers to the believers who may read this letter. The three exceptions to this are: 5:14, 6:2, and 6:3. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the “new self” or the “new man”?<br><br>When Paul spoke of the “new self” or the “new man,” he meant the new nature that a believer receives from the Holy Spirit. This new nature was created in Gods image (See: 4:24). The phrase “new man” is also used for God bringing about peace between Jews and Gentiles. God brought them together as one people group that belong to him (See: 2:15).<br><br>### How are the ideas of “holy” and “sanctify” represented in Ephesians in the ULT?<br><br>The scriptures use such words to indicate any one of several ideas. For this reason, it is often difficult for translators to represent them well in their versions. In translating into English, the ULT uses the following principles:<br>* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies moral holiness. Especially important for understanding the gospel is the use of “holy” to express the fact that God views Christians as sinless because they are united to Jesus Christ. Another use of “holy” is to express the idea that God is perfect and faultless. A third use is to express the idea that Christians are to conduct themselves in a blameless, faultless manner in life. In these cases, the ULT uses “holy,” “holy God,” “holy ones,” or “saints.” (See: 1:1, 4)<br>* Sometimes the meaning in a passage indicates a simple reference to Christians without implying any particular role filled by them. In these cases, the ULT uses “saint” or “saints.”<br>* Sometimes the meaning in a passage implies the idea of someone or something set apart for God alone. In these cases, the ULT uses “set apart,” “dedicated to,” or “reserved for.” (See: 3:5)<br><br>The UST will often be helpful as translators think about how to represent these ideas in their own versions.<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20; 2:6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22; 3:5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 21; 4:1, 17, 21, 32; 5:8, 18, 19; 6:1, 10, 18, 21. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union between Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the book of Ephesians?<br>* “in Ephesus” (1:1). Some of the earliest manuscripts do not include this phrase. It is likely that Paul intended this letter to be read in many churches, including Ephesus and many other cities. He may have originally left a blank space for the city name to be filled in by those copying the letter and carrying it to different cities. But “Ephesus” is the only name found on manuscripts that have a city name. Therefore, the ULT, UST, and many modern versions include it.<br>* “because we are members of his body” (5:30). Most modern versions, including the ULT and UST, read in this way. Some older versions read, “because we are members of his body and of his bones.” Translators might decide to choose the second reading if other versions in their area have it that way. If translators choose the second reading, they should put the additional words inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that they are probably not original to the book of Ephesians.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
3EPH1introfg420# Ephesians 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### “I pray”<br><br>Paul structures part of this chapter like a prayer of praise to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is teaching the church in Ephesus. He also tells the Ephesians how he is praying for them.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Predestination<br><br>Many scholars believe this chapter teaches on a subject known as “predestination.” See the use of the word “predestine” in 1:5, 11. Some scholars take this to indicate that God has, from before the foundation of the world, chosen some people to save. Christians have different views on what the Bible teaches on this subject, so translators need to take extra care when translating this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/predestine]])
4EPH11kx1gfigs-you0General Information:Paul names himself as the writer of this letter to the believers in the church at Ephesus (and elsewhere). Except where noted, all instances of “you” and “your” refer to the Ephesian believers as well as to all believers, and so are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
5EPH11ilf2Παῦλος, ἀπόστολος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ…τοῖς ἁγίοις τοῖς οὖσιν1Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus … to the saints who areYour language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter and the intended audience. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ … write this letter to you, Gods holy people”
6EPH11u73pfigs-metaphorἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1in Christ JesusThe phrase **in Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him, picturing believers as being surrounded by Christ. Alternate Translation: “in close relationship to Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7EPH12x9eyχάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη1Grace to you and peaceThis is a common greeting and blessing that Paul often uses in the beginning of his letters. Use a form in your language that makes it clear that this is a greeting and blessing.
8EPH13lm67figs-exclusive0General Information:In this book, unless otherwise stated, the words “us” and “we” refer to Paul, the believers in Ephesus, and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
9EPH13zdh30Connecting Statement:Paul opens his letter by talking about the believers position and their safety before God.
10EPH13g6sjfigs-activepassiveεὐλογητὸς ὁ Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus ChristIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Let us praise the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
11EPH13cr9hὁ εὐλογήσας ἡμᾶς1who has blessed usAlternate translation: “for God has blessed us”
12EPH13m8qhπάσῃ εὐλογίᾳ πνευματικῇ1every spiritual blessingAlternate translation: “every blessing coming from the Spirit of God”
13EPH13j2lkἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις1in the heavenly places“in the supernatural world.” The word **heavenly** refers to the place where God is.
14EPH13v9qzfigs-metaphorἐν Χριστῷ1in ChristHere, **in Christ** could mean: (1) a metaphor referring to our close relationship with Christ. Alternate translation: “by uniting us with Christ” or “because we are united with Christ” (2) what Christ has done. Alternate translation: “through Christ” or “through what Christ has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15EPH14ibv6figs-doubletἁγίους καὶ ἀμώμους1holy and blamelessPaul uses these two similar words to emphasize moral goodness. If your language does not have two similar words, you can use one word for both, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
16EPH14ab01figs-doublenegativesἀμώμους1blamelessThe word **blameless** contains two negative ideas: “blame” or “fault,” and “-less,” which means “without.” If your readers would misunderstand this, the two negative ideas can be replaced with the corresponding positive idea, “perfect.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
17EPH15fp7l0General Information:The words “his,” “He,” and “he” refer to God.
18EPH15h7pnfigs-exclusiveπροορίσας ἡμᾶς εἰς υἱοθεσίαν1he predestined us for adoptionThe word **us** refers to Paul, the Ephesian church, and all believers in Christ. Alternate translation: “God planned long ago to adopt us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
19EPH15pq1xπροορίσας ἡμᾶς1he predestined usAlternate translation: “God chose us ahead of time” or “God chose us long ago”
20EPH15e6f6figs-metaphorεἰς υἱοθεσίαν1for adoptionHere, **adoption** is a metaphor that refers to becoming part of Gods family. Alternate translation: “to become his children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
21EPH15ciu3διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1through Jesus ChristGod brought believers into his family by the work of Jesus Christ.
22EPH16s9qkἐχαρίτωσεν ἡμᾶς ἐν τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ1he has freely given us in the Beloved OneAlternate translation: “he has kindly given to us by means of the One whom he loves”
23EPH16x7jpτῷ ἠγαπημένῳ1the Beloved OneAlternate translation: “the One he loves, Jesus Christ” or “his Son, whom he loves”
24EPH17abcbfigs-metonymyδιὰ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ1through his bloodThe **blood** of Jesus is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: “because he died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
25EPH17m9l4figs-metaphorτὸ πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ1the riches of his gracePaul speaks of Gods grace as if it were material wealth. Alternate translation: “greatness of Gods grace” or “abundance of Gods grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
26EPH18pg6jἧς ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς ἡμᾶς1which he caused to abound to usAlternate translation: “which he gave us in a great amount” or “being extremely kind to us”
27EPH18sw98ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει1in all wisdom and understandingThis could mean: (1) because he has all wisdom and understanding. (2) so that we might have great wisdom and understanding.
28EPH18ab98figs-doubletσοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει1wisdom and understandingHere, **wisdom** and **understanding** mean very similar things. If your language does not have two similar words, you can use one word for both. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
29EPH19v71pκατὰ τὴν εὐδοκίαν αὐτοῦ1according to his good pleasureThis could mean: (1) because he wanted to make it known to us. (2) which was what he wanted.
30EPH19c2ukἣν προέθετο ἐν αὐτῷ1which he had planned in himAlternate translation: “as he demonstrated this purpose in Christ”
31EPH19u53hἐν αὐτῷ1in himAlternate translation: “by means of Christ”
32EPH110n2slεἰς οἰκονομίαν1with a view to an administrationA new sentence can be started here. Alternate translation: “He did this with a view to an administration” or “He did this, thinking about a stewardship”
33EPH110em7qτοῦ πληρώματος τῶν καιρῶν1of the fullness of timeAlternate translation: “when the time is right” or “at the time that he has appointed”
34EPH110ab7qἐν αὐτῷ1in himAlternate translation: “under his rule” or “under his authority”
35EPH111ww9sfigs-exclusiveκαὶ ἐκληρώθημεν, προορισθέντες1we were also allotted as a possession. We were predestinedBoth pronouns **we** and **We** are inclusive in this verse. Paul is referring to all Christians, who were predestined to belong to Christ. In verses 12 and 13 he will divide this group into “we” (exclusive) Jewish Christians and “you” Gentile Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
36EPH111t281figs-activepassiveκαὶ ἐκληρώθημεν1we were also allotted as a possessionIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) God also chose us to be his possession. (2) God also chose us to be heirs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
37EPH111nkf8figs-activepassiveπροορισθέντες1We were predestinedIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God chose us ahead of time” or “God chose us long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
38EPH112gj44figs-exclusiveἡμᾶς…τοὺς προηλπικότας ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ1we who were the first to have confident hope in ChristHere, the word **we** is exclusive and refers to the Jewish believers who first heard the good news, not the believers at Ephesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
39EPH112zqm9εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς, εἰς ἔπαινον δόξης αὐτοῦ1so that we … would be for the praise of his gloryAlternate translation: “so that we … would live to praise him for his glory”
40EPH113j1zc0General Information:Paul has been speaking in the previous two verses about himself and the other Jewish believers, but now he begins speaking about the Ephesian believers.
41EPH113ac1eτὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας1the word of truthThis could mean: (1) the message about the truth. (2) the true message.
42EPH113qgf9figs-metaphorἐσφραγίσθητε τῷ Πνεύματι τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, τῷ Ἁγίῳ1you were sealed with the promised Holy SpiritIn this metaphor Paul pictures the Holy Spirit as a seal, comparing him to the wax that was placed on a letter and stamped with a symbol representing the person who wrote the letter. Paul uses this custom as a picture to show how God has used the Holy Spirit to assure us that we belong to him. Alternate translation: “God has placed the Holy Spirit that he promised on you as if he were a seal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
43EPH113abcffigs-activepassiveἐσφραγίσθητε1you were sealedIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has sealed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
44EPH114g6dwfigs-metaphorἀρραβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν1a down payment of our inheritanceReceiving what God has promised is spoken of in terms of one inheriting property or wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: “an initial portion that we will receive from what God has promised” or “a guarantee that we will receive what God has promised to give us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
45EPH115d9qy0Connecting Statement:Paul prays for the Ephesian believers and praises God for the power that believers have through Christ.
