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Joel D. Ruark
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/person_third.rst
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.. _person_third:
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Person Third
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============
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Summary
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The third person form of a term refers to a person(s) or thing(s) other than the writer/speaker and the person being addressed
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by the writer/speaker.
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Article
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-------
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In English, the third person pronouns include: "he", "him", "his", "she", or "her", for singular; and "they", "them",
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or "their," for plural. In Biblical Hebrew, terms which are marked for third person can change form according to both gender
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(:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` and :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`) and number (:ref:`singular<number_singular>` or
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:ref:`plural<number_plural>`). In Biblical Hebrew, :ref:`verbs<verb>`, :ref:`pronouns<pronoun_personal>`,
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and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>` can all be marked for third person.
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Form
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----
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In Biblical Hebrew, a term marked for third person can be recognized by a variety of
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changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other, so it is difficult to sum them up
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in a simple, helpful way. The paradigm below shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a third person form.
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Third Person Qal Suffix Conjugation Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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third person masculine singular",קָטַל,qatal,he killed
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third person feminine singular",קָטְלָה,qatlah,she killed
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third person common plural",קָטְלוּ,qatlu,they killed
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.. csv-table:: Third Person Qal Prefix Conjugation Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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third person masculine singular",יִקְטֹל,yiqtol,he will kill
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third person feminine singular",תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,she will kill
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third person masculine plural",יִקְטְלוּ,yiqtelu,they will kill
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third person feminine plural",תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,they will kill
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.. csv-table:: Third Person Indepdent Personal Pronoun Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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third person masculine singular",הוּא,hu,he / it
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third person feminine singular",הִיא / הִוא,hi / hiw,she / it
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third person masculine plural",הֵם / הֵמָּה,hem / hemmah,they
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third person feminine plural",הֵן / הֵנָּה,hen / hennah,they
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.. csv-table:: Third Person Object Pronoun Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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third person masculine singular",אֹתוֹ,'otho,him / it
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third person feminine singular",אֹתָהּ,'othah,her / it
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third person masculine plural",אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם,'ethhem / 'otham,them
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third person feminine plural",אֶתְהֶן / אֹתָן,'ethhen / 'othan,them
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.. csv-table:: Third Person Pronominal Suffix Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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third person masculine singular",לוֹ / -וֹ,lo / -o,(to) him
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third person feminine singular",לָהּ / - ָהּ,lah / -ah,(to) her
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third person masculine plural",לָהֶם / -הֶם / - ָם,lahem / -hem / -am,(to) them
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third person feminine plural",לָהֶן / -הֶן / - ָן,lahen / -hen / -an,(to) them
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Examples
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--------
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:ref:`Finite verb<verb-finite>` marked for third person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>` (and/or :ref:`verbal participle<participle_active-verbal>`) in third person form
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indicates that the subject of the verb is someone/something other than the writer/speaker or the person being addressed.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 12:1
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וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־אַבְרָ֔ם
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**wayyomer** yehwah 'el-'avram
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**and-he-said** Yahweh to\_Abram
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**Now** Yahweh **said** to Abram
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:ref:`Personal pronoun<pronoun_personal>` marked for third person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A third person indpendent personal pronoun refers either to a person/thing (for singular) or group of persons/things (for plural)
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other than the writer/speaker and the person being addressed by the writer/speaker.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 36:1
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עֵשָׂ֖ו \ **ה֥וּא** אֱדֽוֹם
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'esaw **hu** 'edom
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Esau **he** Edom
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Esau (**also called** Edom)
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:ref:`Pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>` marked for third person
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A third person pronominal suffix usually functions either as a personal pronoun (for verbs and prepositions) or as a possessive
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adjective (for nouns).
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As :ref:`attached to a verb<verb>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 37:14
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וַיִּשְׁלָחֵ֨הוּ֙ מֵעֵ֣מֶק חֶבְרֹ֔ון וַיָּבֹ֖א שְׁכֶֽמָה׃
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**wayyishlahehu** me'emeq hevrown wayyavo shekhemah
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**and-he-sent-him** from-the-Valley-of Hebron and-he-went to-Shechem.
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"**So he sent him out** of the Valley of Hebron, and he went to
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Shechem."
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As :ref:`attached to a noun<suffix_pronominal-nouns>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 17:23
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וַיָּ֜קָם וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ אֶל־\ **בֵּיתוֹ֙** אֶל־עִיר֔וֹ
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wayyaqom wayyelekh 'el-**betho** 'el-**'iro**
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And-he-stood-up and-went to\_\ **his-house** to\_\ **his-city**
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He went **home** to **his own city**
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As :ref:`attached to a preposition<suffix_pronominal-prepositions>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 39:12
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הֲתַאֲמִ֣ין בֹּ֖ו
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hatha'amin **bow**
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Do-you-believe **in-him**?
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Will you depend **on him**?
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 17:15
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אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔ם לְבִלְתִּ֖י עֲשֹׂ֥ות כָּהֶֽם׃
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'asher tsiwwah yehwah 'otham levilti 'asowth kahem
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"whom had-commanded Yahweh [dir.obj]-them to-abstain doing
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**like-them**"
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those that Yahweh had commanded them not to do **like them**.
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