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Joel D. Ruark
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/participle_active.rst
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.. _participle_active:
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Participle Active
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=================
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Summary
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-------
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An active participle is a non-finite verbal form with active voice
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that can function as a verb (either a main verb or a verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun.
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When used verbally, an active participle most often expresses continuous or imminent action.
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Article
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-------
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.. include:: includes/participle_article.txt
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Active participles express verbal action in :ref:`active voice<stem-voice-active>`, meaning that the person/thing described by the
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participle performs the action expressed by the participle itself.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Qal Active Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,קֹטֵל,qotel,killing / killer
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feminine singular Absolute,קֹטֶלֶת / קֹטְלָה,qotelet / qotelah,killing / killer
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masculine plural Absolute,קֹטְלִים,qotelim,killing / killers
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feminine plural Absolute,קֹטְלוֹת,qoteloth,killing / killers
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Active Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,מַקְטִיל,maqtil,causing to kill
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feminine singular Absolute,מַקְטֶלֶת,maqteleth,causing to kill
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masculine plural Absolute,מַקְטִילִים,maqtilim,causing to kill
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feminine plural Absolute,מַקְטִילוֹת,maqtiloth,causing to kill
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.. csv-table:: Piel Active Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular Absolute,מְקַטֵּל,meqattel,slaughtering
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feminine singular Absolute,מְקַטֶּלֶת,meqatteleth,slaughtering
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masculine plural Absolute,מְקַטְּלִים,meqattelim,slaughtering
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feminine plural Absolute,מְקַטְּלוֹת,meqatteloth,slaughtering
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Function
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--------
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In Biblical Hebrew, it is helpful to classify participles according to
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their function in the sentence as a whole: as a :ref:`verb<verb>` (or verbal complement);
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as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`; or as a :ref:`noun<noun>`.
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Participles can function independently as their own grammatical entity, but they often
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introduce entire clauses that function either as adjectives or nouns.
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When used verbally, the active participle is closely related in meaning to an :ref:`imperfect<verb_imperfect>` verb.
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They are both often used to describe continuous or repeating action and can function as either a
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:ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement or a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` main verb.
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.. _participle_active-verbal:
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.. _participle_active-verbal-VC:
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Functions as a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When functioning as a verbal complement, the participle is governed by
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the main verb of the sentence and has potential to be translated as past
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time, present time, or future time. A verbal participle can express
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continuous, imminent, habitual, or even stative action as determined by the
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context.
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.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
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precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of Hebrew
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:ref:`word order<word_order>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: HOS 2:10 –– expressing stative action
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"יָעַ֥צְתָּ בֹּ֖שֶׁת לְבֵיתֶ֑ךָ קְצוֹת־עַמִּ֥ים רַבִּ֖ים **וְחוֹטֵ֥א**
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נַפְשֶֽׁךָ"
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"ya'atsta bosheth levethekha qetsoth-'ammim rabbim **wehote**
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nafshekha"
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"you-have-devised shame to-your-house cutting-off\_peoples many
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**and-making-guilty** your-soul"
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"You have devised shame for your house by cutting off many people,
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**and have sinned** against yourself"
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 28:14 –– expressing simple durative action
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"עוֹדֶ֖נּוּ **מְדַבֵּ֣ר** עִמָּ֑ם וְרָחֵ֣ל׀ בָּ֗אָה עִם־הַצֹּאן֙
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אֲשֶׁ֣ר לְאָבִ֔יהָ"
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'odennu **medabber** 'immam werahel ba'ah 'im-hatson 'asher le'aviha
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"still-he **was-speaking** with-them and-Rachel came with\_the-sheep
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that to-her-father"
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"While Jacob **was** still **speaking** with them, Rachel came with
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her father's sheep,"
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.. csv-table:: Example: NEH 1:4 –– two participles paired with finite verb היה
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וָֽאֱהִ֥י **צָם֙ וּמִתְפַּלֵּ֔ל** לִפְנֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵ֥י הַשָּׁמָֽיִם
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wa'ehi **tsam umithpallel** lifne 'elohe hashamayim
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and-I-was **fasting and-praying** before God-of the-heavens
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I **was fasting and praying** before the God of heaven.
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.. _participle_active-verbal-MV:
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Functions as a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` main verb
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When functioning as a main verb, the participle is governed by the context
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and has the potential to be translated as past time, present time,
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future time, or even without a specified timeframe. A verbal participle
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can express continuous, imminent, habitual, or even stative action as
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determined by the context.
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.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
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precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of
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:ref:`word order<word_order>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 3:8 –– expressing frequentive action
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וַיָּ֣בֶן עֵלִ֔י כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה **קֹרֵ֥א** לַנָּֽעַר
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wayyaven 'eli ki yehwah **qore** lanna'ar
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and-he-understood Eli that Yahweh **was-calling** to-the-boy
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Then Eli realized that Yahweh **had called** the boy.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 28:14 –– expressing simple durative action
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וַתֹּ֗אמֶר אִ֤ישׁ זָקֵן֙ עֹלֶ֔ה
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wattomer 'ish zaqen **'oleh**
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and-she-said man old **is-going-up**
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"She said, ""An old man **is coming up**"
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 3:11 –– expressing imminent action
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הִנֵּ֧ה אָנֹכִ֛י **עֹשֶׂ֥ה** דָבָ֖ר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל
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hinneh 'anokhi **'oseh** davar beyisra'el
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Behold I **am-doing** thing in-Israel
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"See, I **am about to do** something in Israel"
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.. _participle_active-adjectival:
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Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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An adjectival participle immediately follows the noun it describes, and matches that noun in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`.
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An adjectival participle can either function as an adjective by itself or introduce an entire clause
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that functions as an adjective (either :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` or :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>`).
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 4:24 –– a participle functioning by itself as an adjective
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כִּ֚י יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ אֵ֥שׁ אֹכְלָ֖ה
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ki yehwah 'eloheykha 'esh **'okhelah**
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for Yahweh your-God fire **eating**
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For Yahweh your God is a **devouring** fire
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:12 –– a participle introducing a clause functioning as an adjective
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"וַתּוֹצֵ֨א הָאָ֜רֶץ דֶּ֠שֶׁא עֵ֣שֶׂב **מַזְרִ֤יעַ** זֶ֙רַע֙
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לְמִינֵ֔הוּ"
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wattotse ha'arets deshe 'esev **mazria'** zera' leminehu
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"and-it-sprouted-forth the-earth grass crops **yielding** seed
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to-its-kind"
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"The earth produced vegetation, plants **producing** seed after their
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kind"
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.. _participle_active-nominal:
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Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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A nominal participle often takes the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` (but not always),
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and can either function as a noun by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun.
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A nominal participle will appear in the :ref:`construct<state_construct>` state either when it takes a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`
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or when it is in a construct relationship with another noun in the :ref:`absolute<state_absolute>` state.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:30 –– a participle functioning by itself as a noun
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וּלְכֹ֣ל׀ **רוֹמֵ֣שׂ** עַל־הָאָ֗רֶץ
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ulekhol **romes** 'al-ha'arets
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and-to-all **crawlers** on\_the-earth
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and to everything **that creeps** upon the earth
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 26:11 –– a participle introducing a relative clause functioning
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as a noun
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הַנֹּגֵ֜עַ בָּאִ֥ישׁ הַזֶּ֛ה וּבְאִשְׁתּ֖וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת
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**hannogea'** ba'ish hazzeh uve'ishto moth yumath
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"**the-one-touching** in-the-man the-this and-in-his-wife dying
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he-will-be-made-dead"
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**Whoever touches** this man or his wife will surely be put to death.
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