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Update 'content/stem_aphel.rst'
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Joel D. Ruark
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hiphil.rst
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.. _stem_haphel:
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.. _stem_aphel:
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Stem Haphel
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===========
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@ -8,128 +8,14 @@ Stem Haphel
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Summary
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-------
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The Haphel stem generally expresses causative action in active voice,
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but it can also express other kinds of verbal action depending on the
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context and the specific verb.
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The Aphel stem is a rare stem formation in Biblical Aramaic.
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It is related to the Haphel stem and generally expresses causative action in active voice.
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Article
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-------
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The Haphel form is a verbal :ref:`stem formation<stem>` in Biblical Aramaic, usually indicated by a הִ prefix before
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the 1st radical and a hireq-yod (or sometimes tsere) vowel under the 2nd
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radical of the
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:ref:`verb<verb>`.
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(This ה changes in the
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:ref:`participle<participle_active>` and :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
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forms.) The Haphel stem is generally used to express causative action in
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active voice. In many cases the
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:ref:`noun<noun>`
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derived from the same root is the object or result of the hiphil verb
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associated with that root. For example, the Hiphil verb הִמְטִיר means
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"to cause to rain down"; the noun מָטָר means "rain".
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.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Haphel Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הִקְטִיל,hiqtil,he caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,הִקְטִילָה,hiqtilah,she caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתָּ,hiqtalta,you caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתְּ,hiqtalt,you caused to kill
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common singular first person,הִקְטַלְתִּי,hiqtalti,I caused to kill
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common plural third person,הִקְטִילוּ,hiqtilu,they caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּם,hiqtaltem,you caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּן,hiqtalten,you caused to kill
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common plural first person,הִקְטַלְנוּ,hiqtalnu,we caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Haphel Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יַקְטִיל,yaqtil,he will cause to kill
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feminine singular third person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,she will cause to kill
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masculine singular second person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,you will cause to kill
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feminine singular second person,תַּקְטִילִי,taqtili,you will cause to kill
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common singular first person,אַקְטִיל,'aqtil,I will cause to kill
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masculine plural third person,יַקְטִילוּ,yaqtilu,they will cause to kill
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feminine plural third person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,they will cause to kill
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masculine plural second person,תַּקְטִילוּ,taqtilu,you will cause to kill
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feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,you will cause to kill
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common plural first person,נַקְטִיל,naqtil,we will cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Haphel Infinitive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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Infinitive,הַקְטִיל,haqtil,cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Haphel Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,you must cause to kill
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feminine singular,הַקְטִילִי,haqtili,you must cause to kill
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masculine plural,הַקְטִילוּ,haqtilu,you must cause to kill
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feminine plural,הַקְטֵלְנָה,haqtelenah,you must cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Haphel Participle (active voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,מַקְטִיל,maqtil,causing to kill
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feminine singular,מַקְטֶלֶת,maqteleth,causing to kill
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masculine plural,מַקְטִילִים,maqtilim,causing to kill
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feminine plural,מַקְטִילוֹת,maqtiloth,causing to kill
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Function
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Examples
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--------
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The Haphel stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
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Expresses causative action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the
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object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verb)
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or to be in the state described by the verb (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs).
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The Haphel stem usually serves this causative function with dynamic
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verbs (and sometimes with stative verbs also). A good example is the
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verb בּוֹא. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_peal>` stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the simple action
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"to come" or "to go". But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses
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the causative action "to bring" (meaning, *to cause something to
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come/go*). In English, causative action is expressed using the main verb
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"to cause" paired with the infinitive of the verbal action in view. In
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Biblical Aramaic, the causative nature of the verbal action is expressed
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by the Hiphil form of the verb itself with no additional verbal element.
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Expresses various kinds of simple or causative action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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In Biblical Aramaic, some verbs are found only in the Haphel stem (and/or
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its derivative stem formations). In these cases, the Haphel usually
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expresses a simple action which is causative by its very nature. A good
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example is the Aramaic verb סוּת, which occurs only in the Haphel stem
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and means "to incite" or "to entice". A dictionary or lexicon will
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indicate all the stem formations in which a particular verb is found as
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well as the appropriate meaning(s).
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Some verbs express *different* meanings in *different* stem formations.
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A good example is the verb גָּלָה. In the :ref:`Pe'al<stem_peal>` stem,
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the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to uncover" or "to reveal".
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But in the Haphel stem, the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to
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exile". Again, this will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.
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The Haphel stem can also be used to express miscellaneous kinds of
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simple or causative action that might not follow any of the other
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descriptions listed above. As always, the specific meaning of the verb
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will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.
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