46EPH115abccgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ τοῦτο1Because of thisThe connecting phrase **Because of this** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the Ephesians had believed the gospel and had been sealed by the Holy Spirit. The result is that Paul praises God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
47EPH116scy9figs-litotesοὐ παύομαι εὐχαριστῶν1I have not stopped giving thanksPaul uses **not stopped** to emphasize that he continues to thank God. Alternate translation: “I continue to thank God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
48EPH116aby9figs-hyperboleοὐ παύομαι εὐχαριστῶν1I have not stopped giving thanksPaul uses this exaggeration to emphasize that he thanks God very often. Alternate translation: “I continue to thank God” or “I often thank God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
49EPH117abcdgrammar-connect-logic-resultἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Paul prays for the Ephesians. The result is that God would enlighten the Ephesians about all that he has done for them through Christ. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
50EPH117b7l1πνεῦμα σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως, ἐν ἐπιγνώσει αὐτοῦ1a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of himAlternate translation: “spiritual wisdom to understand his revelation”
51EPH118gbl7figs-metonymyπεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας1that the eyes of your heart may be enlightenedHere, **heart** refers to a persons mind or thinking. Alternate Translation: “that you may gain understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
52EPH118iv1hfigs-activepassiveπεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας1that the eyes of your heart may be enlightenedIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that God may give you understanding” or “that God may enlighten your mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
53EPH118abcgfigs-metaphorτοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας1that the eyes of your heartThe phrase **eyes of your heart** is a metaphor for ones ability to gain understanding. Alternate translation: “that you may gain understanding and be enlightened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
54EPH118m5j5πεφωτισμένους1that … bay be enlightenedAlternate translation: “that … may be made to see”
55EPH118abc4τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ1of his callingThe **calling** of God refers to his choosing people to believe in him. Alternate translation: “that you have because he chose you to be his people”
56EPH118h6igfigs-metaphorτῆς κληρονομίας αὐτοῦ1of his inheritanceReceiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if one were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
57EPH118lg8hτοῖς ἁγίοις1the saintsAlternate translation: “those whom he has set apart for himself” or “those who belong completely to him”
58EPH119t7lxτὸ ὑπερβάλλον μέγεθος τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ1the incomparable greatness of his powerAlternate translation: “Gods power, which is far beyond all other power”
59EPH119die1εἰς ἡμᾶς, τοὺς πιστεύοντας1toward us who believeAlternate translation: “for us who believe”
60EPH119e6g2τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ1the working of the force of his strengthAlternate translation: “his great power that is at work for us”
61EPH119abcefigs-doubletτοῦ κράτους τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ1of the force of his strengthThe words **force** and **strength** have very similar meanings and may be combined. Alternate translation: “of his great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
62EPH120dc4lἐγείρας αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν1when he raised him from the deadAlternate translation: “when he made him alive again”
63EPH120pu97figs-nominaladjἐκ νεκρῶν1from the deadThis expression describes all dead people together in the underworld. To come back from among them speaks of becoming alive again. Alternate translation: “from among all those who have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
64EPH120ekj4figs-metonymyκαθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ, ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις1seated him at his right hand in the heavenly placesThe person who sits **at the right hand** of a king sits at his right side and rules with all the authority of the king at whose right hand or side he sits. This is a metonym of location that represents the authority that the person in that location possesses. Alternate translation: “gave him all authority to rule from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
65EPH120f3dhtranslate-symactionκαθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ1seated him at his right handTo sit at the **right hand** of God is a symbolic action of receiving great honor and authority from God. Alternate translation: “seated him in the place of honor and authority beside him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
66EPH120jrv1ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις1in the heavenly places“in the supernatural world.” The word **heavenly** refers to the place where God is. See how you translated this in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md).
67EPH121k8k7figs-doubletὑπεράνω πάσης ἀρχῆς, καὶ ἐξουσίας, καὶ δυνάμεως, καὶ κυριότητος1far above all rule and authority and power and dominionThese are all terms for the ranks of supernatural beings, both angelic and demonic. If your language does not have four different terms for rulers or authorities, you can combine them. Alternate translation: “far above all types of supernatural beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
68EPH121ra11figs-activepassiveπαντὸς ὀνόματος ὀνομαζομένου1every name that is namedIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) every name that man gives. (2) every name that God gives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
69EPH121x6qcὀνόματος1nameThis could refer to: (1) a title. (2) a position of authority.
70EPH121pym8ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ1in this ageAlternate translation: “at this time”
71EPH121qw2xἐν τῷ μέλλοντι1in the age to comeAlternate translation: “in the future”
72EPH122jm9ifigs-metonymyὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ1under Christs feetHere, **feet** represents Christs lordship, authority, and power. Alternate translation: “under Christs power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
73EPH122pm4tfigs-metaphorκεφαλὴν ὑπὲρ πάντα1head over all thingsHere, **head** is a metaphor that refers to the leader or the one who is in charge. Alternate translation: “ruler over all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
74EPH123ge2cfigs-metaphorτὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ1his bodyJust as the head (verse 22) rules all things pertaining to a human body, so Christ is the head of the church body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
75EPH123w2khτὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν πληρουμένου1the fullness of the one who fills all in allAlternate translation: “for Christ fills the church with his life and power just as he gives life to all things”
76EPH123x2khτὸ πλήρωμα1the fullnessThis could have: (1) a passive sense, which would mean that Christ fills or completes the church. (2) an active sense, which would mean that the church completes Christ (as a body completes a head).
77EPH2introe7qn0# Ephesians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter focuses on the life that a Christian had before coming to believe in Jesus. Paul then uses this information to explain how a persons former way of living is distinct from a Christians new identity “in Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### One body<br><br>Paul teaches about the church in this chapter. The church is made of two different groups of people (Jews and Gentiles). They are now one group or “body.” The church is also known as the body of Christ. Jews and Gentiles are united in Christ.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### “Dead in trespasses and sins”<br><br>Paul teaches that those who are not Christians are “dead” in their sin. Sin binds or enslaves them. This makes them spiritually “dead.” Paul writes that God makes Christians alive in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Descriptions of worldly living<br><br>Paul uses many different ways to describe how non-Christians act. They “lived according to the ways of this world” and are “living according to the ruler of the authorities of the air,” “fulfilling the evil desires of our sinful nature,” and “carrying out the desires of the body and of the mind.”<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “It is the gift of God”<br><br>Some scholars believe “it” here refers to being saved. Other scholars believe that it is faith that is the gift of God. Because of how the Greek tenses agree, “it” here probably refers to both things: the gift is that we are saved by Gods grace through faith.<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>“Flesh” is sometimes used as a metaphor for a persons sinful nature. The phrase “Gentiles in the flesh” indicates the Ephesians once lived without any concern for God. But “flesh” is also used in this verse to refer to the physical person, similar to “body part of man.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])
78EPH21xf5s0Connecting Statement:Paul reminds the believers of their past and the way they now are before God.
79EPH21dxx8figs-metaphorὑμᾶς ὄντας νεκροὺς τοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν1you were dead in your trespasses and sinsThis shows how the inability of a sinful person to obey God is similar to a dead persons inability to respond physically. Alternate translation: “you were spiritually dead, unable to do anything but sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
80EPH21lp32figs-doubletτοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν1in your trespasses and sinsThe words **trespasses** and **sins** have similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize the greatness of the peoples sin. If your language has just one word for this, the two words can be combined. Alternate translation: “your many sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
81EPH21ab32figs-abstractnounsτοῖς παραπτώμασιν καὶ ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν1in your trespasses and sinsThe words **trespasses** and **sins** are abstract nouns that represent actions. You can use an adjective or a verb for this if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the sinful things that you did” or “always sinning against God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
82EPH22ab80figs-metaphorἐν αἷς ποτε περιεπατήσατε1in which you once walkedHere, **walk** is a metaphor for the way a person lives. Alternate translation: “which is how you lived” or “which you did habitually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
83EPH22i7d4figs-metonymyκατὰ τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου1according to the age of this worldThe apostles often used **world** to refer to the selfish behaviors and corrupt values of the people living in this world. Alternate translation: “according to the values of people living in the world” or “following the principles of this present world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
84EPH22n5d2τὸν ἄρχοντα τῆς ἐξουσίας τοῦ ἀέρος1the ruler of the authorities of the airThis refers to the devil or Satan.
85EPH22bj9yτοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ νῦν ἐνεργοῦντος1the spirit that is now workingAlternate translation: “the spirit of Satan, who is currently working”
86EPH22ab9yfigs-idiomτοῖς υἱοῖς τῆς ἀπειθείας1the sons of disobedience“people who routinely disobey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
87EPH23d3wdfigs-metonymyτὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκὸς καὶ τῶν διανοιῶν1the desires of the body and of the mindThe words **body** and **mind** represent the entire person. Alternate Translation: “the selfish things that people want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
88EPH23zd6vfigs-idiomτέκνα…ὀργῆς1children of wrath“people with whom God is angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
89EPH24abcogrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The love and mercy of God is in sharp contrast to the evil way the Ephesians lived before they believed in God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
90EPH24chm6figs-abstractnounsΘεὸς πλούσιος ὢν ἐν ἐλέει1God is rich in mercyThe word **mercy** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “God is abundantly merciful” or “God is very kind to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
91EPH24hrx9figs-abstractnounsδιὰ τὴν πολλὴν ἀγάπην αὐτοῦ, ἣν ἠγάπησεν ἡμᾶς1because of his great love with which he loved usThe word **love** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “because he loved us so very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
92EPH25h6kmfigs-activepassiveχάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι1by grace you have been savedIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God saved you by being gracious to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
93EPH25abkmfigs-abstractnounsχάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι1by grace you have been savedThe word **grace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “God saved you by being extremely kind to you” or “God saved you as a free gift” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
94EPH26na2nfigs-idiomσυνήγειρεν1raised us up with himHere, **raised up** is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
95EPH26abchfigs-pastforfutureσυνήγειρεν1raised us up with himThis could mean: (1) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, God has already given Paul and the believers in Ephesus new spiritual life. Alternate translation: “God has given us new life because we belong to Christ” (2) because God has caused Christ to come alive again, the believers in Ephesus can know that after they die they will live with Christ, and Paul can speak of the believers living again as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “we can be sure that God will give us life just as he has caused Christ to come alive again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
96EPH26ab11figs-pastforfutureσυνεκάθισεν1seated us with himPaul talks about the believers as already **seated** in heaven with Christ because, although it is something that will happen in the future, it was guaranteed by what Christ did in the past. Alternate translation: “it is as though God has already seated us next to Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
97EPH26b499ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις1in the heavenly placesThe phrase **heavenly places** refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “in the supernatural world”
98EPH26m6pqἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1in Christ JesusThe phrase **in Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
99EPH27abcpgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God raising up believers and seating them in heaven with Christ is to show the extent of his grace in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
100EPH27y6cfἐν τοῖς αἰῶσιν, τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις1in the ages that are comingAlternate translation: “in the future”
101EPH28abcqgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the Ephesians had been saved by God, and not by their own good works. The result is that people would see the grace of God to us in Christ. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
102EPH28t9pcfigs-activepassiveτῇ γὰρ χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι διὰ πίστεως1For by grace you have been saved through faithIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God saved you by grace because of your faith in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
103EPH28abpcfigs-abstractnounsτῇ γὰρ χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσμένοι1For by grace you have been savedThe word **grace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “God saved you as a free gift” or “God saved you because of his extreme kindness to you” See how you translated this phrase in [Ephesians 2:5](../02/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
104EPH28r8u8τοῦτο1thisThe word **this** refers back to **by grace you have been saved by faith**.
105EPH29al4sοὐκ ἐξ ἔργων, ἵνα μή τις καυχήσηται1not from works, so that no one may boastYou may want to start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “Salvation does not come from works, so that no one may boast” or “God does not save a person because of what that person does, so no one can boast and say that he earned his salvation”
106EPH29abcrgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God for saving believers by grace instead of by their works is that no person might boast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
107EPH210abcsgrammar-connect-logic-resultγάρ1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God is the one who created us to do any good works that we do. The result is that people cannot boast. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
108EPH210fa4lἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1in Christ JesusThe phrase **in Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
109EPH210abd0grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God creating us as he did is that we would do the good works that he intended for us to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
110EPH210lws4figs-metaphorἐν αὐτοῖς περιπατήσωμεν1we would walk in themTo **walk** on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Here, **in them** refers to the “good works.” Alternate translation: “we would always and continually do those good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
111EPH211abctgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that they were saved by God and not by anything they had done on their own. The result is that the Ephesians would remember that they were once separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
112EPH211diq10Connecting Statement:Paul reminds these believers that God has now made Gentiles and Jews into one body through Christ and his cross.
113EPH211p7m2figs-metaphorτὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί1Gentiles in the fleshThis refers to people who were not born Jewish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
114EPH211e76gfigs-metonymyἀκροβυστία1uncircumcisedNon-Jewish people were not circumcised as babies and thus the Jews considered them people who do not follow any of Gods laws. Alternate translation: “uncircumcised pagans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
115EPH211nlf2figs-metonymyπεριτομῆς1circumcisedThis was another term for Jewish people because all male infants were **circumcised**. Alternate translation: “circumcised people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
116EPH211tf9ifigs-activepassiveὑπὸ τῆς λεγομένης1by those who are calledYou can translate this with an active form. Alternate translation: “by what people call” or “by those whom people call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
117EPH211fb4rτῆς λεγομένης περιτομῆς ἐν σαρκὶ χειροποιήτου1those who are called “circumcised” in the flesh, performed by human handsThis could refer to: (1) the Jews, who are circumcised by humans. (2) the Jews, who circumcise the physical body.
