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Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
1:1 r5ns לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other songs and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
1:1 dsf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 This verse is the title of this book. Use whatever formatting convention is most natural in your language for indicating that something is the title of a poem or song. The ULT places this line further to the left than the other lines in this book to indicate that this verse is the title of the book.
1:2 d9mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
1:2 th64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love me is better” or “your loving is better”
1:2 nze7 טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן 1 Alternate translation: “I enjoy having you near me more than I enjoy drinking wine” or “your love is more pleasant than wine”
1:2 tulv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת 1 The author is using an emphatic form to indicate the fervor and intensity of the desired kisses. Consider using a natural way in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Let him kiss me again and again with the kisses of” or “Let him cover my face with the kisses of”
1:2 j5xq 0 # General Information:\n\nThe first part of the book begins with this verse.
1:3 j5ka לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ 1 The Hebrew word which the ULT translates as **As for** could: (1) indicate reference, in which case it should be translated as the ULT translates it or with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “In reference to the smell of” or (2) indicate emphasis or be making an assertion. Alternate translation: “Truly, the smell of” or “Indeed, the smell of”
1:3 pj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֖ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “As a result”
1:3 si36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים 1 Here, **oils** refers to colognes or perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. If men do not use put pleasant smelling things on their skin in your culture you could say that the man being spoken of here smells pleasant. Alternate translation: “your colognes—they are good” or “your scented oils—they are good” or “your skin—it is good” or “your body—it is good”
1:3 ijen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman makes a comparison between the man’s reputation (which she refers to as his **name**) and scented oil that is poured out after which the good smell of the oil spreads as the air moves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “your reputation spreads more and more like the scent of perfume which spreads after it has been poured out”
1:3 z9t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman is describing the man she loves and his reputation by association with his **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “oil poured out is your reputation” or “oil poured out is the honor that people give to you”
1:4 gxfw אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1
1:4 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַחֲרֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 The word **you** refers to the man and so is singular. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular.
1:4 pmvq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love is better than wine” or “the way you love me is better than wine”
1:4 aoaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי 1 Your language may say “taken” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “has taken me”
1:4 ieqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 The original language word which the ULT translates as **he has brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May the king bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “The king brought me”
1:4 vpdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the man she loves as if he were **The king**. Here, the term **king** is a term of endearment and is an affectionate way for the woman to refer to the man she loves. The woman is not speaking of an actual king but rather this is a poetic way of speaking. The woman is still speaking of the same man that she was speaking of in [1:2-3](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning by using a simile. Alternate translation: “He whom I love is like a king to me and” or “He who is like a king to me”
1:4 rc0e מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The phrase **more than wine** could mean: (1) that the women would **profess** the man’s **love** as **more** delightful **than wine**. Alternate translation: “as being more delightful than wine” (2) that the women would **profess** the delightfulness of the man’s **love more than** they would **profess** the delightfulness of **wine**. Alternate translation: “more than we profess wine”
1:4 so9x מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Here the speaker could be: (1) the woman speaking to the man about the young women who admire him. Alternate translation: “rightly do the young women love you” (2) the young women speaking of other women who admire the man. Alternate translation: “rightly do the other young women love you” or “rightly do the young women love you”. You may wish to indicate who the presumed speaker is here by placing a heading above this section as modeled by the UST.
1:4 ag8r מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you”
1:4 gec8 מָשְׁכֵ֖⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “Lead me”
1:4 geq4 נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 Alternate translation: “Let us praise”
1:4 ku0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ 1 The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Let us greatly rejoice” or “Let us rejoice greatly”
1:4 at7l נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and I be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and I profess your love more than wine”\n
1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה 1 The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and I run”
1:4 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָּר֑וּצָה 1 Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה…נָגִ֤ילָה…נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 The word *us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The woman is using the possessive form to poetically describe where the young women (whom she calls **daughters**) live. The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** refers to the young women who were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could indicate the association between these young women and **Jerusalem** in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “daughters from Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace”
1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark”
1:6 avcq אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּ⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful”
1:6 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 The woman is probably using the phrase **my vineyard** to refer to her complexion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin, I have not protected from the sun” or “my complexion, I have not protected from the sun”
1:6 v86f נֹטֵרָ֣ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרָמִ֔ים כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “as caretaker of the vineyards—my vineyard that is mine, I have not taken care of”
1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
1:6 nqqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת 1 Here, **I am black** means “my skin is black” or “my skin is very dark” as it did in [1:5](../01/05.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that my skin is black” or “that my skin is very dark”
1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:6 im6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because the sun scorched me”
1:7 mpbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “where do you graze your flock” or “where do you graze your sheep”
1:7 wsmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה אֵיכָ֖ה תַּרְבִּ֣יץ בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם 1 The phrase **where do you graze** and the phrase **Where do you make your flocks lie down at noontime** mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Where do you pasture your flocks in the middle of the day”
1:7 f5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **covers herself** means **covers herself with a veil** and the phrase **your companions** refers to the other shepherds who pastured their animals near the flocks of the man and were probably his friends. If it would help your readers, you could express these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “like a woman who covers herself with a veil beside the flocks of the other shepherds”
1:7 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שֶׁ֤⁠אָהֲבָה֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 The woman is using one part of herself, her **soul**, to represent all of her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you whom I love”
1:7 v54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:7 v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:8 fu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **most beautiful among women**. Alternate translation: “Most beautiful among women, if you do not know”
1:8 lc64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 If it would help your readers to see that this is a conditional statement then you could supply a word like “then” in your translation. Alternate translation: “If you do not know, most beautiful among women, then go out”
1:8 nky4 הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women”
1:8 al9c וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “and let your young goats graze” or “and graze your young goats”
1:8 fis9 וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat”
1:8 sy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “come out”
1:9 zyj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 The man is using the phrase **the chariots** to mean “the horses that pull the chariots.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” or “among the horses that pull the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:9 gw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ 1 Here, it is implied that the man is comparing the woman to the beauty of a mare and not to other other qualities of a horse. The king of Egypt’s horses were known to be the best in the world and so they would have been very beautiful. If it would help your readers you could explain the point of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your beauty is like the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” or “I compare your beauty to the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses”
1:9 j8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠ 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **my darling**. Alternate translation: “My darling, I liken you to a mare among the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:9 lnbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, the term **Pharaoh** does not refer to a specific Egyptian king but is a title used to designate the acting king of Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Egypt”
1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other songs and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
1:1 r5ns לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
1:10 hrjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תֹּרִ֔ים 1 The term the man uses, which the ULT translates as **earrings**, is a term which refers to strings of small ornaments or jewels which apparently hung down the side of one’s face. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of jewelry you could use a more general term and, if you are using footnotes, you could make a footnote explaining this type of jewelry. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
1:11 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נַעֲשֶׂה 1 The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
1:11 yuyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תּוֹרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the term “earrings” in the previous verse.
1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table”
1:12 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 1 The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with *nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant”
1:12 lp8f נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell”
1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
1:11 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נַעֲשֶׂה 1 The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
1:13 f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י 1 If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest”
1:13 bzs7 דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 Alternate translation: “is my lover”
1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume”
1:12 lp8f נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell”
1:12 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 1 The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with *nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant”
1:12 zt7d בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table”
1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh”
1:13 bl0z יָלִֽין 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates with the phrase **it stays** is ambiguous regarding what it is that **stays**. This word could: (1) indicate that the **bundle of myrrh** is what **stays**, in which case it should be translated as something similar to **it stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) mean that the man **stays**. Alternate translation: “he stays”
1:13 jw0u יָלִֽין 1 Here, the word **stays** could: (1) refer to staying in one place for a prolonged period of time in which case you could translate this word with something similar to **stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to lying down. Alternate translation: “it lies”
1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh”
1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi”
1:14 a6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר 1 The phrase **henna blossoms** refers to **blossoms** from the **henna** plant which produces clusters of flower blossoms which have a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that has a pleasant smell, you could explain in your translation that henna is a plant that produces fragrant blossoms, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “fragrant flowers” or “fragrant blossoms from the henna plant”
1:13 d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume”
1:13 bzs7 דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 Alternate translation: “is my lover”
1:13 f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י 1 If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest”
1:14 nop3 עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1
1:15 x2d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ יָפָ֖ה עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man uses the phrase **Behold you—you are beautiful** two times for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and provide emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Behold you—you are beautiful, my darling. Your eyes are doves”
1:15 tae6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ…הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look at you! … Look at you!”
1:15 fb4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man makes a comparison between the beauty and gentleness of doves and the woman’s eyes. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your eyes are like doves” or “your eyes are gentle and beautiful”
1:14 a6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר 1 The phrase **henna blossoms** refers to **blossoms** from the **henna** plant which produces clusters of flower blossoms which have a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that has a pleasant smell, you could explain in your translation that henna is a plant that produces fragrant blossoms, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “fragrant flowers” or “fragrant blossoms from the henna plant”
1:14 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi”
1:15 m114 רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md)
1:16 km29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you are truly pleasant”
1:16 x3pr דוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “my lover”
1:16 sbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ 1 The woman is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold!”
1:16 febl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ יָפֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could either begin or end this verse with the phrase **my beloved**.
1:16 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ 1 Here, **couch** does not refer to a literal couch but rather to the place where the couple would lie down in the forest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the place where we lie down is” or “the place we lie down on like a bed is”
1:15 fb4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man makes a comparison between the beauty and gentleness of doves and the woman’s eyes. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your eyes are like doves” or “your eyes are gentle and beautiful”
1:15 tae6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ…הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look at you! … Look at you!”
1:15 x2d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ יָפָ֖ה עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man uses the phrase **Behold you—you are beautiful** two times for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and provide emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Behold you—you are beautiful, my darling. Your eyes are doves”
1:16 xed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are the green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple layed down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches”
1:17 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with **pine** trees, you could use general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees”
1:16 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ 1 Here, **couch** does not refer to a literal couch but rather to the place where the couple would lie down in the forest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the place where we lie down is” or “the place we lie down on like a bed is”
1:16 febl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ יָפֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could either begin or end this verse with the phrase **my beloved**.
1:16 sbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ 1 The woman is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold!”
1:16 x3pr דוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “my lover”
1:16 km29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you are truly pleasant”
1:17 v14z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֹר֤וֹת בָּתֵּ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אֲרָזִ֔ים רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 Here the woman is speaking of the forest as though it were a **house**, the cedar trees as if they were the **beams** of the house and **pine** trees as if they were the **rafters** of the house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Our meeting place is shaded by cedar and pine trees” or “Branches of cedar and pine trees will be a canopy over our meeting place”
2:1 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The woman is speaking of herself as if she is two different types of flowers in order to make a comparison between herself and these flowers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, explain the comparison, or use a simile as modeled by the UST. The reason the woman compares herself to these wildflowers is to express that she thinks she has only common beauty and is no more attractive than the other young women her age. Alternate translation: “I am as common as a wildflower of Sharon or a lily of the valleys” or “my beauty is as common as a wildflower in Sharon or a lily of the valleys”
2:1 bw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The phrase **a flower of Sharon** and the phrase **a lily of the valleys** mean very similar things. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I am a wildflower that grows in the plains and the valleys”
2:1 gh6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן 1 **Sharon** was the name of a specific plain (a flat area). The word **Sharon** refers to a flat, wide area and so by using the word **Sharon** the woman is probably referring to “plains” in general and expressing that she is like a wildflower that grows on the plains. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
2:1 ps9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת 1 The original word which the ULT translates as **flower** refers to a specific type of flower which grows on the ground. The exact type of flower that the original word refers to cannot be known with certainty so you could use the name of a pretty wildflower in your area or you could use a general term as modeled by the ULT.
1:17 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with **pine** trees, you could use general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees”
1:2 tulv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת 1 The author is using an emphatic form to indicate the fervor and intensity of the desired kisses. Consider using a natural way in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Let him kiss me again and again with the kisses of” or “Let him cover my face with the kisses of”
1:2 nze7 טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן 1 Alternate translation: “I enjoy having you near me more than I enjoy drinking wine” or “your love is more pleasant than wine”
1:2 th64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love me is better” or “your loving is better”
1:2 d9mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
1:2 j5xq 0 # General Information:\n\nThe first part of the book begins with this verse.
1:3 ijen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman makes a comparison between the man’s reputation (which she refers to as his **name**) and scented oil that is poured out after which the good smell of the oil spreads as the air moves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “your reputation spreads more and more like the scent of perfume which spreads after it has been poured out”
1:3 z9t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman is describing the man she loves and his reputation by association with his **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “oil poured out is your reputation” or “oil poured out is the honor that people give to you”
1:3 si36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים 1 Here, **oils** refers to colognes or perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. If men do not use put pleasant smelling things on their skin in your culture you could say that the man being spoken of here smells pleasant. Alternate translation: “your colognes—they are good” or “your scented oils—they are good” or “your skin—it is good” or “your body—it is good”
1:3 pj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֖ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “As a result”
1:3 j5ka לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ 1 The Hebrew word which the ULT translates as **As for** could: (1) indicate reference, in which case it should be translated as the ULT translates it or with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “In reference to the smell of” or (2) indicate emphasis or be making an assertion. Alternate translation: “Truly, the smell of” or “Indeed, the smell of”
1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה…נָגִ֤ילָה…נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 The word *us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה 1 The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and I run”
1:4 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָּר֑וּצָה 1 Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:4 at7l נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and I be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and I profess your love more than wine”\n
1:4 ku0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ 1 The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Let us greatly rejoice” or “Let us rejoice greatly”
1:4 geq4 נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 Alternate translation: “Let us praise”
1:4 gec8 מָשְׁכֵ֖⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “Lead me”
1:4 so9x מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Here the speaker could be: (1) the woman speaking to the man about the young women who admire him. Alternate translation: “rightly do the young women love you” (2) the young women speaking of other women who admire the man. Alternate translation: “rightly do the other young women love you” or “rightly do the young women love you”. You may wish to indicate who the presumed speaker is here by placing a heading above this section as modeled by the UST.
1:4 ag8r מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you”
1:4 rc0e מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The phrase **more than wine** could mean: (1) that the women would **profess** the man’s **love** as **more** delightful **than wine**. Alternate translation: “as being more delightful than wine” (2) that the women would **profess** the delightfulness of the man’s **love more than** they would **profess** the delightfulness of **wine**. Alternate translation: “more than we profess wine”
1:4 vpdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the man she loves as if he were **The king**. Here, the term **king** is a term of endearment and is an affectionate way for the woman to refer to the man she loves. The woman is not speaking of an actual king but rather this is a poetic way of speaking. The woman is still speaking of the same man that she was speaking of in [1:2-3](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning by using a simile. Alternate translation: “He whom I love is like a king to me and” or “He who is like a king to me”
1:4 ieqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 The original language word which the ULT translates as **he has brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May the king bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “The king brought me”
1:4 aoaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי 1 Your language may say “taken” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “has taken me”
1:4 pmvq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love is better than wine” or “the way you love me is better than wine”
1:4 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַחֲרֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 The word **you** refers to the man and so is singular. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular.
1:4 gxfw אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1
1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark”
1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace”
1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The woman is using the possessive form to poetically describe where the young women (whom she calls **daughters**) live. The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** refers to the young women who were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could indicate the association between these young women and **Jerusalem** in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “daughters from Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:6 im6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because the sun scorched me”
1:6 nqqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת 1 Here, **I am black** means “my skin is black” or “my skin is very dark” as it did in [1:5](../01/05.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that my skin is black” or “that my skin is very dark”
1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
1:6 v86f נֹטֵרָ֣ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרָמִ֔ים כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “as caretaker of the vineyards—my vineyard that is mine, I have not taken care of”
1:6 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 The woman is probably using the phrase **my vineyard** to refer to her complexion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin, I have not protected from the sun” or “my complexion, I have not protected from the sun”
1:6 avcq אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּ⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful”
1:7 v54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:7 v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:7 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שֶׁ֤⁠אָהֲבָה֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 The woman is using one part of herself, her **soul**, to represent all of her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you whom I love”
1:7 f5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **covers herself** means **covers herself with a veil** and the phrase **your companions** refers to the other shepherds who pastured their animals near the flocks of the man and were probably his friends. If it would help your readers, you could express these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “like a woman who covers herself with a veil beside the flocks of the other shepherds”
1:7 wsmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה אֵיכָ֖ה תַּרְבִּ֣יץ בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם 1 The phrase **where do you graze** and the phrase **Where do you make your flocks lie down at noontime** mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Where do you pasture your flocks in the middle of the day”
1:7 mpbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “where do you graze your flock” or “where do you graze your sheep”
1:8 sy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “come out”
1:8 al9c וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “and let your young goats graze” or “and graze your young goats”
1:8 fis9 וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat”
1:8 nky4 הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women”
1:8 lc64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 If it would help your readers to see that this is a conditional statement then you could supply a word like “then” in your translation. Alternate translation: “If you do not know, most beautiful among women, then go out”
1:8 fu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **most beautiful among women**. Alternate translation: “Most beautiful among women, if you do not know”
1:9 lnbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, the term **Pharaoh** does not refer to a specific Egyptian king but is a title used to designate the acting king of Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Egypt”
1:9 j8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠ 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **my darling**. Alternate translation: “My darling, I liken you to a mare among the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:9 gw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ 1 Here, it is implied that the man is comparing the woman to the beauty of a mare and not to other other qualities of a horse. The king of Egypt’s horses were known to be the best in the world and so they would have been very beautiful. If it would help your readers you could explain the point of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your beauty is like the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” or “I compare your beauty to the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses”
1:9 zyj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 The man is using the phrase **the chariots** to mean “the horses that pull the chariots.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” or “among the horses that pull the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 1 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Love and affection\n\nThis chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I am dark”\nIn the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger.
2:1 cxaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “I am a lily of”
2:1 ni5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת 1 A **lily** is a type of flower. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of flower, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a flower of”
2:2 y9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 Here, the phrase **the daughters** refers to the **daughters of Jerusalem** mentioned in [1:5](../01/05.md) and probably refers not just to the young women of Jerusalem but also to all women. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the young women of Jerusalem” or “other young women”
2:2 l00i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ 1 See how you translated the word **lily** in [2:1](../02/01.md)
2:2 ibi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠חוֹחִ֔ים כֵּ֥ן רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י בֵּ֥ין הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 The man compares the woman he loves to **a lily among thorns**. The point of this comparison is that in the same way that **a lily** is much more beautiful than **thorns** so the woman is much more beautiful than the other young women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “You my darling, are much more beautiful than all other women”
2:2 bi45 רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md).
2:3 fkm3 בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “In his shade”
2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְ⁠יָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּ⁠פִרְי֖⁠וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree*. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give both protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man and his **fruit** being **sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me, he is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
2:3 eogn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **the sons** refers to the other young men. In the previous verse the man compared the woman to the other “daughters” (young women). Here the woman compares the man she loves to the other young men, whom she calls **the sons**. If it would help your readers you could indicate explicitly what **the sons** means here. Alternate translation: “among the other young men” or “when compared to all the other men”
2:3 qtmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר 1 The phrase **the trees of the forest** refers to the other trees of the forest which were considered common when compared to an apple tree. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “among the other trees of the forest” or “compared to the common trees of the forest”
2:3 q7kl דּוֹדִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md).
2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
2:3 yr6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ 1 An **apple tree** is a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit and has a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tree, you could use the name of a similar tree in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit”
2:3 jjo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Among the other young men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest” or “Compared to other men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest”
2:3 xz7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 The woman is saying that the man is like an **apple tree** because in the same way that **an apple tree** is more pleasant than the other **trees of the forest**, so the man she loves is more pleasant than other men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “As apple trees are more pleasant than other trees, so you my beloved are more pleasant than other men”
2:4 hxuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 Here, **house of wine** most likely does not refer to a literal **house of wine** but instead the woman is probably using this phrase to poetically describe a private meeting place where they could enjoy expressing their love for each other. She is describing their meeting place by using an image that was meaningful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could retain the literal translation **house of wine** and explain the meaning in a footnote (if you are using them), or you could express the meaning using a different expression that is meaningful in your culture, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our meeting place so that we could enjoy our love” or ”the place where we could celebrate our love for each other” or ”the place where we could consummate our love”
2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
2:4 f7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 Your language may say “took” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “He took me”
2:4 jgbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ 1 A **banner** is a flag made out of a large piece of cloth that is attached to the top of a long wooden pole. People groups and kings had their own unique banners by which they identified themselves. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could use the name of something used for a similar purpose in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and his flag”
2:4 cms6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention is to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
2:5 ijwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:5 gs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 An **apple** is a round pleasant tasting fruit that grows on a tree and is about the size of an adult human’s fist. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “fruit”
2:5 khc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת 1 A **raisin** is a dried grape. Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with cakes made of dried fruit”
2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּי־חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 The woman speaks of feeling **sick with love** because her feelings of love are so strong for the man that they overwhelm her body as if they were a kind of sickness. She is exaggerating in order to emphasize the strength of her feelings for the man. Alternate translation: “for my love for you is so strong that I feel as if I were sick with love” or “because my love for you overwhelms me like a sickness”
2:5 ddvu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 These two phrases mean very similar things. In the author’s culture both raisins and **apples** were believed to give people strength for love.The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if your readers are unfamiliar with raisins and/or **apples** and you do not have an equivalent food or foods that you could substitute for them here you could combine these two phrases into one and use a general expression. Alternate translation: “Sustain and refresh me with fruit” or “strengthen me with fruit” or “strengthen me for love with fruit”
2:5 t16z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים כִּי־ חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of the phrases in this verse, since the second part gives the reason for the result that the first part describes. Alternate translation: “Because I am sick with love, sustain me with raisin cakes and refresh me with apples”
2:5 ukb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙…רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי 1 The phrases **Sustain me** and **refresh me** are plural imperative forms in the original language. The woman is addressing the man using plural forms to show the intensity of her feelings. Your language may allow you to do the same thing. The ULT indicates the intensity that these two plural forms indicate by placing an exclamation point at the end of this verse. Use a natural form in your language for showing intensity of emotion.
2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְ⁠רֹאשִׁ֔⁠י וִ⁠ימִינ֖⁠וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “ I hope he puts his left arm under my head\nand holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head\nand hold me close with his right arm”
2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
2:7 ekc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אִם־ תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־ הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁ⁠תֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person who could sleep and be awakened and as if it were a person who could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not encourage people to love romantically until the appropriate time” or “do not encourage people’s romantic feelings until the appropriate time”
2:7 fz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ 1 Here, the words **awaken** and **stir** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “do not awaken”
2:7 nt79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 **Does** are female deer. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the female deer of”
2:7 to30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
2:7 sz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 A gazelle is an animal that is a small antelope and looks like a deer, moves quickly like a deer, and is very similar in size to a deer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or if you do not have two deer-like animals in your area or if your language does not have two different words for deer-like animals you could combine the terms **female gazelles** and **does** into one term. Alternate translation: “by the female deer of” or “by the female gazelles of”
2:7 n4wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe that **female gazelles** and **does** live in fields and therefore are wild rather than domesticated animals. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could explain the meaning of the phrase **of the field** in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the wild female gazelles and does”
2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here the author portrays the woman as speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
2:7 f8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם…בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 **I adjure you** and the word **by** are both parts of Hebrew oath or promise formulas. You can use a natural way of making a promise in your culture that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “I urge you to promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “Please, promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “I want you to make an oath … with the female gazelles or the does of the field listening”
2:7 z2xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:8 happ rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָּ֑א 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “is going”
2:8 okuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to bring attention to the man’s approach. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. See how you translated “Behold” in [1:15](../01/015.md). Alternate translation: “Look”
2:8 tymi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־ הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־ הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The woman says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to give emphasis to what she is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing in your language, or if you do not have two words for steeply elevated inclines you could combine these two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “jumping over the mountains!” or “leaping over the hills!”
2:8 fq0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֣וֹל דּוֹדִ֔⁠י 1 Here the original language word which the ULT translates as **voice** is being used to get the readers attention. If it would help your readers you can indicate that explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen, I hear my beloved speaking” or “Listen, I hear my beloved approaching”
2:8 aay2 0 # General Information:\n\nThe second part of the book begins here. It is not clear whether the woman is speaking to herself or to the daughters of Jerusalem.
2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
2:9 umf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אַחַ֣ר כָּתְלֵ֔⁠נוּ 1 Here, the word **our** refers to the woman and her family and does not include the man, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Alternate translation: “behind the wall of my house” or “on the other side of the wall of my family’s house”
2:9 s6z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה עוֹמֵד֙ 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to draw attention to the man’s arrival. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “Look! Here he is! Standing”
2:9 nuxr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת…הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 Here, the words **windows** and **lattices** are plural forms and could: (1) be used with singular meanings here. Because the author says that the man **is standing** instead of indicating that he is walking around the outside of the house, it is likely that these terms have singular meanings here. Alternate translation: “the window … the lattice” (2) have a plural meaning indicating that the man was walking around the house and looking into the house through different windows and lattices. If you decide that these two terms have a plural meaning here you can translate them in a similar way to the ULT.
2:9 qbs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אַיָּלִ֑ים 1 A **stag** is a male deer. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “male deer”
2:9 s9xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 A “lattice” is a cover inside a window frame that is made by weaving strips of wood together. **lattices** have holes that people can look through. If your readers would not be familiar with **lattices**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could describe **lattices** as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the screen”
2:9 pppj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֶ֤ה 1 Here, the phrase **this one** refers to the man who the woman calls **My beloved** in the first part of this verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this man” or “my beloved”
2:9 kq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֔י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular of “gazelles.”
2:9 kf9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַשְׁגִּ֨יחַ֙ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת מֵצִ֖יץ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “gazing through the windows, yes, looking through the lattice”
2:11 e658 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ה⁠סתו 1 In Israel **winter** is the time of year when it is cold and rains more heavily than during other seasons. If the seasons do not vary much in your location, you could explain this with a general expression such as “the cold season” as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the cold rainy season” or “the cold wet season”
2:11 asu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ה⁠סתו עָבָ֑ר הַ⁠גֶּ֕שֶׁם חָלַ֖ף 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the winter has gone; yes, the rain has passed”
2:11 yv91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּ֥ה ה⁠סתו 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “see that the winter”
2:11 b8gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Your language may not say **went** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “it ended” or “it left”
2:11 eh4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָלַ֖ף הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The terms **passed** and **went away** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is over and gone” or “has gone away”
2:11 jmbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 Here, the word **for** indicates that what follows is the motivation or reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
2:1 ps9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת 1 The original word which the ULT translates as **flower** refers to a specific type of flower which grows on the ground. The exact type of flower that the original word refers to cannot be known with certainty so you could use the name of a pretty wildflower in your area or you could use a general term as modeled by the ULT.
2:1 gh6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן 1 **Sharon** was the name of a specific plain (a flat area). The word **Sharon** refers to a flat, wide area and so by using the word **Sharon** the woman is probably referring to “plains” in general and expressing that she is like a wildflower that grows on the plains. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
2:1 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The woman is speaking of herself as if she is two different types of flowers in order to make a comparison between herself and these flowers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, explain the comparison, or use a simile as modeled by the UST. The reason the woman compares herself to these wildflowers is to express that she thinks she has only common beauty and is no more attractive than the other young women her age. Alternate translation: “I am as common as a wildflower of Sharon or a lily of the valleys” or “my beauty is as common as a wildflower in Sharon or a lily of the valleys”
2:1 bw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The phrase **a flower of Sharon** and the phrase **a lily of the valleys** mean very similar things. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I am a wildflower that grows in the plains and the valleys”
2:11 qxz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go עָבָ֑ר 1 Your language may not say **gone** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “is finished” or “is over”
2:12 j8f3 בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Alternate translation: “throughout the land”
2:11 jmbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 Here, the word **for** indicates that what follows is the motivation or reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
2:11 eh4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָלַ֖ף הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The terms **passed** and **went away** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is over and gone” or “has gone away”
2:11 b8gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Your language may not say **went** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “it ended” or “it left”
2:11 yv91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּ֥ה ה⁠סתו 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “see that the winter”
2:11 asu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ה⁠סתו עָבָ֑ר הַ⁠גֶּ֕שֶׁם חָלַ֖ף 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the winter has gone; yes, the rain has passed”
2:11 e658 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ה⁠סתו 1 In Israel **winter** is the time of year when it is cold and rains more heavily than during other seasons. If the seasons do not vary much in your location, you could explain this with a general expression such as “the cold season” as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the cold rainy season” or “the cold wet season”
2:12 zmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠ק֥וֹל הַ⁠תּ֖וֹר נִשְׁמַ֥ע 1 The phrase **the turtledove is heard** can be translated in active form. If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it is people. Alternate translation: “and people hear the voice of the turtledove” or “and people hear the turtledove cooing”
2:12 j8f3 בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Alternate translation: “throughout the land”
2:13 m4mt הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md)
2:13 mk2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ 0 **The fig tree ripens her green figs** The tree is spoken of as if it were actively causing its fruit to ripen. This is a collective singular and can be translated as a plural. Alternate translation: “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe”
2:13 wjr7 הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ 0 **their fragrance** Alternate translation: “their sweet smell”
@ -178,8 +127,70 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
2:17 ia1r עַ֤ד 0 **rugged mountains** Alternate translation: “rocky mountains” or “rough mountains”
2:17 l8dz עַ֤ד 0 **stag** an adult male deer
2:17 lz3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַ֤ד 0 **the shadows flee away** The woman describes the shadows as though they were running away from the light of the sun. Alternate translation: “the shadows disappear”
2:2 bi45 רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md).
2:2 ibi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠חוֹחִ֔ים כֵּ֥ן רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י בֵּ֥ין הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 The man compares the woman he loves to **a lily among thorns**. The point of this comparison is that in the same way that **a lily** is much more beautiful than **thorns** so the woman is much more beautiful than the other young women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “You my darling, are much more beautiful than all other women”
2:2 l00i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ 1 See how you translated the word **lily** in [2:1](../02/01.md)
2:2 y9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 Here, the phrase **the daughters** refers to the **daughters of Jerusalem** mentioned in [1:5](../01/05.md) and probably refers not just to the young women of Jerusalem but also to all women. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the young women of Jerusalem” or “other young women”
2:3 jjo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Among the other young men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest” or “Compared to other men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest”
2:3 xz7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 The woman is saying that the man is like an **apple tree** because in the same way that **an apple tree** is more pleasant than the other **trees of the forest**, so the man she loves is more pleasant than other men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “As apple trees are more pleasant than other trees, so you my beloved are more pleasant than other men”
2:3 yr6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ 1 An **apple tree** is a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit and has a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tree, you could use the name of a similar tree in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit”
2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
2:3 q7kl דּוֹדִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md).
