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Update 'content/participle_passive.rst'

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Joel D. Ruark 2021-12-24 02:57:51 +00:00
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.. _participle_passive:
Participle Passive
==================
Summary
-------
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle_passive-summary.rst
Article
-------
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle-article.rst
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle_passive-article.rst
Form
----
@ -63,63 +59,15 @@ Form
Function
--------
A passive/reflexive participle is often used as an independent
grammatical entity, although it can introduce entire clauses similar to the :ref:`active<participle_active>` participle.
Passive participles are generally more limited in meaning than active participles.
Passive participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the
context; thus, they can express action in past time, present time,
future time, or without any specified timeframe.
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle_passive-function.rst
.. _participle_passive-adjectival:
Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Aramaic.
An adjectival passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective
or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective. The context must determine whether a passive participle
is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the
same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11).
The following example shows a passive participle functioning as an attributive adjective.
The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative adjective.
The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicative adjective.
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle-adjectival.rst
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle_passive-adjectival.rst
.. _participle_passive-verbal:
.. _participle_passive-verbal-MV:
Functions as a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` main verb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a main verb or as a predicative adjective,
because both appear the same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16). In the following example, the participle
is in the first position, which is the normal :ref:`word order<word_order>` for finite verbs but not for participles.
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle-verbal-MV.rst
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle_passive-verbal-MV.rst
.. _participle_passive-verbal-VC:
Functions as a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of Aramaic
:ref:`word order<word_order>`.
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle-verbal-VC.rst
.. _participle_passive-nominal:
Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/participle-nominal.rst