118EPH212abczgrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that they were not part of the Jews, who were circumcised. The result is that the Gentile Ephesians were separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
119EPH212u3vuχωρὶς Χριστοῦ1apart from ChristAlternate translation: “unbelievers”
120EPH212sti2figs-metaphorξένοι τῶν διαθηκῶν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας1strangers to the covenants of the promisePaul speaks to the Gentile believers as if they had been foreigners, kept out of the land of Gods **covenants** and **promise**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
121EPH213abcwgrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The current condition of the Ephesian Gentile believers, after they believed in Christ, is that they are near to God. That is in contrast to their previous condition, before they believed in Christ, of being separated from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
122EPH213uf8mfigs-metaphorὑμεῖς οἵ ποτε ὄντες μακρὰν, ἐγενήθητε ἐγγὺς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ1you who once were far away have been brought near by the blood of ChristNot belonging to God due to sin is spoken of as being far away from God. Belonging to God because of the blood of Christ is spoken of as being brought near to God. Alternate translation: “you who once did not belong to God now belong to God because of the blood of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
123EPH213tth1figs-metonymyἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ1by the blood of ChristHere the **blood of Christ** is a metonym for his death. Alternate translation: “by Christs death” or “when Christ died for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
124EPH214abcvgrammar-connect-logic-resultγάρ1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ himself joined them to the Jewish believers. The result is that the Ephesian Gentile believers were brought near to God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
125EPH214ue4uαὐτὸς…ἐστιν ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν1he himself is our peaceAlternate translation: “Jesus gives us his peace”
126EPH214ccy8figs-exclusiveἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν1our peaceThe word **our** refers to Paul and his readers and so, it is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
127EPH214t9znὁ ποιήσας τὰ ἀμφότερα ἓν1who has made the two oneAlternate translation: “who made the Jews and Gentiles one”
128EPH214t6rdfigs-metonymyἐν τῇ σαρκὶ αὐτοῦ1in his fleshThe phrase **his flesh,** his physical body, is a metonym for his body dying. Alternate translation: “by the death of his body on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
129EPH214d7uffigs-metaphorτὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ…τὴν ἔχθραν1the middle wall of partition, the hostilityThe **hostility** between the Jews and Gentiles is compared to a **wall**. Alternate translation: “the hostility that was like a wall that separated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
130EPH215bn71τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δόγμασιν καταργήσας1He abolished the law of commandments in regulationsJesus blood satisfies the law of Moses so that both the Jews and Gentiles can live at peace in God. Alternate translation: “He took away the requirements in the law of Moses”
131EPH215abcxgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ in abolishing the law was to join the Jews and the Gentiles together into one group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
132EPH215sr2rfigs-metaphorἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον1one new manPaul talks about the unity of Jews and Gentiles as if they had become **one** person. Alternate translation: “a single new people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
133EPH215b628figs-metaphorἐν αὑτῷ1in himselfIt is being joined to Christ that makes reconciliation possible between Jews and Gentiles. Paul describes this relationship as though Christ surrounded all of us. Alternate translation: “because he made it possible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
134EPH216zz8kἀποκαταλλάξῃ τοὺς ἀμφοτέρους1so that he might reconcile bothAlternate translation: “so that Christ might bring the Jews and the Gentiles together in peace”
135EPH216abc0figs-metaphorἐν ἑνὶ σώματι1as one bodyThe church is often pictured as the **body** of Christ, who is its head. Here it is comprised of both Jews and Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
136EPH216bj8xfigs-metonymyδιὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ1through the crossHere the **cross** here represents Christs death on the cross. Alternate translation: “by means of Christs death on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
137EPH216lq3mfigs-metaphorἀποκτείνας τὴν ἔχθραν1putting to death the hostilityStopping their **hostility** is spoken of as if he killed their hostility. By dying on the cross, Jesus eliminated the reason for Jews and Gentiles to be hostile toward each other. Neither are now required to live according to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: “stopping them from hating one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
138EPH217vhi80Connecting Statement:Paul tells the Ephesians that Gentile believers are also now just as much a part of Gods people as are Jewish believers. The Jewish apostles and prophets are theirs, as is Christ, and they all form a temple for God in the Spirit.
139EPH217g1hzεὐηγγελίσατο εἰρήνην1and proclaimed peaceAlternate translation: “and announced the gospel of peace” or “declaring the gospel of peace”
140EPH217wdu8figs-metaphorὑμῖν τοῖς μακρὰν1you who were far awayPaul pictures the Gentiles (non-Jews), who were not part of Gods people, as though they were physically distant from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
141EPH217a58nfigs-metaphorτοῖς ἐγγύς1to those who were nearPaul pictures the Jews, who were Gods people by birth, as though they were physically close to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
142EPH218qw56figs-exclusiveὅτι δι’ αὐτοῦ ἔχομεν τὴν προσαγωγὴν, οἱ ἀμφότεροι1for through him we both have accessHere, **we both** refers to Paul, the believing Jews, and the believing non-Jews. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
143EPH218abcugrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1forThe connecting word **for** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that he himself is the one who enabled both Jew and Gentile to come to the Father. The result is that Christ proclaimed peace to both the Jews and the Gentiles. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
144EPH218kt1mἐν ἑνὶ Πνεύματι1in one SpiritAll believers, both Jewish and Gentile, are enabled to enter into the presence of God the Father by the same Holy **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “by means of the same Spirit”
145EPH219abcygrammar-connect-logic-resultἄρα οὖν1So thenThe connecting phrase **So then** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ gave them access to God through the Spirit. The result is that the Ephesian believers are no longer separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
146EPH219abd1figs-doubletξένοι καὶ πάροικοι1strangers and foreignersThe words **strangers** and **foreigners** have very similar meanings and may be combined. Alternate translation: “people who had no relationship to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
147EPH219abd2grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. The previous separation of the Ephesians from God is in contrast to their current status as citizens of the kingdom of God and members of his household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
148EPH219r11rfigs-metaphorἐστὲ συνπολῖται τῶν ἁγίων καὶ οἰκεῖοι τοῦ Θεοῦ1you are fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of GodPaul is again speaking of the spiritual condition of Gentiles after they become believers as he would speak about foreigners becoming citizens of a different nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
149EPH220r2jefigs-metaphorἐποικοδομηθέντες ἐπὶ τῷ θεμελίῳ1You have been built on the foundationPaul speaks of Gods people as if they were a building. Christ is the cornerstone, the apostles are the **foundation**, and the believers are the structure. Alternate translation: “you depend on the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
150EPH220fs7jfigs-activepassiveἐποικοδομηθέντες1You have been builtIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has built you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
151EPH221g8gafigs-metaphorπᾶσα οἰκοδομὴ συναρμολογουμένη, αὔξει εἰς ναὸν ἅγιον1the whole building, being fit together, grows into a holy templePaul continues to speak of Christs family as if it were a **building**. In the same way that a builder fits stones together while building, so Christ is fitting us together. Alternate translation: “all of us, as we grow together, become a holy group that worships God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
152EPH221ljt5figs-metaphorἐν ᾧ…ἐν Κυρίῳ1In whom … in the Lord“In Christ … in the Lord Jesus” These metaphors express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
153EPH222u55jfigs-metaphorἐν ᾧ1in whomYou can translate this as “in Christ,” which is a metaphor that expresses the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
154EPH222b4c8figs-metaphorκαὶ ὑμεῖς συνοικοδομεῖσθε, εἰς κατοικητήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Πνεύματι1you also are being built together as a dwelling place for God in the SpiritThis describes how believers are being put together to become a **place** where **God** will permanently live through the power of the Holy **Spirit**. Alternate translation: “you also are being joined to this group where God lives by his Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
155EPH222e52hfigs-activepassiveκαὶ ὑμεῖς συνοικοδομεῖσθε1you also are being built togetherIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God is also building you together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
156EPH3introgha70# Ephesians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### “I pray”<br><br>Paul structures part of this chapter as a prayer to God. But Paul is not just talking to God. He is both praying for and instructing the church in Ephesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Mystery<br><br>Paul refers to the church as a “mystery.” The role of the church in the plans of God was once not known. But God has now revealed it. Part of this mystery involves the Gentiles having equal standing with the Jews in the plans of God.
157EPH31w8960Connecting Statement:To make clear the hidden truth about the church to believers, Paul refers back to the oneness of Jews and Gentiles and how believers from both groups form part of the one group that worships God, like the stones that form one temple.
158EPH31jb9ugrammar-connect-logic-resultτούτου χάριν1For this reasonThe connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is what Paul talked about in Chapter 2, that Christ showed his grace by removing the division between Jews and Gentiles and making them into one group. The result is that Paul prays for the Gentiles. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
159EPH31abd6figs-explicitτούτου χάριν1For this reasonYou may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: “because of Gods grace to you” You may also need to make explicit here what the result is, as in the UST, because Paul does not state the result until 3:14, that he prays for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
160EPH31m9b6ὁ δέσμιος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ1the prisoner of Christ JesusAlternate translation: “the one who is in prison because I serve Christ Jesus”
161EPH32rx7tτὴν οἰκονομίαν τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Θεοῦ, τῆς δοθείσης μοι εἰς ὑμᾶς1the stewardship of the grace of God that was given to me for youHere, **grace** could mean: (1) the gift of the gospel that Paul is bringing to the Gentiles, and you could translate, “the responsibility that God gave me to bring his grace to you.” (2) the gift to Paul of being the steward of the gospel for the Gentiles, and you could translate that as “the responsibility that God graciously gave me for your benefit.”
162EPH33dc7xfigs-activepassiveκατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν ἐγνωρίσθη μοι1according to the revelation made known to meIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “according to what God revealed to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
163EPH33qm6mκαθὼς προέγραψα ἐν ὀλίγῳ1about which I already wrote in briefPaul refers here to another letter that he had written to these people.
164EPH35srn9figs-activepassiveὃ ἑτέραις γενεαῖς οὐκ ἐγνωρίσθη τοῖς υἱοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων1which in other generations was not made known to the sons of menIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God did not make these things known to people in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
165EPH35eq5ufigs-activepassiveὡς νῦν ἀπεκαλύφθη…ἐν Πνεύματι1as it now has been revealed by the SpiritIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “but now the Spirit has revealed it” or “but now the Spirit has made it known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
166EPH36pqy3εἶναι τὰ ἔθνη, συνκληρονόμα…διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1that the Gentiles are fellow heirs … through the gospelThis is the hidden truth that Paul began to explain in the previous verse. The **Gentiles** who receive Christ also receive everything that the Jewish believers receive from God.
167EPH36y88qσύνσωμα1fellow members of the bodyThe church is often referred to as the **body** of Christ.
168EPH36wxs4ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1in Christ JesusThe phrase **in Christ Jesus** and similar expressions are metaphors that frequently occur in the New Testament letters. They express the strongest kind of relationship possible between Christ and those who believe in him.
169EPH36i4h7διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1through the gospelThis could mean: (1) because of the **gospel**, the Gentiles are fellow sharers in the promise. (2) because of the **gospel**, the Gentiles are fellow heirs and members of the body and fellow sharers in the promise.