2:3 qtmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר 1 The phrase **the trees of the forest** refers to the other trees of the forest which were considered common when compared to an apple tree. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “among the other trees of the forest” or “compared to the common trees of the forest”
2:3 eogn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **the sons** refers to the other young men. In the previous verse the man compared the woman to the other “daughters” (young women). Here the woman compares the man she loves to the other young men, whom she calls **the sons**. If it would help your readers you could indicate explicitly what **the sons** means here. Alternate translation: “among the other young men” or “when compared to all the other men”
2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְ⁠יָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּ⁠פִרְי֖⁠וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree*. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give both protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man and his **fruit** being **sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me, he is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
2:3 fkm3 בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “In his shade”
2:4 cms6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention is to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
2:4 jgbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ 1 A **banner** is a flag made out of a large piece of cloth that is attached to the top of a long wooden pole. People groups and kings had their own unique banners by which they identified themselves. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could use the name of something used for a similar purpose in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and his flag”
2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
2:4 f7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 Your language may say “took” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “He took me”
2:4 hxuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 Here, **house of wine** most likely does not refer to a literal **house of wine** but instead the woman is probably using this phrase to poetically describe a private meeting place where they could enjoy expressing their love for each other. She is describing their meeting place by using an image that was meaningful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could retain the literal translation **house of wine** and explain the meaning in a footnote (if you are using them), or you could express the meaning using a different expression that is meaningful in your culture, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our meeting place so that we could enjoy our love” or ”the place where we could celebrate our love for each other” or ”the place where we could consummate our love”
2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
2:5 ukb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙…רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי 1 The phrases **Sustain me** and **refresh me** are plural imperative forms in the original language. The woman is addressing the man using plural forms to show the intensity of her feelings. Your language may allow you to do the same thing. The ULT indicates the intensity that these two plural forms indicate by placing an exclamation point at the end of this verse. Use a natural form in your language for showing intensity of emotion.
2:5 t16z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים כִּי־ חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of the phrases in this verse, since the second part gives the reason for the result that the first part describes. Alternate translation: “Because I am sick with love, sustain me with raisin cakes and refresh me with apples”
2:5 ddvu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 These two phrases mean very similar things. In the author’s culture both raisins and **apples** were believed to give people strength for love.The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if your readers are unfamiliar with raisins and/or **apples** and you do not have an equivalent food or foods that you could substitute for them here you could combine these two phrases into one and use a general expression. Alternate translation: “Sustain and refresh me with fruit” or “strengthen me with fruit” or “strengthen me for love with fruit”
2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּי־חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 The woman speaks of feeling **sick with love** because her feelings of love are so strong for the man that they overwhelm her body as if they were a kind of sickness. She is exaggerating in order to emphasize the strength of her feelings for the man. Alternate translation: “for my love for you is so strong that I feel as if I were sick with love” or “because my love for you overwhelms me like a sickness”
2:5 khc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת 1 A **raisin** is a dried grape. Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with cakes made of dried fruit”
2:5 gs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 An **apple** is a round pleasant tasting fruit that grows on a tree and is about the size of an adult human’s fist. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “fruit”
2:5 ijwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְ⁠רֹאשִׁ֔⁠י וִ⁠ימִינ֖⁠וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “ I hope he puts his left arm under my head\nand holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head\nand hold me close with his right arm”
2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
2:7 z2xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:7 f8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם…בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 **I adjure you** and the word **by** are both parts of Hebrew oath or promise formulas. You can use a natural way of making a promise in your culture that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “I urge you to promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “Please, promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “I want you to make an oath … with the female gazelles or the does of the field listening”
2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here the author portrays the woman as speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
2:7 n4wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe that **female gazelles** and **does** live in fields and therefore are wild rather than domesticated animals. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could explain the meaning of the phrase **of the field** in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the wild female gazelles and does”
2:7 sz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 A gazelle is an animal that is a small antelope and looks like a deer, moves quickly like a deer, and is very similar in size to a deer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or if you do not have two deer-like animals in your area or if your language does not have two different words for deer-like animals you could combine the terms **female gazelles** and **does** into one term. Alternate translation: “by the female deer of” or “by the female gazelles of”
2:7 to30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
2:7 nt79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 **Does** are female deer. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the female deer of”
2:7 fz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ 1 Here, the words **awaken** and **stir** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “do not awaken”
2:7 ekc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אִם־ תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־ הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁ⁠תֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person who could sleep and be awakened and as if it were a person who could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not encourage people to love romantically until the appropriate time” or “do not encourage people’s romantic feelings until the appropriate time”
2:8 fq0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֣וֹל דּוֹדִ֔⁠י 1 Here the original language word which the ULT translates as **voice** is being used to get the readers attention. If it would help your readers you can indicate that explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen, I hear my beloved speaking” or “Listen, I hear my beloved approaching”
2:8 tymi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־ הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־ הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The woman says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to give emphasis to what she is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing in your language, or if you do not have two words for steeply elevated inclines you could combine these two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “jumping over the mountains!” or “leaping over the hills!”
2:8 okuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to bring attention to the man’s approach. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. See how you translated “Behold” in [1:15](../01/015.md). Alternate translation: “Look”
2:8 happ rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָּ֑א 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “is going”
2:8 aay2 0 # General Information:\n\nThe second part of the book begins here. It is not clear whether the woman is speaking to herself or to the daughters of Jerusalem.
2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
2:9 kf9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַשְׁגִּ֨יחַ֙ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת מֵצִ֖יץ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “gazing through the windows, yes, looking through the lattice”
2:9 kq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֔י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular of “gazelles.”
2:9 pppj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֶ֤ה 1 Here, the phrase **this one** refers to the man who the woman calls **My beloved** in the first part of this verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this man” or “my beloved”
2:9 s9xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 A “lattice” is a cover inside a window frame that is made by weaving strips of wood together. **lattices** have holes that people can look through. If your readers would not be familiar with **lattices**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could describe **lattices** as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the screen”
2:9 qbs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אַיָּלִ֑ים 1 A **stag** is a male deer. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “male deer”
2:9 nuxr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת…הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 Here, the words **windows** and **lattices** are plural forms and could: (1) be used with singular meanings here. Because the author says that the man **is standing** instead of indicating that he is walking around the outside of the house, it is likely that these terms have singular meanings here. Alternate translation: “the window … the lattice” (2) have a plural meaning indicating that the man was walking around the house and looking into the house through different windows and lattices. If you decide that these two terms have a plural meaning here you can translate them in a similar way to the ULT.
2:9 s6z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה עוֹמֵד֙ 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to draw attention to the man’s arrival. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “Look! Here he is! Standing”
2:9 umf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אַחַ֣ר כָּתְלֵ֔⁠נוּ 1 Here, the word **our** refers to the woman and her family and does not include the man, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Alternate translation: “behind the wall of my house” or “on the other side of the wall of my family’s house”
2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nWomen are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Euphemisms\n\nIt is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
3:1 hu3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל 0 **him whom my soul loves** The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Here it makes a stronger statement of the woman’s love for the man than “my beloved” ([Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md)).
3:1 l1kv עַל 0 **I was longing for him … could not find him** Alternate translation: “I had a strong desire to be with him … loves, but he was not there”
3:10 rr69 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **Its interior was** Alternate translation: “The inside of it was”
3:10 w2at עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **Its posts** The word “its” refers to King Solomon’s sedan chair.
3:10 xnj4 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **posts** The word “posts” here refers to pieces either made of silver or made of wood covered with silver that hold up the tent of cloth around his chair.
3:10 apj8 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **with love** This could mean: (1) “with love,” indicating that the women made the sedan beautiful in a special way to show their love for Solomon, or (2) “with leather.”
3:10 f5mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The description of the bed itself that began in [Song of Songs 3:9](./08.md) continues.
3:11 tf1d צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **bearing the crown** Alternate translation: “wearing the crown”
3:11 i961 צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **daughters of Zion** Alternate translation: “you young women who live in Zion”
3:11 sj76 צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **gaze on King Solomon** “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.
3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **the day of the joy of his heart** The word “heart” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “the day on which he truly rejoiced” or “the happiest day of his life”
3:2 uyu7 אָק֨וּמָה 0 **go through the city** Alternate translation: “walk through the city”
3:2 x9ki אָק֨וּמָה 0 **through the streets and squares** The word “squares” indicates the center area of a town where streets or roads come together. It is often an area where people sell items, a market, and a place where people come together to talk.
3:2 afu9 אָק֨וּמָה 0 **will search** Alternate translation: “will to look for”
@ -212,19 +223,47 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
3:8 jqy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כֻּלָּ⁠ם֙ 0 **terrors of the night** Here, “terrors” is a metonym for evil people who frighten others by attacking them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terrors**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “evil people who attack others at night” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:8 mm7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 A description of the bed itself begins in verse 9. You could use words in your language that show that this is background information.
3:9 nnm6 אַפִּרְי֗וֹן 0 **sedan chair** This is a chair or couch for important people to sit or lie on. It rests on long poles that people can use to carry it
3:10 rr69 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **Its interior was** Alternate translation: “The inside of it was”
3:10 w2at עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **Its posts** The word “its” refers to King Solomon’s sedan chair.
3:10 xnj4 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **posts** The word “posts” here refers to pieces either made of silver or made of wood covered with silver that hold up the tent of cloth around his chair.
3:10 apj8 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **with love** This could mean: (1) “with love,” indicating that the women made the sedan beautiful in a special way to show their love for Solomon, or (2) “with leather.”
3:10 f5mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The description of the bed itself that began in [Song of Songs 3:9](./08.md) continues.
3:11 tf1d צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **bearing the crown** Alternate translation: “wearing the crown”
3:11 i961 צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **daughters of Zion** Alternate translation: “you young women who live in Zion”
3:11 sj76 צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **gaze on King Solomon** “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.
3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **the day of the joy of his heart** The word “heart” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “the day on which he truly rejoiced” or “the happiest day of his life”
3:intro t72h 0 # Song of Songs 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Longing\n\nThis chapter describes a feeling of longing, or the waiting in anticipation of the one you love. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:1 z6f7 הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
4:1 m3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ 0 **Your eyes are doves** One possibility is that the man is speaking of the woman’s white eyeballs or the shape of her eyes, the shape of a dove. Another possibility is that the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the man considers the woman’s eyes beautiful because the way the woman looks at him makes him think she is gentle. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “You are very gentle”
4:1 pnn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ 0 **Your hair is like a flock of goats going down from Mount Gilead** Goats in Israel were usually dark in color. The woman’s hair was probably dark. You may need to specify that the goats were dark or even use another simile that the reader will understand that refers to something dark and beautiful. People thought of Mount Gilead as beautiful and fertile. The speaker considered the woman beautiful and ready to become the mother of his children. If you remove the simile of the goats, you may have to remove the simile of the mountain as well. Alternate translation: “Your hair is as dark as storm clouds above a fertile land”
4:1 rg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
4:10 wzb4 מַה 0 **fragrance … perfume** See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md).
4:10 g6qt מַה 0 **How beautiful is your love** Alternate translation: “Your love is wonderful”
4:10 td9x מַה 0 **How much better is your love than wine** “Your love is much better than wine.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 1:2](../01/01.md).
4:10 ibb8 מַה 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md).
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מַה 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
4:10 r5ni מַה 0 **spice** dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste
4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מַה 0 **the fragrance of your perfume than any spice** The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “how much better is the fragrance of your perfume than the fragrance of any spice”
4:11 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹ֛פֶת 0 **honey and milk are under your tongue** Because “milk and honey” is a common phrase in the Bible, you should translate literally. Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for: (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. Milk is a metaphor for luxury, owning many things that help people enjoy life. When the woman kisses the man, he enjoys life.
4:11 nyc9 נֹ֛פֶת 0 **the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon** “the smell of your clothes is like the smell of Lebanon.” Many cedar trees grew in Lebanon. Cedar trees smell very good, so Lebanon would have smelled sweet and fresh.
4:11 fw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹ֛פֶת 0 **Your lips … drip honey** Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words.
4:12 i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן 0 **a spring that is sealed** “a spring with a cover on it.” The spring or well is a metaphor for the woman, and the cover is a metaphor for her being a virgin.
4:12 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן 0 **is a garden locked up** “is a garden that no one can enter.” The garden is a metaphor for the woman, and the lock is a metaphor for her still being a virgin.
4:12 nrw6 גַּ֥ן 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md).
4:12 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom גַּ֥ן 0 **My sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md). Alternate translation: “My dear” or “My darling”
4:13 i3mi שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **a grove** a place where many trees grow together
4:13 dju5 שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **henna** small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md).
4:13 eji6 שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **with choice fruits** Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **Your branches** branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:13 q938 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְרָדִֽים 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:14 p646 נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **all the finest spices** Alternate translation: “all the best spices”
4:14 bm3m נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **aloes** a type of large plant that had a very sweet smell
4:14 ujr7 נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **calamus** a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil.
4:14 w1cm נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **cinnamon** a spice made from the bark of a tree that people used for cooking
4:14 kx8c נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **myrrh** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
4:14 dxj9 נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **saffron** a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower
4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:15 t9ch מַעְיַ֣ן 0 **fresh water** water that is good to drink
4:15 zl7c מַעְיַ֣ן 0 **streams flowing down from Lebanon** Because Lebanon had mountains covered with trees, the streams from Lebanon were clean and cool.
4:15 z2an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְיַ֣ן 0 **You are a garden spring** “You are a spring in a garden.” A garden spring gives sweet, clean water that people enjoy drinking. The man enjoys being close to the woman.
4:16 x71g ע֤וּרִי 0 **Awake, north wind** Alternate translation: “North wind, start blowing”
4:16 jv5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ע֤וּרִי 0 **Awake, north wind; come, south wind; blow** The woman speaks to the north wind and the south wind as though they were people. Alternate translation: “I wish the north wind and south wind would come and blow”
4:16 l273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ע֤וּרִי 0 **blow on my garden** The garden is a metaphor for her body, which she has covered with sweet-smelling oils ([Song of Songs 4:14](./12.md)).
4:16 mbn7 ע֤וּרִי 0 **choice fruit** Alternate translation: “wonderful fruit”
4:16 kdi9 ע֤וּרִי 0 **may give off their fragrance** Alternate translation: “may send out their good smells”
4:16 lqh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ע֤וּרִי 0 **May my beloved … choice fruit** The woman is inviting the man to make love to her.
4:16 dp46 ע֤וּרִי 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
4:2 cj59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **a flock of newly shorn ewes** This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a flock of ewes whose wool people have cut off”
4:2 sb14 שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **bereaved** lost a loved one who has died
4:2 wc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **coming up from the washing place** The ewes are coming up out of the water. Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
@ -253,298 +292,262 @@ Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
4:6 bm4n עַ֤ד 0 **the mountain of myrrh** Alternate translation: “the mountain made of myrrh” or “the mountain that has myrrh growing on it”
4:6 y1xu עַ֤ד 0 **Until the dawn arrives and the shadows flee away** Translate similar wording in this line as you did the line in [Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md).
4:7 l1xq כֻּלָּ֤⁠ךְ 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
4:7 ci96 слово 0 **there is no blemish in you** Alternate translation: “you have no blemish”
4:7 wt7k слово 0 **You are beautiful in every way** Alternate translation: “Every part of you is beautiful” or “All of you is beautiful”
4:7 ci96 כֻּלָּ֤⁠ךְ 0 **there is no blemish in you** Alternate translation: “you have no blemish”
4:7 wt7k כֻּלָּ֤⁠ךְ 0 **You are beautiful in every way** Alternate translation: “Every part of you is beautiful” or “All of you is beautiful”
4:8 m2km rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **Amana** the name of a mountain north of Israel
4:8 ybd2 слово 0 **dens** places where lions and leopards live, like caves or holes in the ground
4:8 h4yw слово 0 **from Lebanon** Alternate translation: “away from Lebanon”
4:8 j8s2 слово 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife.
4:8 ir9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names слово 0 **Senir** the name of a mountain near Amana and Hermon. Some people think that this refers to the same mountain as Hermon.
4:8 ybd2 אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **dens** places where lions and leopards live, like caves or holes in the ground
4:8 h4yw אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **from Lebanon** Alternate translation: “away from Lebanon”
4:8 j8s2 אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife.
4:8 ir9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **Senir** the name of a mountain near Amana and Hermon. Some people think that this refers to the same mountain as Hermon.
4:9 d83s לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **heart, with just one look at me, with just one jewel** “heart. All you have to do is look at me once or show me just one jewel.” Both the woman’s eyes and her jewelry attract the man to her.
4:9 k4ah слово 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:8](./08.md).
4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
4:9 laj2 слово 0 **necklace** This necklace probably went around her neck many times ([Song of Songs 4:4](./04.md)).
4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **You have stolen my heart** This idiom could mean: (1) “My heart now belongs completely to you” or (2) “I strongly desire to make love to you”
4:10 wzb4 מַה 0 **fragrance … perfume** See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md).
4:10 g6qt слово 0 **How beautiful is your love** Alternate translation: “Your love is wonderful”
4:10 td9x слово 0 **How much better is your love than wine** “Your love is much better than wine.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 1:2](../01/01.md).
4:10 ibb8 слово 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md).
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
4:10 r5ni слово 0 **spice** dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste
4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis слово 0 **the fragrance of your perfume than any spice** The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “how much better is the fragrance of your perfume than the fragrance of any spice”
4:11 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹ֛פֶת 0 **honey and milk are under your tongue** Because “milk and honey” is a common phrase in the Bible, you should translate literally. Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for: (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. Milk is a metaphor for luxury, owning many things that help people enjoy life. When the woman kisses the man, he enjoys life.
4:11 nyc9 слово 0 **the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon** “the smell of your clothes is like the smell of Lebanon.” Many cedar trees grew in Lebanon. Cedar trees smell very good, so Lebanon would have smelled sweet and fresh.
4:11 fw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Your lips … drip honey** Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words.
4:12 i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן 0 **a spring that is sealed** “a spring with a cover on it.” The spring or well is a metaphor for the woman, and the cover is a metaphor for her being a virgin.
4:12 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **is a garden locked up** “is a garden that no one can enter.” The garden is a metaphor for the woman, and the lock is a metaphor for her still being a virgin.
4:12 nrw6 слово 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md).
4:12 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **My sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md). Alternate translation: “My dear” or “My darling”
4:13 i3mi שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **a grove** a place where many trees grow together
4:13 dju5 слово 0 **henna** small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md).
4:13 eji6 слово 0 **with choice fruits** Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche слово 0 **Your branches** branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:13 q938 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְרָדִֽים 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:14 p646 נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **all the finest spices** Alternate translation: “all the best spices”
4:14 bm3m слово 0 **aloes** a type of large plant that had a very sweet smell
4:14 ujr7 слово 0 **calamus** a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil.
4:14 w1cm слово 0 **cinnamon** a spice made from the bark of a tree that people used for cooking
4:14 kx8c слово 0 **myrrh** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
4:14 dxj9 слово 0 **saffron** a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower
4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:15 t9ch слово 0 **fresh water** water that is good to drink
4:15 zl7c слово 0 **streams flowing down from Lebanon** Because Lebanon had mountains covered with trees, the streams from Lebanon were clean and cool.
4:15 z2an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְיַ֣ן 0 **You are a garden spring** “You are a spring in a garden.” A garden spring gives sweet, clean water that people enjoy drinking. The man enjoys being close to the woman.
4:16 x71g слово 0 **Awake, north wind** Alternate translation: “North wind, start blowing”
4:16 jv5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification слово 0 **Awake, north wind; come, south wind; blow** The woman speaks to the north wind and the south wind as though they were people. Alternate translation: “I wish the north wind and south wind would come and blow”
4:16 l273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **blow on my garden** The garden is a metaphor for her body, which she has covered with sweet-smelling oils ([Song of Songs 4:14](./12.md)).
4:16 mbn7 слово 0 **choice fruit** Alternate translation: “wonderful fruit”
4:16 kdi9 ע֤וּרִי 0 **may give off their fragrance** Alternate translation: “may send out their good smells”
4:16 lqh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **May my beloved … choice fruit** The woman is inviting the man to make love to her.
4:16 dp46 слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
5:1 i16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Eat … drink … be drunk with love** Eating and drinking are metaphors for making love. Alternate translation: “Make love … make love … make love until you are fully satisfied”
5:1 f2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **have come into my garden** The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
5:1 m575 слово 0 **I have come** It is clearly the woman’s lover who is speaking.
5:1 psq4 слово 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md).
5:1 tgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
5:1 lgr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּ֣אתִי 0 **myrrh … spice … honeycomb … honey … wine … milk** These are all metaphors for the man enjoying the woman’s body ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md), [Song of Songs 2:4](../02/03.md), [Song of Songs 4:11](../04/10.md), and [Song of Songs 4:14](../04/12.md)).
5:1 sq9d слово 0 **spice** plants that have a strong smell or taste
5:1 zka3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5:2 biy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **but my heart was awake** The heart is the center of thought and feeling. Alternate translation: “but I could think clearly” or “but I knew what I was feeling”
5:2 yh2r слово 0 **dew** drops of water or mist that form as the night becomes cool
5:2 tk43 אֲנִ֥י 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
5:2 c27j слово 0 **my dove** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md).
5:2 d3gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis слово 0 **my hair with the night’s dampness** The words “is wet” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “my hair is wet with the night’s dampness”
5:2 d52k слово 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
5:2 rx38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
5:2 qjv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Open to me** This could mean: (1) literal, “Open the door for me,” or (2) metaphorical, “Let me make love to you.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:2 gaj1 слово 0 **undefiled one** Alternate translation: “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one”
5:2 a7v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fourth part of the book begins here. The young woman uses euphemisms to describe her dream so that it can be interpreted in two different ways: (1) the woman describes a dream about a night when the man came to visit her at her house; and (2) the woman describes a dream about starting to sleep with the man.
5:3 tr8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations слово 0 **“I have taken off my robe … dirty?”** This is what the woman thought to herself when she heard the man speak. ([Song of Songs 5:2](./02.md)). This could be translated with the woman saying that this is what she was thinking, or the woman could just explain the situation and her thoughts as in the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, ‘I have taken off my robe … dirty?’” or “I had taken off my robe and I did not want to put it on again. I had washed my feet and I did not want to get them dirty.”
5:3 r5cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **I have washed my feet** While the word “feet” can be a euphemism for private parts, this probably refers to literal feet. The woman seems more likely to want to make love than to want to refrain from lovemaking because she has just bathed.
5:3 h4w3 слово 0 **must I get them dirty?** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to get them dirty.”
5:3 g6z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **must I put it on again?** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to put it on again.”
5:3 am4r слово 0 **robe** thin linen clothing that people wore on their skin
5:4 nns1 слово 0 **door latch** Alternate translation: “door lock”
5:4 hqn5 слово 0 **My beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover”
5:4 w3ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **My beloved put in his hand through the opening of the door latch** Possible interpretations are: (1) literal, the lover reaches into the house through a hole in the door in order to open the door or (2) euphemisic, they have begun to make love.
5:5 w3k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **I got up to open the door for my beloved** This could mean: (1) literal, the young woman got out of bed in order to let the man into the house, or (2) metaphorical. Alternate translation: “I prepared myself to make love with my beloved”
5:5 q3qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **my hands … my fingers … door handle** While these may be euphemisms for the woman’s and man’s bodies, it is best to translate literally.
5:5 ycr1 слово 0 **with moist myrrh** Alternate translation: “with liquid myrrh”
5:6 b7qk слово 0 **my beloved** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
5:6 z8na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **My heart sank** The heart is a metaphor for the person, and sinking, going down, is a metaphor for becoming weak or sad. Alternate translation: “I was very sad”
5:7 rqq4 слово 0 **as they were making their rounds in the city** “who were walking around the city on the walls.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md).
5:7 h38e слово 0 **cloak** a garment that people wore over the other clothing on their upper body when they went outdoors in public
5:7 v79f слово 0 **found me** found the woman
5:7 zhf3 слово 0 **struck me** Alternate translation: “beat me” or “hit me”
5:7 euu8 слово 0 **the guards on the walls** Alternate translation: “the men who guard the walls”
5:7 a9yk слово 0 **The watchmen** men who have the job of keeping guard of the town at night to keep the people safe. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md).
5:7 q2vt слово 0 **wounded me** Alternate translation: “injured me”
5:8 j8ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe слово 0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
5:8 czu7 слово 0 **I want you to swear** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
5:8 w1ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **my beloved—What will you make known to him?—that I am** The woman uses a question to introduce what she wants the daughters of Jerusalem to tell her beloved. Alternate translation: “my beloved, this is what I want you to say to him: tell him that”
5:8 v5m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **sick from love** She loves the man so strongly that she feels sick.
5:9 zp43 слово 0 **an oath like this** the oath in [Song of Songs 5:8](./08.md)
5:9 eap5 слово 0 **most beautiful among women** “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md).
5:9 rfp3 слово 0 **that you ask us to take an oath like this** Alternate translation: “and causes you to have us take this oath”
5:9 vbc6 слово 0 **Why is your beloved better** Alternate translation: “What makes your beloved better”
5:9 kr5i слово 0 **your beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover”
5:10 xuy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **is radiant and ruddy** This phrase refers to his complexion. Alternate translation: “has radiant and ruddy skin”
5:10 qb4q слово 0 **My beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover”
5:10 hms2 translate-numbers слово 0 **outstanding among ten thousand** “the best of 10,000.” Alternate translation: “better than anyone else” or “no one else is like him.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
5:10 za1u слово 0 **radiant** “is completely healthy” or “is pure.” The man has skin that does not have any problems.
5:10 rgj8 слово 0 **ruddy** a healthy color of the skin that is brownish red
5:11 m1w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **a raven** a bird with very black feathers
5:11 s23z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **His head is the purest gold** The man’s head is as precious to the woman as the purest gold.
5:12 tr46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **bathed in milk** Milk is a metaphor for the whiteness of the doves. Alternate translation: (1) “doves that are white like milk” or (2) milk is a metaphor for the white part of the man’s eyes. Alternate translation: “his pupils are like doves bathing in white milk”
5:12 knr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **doves beside streams of water** Birds that the Israelites considered gentle sitting beside a gently flowing stream are a metaphor for a gentle person.
5:12 m6e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy слово 0 **His eyes are like doves** Translate “eyes are like doves” as in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the woman considers the man’s eyes beautiful because the way the man looks at her makes her think he is gentle. Alternate translation: “His eyes are gentle like doves” or (2) the woman is speaking of the man’s white eyeballs or the shape of his eyes, the shape of a dove.
5:12 qe85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **mounted like jewels** His eyes are beautiful. Jewels that a craftsman has carefully put in place are beautiful.
5:12 xp2d слово 0 **streams of water** Alternate translation: “gently flowing water”
5:13 mtt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **beds of spices** gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. Spices give people pleasure. The man’s body gives the woman pleasure.
5:13 x8c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **dripping liquid myrrh** “that drip with the best myrrh.” His lips are moist and have a wonderful smell like myrrh.
5:13 ip4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **His cheeks … aromatic scents** This explains that his cheeks are like beds of spices because they both give off wonderful smells.
5:13 a4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **His lips are lilies** The woman probably compares his lips with lilies because they are beautiful and smell wonderful.
5:13 t4f1 слово 0 **lilies** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
5:13 mem2 слово 0 **yielding aromatic scents** Alternate translation: “that give off wonderful smells.”
5:14 bg51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **his abdomen is ivory covered with sapphires** “his belly is smooth ivory that has sapphires all over it.” The woman uses this image to say that his belly is beautiful and precious.
5:14 nl6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **His arms are rounded gold set with jewels** “His arms are cylinders of gold that have jewels all over them.” The woman uses this image to say that his arms are beautiful and precious. The first readers would have understood this as a metaphor for the male body part ([Song of Songs 5:3](./03.md)), but this would be difficult to bring out in translation.
5:14 k5ga слово 0 **ivory** the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make smooth and shiny pieces of art.
5:14 ws92 слово 0 **sapphires** valuable stones that are either: (1) blue or (2) clear and either blue or golden
5:15 z75c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **his appearance is like Lebanon** “he looks like Lebanon.” Lebanon was a very beautiful area with many mountains and cedar trees.
5:15 i1xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **His legs are pillars of marble, set on bases of pure gold** Marble and gold are strong and beautiful.
5:15 juu1 слово 0 **marble** a very strong stone that has many different colors and that people polish to make very smooth
5:16 r6zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe слово 0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
5:16 w3vr слово 0 **he is completely lovely** Alternate translation: “every part of him is lovely” or “all of him is lovely”
5:16 sc8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy слово 0 **His mouth is most sweet** The mouth is a metonym for either: (1) the man’s sweet kisses or (2) the sweet words that he says.
5:16 zd7b слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
5:16 pi1a слово 0 **This is my beloved, and this is my friend** The word “This” refers to the man that the woman has just finished describing. Alternate translation: “That is what the one I love is like, and that is what my friend is like”
6:1 ise2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **gone, so that we may seek him with you?** The words “tell us” are understood from the context. They can be stated clearly Alternate translation: “gone? Tell us, so that we can look for him with you.”
6:1 xnv3 слово 0 **In what direction has your beloved gone** Alternate translation: “Which way did your beloved go”
6:1 emy4 слово 0 **most beautiful among women** “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md).
6:1 wr5y слово 0 **your beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover” or “the man you love”
6:1 z4sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fifth part of the book begins here. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6:2 v5x3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **beds of spices** gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:13](../05/13.md).
6:2 st2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **graze** “feeds” or “eats grass.” The woman speaks of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” ([Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md)) that eats plants among the lilies. Grazing is probably a metaphor for lovemaking ([Song of Songs 2:1–2](../02/01.md)). See how you translated “he grazes” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
6:2 gp6q слово 0 **lilies** sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
6:2 vrq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **My beloved has gone down to his garden** The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. See the explanation of this metaphor in [Song of Songs 5:1](../05/01.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
6:2 e94c слово 0 **to gather lilies** Alternate translation: “to pick lilies”
6:2 w7gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **to graze in the garden and to gather lilies** These words are metaphors for the man enjoying her body.
6:3 p4l4 слово 0 **he grazes among the lilies with pleasure** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
6:3 lr7w слово 0 **I am my beloved’s, and my beloved is mine** See how you translated the similar phrase “My beloved is mine, and I am his” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
6:3 z5rf слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
6:4 xk88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **as beautiful as Tirzah, my love, as lovely as Jerusalem** These cities were famous for being beautiful and pleasant to be in. The man thinks the woman is beautiful, and he takes pleasure in being with her.
6:4 rjr5 слово 0 **lovely** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:5](../01/05.md).
6:4 nj8w слово 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
6:4 q66q 0 # General Information:\n\nHere begins Part Five of the book
6:5 lbz1 слово 0 **Your hair … from the slopes of Gilead** Translate “Your hair … from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
6:6 j4u3 слово 0 **bereaved** lost a loved one who has died. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 j7se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **coming up from the washing place** The ewes are coming up out of the water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
6:6 x7hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Each one has a twin** Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lamb usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 s4qj слово 0 **none among them is bereaved** Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 lxi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your teeth are like a flock of ewes** After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. See how “Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes” is translated in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:7 zid1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **are like pomegranate halves** Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy”
6:7 z88b слово 0 **behind your veil** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
6:9 al8y слово 0 **called her blessed** Alternate translation: “said that things had gone especially well for her”
6:9 a2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **My dove** The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “You beautiful woman”
6:9 dk9e слово 0 **my undefiled** “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:2](../05/02.md).
