2018-05-25 14:22:24 +00:00
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/case_genitive.rst
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.. _case_genitive:
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Case genitive
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=============
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2019-09-25 19:15:39 +00:00
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Glossary [DRAFT - IN PROCESS]
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2018-05-25 14:22:24 +00:00
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--------
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2019-09-25 19:15:39 +00:00
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**Genitive** is a case which has many uses. It expresses a relationship with the substantive it modifies by indicating a
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*description*, *kinship*, *possession*, *apposition*, *a part of a whole*, *separation from the substantive it modifies*,
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*or the subject (or object) of a verbal idea implied by the noun*.
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.. csv-table::
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John 1:19
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καὶ,αὕτη,ἐστὶν,ἡ,μαρτυρία,**τοῦ**,**Ἰωάννου**
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kai,hautē,estin,hē,martyria,**tou**,**Iōannou**
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and,this,it is,the,testimony,**of**,**the**,**John**
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*This is the testimony* **of John** ; or
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*This is* **John’s** *testimony*
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In this example, the relationship expressed is that of possession.
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Article [DRAFT - IN PROCESS]
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2018-05-25 14:22:24 +00:00
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-------
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2019-09-25 19:15:39 +00:00
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The **Genitive case** is primarily the case of description.
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1. The Genitive case may be used to attribute
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* a basic quality to the noun or
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* of material from which it was formed or consists.
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2. The Genitive case may also express a relationship to the subject noun (or substantive)
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* of kinship,
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* possession,
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* apposition,
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* separation (or source).
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3. A word in the genitive case may also serve as the subject or object of the head noun.
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The translator may observe that sometimes a specific word in the Genitive may seem to fit into more than one of the above categories.
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There is often no clear single category and the final determination by the translator must be based upon context.
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Form
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~~~~
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The Genitive case is formed by adding the *Genitive case ending* to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel).
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The word in the Genitive case usually follows the word that it is modifying.
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.. raw:: html
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2019-09-25 19:45:28 +00:00
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<style type="text/css">
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.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
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.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
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.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
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.tg .tg-c3ow{border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-09bg{font-family:serif !important;;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-f8tv{font-style:italic;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-3xi5{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-fymr{font-weight:bold;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-7btt{font-weight:bold;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-7g6k{font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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</style>
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<table class="tg">
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<tr>
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<th class="tg-c3ow" colspan="7"><span style="font-weight:bold">Genitive Case Ending</span></th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-c3ow"></td>
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<td class="tg-f8tv" colspan="3">First and Second Declension</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-f8tv" colspan="2">Third Declencion</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Masculine</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Feminine</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Neuter</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Masculine/Feminine</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Neuter</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-0pky"><span style="font-style:italic">Singular</span></td>
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<td class="tg-3xi5" colspan="6"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-f8tv">Genitive</td>
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<td class="tg-3xi5"><span style="font-weight:bold">υ</span></td>
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<td class="tg-3xi5"> <span style="font-weight:bold">ς</span></td>
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<td class="tg-3xi5"><span style="font-weight:bold">υ</span></td>
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<td class="tg-fymr"></td>
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<td class="tg-7btt">ος</td>
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<td class="tg-7btt">ος</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-0pky"><span style="font-style:italic">Plural</span></td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k"></td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k"></td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-0pky"><span style="font-style:italic">Genitive</span></td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k">ων</td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k">ων</td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k">ων</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-c3ow"><span style="font-weight:bold">ων</span></td>
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<td class="tg-7btt">ων</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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See `NounParadigm <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#nouns>`_ for a complete listing of the noun paradigms and
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`AdjectiveParadigm <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#adjectives>`_ for the adjective paradigms.
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Genitive – Attributive
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######################
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The Genitive case restricts (or limits) the head noun (or substantive) by describing the head noun. The limitation is generally
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as to “kind” and not to “extent or result.” The effect of the description is that it separates the head noun from other similar
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items that do not possess the described attribute. For example if I were to say a “book of the law;” the phrase “of the law”
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describes the book. The phrase also separates this book from all the other books which are not law books.
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The **Genitive-attributive** functions like an adjective and gives a general attribute (or description) of the head noun.
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If none of the other categories for the Genitive case make sense, then this overall “Basic Attributive” serves to describe
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the overall function for the Genitive case.
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The keyword “**of**” is often included in the translation.
