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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/participle_active.rst
.. _participle_active:
Participle Active
=================
Summary
-------
An active participle is a non-finite verbal form with active voice
that can function as a verb (either a main verb or a verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun.
When used verbally, an active participle most often expresses continuous or imminent action.
Article
-------
.. include:: includes/participle_article.txt
Active participles express verbal action in :ref:`active voice<stem-voice-active>`, meaning that the person/thing described by the
participle performs the action expressed by the participle itself.
Form
----
.. csv-table:: Qal Active Participle Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular Absolute,קֹטֵל,qotel,killing / killer
feminine singular Absolute,קֹטֶלֶת / קֹטְלָה,qotelet / qotelah,killing / killer
masculine plural Absolute,קֹטְלִים,qotelim,killing / killers
feminine plural Absolute,קֹטְלוֹת,qoteloth,killing / killers
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Active Participle Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular Absolute,מַקְטִיל,maqtil,causing to kill
feminine singular Absolute,מַקְטֶלֶת,maqteleth,causing to kill
masculine plural Absolute,מַקְטִילִים,maqtilim,causing to kill
feminine plural Absolute,מַקְטִילוֹת,maqtiloth,causing to kill
.. csv-table:: Piel Active Participle Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular Absolute,מְקַטֵּל,meqattel,slaughtering
feminine singular Absolute,מְקַטֶּלֶת,meqatteleth,slaughtering
masculine plural Absolute,מְקַטְּלִים,meqattelim,slaughtering
feminine plural Absolute,מְקַטְּלוֹת,meqatteloth,slaughtering
Function
--------
In Biblical Hebrew, it is helpful to classify participles according to
their function in the sentence as a whole: as a :ref:`verb<verb>` (or verbal complement);
as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`; or as a :ref:`noun<noun>`.
Participles can function independently as their own grammatical entity, but they often
introduce entire clauses that function either as adjectives or nouns.
When used verbally, the active participle is closely related in meaning to an :ref:`imperfect<verb_imperfect>` verb.
They are both often used to describe continuous or repeating action and can function as either a
:ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement or a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` main verb.
.. _participle_active-verbal:
.. _participle_active-verbal-VC:
Functions as a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When functioning as a verbal complement, the participle is governed by
the main verb of the sentence and has potential to be translated as past
time, present time, or future time. A verbal participle can express
continuous, imminent, habitual, or even stative action as determined by the
context.
.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of Hebrew
:ref:`word order<word_order>`.
.. csv-table:: Example: HOS 2:10 expressing stative action
"יָעַ֥צְתָּ בֹּ֖שֶׁת לְבֵיתֶ֑ךָ קְצוֹת־עַמִּ֥ים רַבִּ֖ים **וְחוֹטֵ֥א**
נַפְשֶֽׁךָ"
"ya'atsta bosheth levethekha qetsoth-'ammim rabbim **wehote**
nafshekha"
"you-have-devised shame to-your-house cutting-off\_peoples many
**and-making-guilty** your-soul"
"You have devised shame for your house by cutting off many people,
**and have sinned** against yourself"
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 28:14 expressing simple durative action
"עוֹדֶ֖נּוּ **מְדַבֵּ֣ר** עִמָּ֑ם וְרָחֵ֣ל׀ בָּ֗אָה עִם־הַצֹּאן֙
אֲשֶׁ֣ר לְאָבִ֔יהָ"
'odennu **medabber** 'immam werahel ba'ah 'im-hatson 'asher le'aviha
"still-he **was-speaking** with-them and-Rachel came with\_the-sheep
that to-her-father"
"While Jacob **was** still **speaking** with them, Rachel came with
her father's sheep,"
.. csv-table:: Example: NEH 1:4 two participles paired with finite verb היה
וָֽאֱהִ֥י **צָם֙ וּמִתְפַּלֵּ֔ל** לִפְנֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵ֥י הַשָּׁמָֽיִם
wa'ehi **tsam umithpallel** lifne 'elohe hashamayim
and-I-was **fasting and-praying** before God-of the-heavens
I **was fasting and praying** before the God of heaven.
.. _participle_active-verbal-MV:
Functions as a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` main verb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When functioning as a main verb, the participle is governed by the context
and has the potential to be translated as past time, present time,
future time, or even without a specified timeframe. A verbal participle
can express continuous, imminent, habitual, or even stative action as
determined by the context.
.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of
:ref:`word order<word_order>`.
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 3:8 expressing frequentive action
וַיָּ֣בֶן עֵלִ֔י כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה **קֹרֵ֥א** לַנָּֽעַר
wayyaven 'eli ki yehwah **qore** lanna'ar
and-he-understood Eli that Yahweh **was-calling** to-the-boy
Then Eli realized that Yahweh **had called** the boy.
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 28:14 expressing simple durative action
וַתֹּ֗אמֶר אִ֤ישׁ זָקֵן֙ עֹלֶ֔ה
wattomer 'ish zaqen **'oleh**
and-she-said man old **is-going-up**
"She said, ""An old man **is coming up**"
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 3:11 expressing imminent action
הִנֵּ֧ה אָנֹכִ֛י **עֹשֶׂ֥ה** דָבָ֖ר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל
hinneh 'anokhi **'oseh** davar beyisra'el
Behold I **am-doing** thing in-Israel
"See, I **am about to do** something in Israel"
.. _participle_active-adjectival:
Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
An adjectival participle immediately follows the noun it describes, and matches that noun in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`.
An adjectival participle can either function as an adjective by itself or introduce an entire clause
that functions as an adjective (either :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` or :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>`).
.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 4:24 a participle functioning by itself as an adjective
כִּ֚י יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ אֵ֥שׁ אֹכְלָ֖ה
ki yehwah 'eloheykha 'esh **'okhelah**
for Yahweh your-God fire **eating**
For Yahweh your God is a **devouring** fire
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:12 a participle introducing a clause functioning as an adjective
"וַתּוֹצֵ֨א הָאָ֜רֶץ דֶּ֠שֶׁא עֵ֣שֶׂב **מַזְרִ֤יעַ** זֶ֙רַע֙
לְמִינֵ֔הוּ"
wattotse ha'arets deshe 'esev **mazria'** zera' leminehu
"and-it-sprouted-forth the-earth grass crops **yielding** seed
to-its-kind"
"The earth produced vegetation, plants **producing** seed after their
kind"
.. _participle_active-nominal:
Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
A nominal participle often takes the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` (but not always),
and can either function as a noun by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun.
A nominal participle will appear in the :ref:`construct<state_construct>` state either when it takes a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`
or when it is in a construct relationship with another noun in the :ref:`absolute<state_absolute>` state.
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:30 a participle functioning by itself as a noun
וּלְכֹ֣ל׀ **רוֹמֵ֣שׂ** עַל־הָאָ֗רֶץ
ulekhol **romes** 'al-ha'arets
and-to-all **crawlers** on\_the-earth
and to everything **that creeps** upon the earth
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 26:11 a participle introducing a relative clause functioning
as a noun
הַנֹּגֵ֜עַ בָּאִ֥ישׁ הַזֶּ֛ה וּבְאִשְׁתּ֖וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת
**hannogea'** ba'ish hazzeh uve'ishto moth yumath
"**the-one-touching** in-the-man the-this and-in-his-wife dying
he-will-be-made-dead"
**Whoever touches** this man or his wife will surely be put to death.