6:9 tej6 слово 0 **the woman who bore her** “the woman who gave birth to her.” This phrase refers to her mother.
6:9 wmx6 слово 0 **young women … queens … concubines** the women spoken of in [Song of Songs 6:8](./08.md).
6:10 vb8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners** See how you translated the similar phrase “terrifying like bannered armies” in [6:4](../06/04.md).
6:10 y3dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **who appears like the dawn** The dawn is beautiful. The woman is beautiful. Alternate translation: “who comes into view like the dawn”
6:10 g6e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **Who is this who appears like the dawn … banners?** They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. Alternate translation: “This is an amazing woman! She comes into view like the dawn … banners!”
6:10 cw4k 0 # General Information:\n\nThe ULT understands this to be what the queens and the concubines said about the woman. However, some versions understand these to be the words of the man.
6:11 xmc2 слово 0 **grove** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:13](../04/12.md).
6:11 qw4q слово 0 **had budded** “had grown their buds.” Buds are the small round parts of plants which open up into flowers.
6:11 w8xh слово 0 **were in bloom** Alternate translation: “were opening their flowers”
6:11 vs9r слово 0 **young growth** Alternate translation: “young plants” or “new shoots”
6:12 lt9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **I was so happy that I felt I was riding in the chariot of a prince** The man uses this image to express how happy he is.
6:13 c258 слово 0 **gaze** look intently for a long time
6:13 sm5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns слово 0 **Turn back … gaze on you** Possible meanings here are: (1) the friends are speaking to the woman or (2) the man is referring to himself in plural.
6:13 x9hk слово 0 **Turn back, turn back** “Come back, come back.” This is repeated for emphasis.
6:13 za54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns слово 0 **we may gaze** Some versions understand the plural to refer to the man speaking of himself. Alternate translation: “I may gaze”
6:13 e2bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns слово 0 **Why do you gaze on the perfect woman … armies** Possible meanings here are: (1) the woman refers to herself as another person and is speaking to the friends or (2) the woman is speaking to the man as if he were many men.
6:13 u681 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is 7:1, the first verse of chapter seven, in some versions. The ULT understands this to be the friends and the woman talking to each other. Some versions understand this to be the man speaking to the woman.
7:1 k8va слово 0 **prince’s daughter** Another possible interpretation is “you who have a noble character.”
7:1 e9bd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **The curves of your thighs are like jewels** The shape of the woman’s thighs remind the speaker of a beautiful precious stone that a skilled workman has carved. Alternate translation: “The curves of your thighs are beautiful like the beautiful curves of jewel that a skilled craftsman has made”
7:1 fc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche слово 0 **the work of the hands of a master craftsman** The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the work of a master craftsman” or “something that a master craftsman has made”
7:1 z7jk 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is 7:2, the second verse of chapter seven, in some versions.
7:2 ah1p слово 0 **a mound of wheat** This is a pile of the grains of wheat after people remove the parts of it that they do not use.
7:2 cz8d слово 0 **encircled with lilies** Alternate translation: “with lilies all around it”
7:2 ue5r слово 0 **lilies** sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
7:2 n59p слово 0 **may it never lack mixed wine** People used large bowls to mix wine with water or spices at feasts. Drinking wine is a metaphor for enjoying beauty. The litotes can be translated as a positive. Alternate translation: “may it always contain mixed wine” or “may I always enjoy its beauty” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
7:2 dp5a слово 0 **navel** the spot on the stomach left from the cord that attaches a baby to its mother
7:2 w6nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your belly is like a mound of wheat** People thought that the color of wheat was the most beautiful color of skin and that round piles of wheat were beautiful. Alternate translation: “Your belly has a beautiful color and is round like a pile of wheat”
7:2 q8fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your belly is like a mound of wheat encircled with lilies** The Israelites thought mounds of wheat and lilies were pleasant to look at. Much wheat was a sign that there would be much food to eat. They threshed wheat in high, dry places, and lilies grow in low, wet places, so this simile combines beautiful sights that people would not usually see at the same time.
7:2 u88e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your navel is like a round bowl** A bowl is round. The woman’s navel is round.
7:3 wr8t слово 0 **gazelle**
7:3 jw6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **two breasts** See how you translated this in [4:5](../04/05.md).
7:4 b1sy слово 0 **a tower of ivory** Alternate translation: “a tower that people have decorated with ivory”
7:4 r1vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names слово 0 **Bath Rabbim** This is the name of a city.
7:4 md6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names слово 0 **Heshbon** This is the name of a city east of the Jordan River
7:4 xgt7 слово 0 **ivory** the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make art and to make things look beautiful.
7:4 a4vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **nose is like the tower in Lebanon** A tower is tall and straight, and her nose is tall and straight.
7:4 s23k слово 0 **that looks toward Damascus** Alternate translation: “facing toward Damascus”
7:4 h4ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **your eyes are the pools in Heshbon** The woman’s eyes are spoken of as if they are clear pools of water. Pools of water are clear and sparkle in the sunlight and so are pleasant to look at. The woman’s eyes are clear and sparkle and so are pleasant to look at. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “your eyes are as clear as the pools in Heshbon” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
7:4 uv17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your neck is like a tower of ivory** A tower is long and straight. Ivory is white. The woman’s neck is long and straight, and her skin is light in color.
7:5 sr83 слово 0 **dark purple** Other possible translations are: (1) “dark black” or (2) “dark red.”
7:5 hkk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive слово 0 **The king is held captive by its tresses** This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your hair that hangs down is so beautiful that the king is not able to stop admiring it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:5 l5e5 слово 0 **tresses** the clusters of hair that hang down from a woman’s head
7:5 jn22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 1
7:6 hqx3 слово 0 **my love, with delights** Alternate translation: “my love. You delight me”
7:7 f6me слово 0 **date palm tree** a tall, straight tree that produces a sweet, brown, and sticky fruit that grows in groups
7:7 jr1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **your breasts like clusters of fruit** The dates on a palm tree grow soft and round in large bunches that hang from the tree just below the branches, which are all at the top. The woman’s breasts are soft and round and are just lower than her arms.
7:7 jy1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your height is like that of a date palm tree** “You stand up like a date palm tree.” Date palm trees are tall and straight, and their branches are only at the top, with the fruit under the branches.
7:8 f9is слово 0 **apricots** sweet yellow fruit
7:8 p7ge слово 0 **I said** “I thought” or “I said to myself.” The man said this silently.
7:8 zfb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **may the fragrance of your nose be like apricots** The word “nose” is a metonym for the breath coming out of the nose. Alternate translation: “may the breath coming from your nose smell sweet like apricots”
7:9 rq12 слово 0 **flowing smoothly for my beloved** “that flows smoothly for the one I love.” The man enjoys the smooth kisses of the woman.
7:9 ed64 слово 0 **gliding over the lips of those who sleep** Alternate translation: “that flows over our lips as we sleep”
7:9 yrg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **May your palate be like the best wine** The palate is a metonym for the lips. Wine tastes good. The man wants to kiss the woman’s lips. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
7:10 a143 слово 0 **he desires me** Alternate translation: “he wants to make love to me” or “he wants me”
7:10 k7zq слово 0 **I am my beloved’s** See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 6:3](../06/01.md).
7:10 j44v слово 0 **my beloved’s** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one’s” or “my lover’s”
7:11 bhr6 слово 0 **spend the night in the villages** Though the words here translated “spends the night” and “villages” appear together in [Song of Songs 1:13–14](../01/12.md) as “spends the night” and “henna flowers,” and the context both here and there is lovemaking, the ULT chooses this reading because the immediate metaphor is of the man and woman sleeping in the village, rising in the morning, and going out into the vineyards. The word for “henna plants” and the word for “villages” sound exactly the same.
7:12 ukd9 слово 0 **are in flower** Alternate translation: “have flowers open on the plant”
7:12 r952 слово 0 **blossoms** flowers when they are open
7:12 cs6n слово 0 **have budded** Alternate translation: “have begun to bloom”
7:12 q3a4 слово 0 **I will give you my love** Alternate translation: “I will make love with you”
7:12 iii6 слово 0 **rise early** Alternate translation: “get up early” or “wake up early”
7:13 c2ah слово 0 **are all sorts of choice fruits, new and old** Alternate translation: “is every kind of the best fruit, both old fruit and new fruit”
7:13 xbk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **at the door** The doors belong to their house. Alternate translation: “above the entrances of our house” or “by the doors of our house”
7:13 alp4 слово 0 **give off their fragrance** Alternate translation: “produce their scent” or “smell very nice”
7:13 v61b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown слово 0 **mandrakes** This is the name of plants that give off a strong but pleasant scent. The scent is slightly intoxicating and stimulating, which increases the desire to make love.
7:13 h8r2 слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
7:13 jsb8 слово 0 **stored up for you** Alternate translation: “saved so I can give to you”
8:1 zyd6 слово 0 **I could kiss you** A woman would probably kiss her brother on his cheek order to greet him.
8:1 ec82 слово 0 **would despise me** Alternate translation: “would think that I am a bad person”
8:1 v5fh слово 0 **you outside** Alternate translation: “you in public”
8:1 dp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **you were like my brother** A woman could show affection for her brother in public. This woman wanted to be able to show affection for the man in public.
8:1 me7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
8:2 s68s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **I would give you spiced wine to drink and some of the juice of my pomegranates** The woman uses these images to say that she will give herself to the man and make love with him.
8:3 v65k слово 0 **embraces me** Alternate translation: “holds me”
8:3 s92v слово 0 **His left hand … embraces me** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:6](../02/05.md).
8:3 e5cp слово 0 **left hand … right hand** Alternate translation: “left arm … right arm”
8:4 rk33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe слово 0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
8:4 z8a4 слово 0 **I want you to swear** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md)
8:4 qg8i слово 0 **that you will … until it pleases** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
8:5 p4rr слово 0 **I awakened you** Alternate translation: “I woke you up” or “I aroused you”
8:5 d4ub слово 0 **she delivered you** Alternate translation: “she bore you”
8:5 zfa2 слово 0 **the apricot tree** a tree that produces a small yellow fruit that is very sweet. If your readers will not know what this is, you could use the word for another fruit tree or the general word “fruit tree.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:3](../02/03.md).
8:5 g9tp слово 0 **there** under the apricot tree
8:5 xxv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **Who is this who is coming up** They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. A similar phrase was translated in [Song of Songs 6:10](../06/10.md). Alternate translation: “Look at this amazing woman as she comes up”
8:5 a5w5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fifth part of the book begins here.
8:6 tci8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **as unrelenting as Sheol** “as tough as Sheol.” Sheol never allows people to come back to life after they have already died. Love is as persistent as Sheol because it never changes.
8:6 tw71 слово 0 **burst out** Alternate translation: “burn suddenly”
8:6 yzj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **for love is as strong as death** Death is very strong because it overcomes even the most powerful people of the world.
8:6 fvz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **its flames burst out … any other fire** Love is very powerful like fire.
8:6 jr5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Set me as a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm** This could mean: (1) because seals were very important, people always kept them around their neck or on their hand. The woman wants to be with the man constantly like a seal, or (2) a seal shows who owns the thing that has the seal on it, and the woman wants herself as the seal on the man’s heart and arm to show that all of his thoughts, emotions, and actions belong to her. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
8:7 l4u3 слово 0 **all the possessions in his house** Alternate translation: “everything he owns”
8:7 dd1i слово 0 **cannot quench** Alternate translation: “cannot extinguish” or “cannot put out”
8:7 dju9 слово 0 **floods** In Israel, water from the rain flows into deep and narrow valleys. This creates a flood of water so powerful that it can move huge boulders and trees.
8:7 n3pn слово 0 **for love** Alternate translation: “in order to get love” or “in order to buy love”
8:7 g5ja слово 0 **gave** offered to give
8:7 e1ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **nor can floods sweep it away** Love never changes and always stays the same so it is like something that not even a powerful flood can move.
8:7 j6mc слово 0 **Surging waters** Alternate translation: “Oceans of water” or “Huge amounts of water”
8:7 baf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Surging waters cannot quench love** Love is so strong that it is like a fire that is so hot that it cannot be put out even with an ocean full of water.
8:7 kqk9 слово 0 **sweep it away** Alternate translation: “carry it away” or “wash it away”
8:7 jwh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The author is using a hypothetical situation to illustrate a truth. Alternate translation: “Even if a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love,\nthey will utterly despise him” or “Suppose a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love, they will utterly despise him”
8:8 au5a слово 0 **little sister** Alternate translation: “young sister”
8:8 t852 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **What can we do … in marriage?** The speaker uses this question to introduce what he wants to say. Alternate translation: “This is what we will do … in marriage.”
8:9 x3j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **If she is a wall … If she is a door** The little sister ([Song of Songs 8:8](./08.md)) has very small breasts that either have not grown or are very small.
8:9 am5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **we will build on her a tower of silver … we will adorn her with boards of cedar** The brothers decide to decorate the little sister with silver and cedar, symbols of riches, so that she will be more likely to attract a good husband.
8:9 cnw3 слово 0 **will adorn her** Alternate translation: “will decorate her”
8:9 mpf5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe young woman’s brothers continue to speak among themselves.
8:10 b5uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **brings peace** You may need to make explicit to whom the woman brings peace. Alternate translation: “brings him peace”
8:10 rll2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy слово 0 **I am in his eyes as one** Here eyes are a metonym for judgment or value. Alternate translation: “I am in his judgment as one” or “he thinks of me as one”
8:10 n2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **I was a wall** The phrase **I was a wall** is a metaphor.
8:10 mc78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **my breasts are now like fortress towers** Fortress towers are tall.
8:10 hi47 слово 0 **peace** Alternate translation: “well-being”
8:11 x2c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names слово 0 **Baal Hamon** This is the name of a town in the northern part of Israel.
8:11 h77m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis слово 0 **Each one was to bring a thousand shekels of silver for its fruit** It may be helpful to state that this payment was for the fruit of the vineyard. Alternate translation: “Each man was supposed to give Solomon a thousand shekels as payment for the fruit of the vineyard”
8:11 mz3u слово 0 **gave the vineyard** leased, agreed to let other people pay him so they could grow grapes in the vineyard
8:11 e3jp слово 0 **shekels** Alternate translation: “coins”
8:11 mm2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe слово 0 **Solomon** Some versions understand the woman to be speaking directly to Solomon. Others understand her to be speaking in an apostrophe to her friends, to the man, or to herself.
8:11 t2dp translate-numbers слово 0 **to bring a thousand shekels of silver** “to bring 1,000 shekels of silver.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
8:11 b1b3 слово 0 **to those who would maintain it** Alternate translation: “to people who would take care of it”
8:11 tt74 0 # General Information:\n\nPossible interpretations: (1) The woman contrasts the way she wants to give herself to the man, who will give her his love, to the way Solomon leases out his vineyard to those who will give him money. (2) The man contrasts the woman, whom he will not give to another man, to Solomon’s vineyard, which he gave to other men.
8:12 gc75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **is before me** This is an idiom that means the a person has the right to do what they want with something. Alternate translation: “is at my disposal” or “is mine to do with as I desire”
8:12 za66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **My vineyard, my very own** The woman refers to herself as a vineyard, as in [Song of Songs 1:6](../01/05.md). Here she emphasizes that she and no one else will decide what she does with the “vineyard.”
8:12 tl1c слово 0 **the thousand shekels are for you, Solomon** The woman knows that Solomon has leased out the vineyard so he can get money, but she does not want money.
8:12 t7u1 слово 0 **the two hundred shekels** The speaker has not mentioned these before, but the hearer would understand that she is speaking of the money that those who worked the vineyard would have left for their own after they paid Solomon.
8:13 ew6z слово 0 **let me hear it** Alternate translation: “let me hear your voice.”
8:13 zm5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy слово 0 **listening for your voice** The voice is a metonym for what the person says. If your language has a word for thinking only of what one is listening for, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “waiting to hear you start speaking” or “waiting to hear what you have to say”
8:13 dp6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you слово 0 **You who live** The man is speaking to the woman, so “you” and “live” are feminine singular.
8:14 yhn7 слово 0 **gazelle** a type of slender deer-like animal with long curved horns
8:14 zh44 слово 0 **like a gazelle or a young stag** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:9](../02/08.md).
8:14 vrp7 слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
8:14 gp9l слово 0 **stag** an adult male deer
8:14 mqx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **the mountains of spices** “the mountains that have spices all over them.” The woman uses this metaphor to invite the man to make love to her. See how the man uses the metaphor of a mountain of myrrh and a hill of frankincense in [Song of Songs 4:6](../04/06.md).
1:intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 1 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Love and affection\n\nThis chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I am dark”\nIn the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger.
2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nWomen are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Euphemisms\n\nIt is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
3:intro t72h 0 # Song of Songs 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Longing\n\nThis chapter describes a feeling of longing, or the waiting in anticipation of the one you love. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:9 k4ah לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:8](./08.md).
4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
4:9 laj2 לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **necklace** This necklace probably went around her neck many times ([Song of Songs 4:4](./04.md)).
4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **You have stolen my heart** This idiom could mean: (1) “My heart now belongs completely to you” or (2) “I strongly desire to make love to you”
4:intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
5:1 i16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּ֣אתִי 0 **Eat … drink … be drunk with love** Eating and drinking are metaphors for making love. Alternate translation: “Make love … make love … make love until you are fully satisfied”
5:1 f2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בָּ֣אתִי 0 **have come into my garden** The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
5:1 m575 בָּ֣אתִי 0 **I have come** It is clearly the woman’s lover who is speaking.
5:1 psq4 בָּ֣אתִי 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md).
5:1 tgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בָּ֣אתִי 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
5:1 lgr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּ֣אתִי 0 **myrrh … spice … honeycomb … honey … wine … milk** These are all metaphors for the man enjoying the woman’s body ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md), [Song of Songs 2:4](../02/03.md), [Song of Songs 4:11](../04/10.md), and [Song of Songs 4:14](../04/12.md)).
5:1 sq9d בָּ֣אתִי 0 **spice** plants that have a strong smell or taste
5:1 zka3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5:10 xuy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **is radiant and ruddy** This phrase refers to his complexion. Alternate translation: “has radiant and ruddy skin”
5:10 qb4q דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **My beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover”
5:10 hms2 translate-numbers דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **outstanding among ten thousand** “the best of 10,000.” Alternate translation: “better than anyone else” or “no one else is like him.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
5:10 za1u דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **radiant** “is completely healthy” or “is pure.” The man has skin that does not have any problems.
5:10 rgj8 דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **ruddy** a healthy color of the skin that is brownish red
5:11 m1w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ  0 **a raven** a bird with very black feathers
5:11 s23z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ  0 **His head is the purest gold** The man’s head is as precious to the woman as the purest gold.
5:12 tr46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **bathed in milk** Milk is a metaphor for the whiteness of the doves. Alternate translation: (1) “doves that are white like milk” or (2) milk is a metaphor for the white part of the man’s eyes. Alternate translation: “his pupils are like doves bathing in white milk”
5:12 knr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **doves beside streams of water** Birds that the Israelites considered gentle sitting beside a gently flowing stream are a metaphor for a gentle person.
5:12 m6e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **His eyes are like doves** Translate “eyes are like doves” as in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the woman considers the man’s eyes beautiful because the way the man looks at her makes her think he is gentle. Alternate translation: “His eyes are gentle like doves” or (2) the woman is speaking of the man’s white eyeballs or the shape of his eyes, the shape of a dove.
5:12 qe85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **mounted like jewels** His eyes are beautiful. Jewels that a craftsman has carefully put in place are beautiful.
5:12 xp2d עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **streams of water** Alternate translation: “gently flowing water”
5:13 mtt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **beds of spices** gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. Spices give people pleasure. The man’s body gives the woman pleasure.
5:13 x8c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **dripping liquid myrrh** “that drip with the best myrrh.” His lips are moist and have a wonderful smell like myrrh.
5:13 ip4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **His cheeks … aromatic scents** This explains that his cheeks are like beds of spices because they both give off wonderful smells.
5:13 a4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **His lips are lilies** The woman probably compares his lips with lilies because they are beautiful and smell wonderful.
5:13 t4f1 לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **lilies** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
5:13 mem2 לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **yielding aromatic scents** Alternate translation: “that give off wonderful smells.”
5:14 bg51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָדָי⁠ו֙  0 **his abdomen is ivory covered with sapphires** “his belly is smooth ivory that has sapphires all over it.” The woman uses this image to say that his belly is beautiful and precious.
5:14 nl6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָדָי⁠ו֙  0 **His arms are rounded gold set with jewels** “His arms are cylinders of gold that have jewels all over them.” The woman uses this image to say that his arms are beautiful and precious. The first readers would have understood this as a metaphor for the male body part ([Song of Songs 5:3](./03.md)), but this would be difficult to bring out in translation.
5:14 k5ga יָדָי⁠ו֙  0 **ivory** the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make smooth and shiny pieces of art.
5:14 ws92 יָדָי⁠ו֙  0 **sapphires** valuable stones that are either: (1) blue or (2) clear and either blue or golden
5:15 z75c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙  0 **his appearance is like Lebanon** “he looks like Lebanon.” Lebanon was a very beautiful area with many mountains and cedar trees.
5:15 i1xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙  0 **His legs are pillars of marble, set on bases of pure gold** Marble and gold are strong and beautiful.
5:15 juu1 שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙  0 **marble** a very strong stone that has many different colors and that people polish to make very smooth
5:16 r6zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
5:16 w3vr חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **he is completely lovely** Alternate translation: “every part of him is lovely” or “all of him is lovely”
5:16 sc8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **His mouth is most sweet** The mouth is a metonym for either: (1) the man’s sweet kisses or (2) the sweet words that he says.
5:16 zd7b חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
5:16 pi1a חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **This is my beloved, and this is my friend** The word “This” refers to the man that the woman has just finished describing. Alternate translation: “That is what the one I love is like, and that is what my friend is like”
5:2 biy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲנִ֥י 0 **but my heart was awake** The heart is the center of thought and feeling. Alternate translation: “but I could think clearly” or “but I knew what I was feeling”
5:2 yh2r אֲנִ֥י 0 **dew** drops of water or mist that form as the night becomes cool
5:2 tk43 אֲנִ֥י 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
5:2 c27j אֲנִ֥י 0 **my dove** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md).
5:2 d3gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֲנִ֥י 0 **my hair with the night’s dampness** The words “is wet” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “my hair is wet with the night’s dampness”
5:2 d52k אֲנִ֥י 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
5:2 rx38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲנִ֥י 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
5:2 qjv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִ֥י 0 **Open to me** This could mean: (1) literal, “Open the door for me,” or (2) metaphorical, “Let me make love to you.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:2 gaj1 אֲנִ֥י 0 **undefiled one** Alternate translation: “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one”
5:2 a7v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fourth part of the book begins here. The young woman uses euphemisms to describe her dream so that it can be interpreted in two different ways: (1) the woman describes a dream about a night when the man came to visit her at her house; and (2) the woman describes a dream about starting to sleep with the man.
5:3 tr8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **“I have taken off my robe … dirty?”** This is what the woman thought to herself when she heard the man speak. ([Song of Songs 5:2](./02.md)). This could be translated with the woman saying that this is what she was thinking, or the woman could just explain the situation and her thoughts as in the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, ‘I have taken off my robe … dirty?’” or “I had taken off my robe and I did not want to put it on again. I had washed my feet and I did not want to get them dirty.”
5:3 r5cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **I have washed my feet** While the word “feet” can be a euphemism for private parts, this probably refers to literal feet. The woman seems more likely to want to make love than to want to refrain from lovemaking because she has just bathed.
5:3 h4w3 פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **must I get them dirty?** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to get them dirty.”
5:3 g6z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **must I put it on again?** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to put it on again.”
5:3 am4r פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **robe** thin linen clothing that people wore on their skin
5:4 nns1 דּוֹדִ֗⁠י  0 **door latch** Alternate translation: “door lock”
5:4 hqn5 דּוֹדִ֗⁠י  0 **My beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover”
5:4 w3ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism דּוֹדִ֗⁠י  0 **My beloved put in his hand through the opening of the door latch** Possible interpretations are: (1) literal, the lover reaches into the house through a hole in the door in order to open the door or (2) euphemisic, they have begun to make love.
5:5 w3k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קַ֥מְתִּֽי  0 **I got up to open the door for my beloved** This could mean: (1) literal, the young woman got out of bed in order to let the man into the house, or (2) metaphorical. Alternate translation: “I prepared myself to make love with my beloved”
5:5 q3qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism קַ֥מְתִּֽי  0 **my hands … my fingers … door handle** While these may be euphemisms for the woman’s and man’s bodies, it is best to translate literally.
5:5 ycr1 קַ֥מְתִּֽי  0 **with moist myrrh** Alternate translation: “with liquid myrrh”
5:6 b7qk פָּתַ֤חְתִּֽי  0 **my beloved** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
5:6 z8na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פָּתַ֤חְתִּֽי  0 **My heart sank** The heart is a metaphor for the person, and sinking, going down, is a metaphor for becoming weak or sad. Alternate translation: “I was very sad”
5:7 rqq4 מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **as they were making their rounds in the city** “who were walking around the city on the walls.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md).
5:7 h38e מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **cloak** a garment that people wore over the other clothing on their upper body when they went outdoors in public
5:7 v79f מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **found me** found the woman
5:7 zhf3 מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **struck me** Alternate translation: “beat me” or “hit me”
5:7 euu8 מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **the guards on the walls** Alternate translation: “the men who guard the walls”
5:7 a9yk מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **The watchmen** men who have the job of keeping guard of the town at night to keep the people safe. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md).
5:7 q2vt מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **wounded me** Alternate translation: “injured me”
5:8 j8ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
5:8 czu7 הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **I want you to swear** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
5:8 w1ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **my beloved—What will you make known to him?—that I am** The woman uses a question to introduce what she wants the daughters of Jerusalem to tell her beloved. Alternate translation: “my beloved, this is what I want you to say to him: tell him that”
5:8 v5m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **sick from love** She loves the man so strongly that she feels sick.
5:9 zp43 מַה 0 **an oath like this** the oath in [Song of Songs 5:8](./08.md)
5:9 eap5 מַה 0 **most beautiful among women** “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md).
5:9 rfp3 מַה 0 **that you ask us to take an oath like this** Alternate translation: “and causes you to have us take this oath”
5:9 vbc6 מַה 0 **Why is your beloved better** Alternate translation: “What makes your beloved better”
5:9 kr5i מַה 0 **your beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover”
5:intro kdw4 0 # Song of Songs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nVerses 2–7 describe a dream the woman had.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
6:1 ise2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֚נָה  0 **gone, so that we may seek him with you?** The words “tell us” are understood from the context. They can be stated clearly Alternate translation: “gone? Tell us, so that we can look for him with you.”
6:1 xnv3 אָ֚נָה  0 **In what direction has your beloved gone** Alternate translation: “Which way did your beloved go”
6:1 emy4 אָ֚נָה  0 **most beautiful among women** “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md).
6:1 wr5y אָ֚נָה  0 **your beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover” or “the man you love”
6:1 z4sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fifth part of the book begins here. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6:10 vb8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מִי 0 **as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners** See how you translated the similar phrase “terrifying like bannered armies” in [6:4](../06/04.md).
6:10 y3dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מִי 0 **who appears like the dawn** The dawn is beautiful. The woman is beautiful. Alternate translation: “who comes into view like the dawn”
6:10 g6e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִי 0 **Who is this who appears like the dawn … banners?** They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. Alternate translation: “This is an amazing woman! She comes into view like the dawn … banners!”
6:10 cw4k 0 # General Information:\n\nThe ULT understands this to be what the queens and the concubines said about the woman. However, some versions understand these to be the words of the man.
6:11 xmc2 אֶל 0 **grove** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:13](../04/12.md).
6:11 qw4q אֶל 0 **had budded** “had grown their buds.” Buds are the small round parts of plants which open up into flowers.
6:11 w8xh אֶל 0 **were in bloom** Alternate translation: “were opening their flowers”
6:11 vs9r אֶל 0 **young growth** Alternate translation: “young plants” or “new shoots”
6:12 lt9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לֹ֣א  0 **I was so happy that I felt I was riding in the chariot of a prince** The man uses this image to express how happy he is.
6:13 c258 שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **gaze** look intently for a long time
6:13 sm5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **Turn back … gaze on you** Possible meanings here are: (1) the friends are speaking to the woman or (2) the man is referring to himself in plural.
6:13 x9hk שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **Turn back, turn back** “Come back, come back.” This is repeated for emphasis.
6:13 za54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **we may gaze** Some versions understand the plural to refer to the man speaking of himself. Alternate translation: “I may gaze”
6:13 e2bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **Why do you gaze on the perfect woman … armies** Possible meanings here are: (1) the woman refers to herself as another person and is speaking to the friends or (2) the woman is speaking to the man as if he were many men.
6:13 u681 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is 7:1, the first verse of chapter seven, in some versions. The ULT understands this to be the friends and the woman talking to each other. Some versions understand this to be the man speaking to the woman.
6:2 v5x3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **beds of spices** gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:13](../05/13.md).
6:2 st2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **graze** “feeds” or “eats grass.” The woman speaks of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” ([Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md)) that eats plants among the lilies. Grazing is probably a metaphor for lovemaking ([Song of Songs 2:1–2](../02/01.md)). See how you translated “he grazes” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
6:2 gp6q דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **lilies** sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
6:2 vrq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **My beloved has gone down to his garden** The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. See the explanation of this metaphor in [Song of Songs 5:1](../05/01.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
6:2 e94c דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **to gather lilies** Alternate translation: “to pick lilies”
6:2 w7gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **to graze in the garden and to gather lilies** These words are metaphors for the man enjoying her body.
6:3 p4l4 אֲנִ֤י  0 **he grazes among the lilies with pleasure** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
6:3 lr7w אֲנִ֤י  0 **I am my beloved’s, and my beloved is mine** See how you translated the similar phrase “My beloved is mine, and I am his” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
6:3 z5rf אֲנִ֤י  0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
6:4 xk88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile יָפָ֨ה  0 **as beautiful as Tirzah, my love, as lovely as Jerusalem** These cities were famous for being beautiful and pleasant to be in. The man thinks the woman is beautiful, and he takes pleasure in being with her.
6:4 rjr5 יָפָ֨ה  0 **lovely** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:5](../01/05.md).