170EPH38y97ffigs-metaphorἀνεξιχνίαστον1unsearchablePaul speaks of everything that Christ offers as something so physically vast that it cannot be fully explored. Alternate Translation: “unable to be completely known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
171EPH38e96zfigs-metaphorπλοῦτος τοῦ Χριστοῦ1riches of ChristPaul speaks of the truth about **Christ** and the blessings he brings as if they were material wealth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
172EPH39f2zpfigs-activepassiveτοῦ μυστηρίου, τοῦ ἀποκεκρυμμένου ἀπὸ τῶν αἰώνων ἐν τῷ Θεῷ, τῷ τὰ πάντα κτίσαντι1of the mystery that was hidden from the ages in God who created all thingsIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “of God, who created all things, kept this plan hidden for long ages in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
173EPH310abd3grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of God revealing the mystery of the church to Paul is to enable the rulers in the heavenly places to see the wisdom of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
174EPH310q62lfigs-activepassiveγνωρισθῇ…ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις…ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ1the multifaceted wisdom of God might be made known to the rulers and to the authorities in the heavenly placesIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God may make his great wisdom known to the rulers and authorities in the heavenly places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
175EPH310elh2figs-doubletταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις1to the rulers and to the authoritiesThese words share similar meanings. Paul uses them together to emphasize that every spiritual being will know Gods wisdom. If your language does not have two words for this, you can use one. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
176EPH310z7vyἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις1in the heavenly placesThe phrase **heavenly places** refers to the place where God is. See how this is translated in [Ephesians 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “in the supernatural world”
177EPH310ll77figs-metaphorἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ1the multifaceted wisdom of GodPaul talks of Gods **wisdom** as though it were an object with many surfaces. Alternate translation: “the complex wisdom of God” or “how extremely wise God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
178EPH311aaz8κατὰ πρόθεσιν τῶν αἰώνων1according to the eternal purposeAlternate translation: “in keeping with the eternal plan” or “consistent with the eternal plan”
179EPH312qfn90Connecting Statement:In the next section, Paul praises God in his sufferings and prays for these Ephesian believers.
180EPH312we6cἔχομεν τὴν παρρησίαν1we have the boldnessAlternate translation: “we are without fear” or “we have courage”
181EPH312ab6cfigs-hendiadysτὴν παρρησίαν καὶ προσαγωγὴν1the boldness and accessThese two words work together to express one idea: “bold access” or “boldness to enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
182EPH312zx5cfigs-explicitπροσαγωγὴν ἐν πεποιθήσει1access with confidenceIt may be helpful to state explicitly that this **access** is into Gods presence. Alternate translation: “access into Gods presence with confidence” or “freedom to enter into Gods presence with confidence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
183EPH312kri2πεποιθήσει1confidenceAlternate translation: “certainty” or “assurance”
184EPH313abd4grammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the believers have access to Christ with confidence. The result is that the believers will not be discouraged. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
185EPH313ciu6figs-metonymyὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, ἥτις ἐστὶν δόξα ὑμῶν1for you, which is your gloryHere, **your glory** is a metonym for the salvation and eternal life that the Ephesians will have because of Pauls work of telling them about Christ, which resulted in his suffering in prison. You can state this as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “for you. They bring you a wonderful benefit” or “for you. They result in your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
186EPH314abd5grammar-connect-logic-resultτούτου χάριν1For this reasonThe connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Pauls sufferings have caused glory for the believers. The result is that Paul prays to the Father. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
187EPH314v3gdfigs-explicitτούτου χάριν1For this reasonYou may need to make explicit what the reason is. Alternate translation: “because God has done all this for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
188EPH314vju2figs-synecdocheκάμπτω τὰ γόνατά μου πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα1I bend my knees to the FatherBent **knees** are a picture of the whole person in an attitude of prayer. Alternate translation: “I bow down in prayer to the Father” or “I humbly pray to the Father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
189EPH315c492figs-activepassiveἐξ οὗ πᾶσα πατριὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ὀνομάζεται1from whom every family in heaven and on earth is namedThe act of naming here probably also represents the act of creating. Alternate translation: “who created and named every family in heaven and on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
190EPH316abd7grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Pauls prayer is that the Ephesian believers would be strengthened by God in their faith and love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
191EPH316z9q5δῷ ὑμῖν κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ, δυνάμει κραταιωθῆναι1he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with powerAlternate translation: “God, because he is so great and powerful, would allow you to become strong with his power”
192EPH316rgf5δῷ1he would grantAlternate translation: “he would give”
193EPH317n87p0Connecting Statement:Paul continues the prayer he began in [Ephesians 3:14](../03/14.md).
194EPH317wg1vκατοικῆσαι τὸν Χριστὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν ἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι1that Christ may live in your hearts through faith, being rooted and grounded in loveThis is the second item for which Paul prays that God will “grant” the Ephesians “according to the riches of his glory.” The first is that they would “be strengthened” ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)).
195EPH317q6yyfigs-metaphorκατοικῆσαι τὸν Χριστὸν διὰ τῆς πίστεως ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν1that Christ may live in your hearts through faithHere, **hearts** represent a persons inner being, and **through** expresses the means by which Christ lives within the believer. Christ lives in the hearts of believers because God graciously allows them to have faith. Alternate translation: “that Christ may live within you because you trust in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
196EPH317g4g1figs-metaphorἐν ἀγάπῃ, ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι1being rooted and grounded in lovePaul speaks of their faith as if it were a tree that has deep roots or a house built on a solid foundation. Alternate translation: “you will be like a firmly rooted tree and a building built on stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
197EPH318abd8grammar-connect-logic-resultἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ would live in their hearts. The result is that the Ephesian believers would fully know the love of God and be filled with Gods fullness. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
198EPH318bkk6καταλαβέσθαι1to comprehendThis is the third item for which Paul bends his knees and prays; the first is that God will grant that they be strengthened ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)) and the second is that Christ may live in their hearts through faith ([Ephesians 3:17](../03/17.md)).
199EPH318uu6lπᾶσιν τοῖς ἁγίοις1all the saintsAlternate translation: “all the believers in Christ”
200EPH318ef4sfigs-metaphorτὸ πλάτος, καὶ μῆκος, καὶ ὕψος, καὶ βάθος1the width and length and height and depthIn this metaphor Paul pictures something that is not physical or measurable as something that is physical but stretches out in all directions and, thus, is very large. This could refer to: (1) the intensity of Christs love for us. Alternate translation: “how very much Christ loves us” (2) the greatness of Gods wisdom. Alternate translation: “how very wise God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
201EPH318ef4tfigs-explicitτὸ πλάτος, καὶ μῆκος, καὶ ὕψος, καὶ βάθος1the width and length and height and depthIt may be necessary to state explicitly what these words refer to. If so, you can combine this with the phrase from the next verse and say: “the width and length and height and depth of, and truly know the love of Christ” or “the width and length and height and depth of the love of Christ, and truly know it”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
202EPH319rev9γνῶναί τε τὴν…ἀγάπην τοῦ Χριστοῦ1and to know the love of ChristThis continues the idea from the previous verse. They both refer to knowing the greatness of the love of Christ. Alternate translation: “that you can know how great Christs love for us is”
203EPH319px4zἵνα πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ1so that you may be filled with all the fullness of GodThis is the fourth item for which Paul bends his knees and prays ([Ephesians 3:14](../03/14.md)). The first is that they would “be strengthened” ([Ephesians 3:16](../03/16.md)), the second is that “Christ would live in their hearts through faith” ([Ephesians 3:17](../03/17.md)), and the third is that they “could comprehend Christs love” ([Ephesians 3:18](../03/18.md)).
204EPH319ab4zfigs-metaphorἵνα πληρωθῆτε εἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ1so that you may be filled with all the fullness of GodIn this metaphor Paul pictures the Ephesian believers as containers into which **God** can pour himself. Alternate translation: “so God can give you everything that he has to give you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
205EPH319cd4zfigs-activepassiveἵνα πληρωθῆτε1so that you may be filledIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God can fill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
206EPH319ef4zfigs-abstractnounsεἰς πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ1with all the fullness of GodThe word **fullness** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “with everything that God is full of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
207EPH319abd9grammar-connect-logic-resultἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the Ephesian believers would know the love of Christ. The result is that they would be filled with the fulness of God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
208EPH320jk5cfigs-exclusive0General Information:The words “we” and “us” in this book continue to include Paul and all believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
209EPH320m7gi0Connecting Statement:Paul concludes his prayer with a blessing.
210EPH320zxj3τῷ δὲ1And to himAlternate translation: “Now to God, who”
211EPH320zxt3ποιῆσαι ὑπέρἐκπερισσοῦ ὧν αἰτούμεθα ἢ νοοῦμεν1to do exceedingly abundantly above all that we ask or thinkAlternate translation: “to do much more than all that we ask or think” or “to do things that are much greater than anything that we ask him for or think about”
212EPH321ab12figs-abstractnounsαὐτῷ ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ1to him be the glory in the churchThe word **glory** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “may Gods people glorify him” or “may Gods people praise him for how great he is” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
213EPH4introang80# Ephesians 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 8, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Spiritual gifts<br><br>Spiritual gifts are specific supernatural abilities that the Holy Spirit gives to Christians after they come to believe in Jesus. These spiritual gifts were foundational to developing the church. Paul lists here only some of the spiritual gifts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Unity<br><br>Paul considers it very important that the church is united. This is a major theme of this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Old man and new man<br><br>The term “old man” probably refers to the sinful nature with which a person is born. The “new man” is the new nature or new life that God gives a person after they come to believe in Christ.
214EPH41sb640Connecting Statement:Because of what Paul has been writing to the Ephesians, he tells them how they should live their lives as believers and again emphasizes that believers are to agree with each other.
215EPH41abdagrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God will be glorified in the church for all generations. The result is that believers should walk in a way that is worthy of the Lord. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
216EPH41uss5ὁ δέσμιος ἐν Κυρίῳ1the prisoner for the LordAlternate translation: “someone who is in prison because he serves the Lord”
217EPH41zxr1figs-metaphorἀξίως περιπατῆσαι τῆς κλήσεως1to walk worthily of the callingThe phrase **to walk** is a common way to express the idea of living ones life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
218EPH41abc5τῆς κλήσεως ἧς ἐκλήθητε1of the calling by which you were calledHere, **the calling** refers to the fact that God chose them to be his people. Alternate translation: “because God chose you to be his people”
219EPH42zs6sfigs-abstractnounsμετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ πραΰτητος1with all humility and gentleness, with patienceThe words **humility**, **gentleness**, and **patience** are abstract nouns. Alternate Translation: “to learn to be humble, gentle, and patient” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
220EPH43pi5cfigs-metaphorτηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης1to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peaceHere Paul speaks of **peace** as if it were a **bond** that ties people together. This is a metaphor for being united with other people by living peacefully with them. Alternate translation: “to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
221EPH43ab5cfigs-abstractnounsτηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης1to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peaceThe words **unity** and **peace** are abstract nouns. Alternate translation: “to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
222EPH44x5kvἓν σῶμα1There is one bodyThe church is often referred to as the **body** of Christ.
223EPH44y6epἓν Πνεῦμα1one SpiritAlternate translation: “only one Holy Spirit”
224EPH44b9mrfigs-activepassiveἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν1you were called in one certain hope of your callingIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God called you to have one confident hope in your calling” or “there is one thing that God also chose you to be confident in and expect him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
225EPH46bz5iΠατὴρ πάντων…ἐπὶ πάντων…διὰ πάντων…ἐν πᾶσιν1Father of all … over all … through all … in allThe word **all** here means “everything.”
226EPH47pp9t0General Information:The quote here is from a song that King David wrote.
227EPH47i4za0Connecting Statement:Paul reminds believers of the gifts that Christ gives believers to use in the church, which is the whole body of believers.
