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Update 'content/number_plural.rst'
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Joel D. Ruark
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@ -26,21 +26,25 @@ Nouns and adjectives
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:ref:`Masculine<gender_masculine>` plural nouns and adjectives usually end in ־ִים (hireq-yod + final mem).
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.. csv-table:: Plural Noun Paradigm
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.. csv-table:: Plural Paradigm for Nouns and Adjectives
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine plural absolute,סוּסִים,susim,stallions
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masculine plural construct,סוּסֵי,suse,stallions of
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masculine plural determined
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feminine plural absolute,סוּסוֹת,susoth,mares
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feminine plural construct,סוּסוֹת,susoth,mares of
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feminine plural determined
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.. csv-table:: Plural Adjective Paradigm
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine plural absolute,טוֹבִים,tovim,good
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masculine plural construct,טוֹבֵי,tove,good
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masculine plural determined
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feminine plural absolute,טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good
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feminine plural construct,טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good
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feminine plural determined
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Other terms
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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@ -52,7 +56,8 @@ kinds of changes that signal a plural form for :ref:`verbs<verb>`, independent :
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the :ref:`direct object marker<particle_direct_object_marker>` with a pronominal suffix,
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and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>`.
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.. csv-table:: Qal Suffix Conjugation Plural Forms
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.. csv-table:: Pe'al Perfect Plural Forms
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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common plural first person,קָטַלְנוּ,qatalnu,we killed
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@ -66,6 +71,7 @@ and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>`.
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third person feminine plural,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,they will kill
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.. csv-table:: Independent Personal Pronoun Plural Forms
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine plural,אַתֶּם,'attem,you
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@ -73,15 +79,9 @@ and :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>`.
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third person masculine plural,הֵם / הֵמָּה,hem / hemmah,they
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third person feminine plural,הֵן / הֵנָּה,hen / hennah,they
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.. csv-table:: Direct Object Marker with Pronominal Suffix Plural Forms
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine plural,אֹתְכֶֶם,'othekhem,you
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second person feminine plural,אֹתְכֶֶן,'thekhem,you
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third person masculine plural,אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם,'ethhem / 'otham,them
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third person feminine plural,אֶתְהֶן / אֹתָן,'ethhen / 'othan,them
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.. csv-table:: Pronominal Suffix Plural Forms
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine plural,לָכֶם / -כֶם,lakhem / -khem,(to) you
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@ -95,82 +95,14 @@ Function
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:ref:`Nouns<noun>` marked as plural
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _number_plural-common:
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Common Plural
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The common plural expresses more than one of a thing.
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The term אֲלֹהִים can function as a common plural, but it most often functions as a :ref:`majestic<number_plural-majestic>`
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plural (see example below).
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.. _number_plural-complex:
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Complex Plural
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they appear in plural form. For example, the term שָׁמַיִם can be translated into
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English as "heaven" or "heavens", and the term מַיִם can be translated in English as "water" or waters", depending on the context.
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Biblical Aramaic can use the plural form for actions that have multiple processes or an action involving a collective noun
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(see example Gen 4:10 below, "bloods" = "bloodshed").
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.. _number_plural-majestic:
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Majestic Plural
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The plural form can also express a collective, intensive or superlative sense of a singular item (or kind of item).
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For example, the noun אֲלֹהִים (God) appears in the plural form but usually refers to the singular entity "God".
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.. _number_plural-abstract:
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Abstract Plural
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Some plural nouns in Biblical Aramaic are translated as singular in other
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languages. In English, abstract plurals are often singular and have
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endings like -ness, -hood, and -ship.
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:ref:`Adjectives<adjective>` marked as plural
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Generally, plural adjectives (also :ref:`active<participle_active-adjectival>` and :ref:`passive<participle_passive-adjectival>`
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adjectival participles) use the :ref:`common plural<number_plural-common>`.
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:ref:`Verbs<verb>` marked as plural
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>` and/or :ref:`verbal participle<participle_active-verbal>` in plural form
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indicates that the subject of the verb is plural.
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Participles marked as plural
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Participles in plural form can generally use the common plural, but not always. A verbal participle in plural form indicates
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that the subject of the participle is plural.
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Personal :ref:`pronouns<pronoun_personal>` and :ref:`suffixes<suffix_pronominal>` marked as plural
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Generally, pronouns and suffixes use the :ref:`common plural<number_plural-common>`.
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