6:4 nj8w יָפָ֨ה  0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
6:4 q66q 0 # General Information:\n\nHere begins Part Five of the book
6:5 lbz1 הָסֵ֤בִּי  0 **Your hair … from the slopes of Gilead** Translate “Your hair … from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
6:6 j4u3 שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **bereaved** lost a loved one who has died. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 j7se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **coming up from the washing place** The ewes are coming up out of the water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
6:6 x7hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Each one has a twin** Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lamb usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 s4qj שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **none among them is bereaved** Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 lxi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Your teeth are like a flock of ewes** After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. See how “Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes” is translated in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:7 zid1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠פֶ֤לַח  0 **are like pomegranate halves** Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy”
6:7 z88b כְּ⁠פֶ֤לַח  0 **behind your veil** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
6:9 al8y אַחַ֥ת  0 **called her blessed** Alternate translation: “said that things had gone especially well for her”
6:9 a2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַחַ֥ת  0 **My dove** The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “You beautiful woman”
6:9 dk9e אַחַ֥ת  0 **my undefiled** “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:2](../05/02.md).
6:9 tej6 אַחַ֥ת  0 **the woman who bore her** “the woman who gave birth to her.” This phrase refers to her mother.
6:9 wmx6 אַחַ֥ת  0 **young women … queens … concubines** the women spoken of in [Song of Songs 6:8](./08.md).
6:intro fa9a 0 # Song of Songs 6 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:1 k8va מַה 0 **prince’s daughter** Another possible interpretation is “you who have a noble character.”
7:1 e9bd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מַה 0 **The curves of your thighs are like jewels** The shape of the woman’s thighs remind the speaker of a beautiful precious stone that a skilled workman has carved. Alternate translation: “The curves of your thighs are beautiful like the beautiful curves of jewel that a skilled craftsman has made”
7:1 fc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַה 0 **the work of the hands of a master craftsman** The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the work of a master craftsman” or “something that a master craftsman has made”
7:1 z7jk 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is 7:2, the second verse of chapter seven, in some versions.
7:10 a143 אֲנִ֣י  0 **he desires me** Alternate translation: “he wants to make love to me” or “he wants me”
7:10 k7zq אֲנִ֣י  0 **I am my beloved’s** See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 6:3](../06/01.md).
7:10 j44v אֲנִ֣י  0 **my beloved’s** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one’s” or “my lover’s”
7:11 bhr6 לְכָ֤⁠ה  0 **spend the night in the villages** Though the words here translated “spends the night” and “villages” appear together in [Song of Songs 1:13–14](../01/12.md) as “spends the night” and “henna flowers,” and the context both here and there is lovemaking, the ULT chooses this reading because the immediate metaphor is of the man and woman sleeping in the village, rising in the morning, and going out into the vineyards. The word for “henna plants” and the word for “villages” sound exactly the same.
7:12 ukd9 נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **are in flower** Alternate translation: “have flowers open on the plant”
7:12 r952 נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **blossoms** flowers when they are open
7:12 cs6n נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **have budded** Alternate translation: “have begun to bloom”
7:12 q3a4 נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **I will give you my love** Alternate translation: “I will make love with you”
7:12 iii6 נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **rise early** Alternate translation: “get up early” or “wake up early”
7:13 c2ah הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **are all sorts of choice fruits, new and old** Alternate translation: “is every kind of the best fruit, both old fruit and new fruit”
7:13 xbk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **at the door** The doors belong to their house. Alternate translation: “above the entrances of our house” or “by the doors of our house”
7:13 alp4 הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **give off their fragrance** Alternate translation: “produce their scent” or “smell very nice”
7:13 v61b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **mandrakes** This is the name of plants that give off a strong but pleasant scent. The scent is slightly intoxicating and stimulating, which increases the desire to make love.
7:13 h8r2 הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
7:13 jsb8 הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **stored up for you** Alternate translation: “saved so I can give to you”
7:2 ah1p שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **a mound of wheat** This is a pile of the grains of wheat after people remove the parts of it that they do not use.
7:2 cz8d שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **encircled with lilies** Alternate translation: “with lilies all around it”
7:2 ue5r שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **lilies** sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
7:2 n59p שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **may it never lack mixed wine** People used large bowls to mix wine with water or spices at feasts. Drinking wine is a metaphor for enjoying beauty. The litotes can be translated as a positive. Alternate translation: “may it always contain mixed wine” or “may I always enjoy its beauty” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
7:2 dp5a שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **navel** the spot on the stomach left from the cord that attaches a baby to its mother
7:2 w6nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Your belly is like a mound of wheat** People thought that the color of wheat was the most beautiful color of skin and that round piles of wheat were beautiful. Alternate translation: “Your belly has a beautiful color and is round like a pile of wheat”
7:2 q8fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Your belly is like a mound of wheat encircled with lilies** The Israelites thought mounds of wheat and lilies were pleasant to look at. Much wheat was a sign that there would be much food to eat. They threshed wheat in high, dry places, and lilies grow in low, wet places, so this simile combines beautiful sights that people would not usually see at the same time.
7:2 u88e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Your navel is like a round bowl** A bowl is round. The woman’s navel is round.
7:3 wr8t שְׁנֵ֥י  0 **gazelle**
7:3 jw6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שְׁנֵ֥י  0 **two breasts** See how you translated this in [4:5](../04/05.md).
7:4 b1sy צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **a tower of ivory** Alternate translation: “a tower that people have decorated with ivory”
7:4 r1vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **Bath Rabbim** This is the name of a city.
7:4 md6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **Heshbon** This is the name of a city east of the Jordan River
7:4 xgt7 צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **ivory** the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make art and to make things look beautiful.
7:4 a4vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **nose is like the tower in Lebanon** A tower is tall and straight, and her nose is tall and straight.
7:4 s23k צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **that looks toward Damascus** Alternate translation: “facing toward Damascus”
7:4 h4ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **your eyes are the pools in Heshbon** The woman’s eyes are spoken of as if they are clear pools of water. Pools of water are clear and sparkle in the sunlight and so are pleasant to look at. The woman’s eyes are clear and sparkle and so are pleasant to look at. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “your eyes are as clear as the pools in Heshbon” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
7:4 uv17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **Your neck is like a tower of ivory** A tower is long and straight. Ivory is white. The woman’s neck is long and straight, and her skin is light in color.
7:5 sr83 רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 0 **dark purple** Other possible translations are: (1) “dark black” or (2) “dark red.”
7:5 hkk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 0 **The king is held captive by its tresses** This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your hair that hangs down is so beautiful that the king is not able to stop admiring it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:5 l5e5 רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 0 **tresses** the clusters of hair that hang down from a woman’s head
7:5 jn22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 1
7:6 hqx3 מַה 0 **my love, with delights** Alternate translation: “my love. You delight me”
7:7 f6me זֹ֤את  0 **date palm tree** a tall, straight tree that produces a sweet, brown, and sticky fruit that grows in groups
7:7 jr1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile זֹ֤את  0 **your breasts like clusters of fruit** The dates on a palm tree grow soft and round in large bunches that hang from the tree just below the branches, which are all at the top. The woman’s breasts are soft and round and are just lower than her arms.
7:7 jy1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile זֹ֤את  0 **Your height is like that of a date palm tree** “You stand up like a date palm tree.” Date palm trees are tall and straight, and their branches are only at the top, with the fruit under the branches.
7:8 f9is אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙  0 **apricots** sweet yellow fruit
7:8 p7ge אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙  0 **I said** “I thought” or “I said to myself.” The man said this silently.
7:8 zfb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙  0 **may the fragrance of your nose be like apricots** The word “nose” is a metonym for the breath coming out of the nose. Alternate translation: “may the breath coming from your nose smell sweet like apricots”
7:9 rq12 וְ⁠חִכֵּ֕⁠ךְ  0 **flowing smoothly for my beloved** “that flows smoothly for the one I love.” The man enjoys the smooth kisses of the woman.
7:9 ed64 וְ⁠חִכֵּ֕⁠ךְ  0 **gliding over the lips of those who sleep** Alternate translation: “that flows over our lips as we sleep”
7:9 yrg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠חִכֵּ֕⁠ךְ  0 **May your palate be like the best wine** The palate is a metonym for the lips. Wine tastes good. The man wants to kiss the woman’s lips. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
7:intro hqv7 0 # Song of Songs 7 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Similes\n\nThere are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
7:intro hqv7 0 # Song of Songs 7 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Similes\n\nThere are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
8:1 zyd6 מִ֤י  0 **I could kiss you** A woman would probably kiss her brother on his cheek order to greet him.
8:1 ec82 מִ֤י  0 **would despise me** Alternate translation: “would think that I am a bad person”
8:1 v5fh מִ֤י  0 **you outside** Alternate translation: “you in public”
8:1 dp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מִ֤י  0 **you were like my brother** A woman could show affection for her brother in public. This woman wanted to be able to show affection for the man in public.
8:1 me7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
8:10 b5uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲנִ֣י  0 **brings peace** You may need to make explicit to whom the woman brings peace. Alternate translation: “brings him peace”
8:10 rll2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲנִ֣י  0 **I am in his eyes as one** Here eyes are a metonym for judgment or value. Alternate translation: “I am in his judgment as one” or “he thinks of me as one”
8:10 n2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִ֣י  0 **I was a wall** The phrase **I was a wall** is a metaphor.
8:10 mc78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אֲנִ֣י  0 **my breasts are now like fortress towers** Fortress towers are tall.
8:10 hi47 אֲנִ֣י  0 **peace** Alternate translation: “well-being”
8:11 x2c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **Baal Hamon** This is the name of a town in the northern part of Israel.
8:11 h77m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **Each one was to bring a thousand shekels of silver for its fruit** It may be helpful to state that this payment was for the fruit of the vineyard. Alternate translation: “Each man was supposed to give Solomon a thousand shekels as payment for the fruit of the vineyard”
8:11 mz3u כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **gave the vineyard** leased, agreed to let other people pay him so they could grow grapes in the vineyard
8:11 e3jp כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **shekels** Alternate translation: “coins”
8:11 mm2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **Solomon** Some versions understand the woman to be speaking directly to Solomon. Others understand her to be speaking in an apostrophe to her friends, to the man, or to herself.
8:11 t2dp translate-numbers כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **to bring a thousand shekels of silver** “to bring 1,000 shekels of silver.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
8:11 b1b3 כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **to those who would maintain it** Alternate translation: “to people who would take care of it”
8:11 tt74 0 # General Information:\n\nPossible interpretations: (1) The woman contrasts the way she wants to give herself to the man, who will give her his love, to the way Solomon leases out his vineyard to those who will give him money. (2) The man contrasts the woman, whom he will not give to another man, to Solomon’s vineyard, which he gave to other men.
8:12 gc75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּרְמִ֥⁠י  0 **is before me** This is an idiom that means the a person has the right to do what they want with something. Alternate translation: “is at my disposal” or “is mine to do with as I desire”
8:12 za66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּרְמִ֥⁠י  0 **My vineyard, my very own** The woman refers to herself as a vineyard, as in [Song of Songs 1:6](../01/05.md). Here she emphasizes that she and no one else will decide what she does with the “vineyard.”
8:12 tl1c כָּרְמִ֥⁠י  0 **the thousand shekels are for you, Solomon** The woman knows that Solomon has leased out the vineyard so he can get money, but she does not want money.
8:12 t7u1 כָּרְמִ֥⁠י  0 **the two hundred shekels** The speaker has not mentioned these before, but the hearer would understand that she is speaking of the money that those who worked the vineyard would have left for their own after they paid Solomon.
8:13 ew6z הַ⁠יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת  0 **let me hear it** Alternate translation: “let me hear your voice.”
8:13 zm5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת  0 **listening for your voice** The voice is a metonym for what the person says. If your language has a word for thinking only of what one is listening for, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “waiting to hear you start speaking” or “waiting to hear what you have to say”
8:13 dp6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you הַ⁠יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת  0 **You who live** The man is speaking to the woman, so “you” and “live” are feminine singular.
8:14 yhn7 בְּרַ֣ח  0 **gazelle** a type of slender deer-like animal with long curved horns
8:14 zh44 בְּרַ֣ח  0 **like a gazelle or a young stag** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:9](../02/08.md).
8:14 vrp7 בְּרַ֣ח  0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
8:14 gp9l בְּרַ֣ח  0 **stag** an adult male deer
8:14 mqx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּרַ֣ח  0 **the mountains of spices** “the mountains that have spices all over them.” The woman uses this metaphor to invite the man to make love to her. See how the man uses the metaphor of a mountain of myrrh and a hill of frankincense in [Song of Songs 4:6](../04/06.md).
8:2 s68s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶל 0 **I would give you spiced wine to drink and some of the juice of my pomegranates** The woman uses these images to say that she will give herself to the man and make love with him.
8:3 v65k שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙  0 **embraces me** Alternate translation: “holds me”
8:3 s92v שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙  0 **His left hand … embraces me** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:6](../02/05.md).
8:3 e5cp שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙  0 **left hand … right hand** Alternate translation: “left arm … right arm”
8:4 rk33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
8:4 z8a4 הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **I want you to swear** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md)
8:4 qg8i הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **that you will … until it pleases** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
8:5 p4rr מִ֣י  0 **I awakened you** Alternate translation: “I woke you up” or “I aroused you”
8:5 d4ub מִ֣י  0 **she delivered you** Alternate translation: “she bore you”
8:5 zfa2 מִ֣י  0 **the apricot tree** a tree that produces a small yellow fruit that is very sweet. If your readers will not know what this is, you could use the word for another fruit tree or the general word “fruit tree.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:3](../02/03.md).
8:5 g9tp מִ֣י  0 **there** under the apricot tree
8:5 xxv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֣י  0 **Who is this who is coming up** They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. A similar phrase was translated in [Song of Songs 6:10](../06/10.md). Alternate translation: “Look at this amazing woman as she comes up”
8:5 a5w5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fifth part of the book begins here.
8:6 tci8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **as unrelenting as Sheol** “as tough as Sheol.” Sheol never allows people to come back to life after they have already died. Love is as persistent as Sheol because it never changes.
8:6 tw71 שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **burst out** Alternate translation: “burn suddenly”
8:6 yzj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **for love is as strong as death** Death is very strong because it overcomes even the most powerful people of the world.
8:6 fvz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **its flames burst out … any other fire** Love is very powerful like fire.
8:6 jr5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **Set me as a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm** This could mean: (1) because seals were very important, people always kept them around their neck or on their hand. The woman wants to be with the man constantly like a seal, or (2) a seal shows who owns the thing that has the seal on it, and the woman wants herself as the seal on the man’s heart and arm to show that all of his thoughts, emotions, and actions belong to her. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
8:7 l4u3 אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **all the possessions in his house** Alternate translation: “everything he owns”
8:7 dd1i אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **cannot quench** Alternate translation: “cannot extinguish” or “cannot put out”
8:7 dju9 אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **floods** In Israel, water from the rain flows into deep and narrow valleys. This creates a flood of water so powerful that it can move huge boulders and trees.
8:7 n3pn אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **for love** Alternate translation: “in order to get love” or “in order to buy love”
8:7 g5ja אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **gave** offered to give
8:7 e1ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **nor can floods sweep it away** Love never changes and always stays the same so it is like something that not even a powerful flood can move.
8:7 j6mc אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **Surging waters** Alternate translation: “Oceans of water” or “Huge amounts of water”
8:7 baf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **Surging waters cannot quench love** Love is so strong that it is like a fire that is so hot that it cannot be put out even with an ocean full of water.
8:7 kqk9 אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **sweep it away** Alternate translation: “carry it away” or “wash it away”
8:7 jwh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The author is using a hypothetical situation to illustrate a truth. Alternate translation: “Even if a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love,\nthey will utterly despise him” or “Suppose a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love, they will utterly despise him”
8:8 au5a אָח֥וֹת  0 **little sister** Alternate translation: “young sister”
8:8 t852 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אָח֥וֹת  0 **What can we do … in marriage?** The speaker uses this question to introduce what he wants to say. Alternate translation: “This is what we will do … in marriage.”
8:9 x3j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם 0 **If she is a wall … If she is a door** The little sister ([Song of Songs 8:8](./08.md)) has very small breasts that either have not grown or are very small.
8:9 am5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם 0 **we will build on her a tower of silver … we will adorn her with boards of cedar** The brothers decide to decorate the little sister with silver and cedar, symbols of riches, so that she will be more likely to attract a good husband.
8:9 cnw3 אִם 0 **will adorn her** Alternate translation: “will decorate her”
8:9 mpf5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe young woman’s brothers continue to speak among themselves.
8:intro d35n 0 # Song of Songs 8 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Passion\n\nChapter 8 describes the passion that can exist between a husband a wife. The feeling of strong desire for one another.
8:intro d35n 0 # Song of Songs 8 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Passion\n\nChapter 8 describes the passion that can exist between a husband a wife. The feeling of strong desire for one another.
front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Song of Songs\n\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom to arrive (1:1–2:7)\n1. The bridegroom praises the woman he loves (2:8–3:5)\n1. The bridegroom arrives and praises the bride (3:6–5:1)\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom (5:2–6:9)\n1. The bridegroom praises the beauty of his bride (6:1–8:4)\n1. Final thoughts about love between a man and a woman (8:5–14)\n\n### What is the Song of Songs about?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God’s love for his people Israel. In the same way, many Christians interpret it as a picture of love between Christ and his bride, the church of all believers.\n\n### Who wrote the Song of Songs?\n\nThe first verse of the book (“The Song of Songs, which is Solomon’s”) gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, people have interpreted this verse in different ways, so not everyone is persuaded that Solomon wrote it.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally titled “Song of Songs,” which means the very best song, or “Song of Solomon.” It may also be called “Songs of Love,” “Great Poems of Love,” or “The Love Songs of Solomon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How many characters are in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. The woman also speaks to a group of women called the “daughters of Jerusalem,” and these women make comments. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and the woman is only imagining them.\n\nSome interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The ULT and UST versions recognize only the man, the woman, and the group of women.\n\n### What are the lines about people speaking?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, and the woman’s friends. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking.\n\nBefore each speech, the ULT identifies the speaker and the audience like this: “The woman speaking to the other women,” “The woman speaking to the man,” “The man speaking to the woman,” or “The woman speaking to herself.” Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include a note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the scripture.\n\n### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper?\n\nReaders might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book?\n\nThere are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are often unclear. If they have sexual meanings, figures of speech describing feelings or emotions are often used to avoid offense by hiding their meaning. However, since their meanings are often unclear, ambiguity in translation is encouraged. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Song of Songs\n\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom to arrive (1:1–2:7)\n1. The bridegroom praises the woman he loves (2:8–3:5)\n1. The bridegroom arrives and praises the bride (3:6–5:1)\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom (5:2–6:9)\n1. The bridegroom praises the beauty of his bride (6:1–8:4)\n1. Final thoughts about love between a man and a woman (8:5–14)\n\n### What is the Song of Songs about?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God’s love for his people Israel. In the same way, many Christians interpret it as a picture of love between Christ and his bride, the church of all believers.\n\n### Who wrote the Song of Songs?\n\nThe first verse of the book (“The Song of Songs, which is Solomon’s”) gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, people have interpreted this verse in different ways, so not everyone is persuaded that Solomon wrote it.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally titled “Song of Songs,” which means the very best song, or “Song of Solomon.” It may also be called “Songs of Love,” “Great Poems of Love,” or “The Love Songs of Solomon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How many characters are in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. The woman also speaks to a group of women called the “daughters of Jerusalem,” and these women make comments. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and the woman is only imagining them.\n\nSome interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The ULT and UST versions recognize only the man, the woman, and the group of women.\n\n### What are the lines about people speaking?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, and the woman’s friends. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking.\n\nBefore each speech, the ULT identifies the speaker and the audience like this: “The woman speaking to the other women,” “The woman speaking to the man,” “The man speaking to the woman,” or “The woman speaking to herself.” Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include a note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the scripture.\n\n### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper?\n\nReaders might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book?\n\nThere are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are often unclear. If they have sexual meanings, figures of speech describing feelings or emotions are often used to avoid offense by hiding their meaning. However, since their meanings are often unclear, ambiguity in translation is encouraged. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

1 Reference ID Tags SupportReference Quote Occurrence Note
1:1 r5ns לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
1:1 qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other songs and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
2 1:1 dsf1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 This verse is the title of this book. Use whatever formatting convention is most natural in your language for indicating that something is the title of a poem or song. The ULT places this line further to the left than the other lines in this book to indicate that this verse is the title of the book.
3 1:2 1:1 d9mu qbe2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ שִׁ֥יר הַ⁠שִּׁירִ֖ים 1 In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular. Your language may require you to mark these forms. The possessive form is being used here to indicate a comparison with other songs and to show that this **song** is the best or greatest of all **songs**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use another form to indicate this. Alternate translation: “The best song” or “The most excellent song” or “The greatest song”
4 1:2 1:1 th64 r5ns rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ לִ⁠שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love me is better” or “your loving is better” The phrase **of Solomon** could mean: (1) Solomon wrote this song. Alternate translation: “Solomon wrote” (2) this song was dedicated to Solomon. Alternate translation: “is dedicated to Solomon” (3) this song was about Solomon. Alternate translation: “is about Solomon”
1:2 nze7 טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן 1 Alternate translation: “I enjoy having you near me more than I enjoy drinking wine” or “your love is more pleasant than wine”
1:2 tulv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת 1 The author is using an emphatic form to indicate the fervor and intensity of the desired kisses. Consider using a natural way in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Let him kiss me again and again with the kisses of” or “Let him cover my face with the kisses of”
1:2 j5xq 0 # General Information:\n\nThe first part of the book begins with this verse.
1:3 j5ka לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ 1 The Hebrew word which the ULT translates as **As for** could: (1) indicate reference, in which case it should be translated as the ULT translates it or with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “In reference to the smell of” or (2) indicate emphasis or be making an assertion. Alternate translation: “Truly, the smell of” or “Indeed, the smell of”
1:3 pj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֖ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “As a result”
1:3 si36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים 1 Here, **oils** refers to colognes or perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. If men do not use put pleasant smelling things on their skin in your culture you could say that the man being spoken of here smells pleasant. Alternate translation: “your colognes—they are good” or “your scented oils—they are good” or “your skin—it is good” or “your body—it is good”
1:3 ijen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman makes a comparison between the man’s reputation (which she refers to as his **name**) and scented oil that is poured out after which the good smell of the oil spreads as the air moves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “your reputation spreads more and more like the scent of perfume which spreads after it has been poured out”
1:3 z9t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman is describing the man she loves and his reputation by association with his **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “oil poured out is your reputation” or “oil poured out is the honor that people give to you”
1:4 gxfw אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1
1:4 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַחֲרֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 The word **you** refers to the man and so is singular. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular.
1:4 pmvq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love is better than wine” or “the way you love me is better than wine”
1:4 aoaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי 1 Your language may say “taken” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “has taken me”
1:4 ieqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 The original language word which the ULT translates as **he has brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May the king bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “The king brought me”
1:4 vpdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the man she loves as if he were **The king**. Here, the term **king** is a term of endearment and is an affectionate way for the woman to refer to the man she loves. The woman is not speaking of an actual king but rather this is a poetic way of speaking. The woman is still speaking of the same man that she was speaking of in [1:2-3](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning by using a simile. Alternate translation: “He whom I love is like a king to me and” or “He who is like a king to me”
1:4 rc0e מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The phrase **more than wine** could mean: (1) that the women would **profess** the man’s **love** as **more** delightful **than wine**. Alternate translation: “as being more delightful than wine” (2) that the women would **profess** the delightfulness of the man’s **love more than** they would **profess** the delightfulness of **wine**. Alternate translation: “more than we profess wine”
1:4 so9x מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Here the speaker could be: (1) the woman speaking to the man about the young women who admire him. Alternate translation: “rightly do the young women love you” (2) the young women speaking of other women who admire the man. Alternate translation: “rightly do the other young women love you” or “rightly do the young women love you”. You may wish to indicate who the presumed speaker is here by placing a heading above this section as modeled by the UST.
1:4 ag8r מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you”
1:4 gec8 מָשְׁכֵ֖⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “Lead me”
1:4 geq4 נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 Alternate translation: “Let us praise”
1:4 ku0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ 1 The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Let us greatly rejoice” or “Let us rejoice greatly”
1:4 at7l נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and I be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and I profess your love more than wine”\n
1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה 1 The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and I run”
1:4 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָּר֑וּצָה 1 Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה…נָגִ֤ילָה…נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 The word *us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The woman is using the possessive form to poetically describe where the young women (whom she calls **daughters**) live. The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** refers to the young women who were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could indicate the association between these young women and **Jerusalem** in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “daughters from Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace”
1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark”
1:6 avcq אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּ⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful”
1:6 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 The woman is probably using the phrase **my vineyard** to refer to her complexion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin, I have not protected from the sun” or “my complexion, I have not protected from the sun”
1:6 v86f נֹטֵרָ֣ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרָמִ֔ים כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “as caretaker of the vineyards—my vineyard that is mine, I have not taken care of”
1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
1:6 nqqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת 1 Here, **I am black** means “my skin is black” or “my skin is very dark” as it did in [1:5](../01/05.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that my skin is black” or “that my skin is very dark”
1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
1:6 im6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because the sun scorched me”
1:7 mpbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “where do you graze your flock” or “where do you graze your sheep”
1:7 wsmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה אֵיכָ֖ה תַּרְבִּ֣יץ בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם 1 The phrase **where do you graze** and the phrase **Where do you make your flocks lie down at noontime** mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Where do you pasture your flocks in the middle of the day”
1:7 f5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **covers herself** means **covers herself with a veil** and the phrase **your companions** refers to the other shepherds who pastured their animals near the flocks of the man and were probably his friends. If it would help your readers, you could express these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “like a woman who covers herself with a veil beside the flocks of the other shepherds”
1:7 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שֶׁ֤⁠אָהֲבָה֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 The woman is using one part of herself, her **soul**, to represent all of her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you whom I love”
1:7 v54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:7 v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
1:8 fu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **most beautiful among women**. Alternate translation: “Most beautiful among women, if you do not know”
1:8 lc64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 If it would help your readers to see that this is a conditional statement then you could supply a word like “then” in your translation. Alternate translation: “If you do not know, most beautiful among women, then go out”
1:8 nky4 הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women”
1:8 al9c וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “and let your young goats graze” or “and graze your young goats”
1:8 fis9 וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat”
1:8 sy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “come out”
1:9 zyj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 The man is using the phrase **the chariots** to mean “the horses that pull the chariots.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” or “among the horses that pull the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:9 gw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ 1 Here, it is implied that the man is comparing the woman to the beauty of a mare and not to other other qualities of a horse. The king of Egypt’s horses were known to be the best in the world and so they would have been very beautiful. If it would help your readers you could explain the point of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your beauty is like the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” or “I compare your beauty to the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses”
1:9 j8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠ 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **my darling**. Alternate translation: “My darling, I liken you to a mare among the chariots of Pharaoh”
1:9 lnbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, the term **Pharaoh** does not refer to a specific Egyptian king but is a title used to designate the acting king of Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Egypt”
1:10 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
5 1:10 hrjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תֹּרִ֔ים 1 The term the man uses, which the ULT translates as **earrings**, is a term which refers to strings of small ornaments or jewels which apparently hung down the side of one’s face. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of jewelry you could use a more general term and, if you are using footnotes, you could make a footnote explaining this type of jewelry. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
6 1:11 1:10 dza7 u7h9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נַעֲשֶׂה בַּ⁠חֲרוּזִֽים 1 The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) **necklaces** are a type of jewelry worn around the neck in order to make a person look more attractive. If your readers would not be familiar with **necklaces**, you could use the name of something similar in your area worn around the neck for the purpose of looking nice or you could use a more general term and, if it would help your readers, you could make a footnote explaining what a necklace is if you are using footnotes. Alternate translation: “with neck ornaments” or “strings of jewels”
1:11 bp6l עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
7 1:11 yuyp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תּוֹרֵ֤י 1 See how you translated the term “earrings” in the previous verse.
8 1:12 1:11 zt7d bp6l בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ עִ֖ם נְקֻדּ֥וֹת הַ⁠כָּֽסֶף 1 The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table” Alternate translation: “with beads of silver” or “that are decorated with silver”
9 1:12 1:11 ur66 dza7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נִרְדִּ֖⁠י נַעֲשֶׂה 1 The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with *nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant” The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
1:12 lp8f נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell”
10 1:12 kec9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֤⁠הַ⁠מֶּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “The king” in [1:4](../01/04.md) where it is used with the same meaning.
11 1:13 1:12 f8y8 lp8f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י נָתַ֥ן רֵיחֽ⁠וֹ 1 If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest” Alternate translation: “gave off its good smell” or “spread its pleasant smell”
12 1:13 1:12 bzs7 ur66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ נִרְדִּ֖⁠י 1 Alternate translation: “is my lover” The term **nard** refers to pleasant smelling perfumed oil that was made from the roots of the **nard** plant. If your readers would not be familiar with *nard** plants, you could use a general expression or describe what **nard** is. Alternate translation: “my perfumed oil” or “my pleasant smelling perfume made from the nard plant”
13 1:13 1:12 d77b zt7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר בִּ⁠מְסִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume” The word which the ULT translates as **couch** could: (1) refer to a couch and be translated as **couch** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to a table. Alternate translation: “was at his table”
14 1:13 vc5v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh”
15 1:13 bl0z יָלִֽין 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates with the phrase **it stays** is ambiguous regarding what it is that **stays**. This word could: (1) indicate that the **bundle of myrrh** is what **stays**, in which case it should be translated as something similar to **it stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) mean that the man **stays**. Alternate translation: “he stays”
16 1:13 jw0u יָלִֽין 1 Here, the word **stays** could: (1) refer to staying in one place for a prolonged period of time in which case you could translate this word with something similar to **stays** as modeled by the ULT. (2) refer to lying down. Alternate translation: “it lies”
17 1:13 vc5v d77b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown צְר֨וֹר הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בֵּ֥ין שָׁדַ֖⁠י יָלִֽין הַ⁠מֹּ֤ר 1 In the author’s culture women would sometimes place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would hang on their neck and they could enjoy its pleasant smell. The woman makes a comparison between the enjoyable experience of having a bag of myrrh near her and the enjoyable experience of having the man she loves near her. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having my beloved near me throughout the night like I enjoy the smell of a bag of myrrh” **myrrh** was a pleasant smelling incense that was made from resin taken from the bark of a certain kind of tree. One of the things it was used for was to make a person smell good. If your readers would not be familiar with **myrrh**, you could use the name of something pleasant smelling in your area that might be used for this purpose or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “pleasant smelling perfume”
18 1:14 1:13 zh75 bzs7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” Alternate translation: “is my lover”
19 1:14 1:13 a6jk f8y8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י 1 The phrase **henna blossoms** refers to **blossoms** from the **henna** plant which produces clusters of flower blossoms which have a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that has a pleasant smell, you could explain in your translation that henna is a plant that produces fragrant blossoms, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “fragrant flowers” or “fragrant blossoms from the henna plant” If using the word **breasts** would offend your readers, you could use an appropriate euphemism for **breasts** or state the meaning of the phrase **between my breasts it stays** using a more general expression. Alternate translation: “My beloved stays very close to me during the night, like a bundle of myrrh hanging near my chest”
20 1:14 nop3 עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1
21 1:15 1:14 x2d5 a6jk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ יָפָ֖ה עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר 1 The man uses the phrase **Behold you—you are beautiful** two times for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and provide emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Behold you—you are beautiful, my darling. Your eyes are doves” The phrase **henna blossoms** refers to **blossoms** from the **henna** plant which produces clusters of flower blossoms which have a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this plant, you could use the name of a plant in your area that has a pleasant smell, you could explain in your translation that henna is a plant that produces fragrant blossoms, or you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “fragrant flowers” or “fragrant blossoms from the henna plant”
22 1:15 1:14 tae6 zh75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ…הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ אֶשְׁכֹּ֨ל הַ⁠כֹּ֤פֶר ׀ דּוֹדִ⁠י֙ לִ֔⁠י בְּ⁠כַרְמֵ֖י עֵ֥ין גֶּֽדִי 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look at you! … Look at you!” Here, **vineyards of En Gedi** is probably a reference to the woman’s body because at that time **vineyards** were often used to convey a sexual meaning and because the phrase **in the vineyards of Engedi** is in parallel to phrase in the previous verse in which the woman refers to her body by saying that her “beloved” is like a “bundle of myrrh“ which “stays” (the night) “between” her “breasts.” In this verse the woman makes a comparison between the pleasurable experience of the smell of henna blossoms and her enjoyment of having the man she loves near her body. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison. Because the woman describes her body in a poetic way with images, it is recommended that you either maintain these images or select images from your context and language that communicate the same concepts. Alternate translation: “I enjoy being near my beloved’s body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi” or “I delight in my beloved being near my body like I enjoy the smell of the henna flowers in the vineyards of Engedi”
1:15 fb4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The man makes a comparison between the beauty and gentleness of doves and the woman’s eyes. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your eyes are like doves” or “your eyes are gentle and beautiful”
23 1:15 m114 רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md)
24 1:16 1:15 km29 fb4x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you are truly pleasant” The man makes a comparison between the beauty and gentleness of doves and the woman’s eyes. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a simile to show the comparison or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “your eyes are like doves” or “your eyes are gentle and beautiful”
25 1:16 1:15 x3pr tae6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation דוֹדִ⁠י֙ הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ…הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “my lover” The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Look at you! … Look at you!”