228EPH47u2bwfigs-activepassiveἑνὶ…ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις1to each one of us grace has been givenIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “God has given grace to each one of us” or “God gave a gift to each believer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
229EPH47abbwfigs-abstractnounsἑνὶ…ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις1to each one of us grace has been givenThe word **grace** is an abstract noun that refers here to a gift from God. Alternate translation: “God has given a gift to each believer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
230EPH48abdbgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that every believer has been given a spiritual gift. The result is that the Scripture says Jesus gave gifts to men. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
231EPH48wj8tἀναβὰς εἰς ὕψος1When he ascended to the heightsAlternate translation: “When Christ went up into heaven”
232EPH49e5atἀνέβη1He ascendedAlternate translation: “Christ went up”
233EPH49zu81καὶ κατέβη1he also descendedAlternate translation: “Christ also came down”
234EPH49eq56εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς1into the lower regions of the earthThis could refer to: (1) the **lower regions** as a part of the **earth**. (2) **the lower regions** as another way of referring to the **earth** itself. Alternate translation: “into the lower regions, the earth”
235EPH410w6t5ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὰ πάντα1so that he might fill all thingsAlternate translation: “so that he might be working powerfully everywhere”
236EPH410b5igπληρώσῃ1he might fillAlternate translation: “he might complete” or “he might satisfy”
237EPH412jx12πρὸς τὸν καταρτισμὸν τῶν ἁγίων1for the equipping of the saintsAlternate translation: “to prepare the people whom he has set apart” or “to provide the believers with what they need”
238EPH412y9gdεἰς ἔργον διακονίας1for the work of servingAlternate translation: “so that they can serve others”
239EPH412n33mfigs-metaphorεἰς οἰκοδομὴν τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ1for the building up of the body of ChristPaul is speaking of people who grow spiritually as if they were doing exercises to increase the strength of their physical bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
240EPH412pdh4οἰκοδομὴν1the building upAlternate translation: “the improvement”
241EPH412x5gdτοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ1of the body of ChristThe **body of Christ** refers to all of the members of Christs Church.
242EPH413w1ikκαταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως, καὶ τῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ1we all reach to the unity of the faith and the knowledge of the Son of GodThe believers need to know Jesus as the Son of God if they are to be united in faith and mature as believers.
243EPH413er6afigs-abstractnounsκαταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως1we all reach to the unity of the faithThe word **unity** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “we all become equally strong in faith” or “we all become united together in faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
244EPH413ab6afigs-abstractnounsκαταντήσωμεν οἱ πάντες εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως1we all reach to the unity of the faithThe word **faith** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “become united together as believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
245EPH413cd6afigs-abstractnounsτῆς ἐπιγνώσεως τοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ1the knowledge of the Son of GodThe word **knowledge** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “all know well the Son of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
246EPH413x7k3guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesτοῦ Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ1of the Son of GodThis is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]])
247EPH413m3rtεἰς ἄνδρα τέλειον1to a mature manAlternate translation: “to a mature believer”
248EPH413gv6mτέλειον1matureAlternate translation: “fully developed” or “grown up” or “complete”
249EPH414abdcgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of gifted people in the church is to bring all the believers to spiritual maturity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
250EPH414xgi4figs-metaphorμηκέτι ὦμεν νήπιοι1we may no longer be childrenPaul refers to believers who have not grown spiritually as if they were **children** who have had very little experience in life. Alternate translation: “we may no longer be like children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
251EPH414ndj2figs-metaphorκλυδωνιζόμενοι καὶ περιφερόμενοι παντὶ ἀνέμῳ τῆς διδασκαλίας1tossed back and forth by the waves and carried away by every wind of teachingPaul speaks of a believer who has not become mature and follows various wrong teachings as if that believer were a boat and the teachings were the **wind** and **waves** that move the boat in different directions on the water. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
252EPH414r3bjfigs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ κυβίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐν πανουργίᾳ πρὸς τὴν μεθοδίαν τῆς πλάνης1through the trickery of people in cleverness for deceitful schemingThe words **trickery**, **cleverness**, and **scheming** are abstract nouns. Alternate translation: “by crafty people who trick believers with clever lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
253EPH415abddgrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Following every changing teaching is in contrast to becoming mature in Christ and building up his body. Use a word in your language that indicates contrast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
254EPH415ab88figs-abstractnounsἀληθεύοντες1speaking the truthThe word **truth** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “speaking truthfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
255EPH415i2fffigs-abstractnounsἐν ἀγάπῃ1in lovethe word **love** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “as the members love one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
256EPH415zw32figs-metaphorεἰς αὐτὸν…ὅς ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλή1into him who is the headPaul uses a metaphor of the human body to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the **head** of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow in a healthy way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
257EPH416ll7ffigs-metaphorἐξ οὗ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα…τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ σώματος ποιεῖται1from whom the whole body … causes the growth of the bodyPaul continues the metaphor of the believers as a human **body** with Christ as the head to describe how Christ causes believers to work together in harmony as the head of a body causes the body parts to work together to grow in a healthy way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
258EPH416ab7fgrammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς οἰκοδομὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἐν ἀγάπῃ1for building up itself in loveThe word **for** indicates a purpose clause. The purpose of all of the believers working together in harmony, as the members of a human body do, is so that all believers will grow in our ability to love each other and to love God. Use a word in your language that marks this as a purpose clause. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
259EPH416abfffigs-abstractnounsἐν ἀγάπῃ1in loveThe word **love** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “as the members love one another” or “to be able to love each other more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
260EPH416l5r6figs-metaphorδιὰ πάσης ἁφῆς τῆς ἐπιχορηγίας1by every supporting ligamentPaul continues the metaphor comparing the believers to a human body. A **ligament** is a strong band that connects bones or holds organs in place in the body. Just as the body is held together by strong ligaments, so the believers are held together by love that grows stronger as the body parts grow and work together. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
261EPH417n5cy0Connecting Statement:Paul tells them what they should no longer do now that they, as believers, are sealed by the Holy Spirit of God.
262EPH417abdegrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ wants every believer to become spiritually mature and to serve the other believers. The result is that the Ephesian believers should no longer act as the Gentiles act. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
263EPH417ksr8τοῦτο οὖν λέγω καὶ μαρτύρομαι1Therefore, I say this and strongly urgeAlternate translation: “Because of what I have just said, I will now say something more in order to strongly encourage”
264EPH417abr8ἐν Κυρίῳ1in the LordThis could be: (1) referring to the authority of the Lord. (2) stating that we all belong to the Lord.
265EPH417wcx2figs-metaphorμηκέτι ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν, καθὼς καὶ τὰ ἔθνη περιπατεῖ ἐν ματαιότητι τοῦ νοὸς αὐτῶν1you … to walk no longer as the Gentiles also walk, in futility of their mindsPaul commonly uses this metaphor that compares walking to living ones life. Alternate translation: “you … to stop living like the Gentiles with their worthless thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
266EPH418lab7figs-metaphorἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ1They have been darkened in their understandingThis metaphor compares wrong thinking with darkness. Alternate translation: “they no longer think or reason clearly” or “they are not able to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
267EPH418abcifigs-activepassiveἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ1They have been darkened in their understandingIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “Their way of thinking has become dark” or “They no longer think or reason clearly” or “They are not able to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
268EPH418w69ufigs-activepassiveἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τῆς ζωῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ, διὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν τὴν οὖσαν ἐν αὐτοῖς1alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in themIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “because they do not know God, they cannot live the way that God wants his people to live” or “they have cut themselves off from the life of God by their ignorance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
269EPH418w235ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι1alienatedAlternate translation: “cut off” or “separated”
270EPH418s1uzἄγνοιαν1ignoranceAlternate translation: “lack of knowledge” or “lack of information”
271EPH418k8qvfigs-metaphorδιὰ τὴν πώρωσιν τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν1because of the hardness of their heartsThe phrase **hardness of their hearts** is a metaphor that means “stubbornness.” Alternate translation: “because they are stubborn” or “because they refuse to listen to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
272EPH418abdfgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ1because ofThe connecting word **because** introduces a reason-result relationship. The first reason is that they are ignorant of him. The result is that the Gentiles are separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
273EPH418abdggrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ2because ofThe connecting word **because** introduces a reason-result relationship. The second reason is that their hearts are hardened. The result is that Gentiles are separated from God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
274EPH419ldy8figs-metaphorἑαυτοὺς παρέδωκαν τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ1have handed themselves over to sensualityPaul speaks of these people as if they were objects that they themselves were giving to other people, and he speaks of the way that they want to satisfy their physical desires as if the desires were the person to whom they give themselves. Alternate translation: “have given in to every physical desire” or “only want to satisfy their physical desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
275EPH420e5vkὑμεῖς δὲ οὐχ οὕτως ἐμάθετε τὸν Χριστόν1But you did not thus learn ChristThe word **thus** refers to the way that the Gentiles live, as described in [Ephesians 4:17-19](../04/17.md). This emphasizes that what the believers learned from Christ was the opposite of that. Alternate translation: “But what you learned about the ways of Christ was not like that”
276EPH420abdhgrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The sinful way the Gentiles live is in contrast to the way that Paul taught the Ephesians to live according to the truth of Jesus. Use a connecting word in your language that marks a contrast here (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
277EPH421hy7rfigs-ironyεἴ γε αὐτὸν ἠκούσατε καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε1if indeed you have heard about him and were taught in himPaul knows that the people to whom he is writing have **heard** and been **taught** these things. He is using irony as a form of rebuke—if they are doing things contrary to the way of Christ, they know better than that and need to stop. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
278EPH421b3pnfigs-activepassiveἐν αὐτῷ ἐδιδάχθητε1were taught in himIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. This could mean: (1) they received instruction in his ways. (2) Jesus people have taught them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
279EPH421gdz6καθώς ἐστιν ἀλήθεια ἐν τῷ Ἰησοῦ1as the truth is in Jesus“as Jesus teaches us the true way to live” or “as everything about Jesus is true.” See the UST.
280EPH422h1hafigs-metaphorἀποθέσθαι ὑμᾶς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἀναστροφὴν1You are to put aside what belongs to your former manner of lifePaul is speaking of moral qualities as if they were pieces of clothing. Alternate translation: “You must stop living according to your former manner of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
281EPH422j7n7figs-metaphorἀποθέσθαι ὑμᾶς κατὰ τὴν προτέραν ἀναστροφὴν τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον1You are to put aside what belongs to your former manner of life, the old manPaul is speaking of a way of living as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “You must stop doing the things that your former self did” or “Stop doing the things that you used to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
282EPH422d3j6figs-metaphorτὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον1the old manThe **old man** refers to the “old nature” or “former self,” the way that the person was before the person became a believer in Christ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
283EPH422qw3dfigs-metaphorτὸν φθειρόμενον κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀπάτης1that is corrupt because of its deceitful desiresPaul is continuing to speak of a sinful way of living as if it were a person who does evil things. Alternate translation: “when you fooled yourself into thinking that it was good to do whatever evil thing that you wanted to do” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
284EPH423jy7hfigs-activepassiveἀνανεοῦσθαι…τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν1to be renewed in the spirit of your mindsThis may be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: “to allow God to change your attitudes and thoughts” or “to allow God to give you new attitudes and thoughts” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
285EPH424x41yfigs-abstractnounsἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι τῆς ἀληθείας1in righteousness and holiness of the truthThe words **righteousness**, **holiness**, and **truth** are abstract nouns. Alternate translation: “truly righteous and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
286EPH424abc7figs-metaphorἐνδύσασθαι τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον1to put on the new manPaul continues to speak of a way of living as if it were a person, and also as if it were clothing, so that one could **put on** the **new** person like a robe. Alternate translation: “be the new person” or “start living in the new way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
287EPH425abdigrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God has created the believers as new, holy people. The result is that they would stop acting immorally like they used to live. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
288EPH425abn8figs-metaphorἀποθέμενοι τὸ ψεῦδος1putting aside lyingPaul speaks of telling lies as if they were objects that the believers could set aside. Alternate translation: “no longer telling lies” or “instead of telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
289EPH425ab23figs-abstractnounsλαλεῖτε ἀλήθειαν ἕκαστος1let each of you speak truthThe word **truth** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “each of you should speak truthfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
290EPH425abdjgrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1becauseThe connecting word **because** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that believers are members of the same body of Christ. The result is that believers should speak the truth to each other. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
291EPH425zh2gfigs-metaphorἐσμὲν ἀλλήλων μέλη1we are members of one anotherHere Paul speaks of the close union of believers with each other as if they were each part of one single body. Alternate translation: “we belong to one another” or “we are all members of Gods family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
292EPH426w8rwὀργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε1Be angry and do not sinAlternate translation: “You may get angry, but do not sin” or “If you become angry, do not sin”
293EPH426ki7pfigs-metonymyὁ ἥλιος μὴ ἐπιδυέτω ἐπὶ παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν1Do not let the sun go down on your indignationThe **sun** going **down** represents nightfall or the end of the day. Alternate translation: “You must stop being angry before night comes” or “Let go of your anger before the day ends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
294EPH427w71sμηδὲ δίδοτε τόπον τῷ διαβόλῳ1nor give an opportunity to the devilAlternate translation: “and do not give the devil an opportunity to lead you into sin”
295EPH428abdkgrammar-connect-logic-contrastμᾶλλον δὲ1But ratherThe connecting phrase **But rather** introduces a contrast relationship. The way a former thief should work hard to have something to share with others is in contrast to the way he formerly stole for himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
296EPH428abdlgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of working hard with ones own hands is to be able to meet the needs of others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
297EPH429f6ykλόγος σαπρὸς1corrupt talkThis refers to speech that is cruel or rude.