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.. csv-table::
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Mark 1:4
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ἐγένετο,Ἰωάννης,...,κηρύσσων,βάπτισμα,**μετανοίας**,εἰς,ἄφεσιν,ἁμαρτιῶν
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egeneto,Iōannēs,...,kēryssōn,baptisma,**metanoias**,eis,aphesin,hamartiōn
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he came,John,,preaching,a baptism,**of repentance**,into/for,forgiveness,of sin
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*John came, ... preaching a baptism* **of repentance** *for the forgiveness of sins.*
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Genitive – of Material
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######################
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The **Genitive of Material** describes an object that is *“made from, consisting of, or containing”* something.
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The Genitive of Material may be used to:
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#. describe an object “made from a certain material or thing”, or
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#. may be used to describe something the object “contains”.
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In this instance the *item (or thing) that is used to create the object* or *that the object contains* will be in the Genitive case.
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.. csv-table::
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Acts 2:4
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καὶ,ἐπλήσθησαν,πάντες,**Πνεύματος**,Ἁγίου
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kai,eplēsthēsan,pantes,**Pneumatos**,Hagiou
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and,they,were,filled,all,**with Spirit**,Holy
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*They were all filled* **with** *the Holy* **Spirit**
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Genitive – of Kinship
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#####################
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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The Genitive Case may be used to describe a kinship relationship. In most cases The Genitive of Kinship is used to describe
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someone who is the physical descendent (son or daughter) of someone. However, it can be used to refer to anyone who is a descendent
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in a “spiritual sense” or someone who is a descendent several generations removed. Therefore in Luke 13:16 the woman is called a
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daughter of Abraham even though over a thousand years had passed. The woman is still considered to be a daughter of Abraham.
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The Genitive of Kinship may also be used to describe the parent of someone or a relationship by marriage to someone.
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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*Note:* Some grammars make a distinction between when the noun that would describe the kinship relationship (“Son”) is present and
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when it is omitted. In this grammar we are not making that fine of a distinction. When the noun that describes the kinship relationship
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is absent, the “kinship relationship” is implied by the Genitive of Kinship. The definite article may (or may not) be present.
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This implied relationship is then included in the translation.
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The key word “of” may be used in the translation.
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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.. csv-table::
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Matthew 4:21
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Ἰάκωβον,τὸν,,**τοῦ**,**Ζεβεδαίου**
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Iakōbon,ton,,**tou**,Zebedaiou
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James,the,(son),**of**,**Zebedee**
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*James the* **son of Zebedee**
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In the following example the “kinship relationship” (mother of) is implied by the Genitive of Kinship.
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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.. csv-table::
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Luke 24:10
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καὶ,Μαρία,ἡ,,**Ἰακώβου**
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kai,Maria,hē,,**Iakōbou**
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and,Mary,the,**(mother of)**,**James**
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*and Mary the* **mother of James**
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Genitive – of Possession
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########################
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The Genitive of Possession us used to indicate ownership or possession of an object that it is modifying.
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The ownership may be an indication of a legal right to ownership or physical possession of an item.
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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It may also refer to an emotional attachment to the object. In this instance the ownership is like that of a child to his father,
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a dog to his master, or a person to his church. This is my father. This is my master. This is my church.
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The Genitive of Possession is often used with a possessive pronoun such as *μου, ἡμῶν, σοῦ, ὑμῶν.*
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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.. csv-table::
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John 20:28
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ἀπεκρίθη,Θωμᾶς,καὶ,εἶπεν,αὐτῷ,ὁ,Κύριός,**μου**,καὶ,ὁ,Θεός,**μου!**
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apekrithē,Thōmas,kai,eipen,autō,ho,Kyrios,**mou**,kai,ho,Theos,**mou!**
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he answered,Thomas,and,he said,to him,the,Lord,**my**,and,the,God,**my**
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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*Thomas answered and said to him,* “**My** *Lord and* **my** *God.”*
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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Genitive of Apposition
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######################
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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Apposition means *“next to”* or *“beside.”* Sometimes a second noun is placed next to a noun to add additional information
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(to further describe the head noun). The noun in apposition may be in the nominative case (Nominative-Apposition) or may be
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in the Genitive case (Genitive of Apposition). A word is probably standing in apposition to another noun if the translator could
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use the phrase “who is ..., or which is ... , or namely...” followed by the noun in apposition. In the example below, “his mother”
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is in apposition to Mary. The phrase could be translated “They saw the young child with Mary (who is his mother).