26 1:16 1:15 sbi4 x2d5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ הִנָּ֤⁠ךְ יָפָה֙ רַעְיָתִ֔⁠י הִנָּ֥⁠ךְ יָפָ֖ה עֵינַ֥יִ⁠ךְ יוֹנִֽים 1 The woman is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold!” The man uses the phrase **Behold you—you are beautiful** two times for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one and provide emphasis in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Behold you—you are beautiful, my darling. Your eyes are doves”
1:16 febl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ יָפֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could either begin or end this verse with the phrase **my beloved**.
1:16 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ 1 Here, **couch** does not refer to a literal couch but rather to the place where the couple would lie down in the forest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the place where we lie down is” or “the place we lie down on like a bed is”
27 1:16 xed8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 Here, the original language word that the ULT translates as **leafy** refers to plants that are the green color. You could translate **leafy** in a general way such as “green” or if it would help your readers you could indicate specifically what vegetation the word **leafy** refers to. Here, **leafy** could refer to: (1) the grass that the couple layed down on. Alternate translation: “grass” (2) the branches above their meeting place in the forest. Alternate translation: “under the cover of branches” or “shaded by branches”
28 1:17 1:16 c3e5 q43e rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּרוֹתִֽים עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ 1 **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with **pine** trees, you could use general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees” Here, **couch** does not refer to a literal couch but rather to the place where the couple would lie down in the forest. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the place where we lie down is” or “the place we lie down on like a bed is”
29 1:16 febl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ יָפֶ֤ה דוֹדִ⁠י֙ אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים אַף־ עַרְשֵׂ֖⁠נוּ רַעֲנָנָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could either begin or end this verse with the phrase **my beloved**.
30 1:16 sbi4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנְּ⁠ךָ֨ 1 The woman is using the term **Look** to focus attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Behold!”
31 1:16 x3pr דוֹדִ⁠י֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “my lover”
32 1:16 km29 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אַ֣ף נָעִ֔ים 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you are truly pleasant”
33 1:17 v14z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קֹר֤וֹת בָּתֵּ֨י⁠נוּ֙ אֲרָזִ֔ים רַהִיטֵ֖נוּ בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 Here the woman is speaking of the forest as though it were a **house**, the cedar trees as if they were the **beams** of the house and **pine** trees as if they were the **rafters** of the house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly or use a simile as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “Our meeting place is shaded by cedar and pine trees” or “Branches of cedar and pine trees will be a canopy over our meeting place”
34 2:1 1:17 cne2 c3e5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים בְּרוֹתִֽים 1 The woman is speaking of herself as if she is two different types of flowers in order to make a comparison between herself and these flowers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, explain the comparison, or use a simile as modeled by the UST. The reason the woman compares herself to these wildflowers is to express that she thinks she has only common beauty and is no more attractive than the other young women her age. Alternate translation: “I am as common as a wildflower of Sharon or a lily of the valleys” or “my beauty is as common as a wildflower in Sharon or a lily of the valleys” **pine** is a type of tree that grows tall and close to other trees so that they provide shade from the sun. If your readers would not be familiar with **pine** trees, you could use general phrase describing them or use the name of a tree that grows tall and densely in your area. Alternate translation: “tall leafy trees”
35 2:1 1:2 bw25 tulv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים יִשָּׁקֵ֨⁠נִי֙ מִ⁠נְּשִׁיק֣וֹת 1 The phrase **a flower of Sharon** and the phrase **a lily of the valleys** mean very similar things. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I am a wildflower that grows in the plains and the valleys” The author is using an emphatic form to indicate the fervor and intensity of the desired kisses. Consider using a natural way in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “Let him kiss me again and again with the kisses of” or “Let him cover my face with the kisses of”
36 2:1 1:2 gh6w nze7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מִ⁠יָּֽיִן 1 **Sharon** was the name of a specific plain (a flat area). The word **Sharon** refers to a flat, wide area and so by using the word **Sharon** the woman is probably referring to “plains” in general and expressing that she is like a wildflower that grows on the plains. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “I enjoy having you near me more than I enjoy drinking wine” or “your love is more pleasant than wine”
37 2:1 1:2 ps9x th64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת טוֹבִ֥ים דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 The original word which the ULT translates as **flower** refers to a specific type of flower which grows on the ground. The exact type of flower that the original word refers to cannot be known with certainty so you could use the name of a pretty wildflower in your area or you could use a general term as modeled by the ULT. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love me is better” or “your loving is better”
38 1:2 d9mu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular דֹּדֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular. Your language may require you to mark these forms.
39 1:2 j5xq 0 # General Information:\n\nThe first part of the book begins with this verse.
40 1:3 ijen rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman makes a comparison between the man’s reputation (which she refers to as his **name**) and scented oil that is poured out after which the good smell of the oil spreads as the air moves. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “your reputation spreads more and more like the scent of perfume which spreads after it has been poured out”
41 1:3 z9t3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שֶׁ֖מֶן תּוּרַ֣ק שְׁמֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 The woman is describing the man she loves and his reputation by association with his **name**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “oil poured out is your reputation” or “oil poured out is the honor that people give to you”
42 1:3 si36 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁמָנֶ֣י⁠ךָ טוֹבִ֔ים 1 Here, **oils** refers to colognes or perfumes. In the authors culture pleasant smelling spices were mixed into olive oil in order to make a pleasant smelling perfume which was then put on the skin. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. If men do not use put pleasant smelling things on their skin in your culture you could say that the man being spoken of here smells pleasant. Alternate translation: “your colognes—they are good” or “your scented oils—they are good” or “your skin—it is good” or “your body—it is good”
43 1:3 pj62 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result עַל־כֵּ֖ן 1 The words translated as **Therefore** indicate that what follows is a result of what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a result of what came before. Alternate translation: “As a result”
44 1:3 j5ka לְ⁠רֵ֨יחַ֙ 1 The Hebrew word which the ULT translates as **As for** could: (1) indicate reference, in which case it should be translated as the ULT translates it or with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “In reference to the smell of” or (2) indicate emphasis or be making an assertion. Alternate translation: “Truly, the smell of” or “Indeed, the smell of”
45 1:4 isr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה…נָגִ֤ילָה…נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 The word *us** is inclusive all three times that it occurs in this verse. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
46 1:4 ty2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נָּר֑וּצָה 1 The word **us** refers to the young woman and the man that she is addressing so **us** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. Alternate translation: “let you and I run”
47 1:4 xpoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נָּר֑וּצָה 1 Here, the woman uses **run** as a poetic way of expressing her desire that she and the man she loves hurry and go away together. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “let us hurry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
48 1:4 at7l נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ בָּ֔⁠ךְ נַזְכִּ֤ירָה דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The **us** in these two lines could: (1) be a group of young women speaking about the man. Alternate translation: “We will be glad and rejoice in you. We will profess your love more than wine” (2) be the woman continuing to speak to the man she loves and using **us** to refer to herself. Alternate translation: “May I be glad and rejoice in you. May I profess your love more than wine” (3) be the woman continuing to speak and using **us** to refer to herself and the man. Alternate translation: “Let you and I be glad and rejoice in you. Let you and I profess your love more than wine”\n
49 1:4 ku0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet נָגִ֤ילָה וְ⁠נִשְׂמְחָה֙ 1 The terms **glad** and **rejoice** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “Let us greatly rejoice” or “Let us rejoice greatly”
50 1:4 geq4 נַזְכִּ֤ירָה 1 Alternate translation: “Let us praise”
51 1:4 gec8 מָשְׁכֵ֖⁠נִי 1 Alternate translation: “Lead me”
52 1:4 so9x מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Here the speaker could be: (1) the woman speaking to the man about the young women who admire him. Alternate translation: “rightly do the young women love you” (2) the young women speaking of other women who admire the man. Alternate translation: “rightly do the other young women love you” or “rightly do the young women love you”. You may wish to indicate who the presumed speaker is here by placing a heading above this section as modeled by the UST.
53 1:4 ag8r מֵישָׁרִ֖ים אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1 Alternate translation: “it is right that other young women adore you” or “no wonder other young women adore you”
54 1:4 rc0e מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 The phrase **more than wine** could mean: (1) that the women would **profess** the man’s **love** as **more** delightful **than wine**. Alternate translation: “as being more delightful than wine” (2) that the women would **profess** the delightfulness of the man’s **love more than** they would **profess** the delightfulness of **wine**. Alternate translation: “more than we profess wine”
55 1:4 vpdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 Here, the woman speaks of the man she loves as if he were **The king**. Here, the term **king** is a term of endearment and is an affectionate way for the woman to refer to the man she loves. The woman is not speaking of an actual king but rather this is a poetic way of speaking. The woman is still speaking of the same man that she was speaking of in [1:2-3](../01/02.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning by using a simile. Alternate translation: “He whom I love is like a king to me and” or “He who is like a king to me”
56 1:4 ieqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי הַ⁠מֶּ֜לֶךְ 1 The original language word which the ULT translates as **he has brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May the king bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “The king brought me”
57 1:4 aoaz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי 1 Your language may say “taken” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “has taken me”
58 1:4 pmvq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns דֹדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ מִ⁠יַּ֔יִן 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form or in another way. Alternate translation: “the way you love is better than wine” or “the way you love me is better than wine”
59 1:4 v83t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you אַחֲרֶ֣י⁠ךָ 1 The word **you** refers to the man and so is singular. Your language may require you to mark this form. In this book every occurrence of the words **you** and **your** are singular.
60 1:4 gxfw אֲהֵבֽוּ⁠ךָ 1
61 1:5 ez2x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁחוֹרָ֤ה אֲנִי֙ 1 Here, **I am black** means “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “My skin is black” or “My skin is very dark”
62 1:5 rbb3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠אָהֳלֵ֣י קֵדָ֔ר כִּ⁠ירִיע֖וֹת שְׁלֹמֹֽה 1 The Kedar were a tribe of people who used black goat skins to make their tents, thus their tents were dark in color. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents which were dark in color. The phrase **the curtains of Solomon** refers to the curtains in Solomon’s palace which were very beautiful. The point of the first comparison is that the woman’s skin was dark (referring back to and further describing the word **black**) and the point of the second comparison is that the woman was beautiful (referring back to and further describing the word **lovely**). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use equivalent comparisons from your culture or you could retain these similes and express these meanings as plainly as possible. Alternate translation: “like the dark color of the tents of the people of the tribe Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon’s palace” or “as dark as the color of the tents of Kedar, as beautiful as the curtains in Solomon’s palace”
63 1:5 jpj9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠נָאוָ֔ה 1 Here, the word **But** is introducing a contrast. What follows the word **But** is in contrast to what was expected, because in the author’s culture it was not considered attractive for a woman to have skin that was dark as a result of much exposure to the sun. Use a natural form in your language for introducing a contrast. Alternate translation: “yet lovely” or “but still lovely”
64 1:5 ck9k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם 1 The woman is using the possessive form to poetically describe where the young women (whom she calls **daughters**) live. The phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** refers to the young women who were from the city of Jerusalem (These are probably the same women as the “marriageable women” in [1:3](../01/03.md) and the women referred to as “they” in [1:4](../01/04.md)). If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could indicate the association between these young women and **Jerusalem** in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “daughters from Jerusalem” or “young women from Jerusalem”
65 1:6 thz7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The phrase **the sun scorched me** refers to sunlight shining on the skin and means “the sun burned me” or “the sun tanned my skin dark.” If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that the sun burned me” or “that the sun turned my skin brown” or “that the sun tanned my skin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
66 1:6 im6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠שֱּׁזָפַ֖תְ⁠נִי הַ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶשׁ 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because the sun scorched me”
67 1:6 nqqb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י שְׁחַרְחֹ֔רֶת 1 Here, **I am black** means “my skin is black” or “my skin is very dark” as it did in [1:5](../01/05.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that my skin is black” or “that my skin is very dark”
68 1:6 gy5l rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result שֶׁ⁠אֲנִ֣י 1 The word **that** indicates that what follows is a reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
69 1:6 v86f נֹטֵרָ֣ה אֶת־הַ⁠כְּרָמִ֔ים כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “as caretaker of the vineyards—my vineyard that is mine, I have not taken care of”
70 1:6 w18k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּרְמִ֥⁠י שֶׁ⁠לִּ֖⁠י לֹ֥א נָטָֽרְתִּי 1 The woman is probably using the phrase **my vineyard** to refer to her complexion. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “my skin, I have not protected from the sun” or “my complexion, I have not protected from the sun”
71 1:6 avcq אַל־ תִּרְא֨וּ⁠נִי֙ 1 The phrase **Do not look at me** could mean: (1) that the woman does not want people to look at her with contempt. Alternate translation: “Do not look at me with contempt” or “Do not look down on me” or “Do not look at me disapprovingly” (2) that the woman does not want people to stare at her in admiration of her beauty. Alternate translation: “Do not stare at me because I am so beautiful”
72 1:7 v54w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The woman is not asking for information, but is using the question form for emphasis. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate her words as a statement, a request, or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “I do not want to be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Please do not let me be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions” or “Tell me so that I will not be like a woman who covers herself\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
73 1:7 v6rs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שַׁ⁠לָּ⁠מָ֤ה אֶֽהְיֶה֙ כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 In the authors culture women who were prostitutes often covered their faces with a veil so that people would not recognize them. It would not be normal for a young unmarried woman to be wandering among shepherds and the woman did not want to be mistaken for a prostitute. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Tell me where you pasture your flocks so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions like a prostitute when I am looking for you” or “For why should I be like a prostitute who covers herself with a veil and wanders about\nbeside the flocks of your companions”
74 1:7 f9hi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שֶׁ֤⁠אָהֲבָה֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י 1 The woman is using one part of herself, her **soul**, to represent all of her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you whom I love”
75 1:7 f5eb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠עֹ֣טְיָ֔ה עַ֖ל עֶדְרֵ֥י חֲבֵרֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 The phrase **covers herself** means **covers herself with a veil** and the phrase **your companions** refers to the other shepherds who pastured their animals near the flocks of the man and were probably his friends. If it would help your readers, you could express these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “like a woman who covers herself with a veil beside the flocks of the other shepherds”
76 1:7 wsmm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה אֵיכָ֖ה תַּרְבִּ֣יץ בַּֽ⁠צָּהֳרָ֑יִם 1 The phrase **where do you graze** and the phrase **Where do you make your flocks lie down at noontime** mean basically the same thing. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Where do you pasture your flocks in the middle of the day”
77 1:7 mpbu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֵיכָ֣ה תִרְעֶ֔ה 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “where do you graze your flock” or “where do you graze your sheep”
78 1:8 sy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 Your language may say “come” rather than **go** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “come out”
79 1:8 al9c וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “and let your young goats graze” or “and graze your young goats”
80 1:8 fis9 וּ⁠רְעִי֙ אֶת־ גְּדִיֹּתַ֔יִ⁠ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat”
81 1:8 nky4 הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “you who are the most beautiful of all women”
82 1:8 lc64 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים צְֽאִי־ לָ֞⁠ךְ 1 If it would help your readers to see that this is a conditional statement then you could supply a word like “then” in your translation. Alternate translation: “If you do not know, most beautiful among women, then go out”
83 1:8 fu4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אִם־ לֹ֤א תֵדְעִי֙ לָ֔⁠ךְ הַ⁠יָּפָ֖ה בַּ⁠נָּשִׁ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **most beautiful among women**. Alternate translation: “Most beautiful among women, if you do not know”
84 1:9 lnbo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Here, the term **Pharaoh** does not refer to a specific Egyptian king but is a title used to designate the acting king of Egypt. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Egypt”
85 1:9 j8xv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ רַעְיָתִֽ⁠ 1 If it would be more natural in your language you could begin this verse with the phrase **my darling**. Alternate translation: “My darling, I liken you to a mare among the chariots of Pharaoh”
86 1:9 gw76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְ⁠סֻסָתִ⁠י֙ בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה דִּמִּיתִ֖י⁠ךְ 1 Here, it is implied that the man is comparing the woman to the beauty of a mare and not to other other qualities of a horse. The king of Egypt’s horses were known to be the best in the world and so they would have been very beautiful. If it would help your readers you could explain the point of this comparison. Alternate translation: “Your beauty is like the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” or “I compare your beauty to the beauty of Pharaoh’s chariot horses”
87 1:9 zyj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠רִכְבֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 The man is using the phrase **the chariots** to mean “the horses that pull the chariots.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “among the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” or “among the horses that pull the chariots of Pharaoh”
88 1:intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 1 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Love and affection\n\nThis chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I am dark”\nIn the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger.
89 2:1 cxaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת 1 The woman is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If your readers might misunderstand this, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “I am a lily of”
90 2:1 ni5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת 1 A **lily** is a type of flower. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of flower, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “a flower of”
91 2:2 2:1 y9bu ps9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת 1 Here, the phrase **the daughters** refers to the **daughters of Jerusalem** mentioned in [1:5](../01/05.md) and probably refers not just to the young women of Jerusalem but also to all women. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the young women of Jerusalem” or “other young women” The original word which the ULT translates as **flower** refers to a specific type of flower which grows on the ground. The exact type of flower that the original word refers to cannot be known with certainty so you could use the name of a pretty wildflower in your area or you could use a general term as modeled by the ULT.
92 2:2 2:1 l00i gh6w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן 1 See how you translated the word **lily** in [2:1](../02/01.md) **Sharon** was the name of a specific plain (a flat area). The word **Sharon** refers to a flat, wide area and so by using the word **Sharon** the woman is probably referring to “plains” in general and expressing that she is like a wildflower that grows on the plains. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly as modeled by the UST.
93 2:2 2:1 ibi6 cne2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠חוֹחִ֔ים כֵּ֥ן רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י בֵּ֥ין הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 The man compares the woman he loves to **a lily among thorns**. The point of this comparison is that in the same way that **a lily** is much more beautiful than **thorns** so the woman is much more beautiful than the other young women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “You my darling, are much more beautiful than all other women” The woman is speaking of herself as if she is two different types of flowers in order to make a comparison between herself and these flowers. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly, explain the comparison, or use a simile as modeled by the UST. The reason the woman compares herself to these wildflowers is to express that she thinks she has only common beauty and is no more attractive than the other young women her age. Alternate translation: “I am as common as a wildflower of Sharon or a lily of the valleys” or “my beauty is as common as a wildflower in Sharon or a lily of the valleys”
94 2:2 2:1 bi45 bw25 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י אֲנִי֙ חֲבַצֶּ֣לֶת הַ⁠שָּׁר֔וֹן שֽׁוֹשַׁנַּ֖ת הָ⁠עֲמָקִֽים 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md). The phrase **a flower of Sharon** and the phrase **a lily of the valleys** mean very similar things. The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if saying very similar things twice might confuse your readers, you could combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I am a wildflower that grows in the plains and the valleys”
2:3 fkm3 בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “In his shade”
2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְ⁠יָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּ⁠פִרְי֖⁠וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree*. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give both protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man and his **fruit** being **sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me, he is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
2:3 eogn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **the sons** refers to the other young men. In the previous verse the man compared the woman to the other “daughters” (young women). Here the woman compares the man she loves to the other young men, whom she calls **the sons**. If it would help your readers you could indicate explicitly what **the sons** means here. Alternate translation: “among the other young men” or “when compared to all the other men”
2:3 qtmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר 1 The phrase **the trees of the forest** refers to the other trees of the forest which were considered common when compared to an apple tree. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “among the other trees of the forest” or “compared to the common trees of the forest”
2:3 q7kl דּוֹדִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md).
2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
2:3 yr6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ 1 An **apple tree** is a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit and has a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tree, you could use the name of a similar tree in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit”
2:3 jjo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Among the other young men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest” or “Compared to other men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest”
2:3 xz7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 The woman is saying that the man is like an **apple tree** because in the same way that **an apple tree** is more pleasant than the other **trees of the forest**, so the man she loves is more pleasant than other men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “As apple trees are more pleasant than other trees, so you my beloved are more pleasant than other men”
2:4 hxuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 Here, **house of wine** most likely does not refer to a literal **house of wine** but instead the woman is probably using this phrase to poetically describe a private meeting place where they could enjoy expressing their love for each other. She is describing their meeting place by using an image that was meaningful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could retain the literal translation **house of wine** and explain the meaning in a footnote (if you are using them), or you could express the meaning using a different expression that is meaningful in your culture, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our meeting place so that we could enjoy our love” or ”the place where we could celebrate our love for each other” or ”the place where we could consummate our love”
2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
2:4 f7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 Your language may say “took” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “He took me”
2:4 jgbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ 1 A **banner** is a flag made out of a large piece of cloth that is attached to the top of a long wooden pole. People groups and kings had their own unique banners by which they identified themselves. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could use the name of something used for a similar purpose in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and his flag”
2:4 cms6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention is to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
2:5 ijwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:5 gs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 An **apple** is a round pleasant tasting fruit that grows on a tree and is about the size of an adult human’s fist. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “fruit”
2:5 khc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת 1 A **raisin** is a dried grape. Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with cakes made of dried fruit”
2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּי־חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 The woman speaks of feeling **sick with love** because her feelings of love are so strong for the man that they overwhelm her body as if they were a kind of sickness. She is exaggerating in order to emphasize the strength of her feelings for the man. Alternate translation: “for my love for you is so strong that I feel as if I were sick with love” or “because my love for you overwhelms me like a sickness”
2:5 ddvu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 These two phrases mean very similar things. In the author’s culture both raisins and **apples** were believed to give people strength for love.The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if your readers are unfamiliar with raisins and/or **apples** and you do not have an equivalent food or foods that you could substitute for them here you could combine these two phrases into one and use a general expression. Alternate translation: “Sustain and refresh me with fruit” or “strengthen me with fruit” or “strengthen me for love with fruit”
2:5 t16z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים כִּי־ חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of the phrases in this verse, since the second part gives the reason for the result that the first part describes. Alternate translation: “Because I am sick with love, sustain me with raisin cakes and refresh me with apples”
2:5 ukb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙…רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי 1 The phrases **Sustain me** and **refresh me** are plural imperative forms in the original language. The woman is addressing the man using plural forms to show the intensity of her feelings. Your language may allow you to do the same thing. The ULT indicates the intensity that these two plural forms indicate by placing an exclamation point at the end of this verse. Use a natural form in your language for showing intensity of emotion.
2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְ⁠רֹאשִׁ֔⁠י וִ⁠ימִינ֖⁠וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “ I hope he puts his left arm under my head\nand holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head\nand hold me close with his right arm”
2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
2:7 ekc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אִם־ תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־ הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁ⁠תֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person who could sleep and be awakened and as if it were a person who could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not encourage people to love romantically until the appropriate time” or “do not encourage people’s romantic feelings until the appropriate time”
2:7 fz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ 1 Here, the words **awaken** and **stir** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “do not awaken”
2:7 nt79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 **Does** are female deer. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the female deer of”
2:7 to30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
2:7 sz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 A gazelle is an animal that is a small antelope and looks like a deer, moves quickly like a deer, and is very similar in size to a deer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or if you do not have two deer-like animals in your area or if your language does not have two different words for deer-like animals you could combine the terms **female gazelles** and **does** into one term. Alternate translation: “by the female deer of” or “by the female gazelles of”
2:7 n4wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe that **female gazelles** and **does** live in fields and therefore are wild rather than domesticated animals. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could explain the meaning of the phrase **of the field** in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the wild female gazelles and does”
2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here the author portrays the woman as speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
2:7 f8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם…בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 **I adjure you** and the word **by** are both parts of Hebrew oath or promise formulas. You can use a natural way of making a promise in your culture that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “I urge you to promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “Please, promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “I want you to make an oath … with the female gazelles or the does of the field listening”
2:7 z2xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
2:8 happ rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָּ֑א 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “is going”
2:8 okuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to bring attention to the man’s approach. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. See how you translated “Behold” in [1:15](../01/015.md). Alternate translation: “Look”
2:8 tymi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־ הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־ הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The woman says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to give emphasis to what she is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing in your language, or if you do not have two words for steeply elevated inclines you could combine these two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “jumping over the mountains!” or “leaping over the hills!”
2:8 fq0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֣וֹל דּוֹדִ֔⁠י 1 Here the original language word which the ULT translates as **voice** is being used to get the readers attention. If it would help your readers you can indicate that explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen, I hear my beloved speaking” or “Listen, I hear my beloved approaching”
2:8 aay2 0 # General Information:\n\nThe second part of the book begins here. It is not clear whether the woman is speaking to herself or to the daughters of Jerusalem.
2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
2:9 umf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אַחַ֣ר כָּתְלֵ֔⁠נוּ 1 Here, the word **our** refers to the woman and her family and does not include the man, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Alternate translation: “behind the wall of my house” or “on the other side of the wall of my family’s house”
2:9 s6z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה עוֹמֵד֙ 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to draw attention to the man’s arrival. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “Look! Here he is! Standing”
2:9 nuxr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת…הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 Here, the words **windows** and **lattices** are plural forms and could: (1) be used with singular meanings here. Because the author says that the man **is standing** instead of indicating that he is walking around the outside of the house, it is likely that these terms have singular meanings here. Alternate translation: “the window … the lattice” (2) have a plural meaning indicating that the man was walking around the house and looking into the house through different windows and lattices. If you decide that these two terms have a plural meaning here you can translate them in a similar way to the ULT.
2:9 qbs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אַיָּלִ֑ים 1 A **stag** is a male deer. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “male deer”
2:9 s9xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 A “lattice” is a cover inside a window frame that is made by weaving strips of wood together. **lattices** have holes that people can look through. If your readers would not be familiar with **lattices**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could describe **lattices** as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the screen”
2:9 pppj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֶ֤ה 1 Here, the phrase **this one** refers to the man who the woman calls **My beloved** in the first part of this verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this man” or “my beloved”
2:9 kq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֔י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular of “gazelles.”
2:9 kf9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַשְׁגִּ֨יחַ֙ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת מֵצִ֖יץ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “gazing through the windows, yes, looking through the lattice”
2:11 e658 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ה⁠סתו 1 In Israel **winter** is the time of year when it is cold and rains more heavily than during other seasons. If the seasons do not vary much in your location, you could explain this with a general expression such as “the cold season” as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the cold rainy season” or “the cold wet season”
2:11 asu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ה⁠סתו עָבָ֑ר הַ⁠גֶּ֕שֶׁם חָלַ֖ף 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the winter has gone; yes, the rain has passed”
2:11 yv91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּ֥ה ה⁠סתו 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “see that the winter”
2:11 b8gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Your language may not say **went** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “it ended” or “it left”
2:11 eh4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָלַ֖ף הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The terms **passed** and **went away** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is over and gone” or “has gone away”
2:11 jmbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי 1 Here, the word **for** indicates that what follows is the motivation or reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
95 2:11 qxz4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go עָבָ֑ר 1 Your language may not say **gone** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “is finished” or “is over”
96 2:12 2:11 j8f3 jmbh rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ כִּֽי 1 Alternate translation: “throughout the land” Here, the word **for** indicates that what follows is the motivation or reason for what came before. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. Alternate translation: “because”
97 2:11 eh4t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָלַ֖ף הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The terms **passed** and **went away** mean similar things. The author is using the two terms together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could express the emphasis with a single phrase. Alternate translation: “is over and gone” or “has gone away”
98 2:11 b8gp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הָלַ֥ךְ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 Your language may not say **went** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “it ended” or “it left”
99 2:11 yv91 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּ֥ה ה⁠סתו 1 The man is using the term **Behold** to focus attention on what he is about to say. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. Alternate translation: “see that the winter”
100 2:11 asu3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism ה⁠סתו עָבָ֑ר הַ⁠גֶּ֕שֶׁם חָלַ֖ף 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “the winter has gone; yes, the rain has passed”
101 2:11 e658 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown ה⁠סתו 1 In Israel **winter** is the time of year when it is cold and rains more heavily than during other seasons. If the seasons do not vary much in your location, you could explain this with a general expression such as “the cold season” as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the cold rainy season” or “the cold wet season”
102 2:12 zmw4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠ק֥וֹל הַ⁠תּ֖וֹר נִשְׁמַ֥ע 1 The phrase **the turtledove is heard** can be translated in active form. If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. If you need to say who did the action, it is clear from the context that it is people. Alternate translation: “and people hear the voice of the turtledove” or “and people hear the turtledove cooing”
103 2:12 j8f3 בָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Alternate translation: “throughout the land”
104 2:13 m4mt הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md)
105 2:13 mk2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ 0 **The fig tree ripens her green figs** The tree is spoken of as if it were actively causing its fruit to ripen. This is a collective singular and can be translated as a plural. Alternate translation: “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe”
106 2:13 wjr7 הַ⁠תְּאֵנָה֙ 0 **their fragrance** Alternate translation: “their sweet smell”
127 2:17 ia1r עַ֤ד 0 **rugged mountains** Alternate translation: “rocky mountains” or “rough mountains”
128 2:17 l8dz עַ֤ד 0 **stag** an adult male deer
129 2:17 lz3y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַ֤ד 0 **the shadows flee away** The woman describes the shadows as though they were running away from the light of the sun. Alternate translation: “the shadows disappear”
130 2:2 bi45 רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my darling** in [1:9](../01/09.md).