298EPH429abdmgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλ’1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Speaking what is corrupt is in contrast to speaking good things that will build up others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
299EPH429p9wcπρὸς οἰκοδομὴν1for building upAlternate translation: “for encouraging” or “for strengthening”
300EPH429abdngrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of speaking things that build up others is to give grace to those who hear the words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
301EPH429bv8aτῆς χρείας, ἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν1the one in need, so that it might give grace to the hearersAlternate translation: “the needy. In this way you will help those who hear you”
302EPH429ab8afigs-abstractnounsἵνα δῷ χάριν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν1so that it might give grace to the hearersThe word **grace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “so that those who hear you may be spiritually encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
303EPH430air6μὴ λυπεῖτε1do not grieveAlternate translation: “do not distress” or “do not upset”
304EPH430pgk9figs-metaphorἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως1by whom you were sealed for the day of redemptionThe Holy Spirit assures believers that God will redeem them. Paul speaks of the Holy Spirit as if he were a mark that God puts on believers to show that he owns them. Alternate translation: “for he is the seal that assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption” or “for he is the one who assures you that God will redeem you on the day of redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
305EPH430abckfigs-activepassiveἐν ᾧ ἐσφραγίσθητε εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως1by whom you were sealed for the day of redemptionIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “for he has sealed you for the day of redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
306EPH431b72p0Connecting Statement:Paul finishes his instructions on what believers should not do and ends with what they must do.
307EPH431v576figs-metaphorἀρθήτω1Let … be removedPaul speaks of attitudes and behaviors as though they were physical objects that can be removed. Alternate translation: “you must not allow … to be part of your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
308EPH431t1gjfigs-abstractnounsπικρία, καὶ θυμὸς, καὶ ὀργὴ1bitterness, and rage, and angerThese are abstract nouns that can be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “being bitter, and intensely angry, and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
309EPH431abgjfigs-abstractnounsκακίᾳ1maliceThe word **malice** is an abstract noun that can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “being malicious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
310EPH432abdogrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Speaking angry and hurtful things is in contrast to speaking kind and tender things to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
311EPH432w7tkεὔσπλαγχνοι1tenderheartedAlternate translation: “gentle and compassionate towards others”
312EPH5introtdd20# Ephesians 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 14.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Inheritance of the kingdom of Christ<br><br>Some scholars believe that those who continue to practice the things listed in 5:5 will not inherit eternal life. But God can forgive all the sins listed in this verse. Immoral, impure, or greedy people can still receive eternal life if they repent and believe in Jesus. God will be the one who decides this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Wives, submit to your husbands<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe that men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe that God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they interpret this issue affect how they translate this passage.
313EPH51wus50Connecting Statement:Paul continues to tell the believers how they should and should not live as Gods children.
314EPH51jx2qγίνεσθε οὖν μιμηταὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ1Therefore, be imitators of GodThe word **imitators** is a verbal noun, and can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “Therefore, imitate God” or “Therefore you should do what God does.”
315EPH51abdpgrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason (stated in [Ephesians 4:32](../04/32.md)) is that God has forgiven us through Christ. The result (stated here) is that believers should imitate what God is like. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
316EPH51zen5figs-simileὡς τέκνα ἀγαπητά1as beloved childrenGod desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual children. Alternate translation: “as dearly loved children imitate their fathers” or “because you are his children and he loves you dearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
317EPH52ta41figs-metaphorπεριπατεῖτε ἐν ἀγάπῃ1walk in loveTo **walk** is a common way to express the idea of living ones life. Alternate translation: “live a life of love” or “always love each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
318EPH52bak1figs-metaphorπροσφορὰν καὶ θυσίαν τῷ Θεῷ εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας1an offering and sacrifice to God for a fragrant aromaThis metaphor compares Christ dying on the cross for our sins with an Old Testament **sacrifice** for sin, which were roasted in a fire and gave off a pleasing smell. Alternate translation: “like a sweet-smelling offering and sacrifice to God” or “an offering and sacrifice to God that pleased God very much” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
319EPH53le5ffigs-activepassiveπορνεία δὲ, καὶ ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα, ἢ πλεονεξία, μηδὲ ὀνομαζέσθω ἐν ὑμῖν1But sexual immorality and every impurity or greed must not even be named among youIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. “Do not do anything that would let anyone think that you are guilty of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or greed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
320EPH53abdqgrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. The fragrant offering and sacrifice to God is in contrast to sinful acts and thoughts that are not fitting for saints. Use a connecting word that indicates a contrast in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
321EPH53xat9ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα1every impurityAlternate translation: “any moral uncleanness”
322EPH54utm5ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον εὐχαριστία1but instead, thanksgivingThe word **thanksgiving** is a verbal noun, and can be translated with a verb: “instead of those things, you should thank God”
323EPH54abdrgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ μᾶλλον1but insteadThe connecting phrase **but instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Sinful acts and thoughts are in contrast to thanksgiving to God. Use a connecting word that indicates a contrast in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
324EPH55abc6figs-metaphorἀκάθαρτος1uncleanHere being **unclean** (dirty) is a metaphor for being sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
325EPH55vb16figs-metaphorοὐκ ἔχει κληρονομίαν1has no inheritanceReceiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. Alternate translation: “will receive nothing” or “has no part” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
326EPH56px7pκενοῖς λόγοις1with empty wordsAlternate translation: “with words that have no truth in them” or “by speaking words that are not true”
327EPH56abdsgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1forThe connecting word **for** introduces a reason-result relationship. The result is stated first: that the Ephesian believers should not let anyone deceive them with empty words. Then the reason is stated: that the wrath of God will judge those things. Use a phrase that connects a reason to a result, and put them in the order that is most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
328EPH56ab16figs-abstractnounsἔρχεται ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπὶ1the wrath of God is coming uponThe word **wrath** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “God will certainly punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
329EPH56ab73figs-idiomτοὺς υἱοὺς τῆς ἀπειθείας1the sons of disobedienceThis is an idiom that means, “people who habitually disobey” or “people who are characterized by disobedience” Alternate translation: “those who disobey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
330EPH57abdtgrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that God will judge those people in his wrath. The result is that the Ephesian believers should not become partners with evil men. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
331EPH58wy9dfigs-metaphorἦτε γάρ ποτε σκότος1because formerly you were darknessJust as one cannot see in the dark, so people who love to sin cannot see or understand the things of God. Alternate translation: “because formerly you did not understand anything about God” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
332EPH58abdwgrammar-connect-logic-resultγάρ1becauseThe connecting word **because** introduces a reason-result relationship. The result is stated first (v.7): that the Ephesian believers should not become partners with evil men. The reason is stated second (v. 8): that the Ephesian believers are no longer darkness, but are now light. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result, using the order that is most natural for your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
333EPH58iw4qfigs-metaphorνῦν δὲ φῶς ἐν Κυρίῳ1but now are light in the LordJust as one can see in the **light**, so people whom God has saved understand how to please God. Alternate translation: “but now you know God and can live for him” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
334EPH58abdugrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. The fact that the Ephesian believers were formerly darkness is in contrast to the fact that they are now light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
335EPH58l6kifigs-metaphorὡς τέκνα φωτὸς περιπατεῖτε1Walk as children of lightTo **Walk** on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “Live as people who understand what the Lord wants them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
336EPH58abc9figs-simileὡς τέκνα φωτὸς1as children of lightGod desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual **children**. Alternate translation: “as Gods children who know the truth” or “because you are Gods children and see the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
337EPH59q194figs-metaphorὁ…καρπὸς τοῦ φωτὸς ἐν πάσῃ ἀγαθωσύνῃ, καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ, καὶ ἀληθείᾳ1the fruit of the light consists in all goodness and righteousness and truthHere, **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “the result of living in the light is good work, right living, and truthful behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
338EPH59abdvgrammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1forThe connecting word **for** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that fruit of the light is goodness and righteousness and truth. The result is that the Ephesian believers should walk as children of light. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
339EPH511zdu1figs-metaphorμὴ συνκοινωνεῖτε τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους1do not take part in the unfruitful works of darknessPaul speaks of the useless, sinful things that unbelievers do as if they are evil deeds that people do in the dark so no one will see them. Alternate translation: “do not do useless, sinful things with unbelievers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
340EPH511v4d1figs-metaphorτοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους1in the unfruitful works of darknessHere Paul is comparing evil actions to an unhealthy tree that produces nothing good. Alternate translation: “actions that do nothing good, useful, or profitable, caused by darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
341EPH511abc8figs-metaphorτοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους1in the unfruitful works of darknessThe word **darkness** is often used to represent sin. In this instance, these works result from sinful motives. Alternate translation: “deeds that are worthless because they were done from sinful motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
342EPH511abdxgrammar-connect-logic-contrastμᾶλλον δὲ1but ratherThe connecting phrase **but rather** introduces contrast relationship. Participating in the works of darkness is in contrast to exposing them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
343EPH511hpl2figs-metaphorἐλέγχετε1expose themSpeaking against the works of darkness is spoken of as bringing them out into the light so that people can see them. Alternate translation: “bring them out into the light” or “uncover them” or “show and tell people how wrong these actions are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
344EPH512cd23writing-pronounsαὐτῶν1themHere, **them** refers to the “sons of disobedience” mentioned in 5:6 and also referred to as “them” in 5:7. If it is unclear who “them” refers to in either place, then use “those who disobey God” or a similar phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
345EPH513sp1z0General Information:It is unknown if this quotation is a combination of quotations from the prophet Isaiah or a quotation from a hymn sung by the believers.