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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.. csv-table::
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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Matthew 2:11
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εἶδον,τὸ,παιδίον,μετὰ,Μαρίας,**τῆς**,**μητρὸς**,αὐτοῦ
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eidon,to,paidion,meta,Marias,**tēs**,**mētros**,autou
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they saw,the,child,with,Mary,**the**,**mother**,of him.
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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*They saw the young child with* **Mary his mother**.
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Genitive – Separation (or Source)
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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#################################
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The Genitive Case may be used to indicate separation from or the source of an object. Therefore, the prepositions *έκ* and *ἀπό*
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naturally take their object in the Genitive case.
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Some grammars describe eight cases and refer to this usage as “Ablative case.” There is no difference in form for a word in the
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Genitive Case and a word in the Ablative Case. Both terms ( the Genitive – Separation and Ablative) case refer to the same function
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indicating separation, or source. The Genitive Case may also be used for comparison, because a comparison of two objects indicates a
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separation of the two objects.
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.. csv-table::
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2 Corinthians 3:3
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ὅτι,ἐστὲ,ἐπιστολὴ,**Χριστοῦ**
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hoti,este,epistolē,**Christou**
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because,you are,a letter,**from Christ**
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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*that you are a letter* **from Christ**
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.. csv-table::
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2019-09-25 19:15:39 +00:00
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Matthew 2:1
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μάγοι,**ἀπὸ**,**ἀνατολῶν**,παρεγένοντο,εἰς,Ἱεροσόλυμα
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magoi,**apo**,anatolōn,paregenonto,eis,Hierosolyma
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Magi,**from**,(the) **east**,they came,into,Jerusalem
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*learned men* **from the east** *arrived in Jerusalem*
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.. csv-table::
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Luke 19:8
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τὰ,ἡμίσιά,μου,**τῶν**,**ὑπαρχόντων**,Κύριε,τοῖς,πτωχοῖς,δίδωμι
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ta,hēmisia,mou,**tōn**,**hyparchontōn**,Kyrie,tois,ptōchois,didōmi
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the,half,of my,**of**,**possessions/goods**,Lord,to,the,poor,I give
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*Lord, the half of my* **goods** *I give to the poor*
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Note: In this example “of goods” is a Genitive of Source. “My” is a Genitive of possession.
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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.. csv-table::
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John 13:16
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οὐκ,ἔστιν,δοῦλος,μείζων,**τοῦ**,**κυρίου**,αὐτοῦ
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ouk,estin,doulos,meizōn,**tou**,**kyriou**,autou
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not,he is,a slave,greater,**than**,**lord**,his
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*a servant is not greater* **than his master**
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Note: In this example we see the comparative function for the Genitive of Separation.
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Genitive – Subject/Object
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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#########################
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2019-09-25 19:15:39 +00:00
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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A word in the genitive case may also serve as the subject or object of the head noun. This can occur when the head noun contains a
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verbal idea such as witness, love, or hope.
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2019-09-25 19:15:39 +00:00
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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Some verbs that involve the senses (ἀκούω), feelings (ἐπιύμέω), memory (μνημονεὐω), and
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verbs prefixed with ἀπό, ἐκ, or κατά will take their object in the Genitive case.
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2019-09-25 19:15:39 +00:00
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2019-10-01 18:02:33 +00:00
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.. csv-table::
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Matthew 24:27
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οὕτως,ἔσται,ἡ,παρουσία,**τοῦ**,**Υἱοῦ**,τοῦ,Ἀνθρώπου
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houtōs,estai,hē,parousia,**tou**,**Huiou**,tou,Anthrōpou
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thus,it will be,the,coming,**of the**,**Son**,of Man
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*so will be the coming* **of the Son** *of Man*
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[In this example, the word παρουσία (or coming) contains a verbal idea. The subject of this verbal idea is τοῦ Υἱοῦ.
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It is referring to the Son’s coming. The writer could have said, “The son will come just like..”]
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.. csv-table::
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1 Corinthians 1:6
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καθὼς,τὸ,μαρτύριον,**τοῦ**,**Χριστοῦ**,ἐβεβαιώθη,ἐν,ὑμῖν
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kathōs,to,martyrion,**tou**,**Christou**,ebebaiōthē,en,hymin
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just as,the,testimony,**of**,**Christ**,has been confirmed,in,you
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*just as the testimony* **about Christ** *has been confirmed as true among you*
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Note: In this case “Christ” is the recipient of the testimony. Therefore the smooth translation uses the term “about Christ.”
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