131 2:2 ibi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠חוֹחִ֔ים כֵּ֥ן רַעְיָתִ֖⁠י בֵּ֥ין הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 The man compares the woman he loves to **a lily among thorns**. The point of this comparison is that in the same way that **a lily** is much more beautiful than **thorns** so the woman is much more beautiful than the other young women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in plain language. Alternate translation: “You my darling, are much more beautiful than all other women”
132 2:2 l00i rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠שֽׁוֹשַׁנָּה֙ 1 See how you translated the word **lily** in [2:1](../02/01.md)
133 2:2 y9bu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠בָּנֽוֹת 1 Here, the phrase **the daughters** refers to the **daughters of Jerusalem** mentioned in [1:5](../01/05.md) and probably refers not just to the young women of Jerusalem but also to all women. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the young women of Jerusalem” or “other young women”
134 2:3 jjo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “Among the other young men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest” or “Compared to other men my beloved is like an apple tree among the trees of the forest”
135 2:3 xz7y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר כֵּ֥ן דּוֹדִ֖⁠י בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 The woman is saying that the man is like an **apple tree** because in the same way that **an apple tree** is more pleasant than the other **trees of the forest**, so the man she loves is more pleasant than other men. If it would be helpful in your language, you could explain the basis of this comparison. Alternate translation: “As apple trees are more pleasant than other trees, so you my beloved are more pleasant than other men”
136 2:3 yr6x rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown כְּ⁠תַפּ֨וּחַ֙ 1 An **apple tree** is a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit and has a pleasant smell. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of tree, you could use the name of a similar tree in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “Like a tree that produces pleasant tasting fruit”
137 2:3 bfja חִמַּ֣דְתִּי 1 Alternate translation: “I passionately desired”
138 2:3 q7kl דּוֹדִ֖⁠י 1 See how you translated the phrase **my beloved** in [1:13](../01/13.md).
139 2:3 qtmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בַּ⁠עֲצֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּ֔עַר 1 The phrase **the trees of the forest** refers to the other trees of the forest which were considered common when compared to an apple tree. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “among the other trees of the forest” or “compared to the common trees of the forest”
140 2:3 eogn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ין הַ⁠בָּנִ֑ים 1 Here, the phrase **the sons** refers to the other young men. In the previous verse the man compared the woman to the other “daughters” (young women). Here the woman compares the man she loves to the other young men, whom she calls **the sons**. If it would help your readers you could indicate explicitly what **the sons** means here. Alternate translation: “among the other young men” or “when compared to all the other men”
141 2:3 pii3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ חִמַּ֣דְתִּי וְ⁠יָשַׁ֔בְתִּי וּ⁠פִרְי֖⁠וֹ מָת֥וֹק לְ⁠חִכִּֽ⁠י 1 Here the woman continues speaking of the man as if he were **an apple tree*. The word **shadow** refers to the shade of an apple tree which would give both protection from the sun and refreshment. To **sit** represents being near or in the presence of the man and his **fruit** being **sweet** means that he causes the woman to experience pleasurable feelings in a way that is comparable to eating sweet fruit. If it is possible in your language you should try to retain the images used here, or substitute a comparable image if needed. If you are not able to retain the metaphors without causing misunderstanding, you could use similes or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “He provides me with refreshment and protection when I am in his presence, he gives me great pleasure” or “I sit in his presence and he refreshes and protects me, he is delightful to me like sweet fruit”
142 2:3 fkm3 בְּ⁠צִלּ⁠וֹ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “In his shade”
143 2:4 cms6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
144 2:4 rp8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ עָלַ֖⁠י אַהֲבָֽה 1 The woman is speaking of the man’s **love** for her as if it were a **banner**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and he publicly displays his love for me and his intention is to protect me” or “and he covers me with his love”
145 2:4 jgbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠דִגְל֥⁠וֹ 1 A **banner** is a flag made out of a large piece of cloth that is attached to the top of a long wooden pole. People groups and kings had their own unique banners by which they identified themselves. If your readers would not be familiar with this term, you could use the name of something used for a similar purpose in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “and his flag”
146 2:4 o9vh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase “has brought me” in [1:4](../01/04.md). The original language word which the ULT translates here as **He brought me** could be describing: (1) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. If it would help your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “May he bring me” or ”I desire him to bring me” (2) an action that has already happened. Alternate translation: “He has brought me”
147 2:4 f7e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go הֱבִיאַ֨⁠נִי֙ 1 Your language may say “took” rather than **brought** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “He took me”
148 2:4 hxuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 Here, **house of wine** most likely does not refer to a literal **house of wine** but instead the woman is probably using this phrase to poetically describe a private meeting place where they could enjoy expressing their love for each other. She is describing their meeting place by using an image that was meaningful in that culture. If it would be helpful in your language, you could retain the literal translation **house of wine** and explain the meaning in a footnote (if you are using them), or you could express the meaning using a different expression that is meaningful in your culture, or you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “our meeting place so that we could enjoy our love” or ”the place where we could celebrate our love for each other” or ”the place where we could consummate our love”
149 2:4 ift6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בֵּ֣ית הַ⁠יָּ֔יִן 1 In the author’s culture the phrase **house of wine** was used to refer to a location that people went for the purpose of drinking wine. The phrase does not necessarily indicate a **house** or building so here it could be referring a private location that used as their meeting place, possibly the “house” (location) where they spent time together in the forest (described in [1:17](../01/17.md)). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly or use a general expression that allows for either meaning. Alternate translation: “the place where wine is drunk” or ”the place where wine is served” or ”our meeting place”
150 2:5 ukb7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙…רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי 1 The phrases **Sustain me** and **refresh me** are plural imperative forms in the original language. The woman is addressing the man using plural forms to show the intensity of her feelings. Your language may allow you to do the same thing. The ULT indicates the intensity that these two plural forms indicate by placing an exclamation point at the end of this verse. Use a natural form in your language for showing intensity of emotion.
151 2:5 t16z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים כִּי־ חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of the phrases in this verse, since the second part gives the reason for the result that the first part describes. Alternate translation: “Because I am sick with love, sustain me with raisin cakes and refresh me with apples”
152 2:5 ddvu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism סַמְּכ֨וּ⁠נִי֙ בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת רַפְּד֖וּ⁠נִי בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 These two phrases mean very similar things. In the author’s culture both raisins and **apples** were believed to give people strength for love.The second phrase emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if your readers are unfamiliar with raisins and/or **apples** and you do not have an equivalent food or foods that you could substitute for them here you could combine these two phrases into one and use a general expression. Alternate translation: “Sustain and refresh me with fruit” or “strengthen me with fruit” or “strengthen me for love with fruit”
153 2:5 y4qy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole כִּי־חוֹלַ֥ת אַהֲבָ֖ה אָֽנִי 1 The woman speaks of feeling **sick with love** because her feelings of love are so strong for the man that they overwhelm her body as if they were a kind of sickness. She is exaggerating in order to emphasize the strength of her feelings for the man. Alternate translation: “for my love for you is so strong that I feel as if I were sick with love” or “because my love for you overwhelms me like a sickness”
154 2:5 khc1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בָּֽ⁠אֲשִׁישׁ֔וֹת 1 A **raisin** is a dried grape. Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “with cakes made of dried fruit”
155 2:5 gs2a rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בַּ⁠תַּפּוּחִ֑ים 1 An **apple** is a round pleasant tasting fruit that grows on a tree and is about the size of an adult human’s fist. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of fruit, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could use a more general term. Alternate translation: “fruit”
156 2:5 ijwy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
157 2:6 m6ys שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙ תַּ֣חַת לְ⁠רֹאשִׁ֔⁠י וִ⁠ימִינ֖⁠וֹ תְּחַבְּקֵֽ⁠נִי 1 This verse could be describing: (1) an action that the man was doing in which case it should be translated in a similar way to the way that the ULT translates it. (2) a request or wish that the woman has and not something that has already happened. Alternate translation: “ I hope he puts his left arm under my head\nand holds me close with his right arm” or ”I want him to put his left arm under my head\nand hold me close with his right arm”
158 2:6 fq8w 0 Alternate translation: “holds me”
159 2:7 z2xm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **love**, you could express the same idea with a verbal form as modeled by the UST.
160 2:7 f8kj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם…בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 **I adjure you** and the word **by** are both parts of Hebrew oath or promise formulas. You can use a natural way of making a promise in your culture that would be appropriate in this context. Alternate translation: “I urge you to promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “Please, promise me … with the female gazelles or the does of the field as our witnesses” or “I want you to make an oath … with the female gazelles or the does of the field listening”
161 2:7 l67b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֨עְתִּי אֶתְ⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 Here the author portrays the woman as speaking to the **daughters of Jerusalem** as if they were present and could hear her but most likely they are not present but rather the author is depicting the woman as addressing the **daughters of Jerusalem** as a poetic way of giving voice to the woman’s feelings. Because the author does this intentionally for poetic effect it is suggested that you do the same. If it would be helpful in your language, you could indicate this in a footnote if you are using them.
162 2:7 n4wq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 Here, the woman is using the possessive form to describe that **female gazelles** and **does** live in fields and therefore are wild rather than domesticated animals. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could explain the meaning of the phrase **of the field** in your translation. Alternate translation: “by the wild female gazelles and does”
163 2:7 sz5c rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown בִּ⁠צְבָא֔וֹת א֖וֹ בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 A gazelle is an animal that is a small antelope and looks like a deer, moves quickly like a deer, and is very similar in size to a deer. If your readers would not be familiar with this type of animal, you could use the name of something similar in your area or if you do not have two deer-like animals in your area or if your language does not have two different words for deer-like animals you could combine the terms **female gazelles** and **does** into one term. Alternate translation: “by the female deer of” or “by the female gazelles of”
164 2:7 to30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּנ֤וֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ 1 See how you translated the phrase **daughters of Jerusalem** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
165 2:7 nt79 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠אַיְל֣וֹת 1 **Does** are female deer. If it would be helpful to your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the female deer of”
166 2:7 fz3j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet אִם־תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ 1 Here, the words **awaken** and **stir** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used for emphasis. If your language does not use repetition to do this, you could use one phrase and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “do not awaken”
167 2:7 ekc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אִם־ תָּעִ֧ירוּ ׀ וְֽ⁠אִם־ תְּעֽוֹרְר֛וּ אֶת־ הָ⁠אַהֲבָ֖ה עַ֥ד שֶׁ⁠תֶּחְפָּֽץ 1 Here **love** is spoken of as if it were a person who could sleep and be awakened and as if it were a person who could have **desires**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “do not encourage people to love romantically until the appropriate time” or “do not encourage people’s romantic feelings until the appropriate time”
168 2:8 fq0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֣וֹל דּוֹדִ֔⁠י 1 Here the original language word which the ULT translates as **voice** is being used to get the readers attention. If it would help your readers you can indicate that explicitly in your translation. Alternate translation: “Listen, I hear my beloved speaking” or “Listen, I hear my beloved approaching”
169 2:8 tymi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מְדַלֵּג֙ עַל־ הֶ֣⁠הָרִ֔ים מְקַפֵּ֖ץ עַל־ הַ⁠גְּבָעֽוֹת 1 These two phrases mean the same thing. The woman says the same thing twice, in slightly different ways, to give emphasis to what she is saying. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing in your language, or if you do not have two words for steeply elevated inclines you could combine these two phrases and provide emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “jumping over the mountains!” or “leaping over the hills!”
170 2:8 okuh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to bring attention to the man’s approach. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language for communicating this. See how you translated “Behold” in [1:15](../01/015.md). Alternate translation: “Look”
171 2:8 happ rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָּ֑א 1 Your language may say “going” rather than **coming** in contexts such as this. Use whichever is more natural. Alternate translation: “is going”
172 2:8 aay2 0 # General Information:\n\nThe second part of the book begins here. It is not clear whether the woman is speaking to herself or to the daughters of Jerusalem.
173 2:8 j2nl 0 This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.”
174 2:9 kf9u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַשְׁגִּ֨יחַ֙ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת מֵצִ֖יץ מִן־הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “gazing through the windows, yes, looking through the lattice”
175 2:9 kq5f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown לִ⁠צְבִ֔י 1 See how you translated the plural form “gazelles” in [2:7](../02/07.md) and translate this word as the singular of “gazelles.”
176 2:9 pppj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit זֶ֤ה 1 Here, the phrase **this one** refers to the man who the woman calls **My beloved** in the first part of this verse. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “this man” or “my beloved”
177 2:9 s9xt rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 A “lattice” is a cover inside a window frame that is made by weaving strips of wood together. **lattices** have holes that people can look through. If your readers would not be familiar with **lattices**, you could use the name of something similar in your area or you could describe **lattices** as modeled by the UST. Alternate translation: “the screen”
178 2:9 qbs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הָֽ⁠אַיָּלִ֑ים 1 A **stag** is a male deer. If it would help your readers you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “male deer”
179 2:9 nuxr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-plural הַֽ⁠חֲלֹּנ֔וֹת…הַֽ⁠חֲרַכִּֽים 1 Here, the words **windows** and **lattices** are plural forms and could: (1) be used with singular meanings here. Because the author says that the man **is standing** instead of indicating that he is walking around the outside of the house, it is likely that these terms have singular meanings here. Alternate translation: “the window … the lattice” (2) have a plural meaning indicating that the man was walking around the house and looking into the house through different windows and lattices. If you decide that these two terms have a plural meaning here you can translate them in a similar way to the ULT.
180 2:9 s6z4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamation הִנֵּה־זֶ֤ה עוֹמֵד֙ 1 **Behold** is an exclamation word that is used to bring attention to something. Here it is used to draw attention to the man’s arrival. Use an exclamation that is natural in your language in this context. Alternate translation: “Look! Here he is! Standing”
181 2:9 umf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אַחַ֣ר כָּתְלֵ֔⁠נוּ 1 Here, the word **our** refers to the woman and her family and does not include the man, so use the exclusive form of that word in your translation if your language marks that distinction. Alternate translation: “behind the wall of my house” or “on the other side of the wall of my family’s house”
182 2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nWomen are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Euphemisms\n\nIt is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
183 3:1 hu3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל 0 **him whom my soul loves** The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Here it makes a stronger statement of the woman’s love for the man than “my beloved” ([Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md)).
184 3:1 l1kv עַל 0 **I was longing for him … could not find him** Alternate translation: “I had a strong desire to be with him … loves, but he was not there”
185 3:10 rr69 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **Its interior was** Alternate translation: “The inside of it was”
186 3:10 w2at עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **Its posts** The word “its” refers to King Solomon’s sedan chair.
187 3:10 xnj4 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **posts** The word “posts” here refers to pieces either made of silver or made of wood covered with silver that hold up the tent of cloth around his chair.
188 3:10 apj8 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **with love** This could mean: (1) “with love,” indicating that the women made the sedan beautiful in a special way to show their love for Solomon, or (2) “with leather.”
189 3:10 f5mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The description of the bed itself that began in [Song of Songs 3:9](./08.md) continues.
190 3:11 tf1d צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **bearing the crown** Alternate translation: “wearing the crown”
191 3:11 i961 צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **daughters of Zion** Alternate translation: “you young women who live in Zion”
192 3:11 sj76 צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **gaze on King Solomon** “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.
193 3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **the day of the joy of his heart** The word “heart” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “the day on which he truly rejoiced” or “the happiest day of his life”
194 3:2 uyu7 אָק֨וּמָה 0 **go through the city** Alternate translation: “walk through the city”
195 3:2 x9ki אָק֨וּמָה 0 **through the streets and squares** The word “squares” indicates the center area of a town where streets or roads come together. It is often an area where people sell items, a market, and a place where people come together to talk.
196 3:2 afu9 אָק֨וּמָה 0 **will search** Alternate translation: “will to look for”
223 3:8 jqy9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy כֻּלָּ⁠ם֙ 0 **terrors of the night** Here, “terrors” is a metonym for evil people who frighten others by attacking them. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **terrors**, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “evil people who attack others at night” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
224 3:8 mm7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 A description of the bed itself begins in verse 9. You could use words in your language that show that this is background information.
225 3:9 nnm6 אַפִּרְי֗וֹן 0 **sedan chair** This is a chair or couch for important people to sit or lie on. It rests on long poles that people can use to carry it
226 3:10 3:intro rr69 t72h עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **Its interior was** Alternate translation: “The inside of it was” # Song of Songs 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Longing\n\nThis chapter describes a feeling of longing, or the waiting in anticipation of the one you love. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:10 w2at עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **Its posts** The word “its” refers to King Solomon’s sedan chair.
3:10 xnj4 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **posts** The word “posts” here refers to pieces either made of silver or made of wood covered with silver that hold up the tent of cloth around his chair.
3:10 apj8 עַמּוּדָי⁠ו֙ 0 **with love** This could mean: (1) “with love,” indicating that the women made the sedan beautiful in a special way to show their love for Solomon, or (2) “with leather.”
3:10 f5mj rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 The description of the bed itself that began in [Song of Songs 3:9](./08.md) continues.
3:11 tf1d צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **bearing the crown** Alternate translation: “wearing the crown”
3:11 i961 צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **daughters of Zion** Alternate translation: “you young women who live in Zion”
3:11 sj76 צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **gaze on King Solomon** “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling.
3:11 ei7z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy צְאֶ֧ינָה 0 **the day of the joy of his heart** The word “heart” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “the day on which he truly rejoiced” or “the happiest day of his life”
227 4:1 z6f7 הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
228 4:1 m3g6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ 0 **Your eyes are doves** One possibility is that the man is speaking of the woman’s white eyeballs or the shape of her eyes, the shape of a dove. Another possibility is that the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the man considers the woman’s eyes beautiful because the way the woman looks at him makes him think she is gentle. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “You are very gentle”
229 4:1 pnn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile הִנָּ֨⁠ךְ 0 **Your hair is like a flock of goats going down from Mount Gilead** Goats in Israel were usually dark in color. The woman’s hair was probably dark. You may need to specify that the goats were dark or even use another simile that the reader will understand that refers to something dark and beautiful. People thought of Mount Gilead as beautiful and fertile. The speaker considered the woman beautiful and ready to become the mother of his children. If you remove the simile of the goats, you may have to remove the simile of the mountain as well. Alternate translation: “Your hair is as dark as storm clouds above a fertile land”
230 4:1 rg3f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
231 4:10 wzb4 מַה 0 **fragrance … perfume** See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md).
232 4:10 g6qt מַה 0 **How beautiful is your love** Alternate translation: “Your love is wonderful”
233 4:10 td9x מַה 0 **How much better is your love than wine** “Your love is much better than wine.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 1:2](../01/01.md).
234 4:10 ibb8 מַה 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md).
235 4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מַה 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
236 4:10 r5ni מַה 0 **spice** dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste
237 4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מַה 0 **the fragrance of your perfume than any spice** The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “how much better is the fragrance of your perfume than the fragrance of any spice”
238 4:11 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹ֛פֶת 0 **honey and milk are under your tongue** Because “milk and honey” is a common phrase in the Bible, you should translate literally. Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for: (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. Milk is a metaphor for luxury, owning many things that help people enjoy life. When the woman kisses the man, he enjoys life.
239 4:11 nyc9 נֹ֛פֶת 0 **the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon** “the smell of your clothes is like the smell of Lebanon.” Many cedar trees grew in Lebanon. Cedar trees smell very good, so Lebanon would have smelled sweet and fresh.
240 4:11 fw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹ֛פֶת 0 **Your lips … drip honey** Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words.
241 4:12 i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן 0 **a spring that is sealed** “a spring with a cover on it.” The spring or well is a metaphor for the woman, and the cover is a metaphor for her being a virgin.
242 4:12 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן 0 **is a garden locked up** “is a garden that no one can enter.” The garden is a metaphor for the woman, and the lock is a metaphor for her still being a virgin.
243 4:12 nrw6 גַּ֥ן 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md).
244 4:12 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom גַּ֥ן 0 **My sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md). Alternate translation: “My dear” or “My darling”
245 4:13 i3mi שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **a grove** a place where many trees grow together
246 4:13 dju5 שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **henna** small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md).
247 4:13 eji6 שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **with choice fruits** Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
248 4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **Your branches** branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
249 4:13 q938 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְרָדִֽים 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
250 4:14 p646 נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **all the finest spices** Alternate translation: “all the best spices”
251 4:14 bm3m נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **aloes** a type of large plant that had a very sweet smell
252 4:14 ujr7 נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **calamus** a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil.
253 4:14 w1cm נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **cinnamon** a spice made from the bark of a tree that people used for cooking
254 4:14 kx8c נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **myrrh** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
255 4:14 dxj9 נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **saffron** a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower
256 4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
257 4:15 t9ch מַעְיַ֣ן 0 **fresh water** water that is good to drink
258 4:15 zl7c מַעְיַ֣ן 0 **streams flowing down from Lebanon** Because Lebanon had mountains covered with trees, the streams from Lebanon were clean and cool.
259 4:15 z2an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְיַ֣ן 0 **You are a garden spring** “You are a spring in a garden.” A garden spring gives sweet, clean water that people enjoy drinking. The man enjoys being close to the woman.
260 4:16 x71g ע֤וּרִי 0 **Awake, north wind** Alternate translation: “North wind, start blowing”
261 4:16 jv5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification ע֤וּרִי 0 **Awake, north wind; come, south wind; blow** The woman speaks to the north wind and the south wind as though they were people. Alternate translation: “I wish the north wind and south wind would come and blow”
262 4:16 l273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ע֤וּרִי 0 **blow on my garden** The garden is a metaphor for her body, which she has covered with sweet-smelling oils ([Song of Songs 4:14](./12.md)).
263 4:16 mbn7 ע֤וּרִי 0 **choice fruit** Alternate translation: “wonderful fruit”
264 4:16 kdi9 ע֤וּרִי 0 **may give off their fragrance** Alternate translation: “may send out their good smells”
265 4:16 lqh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor ע֤וּרִי 0 **May my beloved … choice fruit** The woman is inviting the man to make love to her.
266 4:16 dp46 ע֤וּרִי 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
267 4:2 cj59 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **a flock of newly shorn ewes** This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a flock of ewes whose wool people have cut off”
268 4:2 sb14 שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **bereaved** lost a loved one who has died
269 4:2 wc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **coming up from the washing place** The ewes are coming up out of the water. Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
292 4:6 bm4n עַ֤ד 0 **the mountain of myrrh** Alternate translation: “the mountain made of myrrh” or “the mountain that has myrrh growing on it”
293 4:6 y1xu עַ֤ד 0 **Until the dawn arrives and the shadows flee away** Translate similar wording in this line as you did the line in [Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md).
294 4:7 l1xq כֻּלָּ֤⁠ךְ 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
295 4:7 ci96 слово כֻּלָּ֤⁠ךְ 0 **there is no blemish in you** Alternate translation: “you have no blemish”
296 4:7 wt7k слово כֻּלָּ֤⁠ךְ 0 **You are beautiful in every way** Alternate translation: “Every part of you is beautiful” or “All of you is beautiful”
297 4:8 m2km rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **Amana** the name of a mountain north of Israel
298 4:8 ybd2 слово אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **dens** places where lions and leopards live, like caves or holes in the ground
299 4:8 h4yw слово אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **from Lebanon** Alternate translation: “away from Lebanon”
300 4:8 j8s2 слово אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife.
301 4:8 ir9l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names слово אִתִּ֤⁠י 0 **Senir** the name of a mountain near Amana and Hermon. Some people think that this refers to the same mountain as Hermon.
302 4:9 d83s לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **heart, with just one look at me, with just one jewel** “heart. All you have to do is look at me once or show me just one jewel.” Both the woman’s eyes and her jewelry attract the man to her.
303 4:9 k4ah слово לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:8](./08.md).
304 4:9 vdf7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
305 4:9 laj2 слово לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **necklace** This necklace probably went around her neck many times ([Song of Songs 4:4](./04.md)).
306 4:9 d7n7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово לִבַּבְתִּ֖⁠נִי 0 **You have stolen my heart** This idiom could mean: (1) “My heart now belongs completely to you” or (2) “I strongly desire to make love to you”
4:10 wzb4 מַה 0 **fragrance … perfume** See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md).
4:10 g6qt слово 0 **How beautiful is your love** Alternate translation: “Your love is wonderful”
4:10 td9x слово 0 **How much better is your love than wine** “Your love is much better than wine.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 1:2](../01/01.md).
4:10 ibb8 слово 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md).
4:10 v1gy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
4:10 r5ni слово 0 **spice** dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste
4:10 ts8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis слово 0 **the fragrance of your perfume than any spice** The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “how much better is the fragrance of your perfume than the fragrance of any spice”
4:11 vc6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor נֹ֛פֶת 0 **honey and milk are under your tongue** Because “milk and honey” is a common phrase in the Bible, you should translate literally. Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for: (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. Milk is a metaphor for luxury, owning many things that help people enjoy life. When the woman kisses the man, he enjoys life.
4:11 nyc9 слово 0 **the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon** “the smell of your clothes is like the smell of Lebanon.” Many cedar trees grew in Lebanon. Cedar trees smell very good, so Lebanon would have smelled sweet and fresh.
4:11 fw88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Your lips … drip honey** Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words.
4:12 i5nb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor גַּ֥ן 0 **a spring that is sealed** “a spring with a cover on it.” The spring or well is a metaphor for the woman, and the cover is a metaphor for her being a virgin.
4:12 j45u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **is a garden locked up** “is a garden that no one can enter.” The garden is a metaphor for the woman, and the lock is a metaphor for her still being a virgin.
4:12 nrw6 слово 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md).
4:12 whp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **My sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md). Alternate translation: “My dear” or “My darling”
4:13 i3mi שְׁלָחַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ 0 **a grove** a place where many trees grow together
4:13 dju5 слово 0 **henna** small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md).
4:13 eji6 слово 0 **with choice fruits** Alternate translation: “with the best kinds of fruits”
4:13 uvg6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche слово 0 **Your branches** branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:13 q938 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נְרָדִֽים 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:14 p646 נֵ֣רְדְּ 0 **all the finest spices** Alternate translation: “all the best spices”
4:14 bm3m слово 0 **aloes** a type of large plant that had a very sweet smell
4:14 ujr7 слово 0 **calamus** a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil.
4:14 w1cm слово 0 **cinnamon** a spice made from the bark of a tree that people used for cooking
4:14 kx8c слово 0 **myrrh** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
4:14 dxj9 слово 0 **saffron** a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower
4:14 e6n8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נֵ֣רְדְּ 1 See how you translated the word **nard** in [1:12](../01/12.md).
4:15 t9ch слово 0 **fresh water** water that is good to drink
4:15 zl7c слово 0 **streams flowing down from Lebanon** Because Lebanon had mountains covered with trees, the streams from Lebanon were clean and cool.
4:15 z2an rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַעְיַ֣ן 0 **You are a garden spring** “You are a spring in a garden.” A garden spring gives sweet, clean water that people enjoy drinking. The man enjoys being close to the woman.
4:16 x71g слово 0 **Awake, north wind** Alternate translation: “North wind, start blowing”
4:16 jv5g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification слово 0 **Awake, north wind; come, south wind; blow** The woman speaks to the north wind and the south wind as though they were people. Alternate translation: “I wish the north wind and south wind would come and blow”
4:16 l273 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **blow on my garden** The garden is a metaphor for her body, which she has covered with sweet-smelling oils ([Song of Songs 4:14](./12.md)).
4:16 mbn7 слово 0 **choice fruit** Alternate translation: “wonderful fruit”
4:16 kdi9 ע֤וּרִי 0 **may give off their fragrance** Alternate translation: “may send out their good smells”
4:16 lqh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **May my beloved … choice fruit** The woman is inviting the man to make love to her.
4:16 dp46 слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
5:1 i16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Eat … drink … be drunk with love** Eating and drinking are metaphors for making love. Alternate translation: “Make love … make love … make love until you are fully satisfied”
5:1 f2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **have come into my garden** The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
5:1 m575 слово 0 **I have come** It is clearly the woman’s lover who is speaking.
5:1 psq4 слово 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md).
5:1 tgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
5:1 lgr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּ֣אתִי 0 **myrrh … spice … honeycomb … honey … wine … milk** These are all metaphors for the man enjoying the woman’s body ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md), [Song of Songs 2:4](../02/03.md), [Song of Songs 4:11](../04/10.md), and [Song of Songs 4:14](../04/12.md)).
5:1 sq9d слово 0 **spice** plants that have a strong smell or taste
5:1 zka3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
5:2 biy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **but my heart was awake** The heart is the center of thought and feeling. Alternate translation: “but I could think clearly” or “but I knew what I was feeling”
5:2 yh2r слово 0 **dew** drops of water or mist that form as the night becomes cool
5:2 tk43 אֲנִ֥י 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
5:2 c27j слово 0 **my dove** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md).
5:2 d3gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis слово 0 **my hair with the night’s dampness** The words “is wet” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “my hair is wet with the night’s dampness”
5:2 d52k слово 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
5:2 rx38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
5:2 qjv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Open to me** This could mean: (1) literal, “Open the door for me,” or (2) metaphorical, “Let me make love to you.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
5:2 gaj1 слово 0 **undefiled one** Alternate translation: “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one”
5:2 a7v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fourth part of the book begins here. The young woman uses euphemisms to describe her dream so that it can be interpreted in two different ways: (1) the woman describes a dream about a night when the man came to visit her at her house; and (2) the woman describes a dream about starting to sleep with the man.
5:3 tr8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations слово 0 **“I have taken off my robe … dirty?”** This is what the woman thought to herself when she heard the man speak. ([Song of Songs 5:2](./02.md)). This could be translated with the woman saying that this is what she was thinking, or the woman could just explain the situation and her thoughts as in the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, ‘I have taken off my robe … dirty?’” or “I had taken off my robe and I did not want to put it on again. I had washed my feet and I did not want to get them dirty.”
5:3 r5cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **I have washed my feet** While the word “feet” can be a euphemism for private parts, this probably refers to literal feet. The woman seems more likely to want to make love than to want to refrain from lovemaking because she has just bathed.
5:3 h4w3 слово 0 **must I get them dirty?** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to get them dirty.”
5:3 g6z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **must I put it on again?** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to put it on again.”
5:3 am4r слово 0 **robe** thin linen clothing that people wore on their skin
5:4 nns1 слово 0 **door latch** Alternate translation: “door lock”
5:4 hqn5 слово 0 **My beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover”
5:4 w3ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **My beloved put in his hand through the opening of the door latch** Possible interpretations are: (1) literal, the lover reaches into the house through a hole in the door in order to open the door or (2) euphemisic, they have begun to make love.