346EPH513abdygrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast relationship. Hiding the shameful works of darkness now is in contrast to the light exposing them later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
347EPH513vqi7figs-metaphorπᾶν…τὸ φανερούμενον φῶς ἐστιν1everything that is revealed is lightPaul makes this general statement in order to imply that Gods Word shows peoples actions to be good or bad. The Bible often speaks of Gods truth as if it were **light** that could reveal the character of something. Alternate translation: “if you compare everything to what God says, you can know if it is good or bad” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
348EPH514abdzgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὸ1ThereforeThe connecting word **Therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that their sins will be revealed by the light. The result is that sinners should allow Christ to shine on them. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
349EPH514z4arfigs-apostropheἔγειρε, ὁ καθεύδων, καὶ ἀνάστα ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν1Awake, O sleeper, and arise from the deadThis could mean: (1) Paul is addressing the believers and using death as a metaphor for their areas of spiritual weakness that they need to become aware of and reject. (2) Paul is addressing unbelievers who need to wake up from being dead spiritually just as a person who has died must come alive again in order to respond. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
350EPH514abclfigs-apostropheὁ καθεύδων1O sleeperThis could mean: (1) Paul is addressing this comment directly to the believers who are reading or hearing the letter. (2) Paul is addressing this comment directly to unbelievers who are not reading or hearing the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
351EPH514e873figs-metaphorἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν1from the deadThis expression describes all **dead** people together in the underworld. To arise from among them speaks of becoming alive again and is a metaphor for becoming alive spiritually and living for God. Alternate Translation: “from among all those who have died” or “from among those who are spiritually dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
352EPH514ma8wfigs-youἐπιφαύσει σοι1will shine on youHere, **you** refers to the “sleeper” and is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
353EPH514ym6bfigs-metaphorἐπιφαύσει σοι ὁ Χριστός1Christ will shine on you**Christ** will enable an unbeliever to understand how evil his deeds are and how Christ will forgive him and give him new life, just as light shows what actually is there that the darkness had hid. This aso applies to anything that a believer has not yet recognized as sinful. Alternate translation: “Christ will show you what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
354EPH515du5nβλέπετε οὖν ἀκριβῶς πῶς περιπατεῖτε, μὴ ὡς ἄσοφοι, ἀλλ’ ὡς σοφοί1Watch carefully, therefore, how you walk—not as unwise but as wisePeople who are **unwise** do not guard themselves against sin. Wise people, however, can identify sin and flee from it. Alternate translation: “Therefore, you must be careful to live as a wise person rather than a foolish person”
355EPH515abe0grammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1thereforeThe connecting word **therefore** introduces a reason-result relationship. The reason is that Christ has shown the light on him. The result is that the sinner will walk carefully in the light. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
356EPH515abe1grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλ’1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Being unwise is in contrast to being wise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
357EPH515abe2figs-ellipsisὡς σοφοί1as wiseThe verb “walk” is left out. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: “walk as wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
358EPH516h8b1figs-metaphorἐξαγοραζόμενοι τὸν καιρόν1redeeming the timeUsing time wisely is spoken of as if it were **redeeming the time**. Alternate translation: “doing the best things you can with your time” or “using time wisely” or “putting time to its best use” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
359EPH516lrb6figs-metonymyὅτι αἱ ἡμέραι πονηραί εἰσιν1because the days are evilThe word **days** is a metonym for what people do during those days. Alternate translation: “because the people around you are constantly doing all kinds of evil things and the opportunities that you have to do good may become few” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
360EPH516abe3grammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1becauseThe connecting word **because** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the days are evil. The result is that the believers must redeem the time. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
361EPH517abe4grammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ τοῦτο1Because of thisThe connecting phrase **Because of this** introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the days are evil. The result is that the believers will not be foolish, but understand Gods will. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
362EPH517abe5grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Being foolish is in contrast to understanding Gods will. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
363EPH518tz9e0Connecting Statement:Paul ends his instructions on how all believers should live.
364EPH518scp1καὶ μὴ μεθύσκεσθε οἴνῳ1And do not get drunk with wineAlternate translation: “You should not get drunk from drinking wine”
365EPH518cd33figs-abstractnounsἐν ᾧ ἐστιν ἀσωτία1in which is recklessnessThe word **recklessness** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “which leads to reckless behavior” or “because that will ruin you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
366EPH518lgw3ἀλλὰ πληροῦσθε ἐν Πνεύματι1Instead, be filled with the SpiritAlternate translation: “Instead, you should be controlled by the Holy Spirit”
367EPH518abe6grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Being drunk is in contrast to being filled with the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
368EPH519egk6figs-merismψαλμοῖς, καὶ ὕμνοις, καὶ ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς1psalms and hymns and spiritual songsThis could mean: (1) Paul is using these words as a merism for “all sorts of songs to praise God” (2) Paul is listing specific forms of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
369EPH519n5jjψαλμοῖς1psalmsThese are probably songs from the Old Testament book of Psalms that Christians sang.
370EPH519g5ssὕμνοις1hymnsThese are songs of praise and worship that may have been written specifically for Christians to sing.
371EPH519v9ayfigs-doubletᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς1spiritual songsThis could mean: (1) these are songs that the Holy Spirit inspires a person to sing right at that moment (2) **spiritual songs** and “hymns” form a doublet. They mean basically the same thing, and you could use one word for these instead of two. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
372EPH519v3qlfigs-metonymyτῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν1in your heartHere, **heart** is a metonym for a persons thoughts or inner being. This could mean: (1) they should do this with true motives and sincerity. Alternate translation: “from deep within your being” or “sincerely” (2) they should do this with enthusiasm: Alternate translation: “with all of your being” or “enthusiastically” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
373EPH520e6w5figs-metaphorἐν ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1in the name of our Lord Jesus ChristHere, **name** could refer to: (1) Jesus himself. Alternate translation: “because you belong to our Lord Jesus Christ” (2) the authority of Jesus. Alternate translation: “with the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
374EPH520abw5τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί1to God, even the FatherAlternate translation: “to God, who is our father”
375EPH522isd70Connecting Statement:Paul begins to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to one another ([Ephesians 5:21](../05/21.md)). He starts with instructions to wives and husbands on how they should act toward each other.
376EPH523abe7grammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the husband is head of the wife in the same way Christ is head of the church. The result is that wives should submit to their husbands. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
377EPH523x637figs-metaphorκεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικὸς…κεφαλὴ τῆς ἐκκλησίας1the head of the wife … the head of the churchThe word **head** here represents the leader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
378EPH523abc1τοῦ σώματος1of the bodyThe church is often referred to as the **body** of Christ.
379EPH525sx8d0General Information:Here the words **himself** and **he** refer to Christ. The word **her** refers to the church.
380EPH525sm9eἀγαπᾶτε τὰς γυναῖκας1love your wivesHere, **love** means that the husband unselfishly does what is best for the wife, unselfishly serving or giving to his wife.
381EPH525i24yἑαυτὸν παρέδωκεν1gave himself upAlternate translation: “allowed people to kill him”
382EPH525kp8kfigs-metaphorὑπὲρ αὐτῆς1for herPaul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: “for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
383EPH526abe9grammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ giving himself up to death is to sanctify the church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
384EPH526h6vxfigs-metaphorαὐτὴν ἁγιάσῃ, καθαρίσας1he might sanctify her, having cleansed herPaul speaks of the assembly of believers as though it were a woman whom Jesus will marry. Alternate translation: “he might make us holy, having cleansed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
385EPH526a9p5figs-metaphorκαθαρίσας τῷ λουτρῷ τοῦ ὕδατος ἐν ῥήματι1having cleansed her by the washing of water with the wordThis could mean: (1) Paul is referring to God making Christs people clean by the preaching and acceptance of Gods **word** in the gospel message and through **water** baptism in Christ. (2) Paul is speaking of God making us spiritually clean from our sins by the message as if God were making our bodies clean by washing them with **water**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
386EPH527abeagrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ cleansing the church with the word is to present the church to himself as a glorious bride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
387EPH527d1smfigs-metaphorμὴ ἔχουσαν σπίλον, ἢ ῥυτίδα1not having stain or wrinklePaul speaks of the church as though it were a garment that is clean and in perfect condition. Alternate translation: “not having any defect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
388EPH527abcmfigs-doubletμὴ ἔχουσαν σπίλον, ἢ ῥυτίδα1not having stain or wrinkleHere, **stain** and **wrinkle** represent the same idea of defect in two ways to emphasize the churchs purity. If your language does not have two different words, you can use one word for this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
389EPH527abebgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλ’1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. The church having stains and wrinkles of sin is in contrast to the church being holy and blameless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
390EPH527abecgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα2so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Christ washing the church is to make the church holy and blameless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
391EPH527jvi4figs-doubletἁγία καὶ ἄμωμος1holy and blamelessHere, **blameless** means basically the same thing as **holy**. Paul uses the two together to emphasize the churchs purity. If your language does not have two different words, you can use one word for this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
392EPH528wp8bfigs-explicitὡς τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα1as their own bodiesYou can state explicitly that people love **their own bodies**. Alternate translation: “as husbands love their own bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
393EPH529h5aaἀλλὰ ἐκτρέφει1but he nourishesAlternate translation: “but he feeds”
394EPH529abedgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Hating ones own body is in contrast to caring for it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
395EPH530abeegrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1becauseThe connecting word **because** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that the church is Christs body. The result is that Christ cares for the church. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
396EPH530h44ffigs-metaphorμέλη ἐσμὲν τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ1we are members of his bodyHere Paul speaks of the close union of believers with Christ as if they were part of his own **body**, for which he would naturally care. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
397EPH531yp230General Information:The quotation is from the writings of Moses in the Old Testament.
398EPH531yp240General Information:The words **his** and **himself** refer to a male believer who marries.
399EPH531abefgrammar-connect-logic-resultἀντὶ τούτου1For this reasonThe connecting phrase **For this reason** introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. In this case, this phrase is part of a quotation from Genesis 2:24 and so the reason is not stated here, but it is stated in Genesis 2:23 that woman was created out of man. The result is that a man will leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife. If it is confusing to not state the reason, you can include a footnote that says, “the reason for this is that woman was created out of man. See Genesis 2:23” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
400EPH6intror7c30# Ephesians 6 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Slavery<br><br>Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches about working to please God whether as a slave or as a master. What Paul teaches here about slavery would have been surprising. In his time, masters were not expected to treat their slaves with respect and not threaten them.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Armor of God<br><br>This extended metaphor describes how Christians can protect themselves when spiritually attacked. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
401EPH61wq46figs-you0General Information:The command in verse one is plural. Then in verses two and three Paul quotes from the law of Moses. Moses was talking to the people of Israel as though they were one person, so **your** and **you** are singular there. If that does not make sense, you may need to translate them as plurals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
402EPH61jf170Connecting Statement:Paul continues to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to each other. He gives instructions to children, fathers, workers, and masters.
403EPH61ev8mἐν Κυρίῳ1in the LordAlternate translation: “because you belong to the Lord” or “as followers of the Lord”
404EPH61abeggrammar-connect-logic-resultγάρ1forThe connecting word **for** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that children should do what is right. The result is that children should obey their parents. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
405EPH63abehgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of obeying your father and mother is to live well and long on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
406EPH64bb7gμὴ παροργίζετε τὰ τέκνα ὑμῶν1do not provoke your children to angerAlternate translation: “do not make your children angry” or “do not cause your children to be angry”
407EPH64abeigrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast relationship. Fathers provoking their children to anger is in contrast to raising their children in discipline and instruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
408EPH64ytg5figs-abstractnounsἐκτρέφετε αὐτὰ ἐν παιδείᾳ καὶ νουθεσίᾳ Κυρίου1raise them in the discipline and instruction of the LordThe abstract nouns **discipline** and **instruction** can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “teach them to become adults by making sure that they know and do what the Lord wants them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
409EPH65s1pqfigs-doubletφόβου καὶ τρόμου1fear and tremblingThe phrase **fear and trembling** uses two similar ideas to emphasize the importance of honoring their masters. Alternate translation: “with deep respect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
410EPH65z6xxfigs-hyperboleκαὶ τρόμου1and tremblingHere, **trembling** is an exaggeration used to emphasize how important it is that slaves obey their masters. Alternate translation: “and deep respect” or “as though you were shaking with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
411EPH65pd6zfigs-metonymyἐν ἁπλότητι τῆς καρδίας ὑμῶν1in honesty of your heartHere, **heart** is a metonym for a persons mind or intentions. Alternate translation: “with honesty” or “with sincerity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
412EPH65ab6zfigs-abstractnounsἐν ἁπλότητι1in honestyThe word **honesty** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “honestly” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
413EPH65cd6zfigs-explicitὡς τῷ Χριστῷ1as to ChristTo make this clear, you may want to include the verb here: “as you obey Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
414EPH66abejgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλ’1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. Obeying our masters as men-pleasers is in contrast to obeying them because we are slaves of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
415EPH66l9veὡς δοῦλοι Χριστοῦ1as slaves of ChristAlternate translation: “as though your earthly master were Christ himself”
416EPH66u5fnfigs-metonymyἐκ ψυχῆς1from the soulHere, **soul** is a metonym for “attitudes” or “intentions.” Alternate translation: “wholeheartedly” or “enthusiastically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
417EPH69i85sfigs-explicitτὰ αὐτὰ ποιεῖτε πρὸς αὐτούς1do the same to themHere, **the same** refers back to “if he does something good” from ([Ephesians 6:8](../06/08.md)). Alternate translation: “you also must treat your slaves well” or “just as slaves must do good to their masters, you also must do good to your slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
418EPH69wii4εἰδότες ὅτι καὶ αὐτῶν καὶ ὑμῶν ὁ Κύριός ἐστιν ἐν οὐρανοῖς1You know that the Master, both theirs and yours, is in heavenAlternate translation: “You know that Christ is the Master of both slaves and their masters, and that he is in heaven”
419EPH69r9ueπροσωπολημψία οὐκ ἔστιν παρ’ αὐτῷ1there is no favoritism with himAlternate translation: “he judges everyone the same way”
420EPH610t5th0Connecting Statement:Paul gives instructions to make believers strong in this battle we are in for God.