5:5 w3k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **I got up to open the door for my beloved** This could mean: (1) literal, the young woman got out of bed in order to let the man into the house, or (2) metaphorical. Alternate translation: “I prepared myself to make love with my beloved”
5:5 q3qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **my hands … my fingers … door handle** While these may be euphemisms for the woman’s and man’s bodies, it is best to translate literally.
5:5 ycr1 слово 0 **with moist myrrh** Alternate translation: “with liquid myrrh”
5:6 b7qk слово 0 **my beloved** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
5:6 z8na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **My heart sank** The heart is a metaphor for the person, and sinking, going down, is a metaphor for becoming weak or sad. Alternate translation: “I was very sad”
5:7 rqq4 слово 0 **as they were making their rounds in the city** “who were walking around the city on the walls.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md).
5:7 h38e слово 0 **cloak** a garment that people wore over the other clothing on their upper body when they went outdoors in public
5:7 v79f слово 0 **found me** found the woman
5:7 zhf3 слово 0 **struck me** Alternate translation: “beat me” or “hit me”
5:7 euu8 слово 0 **the guards on the walls** Alternate translation: “the men who guard the walls”
5:7 a9yk слово 0 **The watchmen** men who have the job of keeping guard of the town at night to keep the people safe. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md).
5:7 q2vt слово 0 **wounded me** Alternate translation: “injured me”
5:8 j8ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe слово 0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
5:8 czu7 слово 0 **I want you to swear** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
5:8 w1ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **my beloved—What will you make known to him?—that I am** The woman uses a question to introduce what she wants the daughters of Jerusalem to tell her beloved. Alternate translation: “my beloved, this is what I want you to say to him: tell him that”
5:8 v5m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **sick from love** She loves the man so strongly that she feels sick.
5:9 zp43 слово 0 **an oath like this** the oath in [Song of Songs 5:8](./08.md)
5:9 eap5 слово 0 **most beautiful among women** “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md).
5:9 rfp3 слово 0 **that you ask us to take an oath like this** Alternate translation: “and causes you to have us take this oath”
5:9 vbc6 слово 0 **Why is your beloved better** Alternate translation: “What makes your beloved better”
5:9 kr5i слово 0 **your beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover”
5:10 xuy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **is radiant and ruddy** This phrase refers to his complexion. Alternate translation: “has radiant and ruddy skin”
5:10 qb4q слово 0 **My beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover”
5:10 hms2 translate-numbers слово 0 **outstanding among ten thousand** “the best of 10,000.” Alternate translation: “better than anyone else” or “no one else is like him.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
5:10 za1u слово 0 **radiant** “is completely healthy” or “is pure.” The man has skin that does not have any problems.
5:10 rgj8 слово 0 **ruddy** a healthy color of the skin that is brownish red
5:11 m1w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **a raven** a bird with very black feathers
5:11 s23z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **His head is the purest gold** The man’s head is as precious to the woman as the purest gold.
5:12 tr46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **bathed in milk** Milk is a metaphor for the whiteness of the doves. Alternate translation: (1) “doves that are white like milk” or (2) milk is a metaphor for the white part of the man’s eyes. Alternate translation: “his pupils are like doves bathing in white milk”
5:12 knr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **doves beside streams of water** Birds that the Israelites considered gentle sitting beside a gently flowing stream are a metaphor for a gentle person.
5:12 m6e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy слово 0 **His eyes are like doves** Translate “eyes are like doves” as in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the woman considers the man’s eyes beautiful because the way the man looks at her makes her think he is gentle. Alternate translation: “His eyes are gentle like doves” or (2) the woman is speaking of the man’s white eyeballs or the shape of his eyes, the shape of a dove.
5:12 qe85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **mounted like jewels** His eyes are beautiful. Jewels that a craftsman has carefully put in place are beautiful.
5:12 xp2d слово 0 **streams of water** Alternate translation: “gently flowing water”
5:13 mtt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **beds of spices** gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. Spices give people pleasure. The man’s body gives the woman pleasure.
5:13 x8c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **dripping liquid myrrh** “that drip with the best myrrh.” His lips are moist and have a wonderful smell like myrrh.
5:13 ip4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **His cheeks … aromatic scents** This explains that his cheeks are like beds of spices because they both give off wonderful smells.
5:13 a4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **His lips are lilies** The woman probably compares his lips with lilies because they are beautiful and smell wonderful.
5:13 t4f1 слово 0 **lilies** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
5:13 mem2 слово 0 **yielding aromatic scents** Alternate translation: “that give off wonderful smells.”
5:14 bg51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **his abdomen is ivory covered with sapphires** “his belly is smooth ivory that has sapphires all over it.” The woman uses this image to say that his belly is beautiful and precious.
5:14 nl6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **His arms are rounded gold set with jewels** “His arms are cylinders of gold that have jewels all over them.” The woman uses this image to say that his arms are beautiful and precious. The first readers would have understood this as a metaphor for the male body part ([Song of Songs 5:3](./03.md)), but this would be difficult to bring out in translation.
5:14 k5ga слово 0 **ivory** the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make smooth and shiny pieces of art.
5:14 ws92 слово 0 **sapphires** valuable stones that are either: (1) blue or (2) clear and either blue or golden
5:15 z75c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **his appearance is like Lebanon** “he looks like Lebanon.” Lebanon was a very beautiful area with many mountains and cedar trees.
5:15 i1xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **His legs are pillars of marble, set on bases of pure gold** Marble and gold are strong and beautiful.
5:15 juu1 слово 0 **marble** a very strong stone that has many different colors and that people polish to make very smooth
5:16 r6zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe слово 0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
5:16 w3vr слово 0 **he is completely lovely** Alternate translation: “every part of him is lovely” or “all of him is lovely”
5:16 sc8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy слово 0 **His mouth is most sweet** The mouth is a metonym for either: (1) the man’s sweet kisses or (2) the sweet words that he says.
5:16 zd7b слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
5:16 pi1a слово 0 **This is my beloved, and this is my friend** The word “This” refers to the man that the woman has just finished describing. Alternate translation: “That is what the one I love is like, and that is what my friend is like”
6:1 ise2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **gone, so that we may seek him with you?** The words “tell us” are understood from the context. They can be stated clearly Alternate translation: “gone? Tell us, so that we can look for him with you.”
6:1 xnv3 слово 0 **In what direction has your beloved gone** Alternate translation: “Which way did your beloved go”
6:1 emy4 слово 0 **most beautiful among women** “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md).
6:1 wr5y слово 0 **your beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover” or “the man you love”
6:1 z4sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fifth part of the book begins here. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6:2 v5x3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **beds of spices** gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:13](../05/13.md).
6:2 st2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **graze** “feeds” or “eats grass.” The woman speaks of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” ([Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md)) that eats plants among the lilies. Grazing is probably a metaphor for lovemaking ([Song of Songs 2:1–2](../02/01.md)). See how you translated “he grazes” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
6:2 gp6q слово 0 **lilies** sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
6:2 vrq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism слово 0 **My beloved has gone down to his garden** The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. See the explanation of this metaphor in [Song of Songs 5:1](../05/01.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
6:2 e94c слово 0 **to gather lilies** Alternate translation: “to pick lilies”
6:2 w7gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **to graze in the garden and to gather lilies** These words are metaphors for the man enjoying her body.
6:3 p4l4 слово 0 **he grazes among the lilies with pleasure** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
6:3 lr7w слово 0 **I am my beloved’s, and my beloved is mine** See how you translated the similar phrase “My beloved is mine, and I am his” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
6:3 z5rf слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
6:4 xk88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **as beautiful as Tirzah, my love, as lovely as Jerusalem** These cities were famous for being beautiful and pleasant to be in. The man thinks the woman is beautiful, and he takes pleasure in being with her.
6:4 rjr5 слово 0 **lovely** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:5](../01/05.md).
6:4 nj8w слово 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
6:4 q66q 0 # General Information:\n\nHere begins Part Five of the book
6:5 lbz1 слово 0 **Your hair … from the slopes of Gilead** Translate “Your hair … from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
6:6 j4u3 слово 0 **bereaved** lost a loved one who has died. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 j7se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **coming up from the washing place** The ewes are coming up out of the water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
6:6 x7hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Each one has a twin** Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lamb usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 s4qj слово 0 **none among them is bereaved** Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:6 lxi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your teeth are like a flock of ewes** After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. See how “Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes” is translated in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
6:7 zid1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **are like pomegranate halves** Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy”
6:7 z88b слово 0 **behind your veil** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
6:9 al8y слово 0 **called her blessed** Alternate translation: “said that things had gone especially well for her”
6:9 a2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **My dove** The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “You beautiful woman”
6:9 dk9e слово 0 **my undefiled** “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:2](../05/02.md).
6:9 tej6 слово 0 **the woman who bore her** “the woman who gave birth to her.” This phrase refers to her mother.
6:9 wmx6 слово 0 **young women … queens … concubines** the women spoken of in [Song of Songs 6:8](./08.md).
6:10 vb8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners** See how you translated the similar phrase “terrifying like bannered armies” in [6:4](../06/04.md).
6:10 y3dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **who appears like the dawn** The dawn is beautiful. The woman is beautiful. Alternate translation: “who comes into view like the dawn”
6:10 g6e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **Who is this who appears like the dawn … banners?** They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. Alternate translation: “This is an amazing woman! She comes into view like the dawn … banners!”
6:10 cw4k 0 # General Information:\n\nThe ULT understands this to be what the queens and the concubines said about the woman. However, some versions understand these to be the words of the man.
6:11 xmc2 слово 0 **grove** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:13](../04/12.md).
6:11 qw4q слово 0 **had budded** “had grown their buds.” Buds are the small round parts of plants which open up into flowers.
6:11 w8xh слово 0 **were in bloom** Alternate translation: “were opening their flowers”
6:11 vs9r слово 0 **young growth** Alternate translation: “young plants” or “new shoots”
6:12 lt9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **I was so happy that I felt I was riding in the chariot of a prince** The man uses this image to express how happy he is.
6:13 c258 слово 0 **gaze** look intently for a long time
6:13 sm5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns слово 0 **Turn back … gaze on you** Possible meanings here are: (1) the friends are speaking to the woman or (2) the man is referring to himself in plural.
6:13 x9hk слово 0 **Turn back, turn back** “Come back, come back.” This is repeated for emphasis.
6:13 za54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns слово 0 **we may gaze** Some versions understand the plural to refer to the man speaking of himself. Alternate translation: “I may gaze”
6:13 e2bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns слово 0 **Why do you gaze on the perfect woman … armies** Possible meanings here are: (1) the woman refers to herself as another person and is speaking to the friends or (2) the woman is speaking to the man as if he were many men.
6:13 u681 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is 7:1, the first verse of chapter seven, in some versions. The ULT understands this to be the friends and the woman talking to each other. Some versions understand this to be the man speaking to the woman.
7:1 k8va слово 0 **prince’s daughter** Another possible interpretation is “you who have a noble character.”
7:1 e9bd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **The curves of your thighs are like jewels** The shape of the woman’s thighs remind the speaker of a beautiful precious stone that a skilled workman has carved. Alternate translation: “The curves of your thighs are beautiful like the beautiful curves of jewel that a skilled craftsman has made”
7:1 fc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche слово 0 **the work of the hands of a master craftsman** The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the work of a master craftsman” or “something that a master craftsman has made”
7:1 z7jk 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is 7:2, the second verse of chapter seven, in some versions.
7:2 ah1p слово 0 **a mound of wheat** This is a pile of the grains of wheat after people remove the parts of it that they do not use.
7:2 cz8d слово 0 **encircled with lilies** Alternate translation: “with lilies all around it”
7:2 ue5r слово 0 **lilies** sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
7:2 n59p слово 0 **may it never lack mixed wine** People used large bowls to mix wine with water or spices at feasts. Drinking wine is a metaphor for enjoying beauty. The litotes can be translated as a positive. Alternate translation: “may it always contain mixed wine” or “may I always enjoy its beauty” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
7:2 dp5a слово 0 **navel** the spot on the stomach left from the cord that attaches a baby to its mother
7:2 w6nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your belly is like a mound of wheat** People thought that the color of wheat was the most beautiful color of skin and that round piles of wheat were beautiful. Alternate translation: “Your belly has a beautiful color and is round like a pile of wheat”
7:2 q8fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your belly is like a mound of wheat encircled with lilies** The Israelites thought mounds of wheat and lilies were pleasant to look at. Much wheat was a sign that there would be much food to eat. They threshed wheat in high, dry places, and lilies grow in low, wet places, so this simile combines beautiful sights that people would not usually see at the same time.
7:2 u88e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your navel is like a round bowl** A bowl is round. The woman’s navel is round.
7:3 wr8t слово 0 **gazelle**
7:3 jw6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **two breasts** See how you translated this in [4:5](../04/05.md).
7:4 b1sy слово 0 **a tower of ivory** Alternate translation: “a tower that people have decorated with ivory”
7:4 r1vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names слово 0 **Bath Rabbim** This is the name of a city.
7:4 md6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names слово 0 **Heshbon** This is the name of a city east of the Jordan River
7:4 xgt7 слово 0 **ivory** the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make art and to make things look beautiful.
7:4 a4vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **nose is like the tower in Lebanon** A tower is tall and straight, and her nose is tall and straight.
7:4 s23k слово 0 **that looks toward Damascus** Alternate translation: “facing toward Damascus”
7:4 h4ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **your eyes are the pools in Heshbon** The woman’s eyes are spoken of as if they are clear pools of water. Pools of water are clear and sparkle in the sunlight and so are pleasant to look at. The woman’s eyes are clear and sparkle and so are pleasant to look at. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “your eyes are as clear as the pools in Heshbon” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
7:4 uv17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your neck is like a tower of ivory** A tower is long and straight. Ivory is white. The woman’s neck is long and straight, and her skin is light in color.
7:5 sr83 слово 0 **dark purple** Other possible translations are: (1) “dark black” or (2) “dark red.”
7:5 hkk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive слово 0 **The king is held captive by its tresses** This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your hair that hangs down is so beautiful that the king is not able to stop admiring it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
7:5 l5e5 слово 0 **tresses** the clusters of hair that hang down from a woman’s head
7:5 jn22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 1
7:6 hqx3 слово 0 **my love, with delights** Alternate translation: “my love. You delight me”
7:7 f6me слово 0 **date palm tree** a tall, straight tree that produces a sweet, brown, and sticky fruit that grows in groups
7:7 jr1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **your breasts like clusters of fruit** The dates on a palm tree grow soft and round in large bunches that hang from the tree just below the branches, which are all at the top. The woman’s breasts are soft and round and are just lower than her arms.
7:7 jy1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Your height is like that of a date palm tree** “You stand up like a date palm tree.” Date palm trees are tall and straight, and their branches are only at the top, with the fruit under the branches.
7:8 f9is слово 0 **apricots** sweet yellow fruit
7:8 p7ge слово 0 **I said** “I thought” or “I said to myself.” The man said this silently.
7:8 zfb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **may the fragrance of your nose be like apricots** The word “nose” is a metonym for the breath coming out of the nose. Alternate translation: “may the breath coming from your nose smell sweet like apricots”
7:9 rq12 слово 0 **flowing smoothly for my beloved** “that flows smoothly for the one I love.” The man enjoys the smooth kisses of the woman.
7:9 ed64 слово 0 **gliding over the lips of those who sleep** Alternate translation: “that flows over our lips as we sleep”
7:9 yrg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **May your palate be like the best wine** The palate is a metonym for the lips. Wine tastes good. The man wants to kiss the woman’s lips. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
7:10 a143 слово 0 **he desires me** Alternate translation: “he wants to make love to me” or “he wants me”
7:10 k7zq слово 0 **I am my beloved’s** See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 6:3](../06/01.md).
7:10 j44v слово 0 **my beloved’s** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one’s” or “my lover’s”
7:11 bhr6 слово 0 **spend the night in the villages** Though the words here translated “spends the night” and “villages” appear together in [Song of Songs 1:13–14](../01/12.md) as “spends the night” and “henna flowers,” and the context both here and there is lovemaking, the ULT chooses this reading because the immediate metaphor is of the man and woman sleeping in the village, rising in the morning, and going out into the vineyards. The word for “henna plants” and the word for “villages” sound exactly the same.
7:12 ukd9 слово 0 **are in flower** Alternate translation: “have flowers open on the plant”
7:12 r952 слово 0 **blossoms** flowers when they are open
7:12 cs6n слово 0 **have budded** Alternate translation: “have begun to bloom”
7:12 q3a4 слово 0 **I will give you my love** Alternate translation: “I will make love with you”
7:12 iii6 слово 0 **rise early** Alternate translation: “get up early” or “wake up early”
7:13 c2ah слово 0 **are all sorts of choice fruits, new and old** Alternate translation: “is every kind of the best fruit, both old fruit and new fruit”
7:13 xbk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **at the door** The doors belong to their house. Alternate translation: “above the entrances of our house” or “by the doors of our house”
7:13 alp4 слово 0 **give off their fragrance** Alternate translation: “produce their scent” or “smell very nice”
7:13 v61b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown слово 0 **mandrakes** This is the name of plants that give off a strong but pleasant scent. The scent is slightly intoxicating and stimulating, which increases the desire to make love.
7:13 h8r2 слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
7:13 jsb8 слово 0 **stored up for you** Alternate translation: “saved so I can give to you”
8:1 zyd6 слово 0 **I could kiss you** A woman would probably kiss her brother on his cheek order to greet him.
8:1 ec82 слово 0 **would despise me** Alternate translation: “would think that I am a bad person”
8:1 v5fh слово 0 **you outside** Alternate translation: “you in public”
8:1 dp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **you were like my brother** A woman could show affection for her brother in public. This woman wanted to be able to show affection for the man in public.
8:1 me7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
8:2 s68s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **I would give you spiced wine to drink and some of the juice of my pomegranates** The woman uses these images to say that she will give herself to the man and make love with him.
8:3 v65k слово 0 **embraces me** Alternate translation: “holds me”
8:3 s92v слово 0 **His left hand … embraces me** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:6](../02/05.md).
8:3 e5cp слово 0 **left hand … right hand** Alternate translation: “left arm … right arm”
8:4 rk33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe слово 0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
8:4 z8a4 слово 0 **I want you to swear** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md)
8:4 qg8i слово 0 **that you will … until it pleases** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
8:5 p4rr слово 0 **I awakened you** Alternate translation: “I woke you up” or “I aroused you”
8:5 d4ub слово 0 **she delivered you** Alternate translation: “she bore you”
8:5 zfa2 слово 0 **the apricot tree** a tree that produces a small yellow fruit that is very sweet. If your readers will not know what this is, you could use the word for another fruit tree or the general word “fruit tree.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:3](../02/03.md).
8:5 g9tp слово 0 **there** under the apricot tree
8:5 xxv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **Who is this who is coming up** They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. A similar phrase was translated in [Song of Songs 6:10](../06/10.md). Alternate translation: “Look at this amazing woman as she comes up”
8:5 a5w5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fifth part of the book begins here.
8:6 tci8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **as unrelenting as Sheol** “as tough as Sheol.” Sheol never allows people to come back to life after they have already died. Love is as persistent as Sheol because it never changes.
8:6 tw71 слово 0 **burst out** Alternate translation: “burn suddenly”
8:6 yzj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **for love is as strong as death** Death is very strong because it overcomes even the most powerful people of the world.
8:6 fvz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **its flames burst out … any other fire** Love is very powerful like fire.
8:6 jr5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **Set me as a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm** This could mean: (1) because seals were very important, people always kept them around their neck or on their hand. The woman wants to be with the man constantly like a seal, or (2) a seal shows who owns the thing that has the seal on it, and the woman wants herself as the seal on the man’s heart and arm to show that all of his thoughts, emotions, and actions belong to her. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
8:7 l4u3 слово 0 **all the possessions in his house** Alternate translation: “everything he owns”
8:7 dd1i слово 0 **cannot quench** Alternate translation: “cannot extinguish” or “cannot put out”
8:7 dju9 слово 0 **floods** In Israel, water from the rain flows into deep and narrow valleys. This creates a flood of water so powerful that it can move huge boulders and trees.
8:7 n3pn слово 0 **for love** Alternate translation: “in order to get love” or “in order to buy love”
8:7 g5ja слово 0 **gave** offered to give
8:7 e1ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **nor can floods sweep it away** Love never changes and always stays the same so it is like something that not even a powerful flood can move.
8:7 j6mc слово 0 **Surging waters** Alternate translation: “Oceans of water” or “Huge amounts of water”
8:7 baf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **Surging waters cannot quench love** Love is so strong that it is like a fire that is so hot that it cannot be put out even with an ocean full of water.
8:7 kqk9 слово 0 **sweep it away** Alternate translation: “carry it away” or “wash it away”
8:7 jwh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The author is using a hypothetical situation to illustrate a truth. Alternate translation: “Even if a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love,\nthey will utterly despise him” or “Suppose a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love, they will utterly despise him”
8:8 au5a слово 0 **little sister** Alternate translation: “young sister”
8:8 t852 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion слово 0 **What can we do … in marriage?** The speaker uses this question to introduce what he wants to say. Alternate translation: “This is what we will do … in marriage.”
8:9 x3j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **If she is a wall … If she is a door** The little sister ([Song of Songs 8:8](./08.md)) has very small breasts that either have not grown or are very small.
8:9 am5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **we will build on her a tower of silver … we will adorn her with boards of cedar** The brothers decide to decorate the little sister with silver and cedar, symbols of riches, so that she will be more likely to attract a good husband.
8:9 cnw3 слово 0 **will adorn her** Alternate translation: “will decorate her”
8:9 mpf5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe young woman’s brothers continue to speak among themselves.
8:10 b5uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit слово 0 **brings peace** You may need to make explicit to whom the woman brings peace. Alternate translation: “brings him peace”
8:10 rll2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy слово 0 **I am in his eyes as one** Here eyes are a metonym for judgment or value. Alternate translation: “I am in his judgment as one” or “he thinks of me as one”
8:10 n2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **I was a wall** The phrase **I was a wall** is a metaphor.
8:10 mc78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile слово 0 **my breasts are now like fortress towers** Fortress towers are tall.
8:10 hi47 слово 0 **peace** Alternate translation: “well-being”
8:11 x2c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names слово 0 **Baal Hamon** This is the name of a town in the northern part of Israel.
8:11 h77m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis слово 0 **Each one was to bring a thousand shekels of silver for its fruit** It may be helpful to state that this payment was for the fruit of the vineyard. Alternate translation: “Each man was supposed to give Solomon a thousand shekels as payment for the fruit of the vineyard”
8:11 mz3u слово 0 **gave the vineyard** leased, agreed to let other people pay him so they could grow grapes in the vineyard
8:11 e3jp слово 0 **shekels** Alternate translation: “coins”
8:11 mm2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe слово 0 **Solomon** Some versions understand the woman to be speaking directly to Solomon. Others understand her to be speaking in an apostrophe to her friends, to the man, or to herself.
8:11 t2dp translate-numbers слово 0 **to bring a thousand shekels of silver** “to bring 1,000 shekels of silver.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
8:11 b1b3 слово 0 **to those who would maintain it** Alternate translation: “to people who would take care of it”
8:11 tt74 0 # General Information:\n\nPossible interpretations: (1) The woman contrasts the way she wants to give herself to the man, who will give her his love, to the way Solomon leases out his vineyard to those who will give him money. (2) The man contrasts the woman, whom he will not give to another man, to Solomon’s vineyard, which he gave to other men.
8:12 gc75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom слово 0 **is before me** This is an idiom that means the a person has the right to do what they want with something. Alternate translation: “is at my disposal” or “is mine to do with as I desire”
8:12 za66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **My vineyard, my very own** The woman refers to herself as a vineyard, as in [Song of Songs 1:6](../01/05.md). Here she emphasizes that she and no one else will decide what she does with the “vineyard.”
8:12 tl1c слово 0 **the thousand shekels are for you, Solomon** The woman knows that Solomon has leased out the vineyard so he can get money, but she does not want money.
8:12 t7u1 слово 0 **the two hundred shekels** The speaker has not mentioned these before, but the hearer would understand that she is speaking of the money that those who worked the vineyard would have left for their own after they paid Solomon.
8:13 ew6z слово 0 **let me hear it** Alternate translation: “let me hear your voice.”
8:13 zm5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy слово 0 **listening for your voice** The voice is a metonym for what the person says. If your language has a word for thinking only of what one is listening for, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “waiting to hear you start speaking” or “waiting to hear what you have to say”
8:13 dp6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you слово 0 **You who live** The man is speaking to the woman, so “you” and “live” are feminine singular.
8:14 yhn7 слово 0 **gazelle** a type of slender deer-like animal with long curved horns
8:14 zh44 слово 0 **like a gazelle or a young stag** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:9](../02/08.md).
8:14 vrp7 слово 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
8:14 gp9l слово 0 **stag** an adult male deer
8:14 mqx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor слово 0 **the mountains of spices** “the mountains that have spices all over them.” The woman uses this metaphor to invite the man to make love to her. See how the man uses the metaphor of a mountain of myrrh and a hill of frankincense in [Song of Songs 4:6](../04/06.md).
1:intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 1 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Love and affection\n\nThis chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “I am dark”\nIn the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger.
2:intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 2 General Notes\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nWomen are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Euphemisms\n\nIt is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
3:intro t72h 0 # Song of Songs 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Longing\n\nThis chapter describes a feeling of longing, or the waiting in anticipation of the one you love. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
307 4:intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 4 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
308 5:1 i16q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּ֣אתִי 0 **Eat … drink … be drunk with love** Eating and drinking are metaphors for making love. Alternate translation: “Make love … make love … make love until you are fully satisfied”
309 5:1 f2qr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בָּ֣אתִי 0 **have come into my garden** The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
310 5:1 m575 בָּ֣אתִי 0 **I have come** It is clearly the woman’s lover who is speaking.
311 5:1 psq4 בָּ֣אתִי 0 **my bride** This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md).
312 5:1 tgd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בָּ֣אתִי 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
313 5:1 lgr1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בָּ֣אתִי 0 **myrrh … spice … honeycomb … honey … wine … milk** These are all metaphors for the man enjoying the woman’s body ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md), [Song of Songs 2:4](../02/03.md), [Song of Songs 4:11](../04/10.md), and [Song of Songs 4:14](../04/12.md)).
314 5:1 sq9d בָּ֣אתִי 0 **spice** plants that have a strong smell or taste
315 5:1 zka3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
316 5:10 xuy2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **is radiant and ruddy** This phrase refers to his complexion. Alternate translation: “has radiant and ruddy skin”
317 5:10 qb4q דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **My beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover”
318 5:10 hms2 translate-numbers דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **outstanding among ten thousand** “the best of 10,000.” Alternate translation: “better than anyone else” or “no one else is like him.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
319 5:10 za1u דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **radiant** “is completely healthy” or “is pure.” The man has skin that does not have any problems.
320 5:10 rgj8 דּוֹדִ֥⁠י  0 **ruddy** a healthy color of the skin that is brownish red
321 5:11 m1w4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ  0 **a raven** a bird with very black feathers
322 5:11 s23z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ  0 **His head is the purest gold** The man’s head is as precious to the woman as the purest gold.
323 5:12 tr46 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **bathed in milk** Milk is a metaphor for the whiteness of the doves. Alternate translation: (1) “doves that are white like milk” or (2) milk is a metaphor for the white part of the man’s eyes. Alternate translation: “his pupils are like doves bathing in white milk”
324 5:12 knr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **doves beside streams of water** Birds that the Israelites considered gentle sitting beside a gently flowing stream are a metaphor for a gentle person.
325 5:12 m6e7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **His eyes are like doves** Translate “eyes are like doves” as in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the woman considers the man’s eyes beautiful because the way the man looks at her makes her think he is gentle. Alternate translation: “His eyes are gentle like doves” or (2) the woman is speaking of the man’s white eyeballs or the shape of his eyes, the shape of a dove.
326 5:12 qe85 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **mounted like jewels** His eyes are beautiful. Jewels that a craftsman has carefully put in place are beautiful.
327 5:12 xp2d עֵינָ֕י⁠ו  0 **streams of water** Alternate translation: “gently flowing water”
328 5:13 mtt8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **beds of spices** gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. Spices give people pleasure. The man’s body gives the woman pleasure.
329 5:13 x8c2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **dripping liquid myrrh** “that drip with the best myrrh.” His lips are moist and have a wonderful smell like myrrh.
330 5:13 ip4j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **His cheeks … aromatic scents** This explains that his cheeks are like beds of spices because they both give off wonderful smells.
331 5:13 a4hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **His lips are lilies** The woman probably compares his lips with lilies because they are beautiful and smell wonderful.
332 5:13 t4f1 לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **lilies** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
333 5:13 mem2 לְחָיָ⁠ו֙  0 **yielding aromatic scents** Alternate translation: “that give off wonderful smells.”
334 5:14 bg51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָדָי⁠ו֙  0 **his abdomen is ivory covered with sapphires** “his belly is smooth ivory that has sapphires all over it.” The woman uses this image to say that his belly is beautiful and precious.
335 5:14 nl6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יָדָי⁠ו֙  0 **His arms are rounded gold set with jewels** “His arms are cylinders of gold that have jewels all over them.” The woman uses this image to say that his arms are beautiful and precious. The first readers would have understood this as a metaphor for the male body part ([Song of Songs 5:3](./03.md)), but this would be difficult to bring out in translation.
336 5:14 k5ga יָדָי⁠ו֙  0 **ivory** the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make smooth and shiny pieces of art.
337 5:14 ws92 יָדָי⁠ו֙  0 **sapphires** valuable stones that are either: (1) blue or (2) clear and either blue or golden
338 5:15 z75c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙  0 **his appearance is like Lebanon** “he looks like Lebanon.” Lebanon was a very beautiful area with many mountains and cedar trees.
339 5:15 i1xz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙  0 **His legs are pillars of marble, set on bases of pure gold** Marble and gold are strong and beautiful.
340 5:15 juu1 שׁוֹקָי⁠ו֙  0 **marble** a very strong stone that has many different colors and that people polish to make very smooth
341 5:16 r6zc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
342 5:16 w3vr חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **he is completely lovely** Alternate translation: “every part of him is lovely” or “all of him is lovely”
343 5:16 sc8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **His mouth is most sweet** The mouth is a metonym for either: (1) the man’s sweet kisses or (2) the sweet words that he says.
344 5:16 zd7b חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
345 5:16 pi1a חִכּ⁠וֹ֙  0 **This is my beloved, and this is my friend** The word “This” refers to the man that the woman has just finished describing. Alternate translation: “That is what the one I love is like, and that is what my friend is like”
346 5:2 biy3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲנִ֥י 0 **but my heart was awake** The heart is the center of thought and feeling. Alternate translation: “but I could think clearly” or “but I knew what I was feeling”
347 5:2 yh2r אֲנִ֥י 0 **dew** drops of water or mist that form as the night becomes cool
348 5:2 tk43 אֲנִ֥י 0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
349 5:2 c27j אֲנִ֥י 0 **my dove** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md).