421EPH610e4mgfigs-doubletτῷ κράτει τῆς ἰσχύος αὐτοῦ1the force of his strengthThese two words are very similar in meaning. Together, they reinforce each other. Alternate translation: “his great power” See how you translated this phrase near the end of [Ephesians 1:19](../01/19.md) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
422EPH611n8x8figs-metaphorἐνδύσασθε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, πρὸς τὸ δύνασθαι ὑμᾶς στῆναι πρὸς τὰς μεθοδίας τοῦ διαβόλου1Put on the whole armor of God, to enable you to stand against the scheming of the devilIn this metaphor, Paul pictures the spiritual resources that **God** gives to all Christians as a soldiers **armor**. Alternate translation: “Just as a soldier puts on armor to protect himself from enemy attacks, use all of Gods resources to stand firmly against the devil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
423EPH611ra3yτὰς μεθοδίας1the schemingAlternate translation: “the tricky plans”
424EPH612abekgrammar-connect-logic-resultὅτι1ForThe connecting word **For** introduces the reason of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that we are in a struggle against spiritual forces of darkness. The result is that we should put on the whole armor of God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
425EPH612d7befigs-synecdocheαἷμα καὶ σάρκα1blood and fleshThis expression refers to people, not spirits who do not have human bodies. Alternate translation: “human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
426EPH612abelgrammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast relationship. People made of flesh and blood are in contrast to spiritual forces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
427EPH612ftu4figs-explicitπρὸς τοὺς κοσμοκράτορας1against the world-controllersHere it is implied that **the world-controllers** refers to powerful spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “against the powerful spiritual beings that rule over people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
428EPH612abcnfigs-metaphorτοῦ σκότους τούτου1of this darknessHere, **darkness** is a metaphor for things that are evil. Alternate translation: “during this present evil time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
429EPH613jrn9figs-metaphorδιὰ τοῦτο, ἀναλάβετε τὴν πανοπλίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ1Because of this, put on the whole armor of GodChristians should use the protective resources **God** gives them in fighting the devil in the same way that a soldier puts on **armor** to protect himself against his enemies. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
430EPH613abemgrammar-connect-logic-resultδιὰ τοῦτο1Because of thisThe connecting phrase **Because of this** introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that we are in a battle against evil spiritual forces. The result is that we should put on the whole armor of God. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
431EPH613cy9hfigs-metaphorἵνα δυνηθῆτε ἀντιστῆναι ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ πονηρᾷ1so that you may be able to withstand in the evil dayThe word **withstand** means to successfully resist something. Alternate translation: “so that you may be able to resist when evil attacks you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
432EPH613ab9hfigs-explicitἵνα δυνηθῆτε ἀντιστῆναι1so that you may be able to withstandIt may be helpful to state explicitly what believers are to withstand. Alternate translation: “so that you may be able to withstand the attacks of the devil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
433EPH613abengrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of putting on the whole armor of God is to be able to withstand the attacks of the spiritual forces of darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
434EPH614r5m7figs-metaphorστῆτε οὖν1Stand, thereforeHere the word **Stand** represents taking a position on what is right and true and successfully resisting forces that try to make the believer compromise that position. See how you translated “stand firm” in [Ephesians 6:13](../06/13.md). “So resist evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
435EPH614abexgrammar-connect-logic-resultοὖν1thereforeThe connecting word **therefore** introduces the result of a reason-result relationship. The reason is that we believers have put on our spiritual armor. The result is that we will stand and resist the evil spiritual forces. Use a phrase in your language that connects a reason to a result. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
436EPH614lbd4figs-metaphorπεριζωσάμενοι τὴν ὀσφὺν ὑμῶν ἐν ἀληθείᾳ1having girded up your loins with the truthIn this metaphor, **truth** is compared to a soldiers belt. Truth holds everything together for a believer just as a belt holds the clothing of a soldier together. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
437EPH614abq4figs-abstractnounsἀληθείᾳ1the truthThe word **truth** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “what is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
438EPH614abcafigs-metaphorἐνδυσάμενοι τὸν θώρακα τῆς δικαιοσύνης1having put on the breastplate of righteousnessIn this metaphor, **righteousness** is compared to a soldiers **breastplate**. Just as soldiers put on a breastplate to protect themselves from enemy attacks, believers should behave in a righteous way to protect themselves from spiritual attacks. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
439EPH614cdcafigs-abstractnounsδικαιοσύνης1of righteousnessThe word **righteousness** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the right way to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
440EPH615f6w1figs-metaphorὑποδησάμενοι τοὺς πόδας ἐν ἑτοιμασίᾳ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς εἰρήνης1having shod your feet with the readiness of the gospel of peaceIn this metaphor, **the gospel of peace** is compared to a soldiers sandals. Just as a soldier wears sturdy footwear to give him solid footing and enable him to march long distances, the believer must have solid knowledge of the gospel of peace and be ready to go where the Lord sends him to proclaim it. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
441EPH615abw1figs-abstractnounsεἰρήνης1of peaceThe word **peace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “that makes everything good between people and God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
442EPH616n65cfigs-metaphorἐν πᾶσιν ἀναλαβόντες τὸν θυρεὸν τῆς πίστεως1In everything take up the shield of the faithIn this metaphor, faith is compared to a soldiers **shield**. Just as a soldier uses a shield to protect himself from enemy attacks, the believer must use the **faith** that God gives for protection when the devil attacks. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
443EPH616ab5dfigs-abstractnounsτῆς πίστεως1of the faithThe word **faith** is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “that represents how much you trust in the Lord” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
444EPH616djl5figs-metaphorτὰ βέλη τοῦ πονηροῦ πεπυρωμένα1the flaming arrows of the evil oneThe attacks of the devil against a believer are like **flaming arrows** shot at a soldier by an enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
445EPH617g2kwfigs-metaphorτὴν περικεφαλαίαν τοῦ σωτηρίου δέξασθε1Take the helmet of salvationThe **salvation** that God gives protects the believers mind just as a **helmet** protects the head of a soldier. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
446EPH617abkwfigs-abstractnounsτοῦ σωτηρίου1of salvationThe word **salvation** is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verb. Alternate Translation: “that represents the fact that God has saved you” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
447EPH617c191figs-metaphorτὴν μάχαιραν τοῦ Πνεύματος, ὅ ἐστιν ῥῆμα Θεοῦ1the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of GodIn this metaphor, Gods message is compared to a soldiers **sword**. Just as soldiers use a sword to fight and defeat their enemy, so a believer can use Gods message in the Bible to fight against the devil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
448EPH618mu4wδιὰ πάσης προσευχῆς καὶ δεήσεως, προσευχόμενοι ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ ἐν Πνεύματι1With every prayer and request, pray at all times in the SpiritAlternate translation: “Pray at all times in the Spirit as you pray and make specific requests”
449EPH618g1i7grammar-connect-logic-goalεἰς αὐτὸ1to this endThe connecting phrase **to this end** marks a goal or purpose relationship. The goal is what was just mentioned: to pray at all times in the Spirit. In order to do that, believers must be watchful and persevere in making requests for all the saints. Alternate Translation: “for this reason” or “in order to do that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
450EPH618i5hmfigs-abstractnounsἀγρυπνοῦντες ἐν πάσῃ προσκαρτερήσει καὶ δεήσει περὶ πάντων τῶν ἁγίων1be watchful with all perseverance and requests for all the saintsThe word **perseverance** is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “persevere in being alert, and pray for all Gods holy people” or “pray with constant alertness for all the believers” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
451EPH619rm1h0Connecting Statement:In closing this letter, Paul asks his readers to pray for his boldness in telling the gospel while he is in prison and he says that he is sending Tychicus to comfort them.
452EPH619j135figs-activepassiveἵνα μοι δοθῇ λόγος1so that a message might be given to meIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “that God might give me the word” or “God might give me the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
453EPH619abeogrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of the believers praying for Paul is to enable him to preach the gospel boldly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
454EPH619gu1nfigs-metonymyἀνοίξει τοῦ στόματός μου1I open my mouthThis is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
455EPH620wx9kfigs-metonymyὑπὲρ οὗ πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει1for which I am an ambassador in chainsThe phrase **in chains** is a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: “because of which I am now in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
456EPH620pmm2figs-explicitἵνα ἐν αὐτῷ παρρησιάσωμαι, ὡς δεῖ με λαλῆσαι1so that in it I may speak boldly, as it is necessary for me to speakThe word “pray” is understood from verse 18. Alternate translation: “pray that whenever I teach the gospel, I will speak it as boldly as I should” or “pray that I may speak the gospel as boldly as I should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
457EPH620abepgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of the believers praying for Paul is to enable him to preach the gospel boldly even though he is in chains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
458EPH620cdepfigs-pronounsἐν αὐτῷ1in itHere, **it** refers back to the “message” in verse 19 that Paul wants to speak. If your readers would misunderstand this, you can repeat the word “message” here. Alternate translation: “in my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
459EPH621abergrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul sending Tychicus to Ephesus was to tell the Ephesian believers what was happening to Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
460EPH621cxs9translate-namesΤυχικὸς1TychicusTychicus was one of several men who served with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
461EPH621abc2figs-metaphorἀδελφὸς1brotherPaul speaks of Tychicus as if he were a **brother** to all the other believers who were in Gods spiritual family. Alternate translation: “fellow believer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
462EPH622nv5mfigs-metonymyπαρακαλέσῃ τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν1your hearts may be encouragedHere, **hearts** is a metonym for peoples inner beings. Alternate translation: “he may encourage you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
463EPH622abesgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting phrase **so that** introduces a goal relationship. The goal or purpose of Paul sending Tychicus to the Ephesians is to encourage their hearts and to let them know what was happening to Paul and his companions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
464EPH623j3950Connecting Statement:Paul closes his letter to the Ephesian believers with a blessing of peace and grace on all believers who love Christ.
465EPH623ab33figs-abstractnounsεἰρήνη τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς1Peace to the brothers**Peace** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “May the brothers have a peaceful spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
466EPH623abc3figs-metaphorτοῖς ἀδελφοῖς1to the brothersPaul speaks of the other believers as if they were **brothers** to all of the other believers who were in Gods spiritual family. Alternate translation: “to the fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
467EPH623ab44figs-abstractnounsἀγάπη1loveThe word **love** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “may you love one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
468EPH623ab55figs-abstractnounsμετὰ πίστεως1with faithThe word **faith** is an abstract noun that can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “as you trust in the Lord” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
469EPH624cd55figs-abstractnounsἡ χάρις μετὰ1Grace be withThe word **Grace** is an abstract noun that can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “May God act graciously to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
470EPH624ef55figs-abstractnounsἐν ἀφθαρσίᾳ1with incorruptabilityThe word **incorruptibility** is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “in a way that no one is able to corrupt” or “so much that no one can make them stop loving him” See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])