350 5:2 d3gt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis אֲנִ֥י 0 **my hair with the night’s dampness** The words “is wet” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “my hair is wet with the night’s dampness”
351 5:2 d52k אֲנִ֥י 0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
352 5:2 rx38 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֲנִ֥י 0 **my sister** This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling”
353 5:2 qjv8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִ֥י 0 **Open to me** This could mean: (1) literal, “Open the door for me,” or (2) metaphorical, “Let me make love to you.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
354 5:2 gaj1 אֲנִ֥י 0 **undefiled one** Alternate translation: “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one”
355 5:2 a7v6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fourth part of the book begins here. The young woman uses euphemisms to describe her dream so that it can be interpreted in two different ways: (1) the woman describes a dream about a night when the man came to visit her at her house; and (2) the woman describes a dream about starting to sleep with the man.
356 5:3 tr8w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **“I have taken off my robe … dirty?”** This is what the woman thought to herself when she heard the man speak. ([Song of Songs 5:2](./02.md)). This could be translated with the woman saying that this is what she was thinking, or the woman could just explain the situation and her thoughts as in the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, ‘I have taken off my robe … dirty?’” or “I had taken off my robe and I did not want to put it on again. I had washed my feet and I did not want to get them dirty.”
357 5:3 r5cm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **I have washed my feet** While the word “feet” can be a euphemism for private parts, this probably refers to literal feet. The woman seems more likely to want to make love than to want to refrain from lovemaking because she has just bathed.
358 5:3 h4w3 פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **must I get them dirty?** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to get them dirty.”
359 5:3 g6z2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **must I put it on again?** If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to put it on again.”
360 5:3 am4r פָּשַׁ֨טְתִּי֙  0 **robe** thin linen clothing that people wore on their skin
361 5:4 nns1 דּוֹדִ֗⁠י  0 **door latch** Alternate translation: “door lock”
362 5:4 hqn5 דּוֹדִ֗⁠י  0 **My beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover”
363 5:4 w3ff rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism דּוֹדִ֗⁠י  0 **My beloved put in his hand through the opening of the door latch** Possible interpretations are: (1) literal, the lover reaches into the house through a hole in the door in order to open the door or (2) euphemisic, they have begun to make love.
364 5:5 w3k2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor קַ֥מְתִּֽי  0 **I got up to open the door for my beloved** This could mean: (1) literal, the young woman got out of bed in order to let the man into the house, or (2) metaphorical. Alternate translation: “I prepared myself to make love with my beloved”
365 5:5 q3qx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism קַ֥מְתִּֽי  0 **my hands … my fingers … door handle** While these may be euphemisms for the woman’s and man’s bodies, it is best to translate literally.
366 5:5 ycr1 קַ֥מְתִּֽי  0 **with moist myrrh** Alternate translation: “with liquid myrrh”
367 5:6 b7qk פָּתַ֤חְתִּֽי  0 **my beloved** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md).
368 5:6 z8na rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor פָּתַ֤חְתִּֽי  0 **My heart sank** The heart is a metaphor for the person, and sinking, going down, is a metaphor for becoming weak or sad. Alternate translation: “I was very sad”
369 5:7 rqq4 מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **as they were making their rounds in the city** “who were walking around the city on the walls.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md).
370 5:7 h38e מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **cloak** a garment that people wore over the other clothing on their upper body when they went outdoors in public
371 5:7 v79f מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **found me** found the woman
372 5:7 zhf3 מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **struck me** Alternate translation: “beat me” or “hit me”
373 5:7 euu8 מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **the guards on the walls** Alternate translation: “the men who guard the walls”
374 5:7 a9yk מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **The watchmen** men who have the job of keeping guard of the town at night to keep the people safe. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md).
375 5:7 q2vt מְצָאֻ֧⁠נִי  0 **wounded me** Alternate translation: “injured me”
376 5:8 j8ub rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
377 5:8 czu7 הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **I want you to swear** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
378 5:8 w1ul rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **my beloved—What will you make known to him?—that I am** The woman uses a question to introduce what she wants the daughters of Jerusalem to tell her beloved. Alternate translation: “my beloved, this is what I want you to say to him: tell him that”
379 5:8 v5m3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **sick from love** She loves the man so strongly that she feels sick.
380 5:9 zp43 מַה 0 **an oath like this** the oath in [Song of Songs 5:8](./08.md)
381 5:9 eap5 מַה 0 **most beautiful among women** “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md).
382 5:9 rfp3 מַה 0 **that you ask us to take an oath like this** Alternate translation: “and causes you to have us take this oath”
383 5:9 vbc6 מַה 0 **Why is your beloved better** Alternate translation: “What makes your beloved better”
384 5:9 kr5i מַה 0 **your beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover”
385 5:intro kdw4 0 # Song of Songs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nVerses 2–7 describe a dream the woman had.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### “My sister, my bride”\nThe woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite.
386 6:1 ise2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אָ֚נָה  0 **gone, so that we may seek him with you?** The words “tell us” are understood from the context. They can be stated clearly Alternate translation: “gone? Tell us, so that we can look for him with you.”
387 6:1 xnv3 אָ֚נָה  0 **In what direction has your beloved gone** Alternate translation: “Which way did your beloved go”
388 6:1 emy4 אָ֚נָה  0 **most beautiful among women** “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md).
389 6:1 wr5y אָ֚נָה  0 **your beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover” or “the man you love”
390 6:1 z4sf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fifth part of the book begins here. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
391 6:10 vb8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מִי 0 **as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners** See how you translated the similar phrase “terrifying like bannered armies” in [6:4](../06/04.md).
392 6:10 y3dp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מִי 0 **who appears like the dawn** The dawn is beautiful. The woman is beautiful. Alternate translation: “who comes into view like the dawn”
393 6:10 g6e9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִי 0 **Who is this who appears like the dawn … banners?** They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. Alternate translation: “This is an amazing woman! She comes into view like the dawn … banners!”
394 6:10 cw4k 0 # General Information:\n\nThe ULT understands this to be what the queens and the concubines said about the woman. However, some versions understand these to be the words of the man.
395 6:11 xmc2 אֶל 0 **grove** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:13](../04/12.md).
396 6:11 qw4q אֶל 0 **had budded** “had grown their buds.” Buds are the small round parts of plants which open up into flowers.
397 6:11 w8xh אֶל 0 **were in bloom** Alternate translation: “were opening their flowers”
398 6:11 vs9r אֶל 0 **young growth** Alternate translation: “young plants” or “new shoots”
399 6:12 lt9y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile לֹ֣א  0 **I was so happy that I felt I was riding in the chariot of a prince** The man uses this image to express how happy he is.
400 6:13 c258 שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **gaze** look intently for a long time
401 6:13 sm5j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **Turn back … gaze on you** Possible meanings here are: (1) the friends are speaking to the woman or (2) the man is referring to himself in plural.
402 6:13 x9hk שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **Turn back, turn back** “Come back, come back.” This is repeated for emphasis.
403 6:13 za54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **we may gaze** Some versions understand the plural to refer to the man speaking of himself. Alternate translation: “I may gaze”
404 6:13 e2bm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns שׁ֤וּבִי  0 **Why do you gaze on the perfect woman … armies** Possible meanings here are: (1) the woman refers to herself as another person and is speaking to the friends or (2) the woman is speaking to the man as if he were many men.
405 6:13 u681 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is 7:1, the first verse of chapter seven, in some versions. The ULT understands this to be the friends and the woman talking to each other. Some versions understand this to be the man speaking to the woman.
406 6:2 v5x3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **beds of spices** gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:13](../05/13.md).
407 6:2 st2n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **graze** “feeds” or “eats grass.” The woman speaks of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” ([Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md)) that eats plants among the lilies. Grazing is probably a metaphor for lovemaking ([Song of Songs 2:1–2](../02/01.md)). See how you translated “he grazes” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
408 6:2 gp6q דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **lilies** sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
409 6:2 vrq9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **My beloved has gone down to his garden** The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. See the explanation of this metaphor in [Song of Songs 5:1](../05/01.md). (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
410 6:2 e94c דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **to gather lilies** Alternate translation: “to pick lilies”
411 6:2 w7gn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor דּוֹדִ⁠י֙  0 **to graze in the garden and to gather lilies** These words are metaphors for the man enjoying her body.
412 6:3 p4l4 אֲנִ֤י  0 **he grazes among the lilies with pleasure** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
413 6:3 lr7w אֲנִ֤י  0 **I am my beloved’s, and my beloved is mine** See how you translated the similar phrase “My beloved is mine, and I am his” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md).
414 6:3 z5rf אֲנִ֤י  0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
415 6:4 xk88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile יָפָ֨ה  0 **as beautiful as Tirzah, my love, as lovely as Jerusalem** These cities were famous for being beautiful and pleasant to be in. The man thinks the woman is beautiful, and he takes pleasure in being with her.
416 6:4 rjr5 יָפָ֨ה  0 **lovely** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:5](../01/05.md).
417 6:4 nj8w יָפָ֨ה  0 **my love** “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md).
418 6:4 q66q 0 # General Information:\n\nHere begins Part Five of the book
419 6:5 lbz1 הָסֵ֤בִּי  0 **Your hair … from the slopes of Gilead** Translate “Your hair … from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
420 6:6 j4u3 שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **bereaved** lost a loved one who has died. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
421 6:6 j7se rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **coming up from the washing place** The ewes are coming up out of the water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them”
422 6:6 x7hr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Each one has a twin** Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lamb usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
423 6:6 s4qj שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **none among them is bereaved** Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
424 6:6 lxi1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׁנַּ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Your teeth are like a flock of ewes** After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. See how “Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes” is translated in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md).
425 6:7 zid1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כְּ⁠פֶ֤לַח  0 **are like pomegranate halves** Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy”
426 6:7 z88b כְּ⁠פֶ֤לַח  0 **behind your veil** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md).
427 6:9 al8y אַחַ֥ת  0 **called her blessed** Alternate translation: “said that things had gone especially well for her”
428 6:9 a2hh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אַחַ֥ת  0 **My dove** The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “You beautiful woman”
429 6:9 dk9e אַחַ֥ת  0 **my undefiled** “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:2](../05/02.md).
430 6:9 tej6 אַחַ֥ת  0 **the woman who bore her** “the woman who gave birth to her.” This phrase refers to her mother.
431 6:9 wmx6 אַחַ֥ת  0 **young women … queens … concubines** the women spoken of in [Song of Songs 6:8](./08.md).
432 6:intro fa9a 0 # Song of Songs 6 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Metaphors\n\nIn the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
433 7:1 k8va מַה 0 **prince’s daughter** Another possible interpretation is “you who have a noble character.”
434 7:1 e9bd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מַה 0 **The curves of your thighs are like jewels** The shape of the woman’s thighs remind the speaker of a beautiful precious stone that a skilled workman has carved. Alternate translation: “The curves of your thighs are beautiful like the beautiful curves of jewel that a skilled craftsman has made”
435 7:1 fc12 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מַה 0 **the work of the hands of a master craftsman** The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the work of a master craftsman” or “something that a master craftsman has made”
436 7:1 z7jk 0 # General Information:\n\nThis is 7:2, the second verse of chapter seven, in some versions.
437 7:10 a143 אֲנִ֣י  0 **he desires me** Alternate translation: “he wants to make love to me” or “he wants me”
438 7:10 k7zq אֲנִ֣י  0 **I am my beloved’s** See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 6:3](../06/01.md).
439 7:10 j44v אֲנִ֣י  0 **my beloved’s** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one’s” or “my lover’s”
440 7:11 bhr6 לְכָ֤⁠ה  0 **spend the night in the villages** Though the words here translated “spends the night” and “villages” appear together in [Song of Songs 1:13–14](../01/12.md) as “spends the night” and “henna flowers,” and the context both here and there is lovemaking, the ULT chooses this reading because the immediate metaphor is of the man and woman sleeping in the village, rising in the morning, and going out into the vineyards. The word for “henna plants” and the word for “villages” sound exactly the same.
441 7:12 ukd9 נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **are in flower** Alternate translation: “have flowers open on the plant”
442 7:12 r952 נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **blossoms** flowers when they are open
443 7:12 cs6n נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **have budded** Alternate translation: “have begun to bloom”
444 7:12 q3a4 נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **I will give you my love** Alternate translation: “I will make love with you”
445 7:12 iii6 נַשְׁכִּ֨ימָה֙  0 **rise early** Alternate translation: “get up early” or “wake up early”
446 7:13 c2ah הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **are all sorts of choice fruits, new and old** Alternate translation: “is every kind of the best fruit, both old fruit and new fruit”
447 7:13 xbk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **at the door** The doors belong to their house. Alternate translation: “above the entrances of our house” or “by the doors of our house”
448 7:13 alp4 הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **give off their fragrance** Alternate translation: “produce their scent” or “smell very nice”
449 7:13 v61b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **mandrakes** This is the name of plants that give off a strong but pleasant scent. The scent is slightly intoxicating and stimulating, which increases the desire to make love.
450 7:13 h8r2 הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
451 7:13 jsb8 הַֽ⁠דּוּדָאִ֣ים  0 **stored up for you** Alternate translation: “saved so I can give to you”
452 7:2 ah1p שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **a mound of wheat** This is a pile of the grains of wheat after people remove the parts of it that they do not use.
453 7:2 cz8d שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **encircled with lilies** Alternate translation: “with lilies all around it”
454 7:2 ue5r שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **lilies** sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md).
455 7:2 n59p שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **may it never lack mixed wine** People used large bowls to mix wine with water or spices at feasts. Drinking wine is a metaphor for enjoying beauty. The litotes can be translated as a positive. Alternate translation: “may it always contain mixed wine” or “may I always enjoy its beauty” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
456 7:2 dp5a שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **navel** the spot on the stomach left from the cord that attaches a baby to its mother
457 7:2 w6nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Your belly is like a mound of wheat** People thought that the color of wheat was the most beautiful color of skin and that round piles of wheat were beautiful. Alternate translation: “Your belly has a beautiful color and is round like a pile of wheat”
458 7:2 q8fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Your belly is like a mound of wheat encircled with lilies** The Israelites thought mounds of wheat and lilies were pleasant to look at. Much wheat was a sign that there would be much food to eat. They threshed wheat in high, dry places, and lilies grow in low, wet places, so this simile combines beautiful sights that people would not usually see at the same time.
459 7:2 u88e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שָׁרְרֵ⁠ךְ֙  0 **Your navel is like a round bowl** A bowl is round. The woman’s navel is round.
460 7:3 wr8t שְׁנֵ֥י  0 **gazelle**
461 7:3 jw6n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שְׁנֵ֥י  0 **two breasts** See how you translated this in [4:5](../04/05.md).
462 7:4 b1sy צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **a tower of ivory** Alternate translation: “a tower that people have decorated with ivory”
463 7:4 r1vf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **Bath Rabbim** This is the name of a city.
464 7:4 md6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **Heshbon** This is the name of a city east of the Jordan River
465 7:4 xgt7 צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **ivory** the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make art and to make things look beautiful.
466 7:4 a4vg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **nose is like the tower in Lebanon** A tower is tall and straight, and her nose is tall and straight.
467 7:4 s23k צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **that looks toward Damascus** Alternate translation: “facing toward Damascus”
468 7:4 h4ih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **your eyes are the pools in Heshbon** The woman’s eyes are spoken of as if they are clear pools of water. Pools of water are clear and sparkle in the sunlight and so are pleasant to look at. The woman’s eyes are clear and sparkle and so are pleasant to look at. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “your eyes are as clear as the pools in Heshbon” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
469 7:4 uv17 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile צַוָּארֵ֖⁠ךְ  0 **Your neck is like a tower of ivory** A tower is long and straight. Ivory is white. The woman’s neck is long and straight, and her skin is light in color.
470 7:5 sr83 רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 0 **dark purple** Other possible translations are: (1) “dark black” or (2) “dark red.”
471 7:5 hkk7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 0 **The king is held captive by its tresses** This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your hair that hangs down is so beautiful that the king is not able to stop admiring it” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
472 7:5 l5e5 רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 0 **tresses** the clusters of hair that hang down from a woman’s head
473 7:5 jn22 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile רֹאשֵׁ֤⁠ךְ עָלַ֨יִ⁠ךְ֙ כַּ⁠כַּרְמֶ֔ל וְ⁠דַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖⁠ךְ כָּ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן 1
474 7:6 hqx3 מַה 0 **my love, with delights** Alternate translation: “my love. You delight me”
475 7:7 f6me זֹ֤את  0 **date palm tree** a tall, straight tree that produces a sweet, brown, and sticky fruit that grows in groups
476 7:7 jr1v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile זֹ֤את  0 **your breasts like clusters of fruit** The dates on a palm tree grow soft and round in large bunches that hang from the tree just below the branches, which are all at the top. The woman’s breasts are soft and round and are just lower than her arms.
477 7:7 jy1s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile זֹ֤את  0 **Your height is like that of a date palm tree** “You stand up like a date palm tree.” Date palm trees are tall and straight, and their branches are only at the top, with the fruit under the branches.
478 7:8 f9is אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙  0 **apricots** sweet yellow fruit
479 7:8 p7ge אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙  0 **I said** “I thought” or “I said to myself.” The man said this silently.
480 7:8 zfb8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙  0 **may the fragrance of your nose be like apricots** The word “nose” is a metonym for the breath coming out of the nose. Alternate translation: “may the breath coming from your nose smell sweet like apricots”
481 7:9 rq12 וְ⁠חִכֵּ֕⁠ךְ  0 **flowing smoothly for my beloved** “that flows smoothly for the one I love.” The man enjoys the smooth kisses of the woman.
482 7:9 ed64 וְ⁠חִכֵּ֕⁠ךְ  0 **gliding over the lips of those who sleep** Alternate translation: “that flows over our lips as we sleep”
483 7:9 yrg1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile וְ⁠חִכֵּ֕⁠ךְ  0 **May your palate be like the best wine** The palate is a metonym for the lips. Wine tastes good. The man wants to kiss the woman’s lips. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
484 7:intro hqv7 0 # Song of Songs 7 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Similes\n\nThere are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
485 7:intro hqv7 0 # Song of Songs 7 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Beauty\n\nThe woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Similes\n\nThere are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
486 8:1 zyd6 מִ֤י  0 **I could kiss you** A woman would probably kiss her brother on his cheek order to greet him.
487 8:1 ec82 מִ֤י  0 **would despise me** Alternate translation: “would think that I am a bad person”
488 8:1 v5fh מִ֤י  0 **you outside** Alternate translation: “you in public”
489 8:1 dp21 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile מִ֤י  0 **you were like my brother** A woman could show affection for her brother in public. This woman wanted to be able to show affection for the man in public.
490 8:1 me7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\n(See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
491 8:10 b5uu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲנִ֣י  0 **brings peace** You may need to make explicit to whom the woman brings peace. Alternate translation: “brings him peace”
492 8:10 rll2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲנִ֣י  0 **I am in his eyes as one** Here eyes are a metonym for judgment or value. Alternate translation: “I am in his judgment as one” or “he thinks of me as one”
493 8:10 n2vy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִ֣י  0 **I was a wall** The phrase **I was a wall** is a metaphor.
494 8:10 mc78 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile אֲנִ֣י  0 **my breasts are now like fortress towers** Fortress towers are tall.
495 8:10 hi47 אֲנִ֣י  0 **peace** Alternate translation: “well-being”
496 8:11 x2c3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **Baal Hamon** This is the name of a town in the northern part of Israel.
497 8:11 h77m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **Each one was to bring a thousand shekels of silver for its fruit** It may be helpful to state that this payment was for the fruit of the vineyard. Alternate translation: “Each man was supposed to give Solomon a thousand shekels as payment for the fruit of the vineyard”
498 8:11 mz3u כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **gave the vineyard** leased, agreed to let other people pay him so they could grow grapes in the vineyard
499 8:11 e3jp כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **shekels** Alternate translation: “coins”
500 8:11 mm2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **Solomon** Some versions understand the woman to be speaking directly to Solomon. Others understand her to be speaking in an apostrophe to her friends, to the man, or to herself.
501 8:11 t2dp translate-numbers כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **to bring a thousand shekels of silver** “to bring 1,000 shekels of silver.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
502 8:11 b1b3 כֶּ֣רֶם  0 **to those who would maintain it** Alternate translation: “to people who would take care of it”
503 8:11 tt74 0 # General Information:\n\nPossible interpretations: (1) The woman contrasts the way she wants to give herself to the man, who will give her his love, to the way Solomon leases out his vineyard to those who will give him money. (2) The man contrasts the woman, whom he will not give to another man, to Solomon’s vineyard, which he gave to other men.
504 8:12 gc75 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּרְמִ֥⁠י  0 **is before me** This is an idiom that means the a person has the right to do what they want with something. Alternate translation: “is at my disposal” or “is mine to do with as I desire”
505 8:12 za66 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּרְמִ֥⁠י  0 **My vineyard, my very own** The woman refers to herself as a vineyard, as in [Song of Songs 1:6](../01/05.md). Here she emphasizes that she and no one else will decide what she does with the “vineyard.”
506 8:12 tl1c כָּרְמִ֥⁠י  0 **the thousand shekels are for you, Solomon** The woman knows that Solomon has leased out the vineyard so he can get money, but she does not want money.
507 8:12 t7u1 כָּרְמִ֥⁠י  0 **the two hundred shekels** The speaker has not mentioned these before, but the hearer would understand that she is speaking of the money that those who worked the vineyard would have left for their own after they paid Solomon.
508 8:13 ew6z הַ⁠יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת  0 **let me hear it** Alternate translation: “let me hear your voice.”
509 8:13 zm5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הַ⁠יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת  0 **listening for your voice** The voice is a metonym for what the person says. If your language has a word for thinking only of what one is listening for, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “waiting to hear you start speaking” or “waiting to hear what you have to say”
510 8:13 dp6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you הַ⁠יוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת  0 **You who live** The man is speaking to the woman, so “you” and “live” are feminine singular.
511 8:14 yhn7 בְּרַ֣ח  0 **gazelle** a type of slender deer-like animal with long curved horns
512 8:14 zh44 בְּרַ֣ח  0 **like a gazelle or a young stag** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:9](../02/08.md).
513 8:14 vrp7 בְּרַ֣ח  0 **my beloved** This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover”
514 8:14 gp9l בְּרַ֣ח  0 **stag** an adult male deer
515 8:14 mqx9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּרַ֣ח  0 **the mountains of spices** “the mountains that have spices all over them.” The woman uses this metaphor to invite the man to make love to her. See how the man uses the metaphor of a mountain of myrrh and a hill of frankincense in [Song of Songs 4:6](../04/06.md).
516 8:2 s68s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֶל 0 **I would give you spiced wine to drink and some of the juice of my pomegranates** The woman uses these images to say that she will give herself to the man and make love with him.
517 8:3 v65k שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙  0 **embraces me** Alternate translation: “holds me”
518 8:3 s92v שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙  0 **His left hand … embraces me** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:6](../02/05.md).
519 8:3 e5cp שְׂמֹאל⁠וֹ֙  0 **left hand … right hand** Alternate translation: “left arm … right arm”
520 8:4 rk33 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **daughters of Jerusalem** “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
521 8:4 z8a4 הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **I want you to swear** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md)
522 8:4 qg8i הִשְׁבַּ֥עְתִּי  0 **that you will … until it pleases** See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md).
523 8:5 p4rr מִ֣י  0 **I awakened you** Alternate translation: “I woke you up” or “I aroused you”
524 8:5 d4ub מִ֣י  0 **she delivered you** Alternate translation: “she bore you”
525 8:5 zfa2 מִ֣י  0 **the apricot tree** a tree that produces a small yellow fruit that is very sweet. If your readers will not know what this is, you could use the word for another fruit tree or the general word “fruit tree.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:3](../02/03.md).
526 8:5 g9tp מִ֣י  0 **there** under the apricot tree
527 8:5 xxv3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion מִ֣י  0 **Who is this who is coming up** They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. A similar phrase was translated in [Song of Songs 6:10](../06/10.md). Alternate translation: “Look at this amazing woman as she comes up”
528 8:5 a5w5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe fifth part of the book begins here.
529 8:6 tci8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **as unrelenting as Sheol** “as tough as Sheol.” Sheol never allows people to come back to life after they have already died. Love is as persistent as Sheol because it never changes.
530 8:6 tw71 שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **burst out** Alternate translation: “burn suddenly”
531 8:6 yzj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **for love is as strong as death** Death is very strong because it overcomes even the most powerful people of the world.
532 8:6 fvz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **its flames burst out … any other fire** Love is very powerful like fire.
533 8:6 jr5m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile שִׂימֵ֨⁠נִי  0 **Set me as a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm** This could mean: (1) because seals were very important, people always kept them around their neck or on their hand. The woman wants to be with the man constantly like a seal, or (2) a seal shows who owns the thing that has the seal on it, and the woman wants herself as the seal on the man’s heart and arm to show that all of his thoughts, emotions, and actions belong to her. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
534 8:7 l4u3 אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **all the possessions in his house** Alternate translation: “everything he owns”
535 8:7 dd1i אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **cannot quench** Alternate translation: “cannot extinguish” or “cannot put out”
536 8:7 dju9 אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **floods** In Israel, water from the rain flows into deep and narrow valleys. This creates a flood of water so powerful that it can move huge boulders and trees.
537 8:7 n3pn אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **for love** Alternate translation: “in order to get love” or “in order to buy love”
538 8:7 g5ja אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **gave** offered to give
539 8:7 e1ej rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **nor can floods sweep it away** Love never changes and always stays the same so it is like something that not even a powerful flood can move.
540 8:7 j6mc אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **Surging waters** Alternate translation: “Oceans of water” or “Huge amounts of water”
541 8:7 baf6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **Surging waters cannot quench love** Love is so strong that it is like a fire that is so hot that it cannot be put out even with an ocean full of water.
542 8:7 kqk9 אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 0 **sweep it away** Alternate translation: “carry it away” or “wash it away”
543 8:7 jwh1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־יִתֵּ֨ן אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־כָּל־ה֤וֹן בֵּית⁠וֹ֙ בָּ⁠אַהֲבָ֔ה בּ֖וֹז יָב֥וּזוּ לֽ⁠וֹ 1 The author is using a hypothetical situation to illustrate a truth. Alternate translation: “Even if a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love,\nthey will utterly despise him” or “Suppose a man will give all the wealth of his house in exchange for love, they will utterly despise him”
544 8:8 au5a אָח֥וֹת  0 **little sister** Alternate translation: “young sister”
545 8:8 t852 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion אָח֥וֹת  0 **What can we do … in marriage?** The speaker uses this question to introduce what he wants to say. Alternate translation: “This is what we will do … in marriage.”
546 8:9 x3j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם 0 **If she is a wall … If she is a door** The little sister ([Song of Songs 8:8](./08.md)) has very small breasts that either have not grown or are very small.
547 8:9 am5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אִם 0 **we will build on her a tower of silver … we will adorn her with boards of cedar** The brothers decide to decorate the little sister with silver and cedar, symbols of riches, so that she will be more likely to attract a good husband.
548 8:9 cnw3 אִם 0 **will adorn her** Alternate translation: “will decorate her”
549 8:9 mpf5 0 # General Information:\n\nThe young woman’s brothers continue to speak among themselves.
550 8:intro d35n 0 # Song of Songs 8 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Passion\n\nChapter 8 describes the passion that can exist between a husband a wife. The feeling of strong desire for one another.
551 8:intro d35n 0 # Song of Songs 8 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Kisses\n\nThe kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])\n\n### Passion\n\nChapter 8 describes the passion that can exist between a husband a wife. The feeling of strong desire for one another.
552 front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Song of Songs\n\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom to arrive (1:1–2:7)\n1. The bridegroom praises the woman he loves (2:8–3:5)\n1. The bridegroom arrives and praises the bride (3:6–5:1)\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom (5:2–6:9)\n1. The bridegroom praises the beauty of his bride (6:1–8:4)\n1. Final thoughts about love between a man and a woman (8:5–14)\n\n### What is the Song of Songs about?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God’s love for his people Israel. In the same way, many Christians interpret it as a picture of love between Christ and his bride, the church of all believers.\n\n### Who wrote the Song of Songs?\n\nThe first verse of the book (“The Song of Songs, which is Solomon’s”) gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, people have interpreted this verse in different ways, so not everyone is persuaded that Solomon wrote it.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally titled “Song of Songs,” which means the very best song, or “Song of Solomon.” It may also be called “Songs of Love,” “Great Poems of Love,” or “The Love Songs of Solomon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How many characters are in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. The woman also speaks to a group of women called the “daughters of Jerusalem,” and these women make comments. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and the woman is only imagining them.\n\nSome interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The ULT and UST versions recognize only the man, the woman, and the group of women.\n\n### What are the lines about people speaking?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, and the woman’s friends. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking.\n\nBefore each speech, the ULT identifies the speaker and the audience like this: “The woman speaking to the other women,” “The woman speaking to the man,” “The man speaking to the woman,” or “The woman speaking to herself.” Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include a note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the scripture.\n\n### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper?\n\nReaders might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book?\n\nThere are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are often unclear. If they have sexual meanings, figures of speech describing feelings or emotions are often used to avoid offense by hiding their meaning. However, since their meanings are often unclear, ambiguity in translation is encouraged. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
553 front:intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the Song of Songs\n\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom to arrive (1:1–2:7)\n1. The bridegroom praises the woman he loves (2:8–3:5)\n1. The bridegroom arrives and praises the bride (3:6–5:1)\n1. The bride longs for the bridegroom (5:2–6:9)\n1. The bridegroom praises the beauty of his bride (6:1–8:4)\n1. Final thoughts about love between a man and a woman (8:5–14)\n\n### What is the Song of Songs about?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God’s love for his people Israel. In the same way, many Christians interpret it as a picture of love between Christ and his bride, the church of all believers.\n\n### Who wrote the Song of Songs?\n\nThe first verse of the book (“The Song of Songs, which is Solomon’s”) gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, people have interpreted this verse in different ways, so not everyone is persuaded that Solomon wrote it.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally titled “Song of Songs,” which means the very best song, or “Song of Solomon.” It may also be called “Songs of Love,” “Great Poems of Love,” or “The Love Songs of Solomon.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### How many characters are in the Song of Songs?\n\nThe two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. The woman also speaks to a group of women called the “daughters of Jerusalem,” and these women make comments. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and the woman is only imagining them.\n\nSome interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The ULT and UST versions recognize only the man, the woman, and the group of women.\n\n### What are the lines about people speaking?\n\nThe Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, and the woman’s friends. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking.\n\nBefore each speech, the ULT identifies the speaker and the audience like this: “The woman speaking to the other women,” “The woman speaking to the man,” “The man speaking to the woman,” or “The woman speaking to herself.” Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include a note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the scripture.\n\n### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper?\n\nReaders might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])\n\n### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book?\n\nThere are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are often unclear. If they have sexual meanings, figures of speech describing feelings or emotions are often used to avoid offense by hiding their meaning. However, since their meanings are often unclear, ambiguity in translation is encouraged. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])