From 3ed3539338aab5c9a172e116f696db70fdac257f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joel D. Ruark" Date: Mon, 3 Jan 2022 01:51:38 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Update 'content/stem_aphel.rst' --- content/stem_aphel.rst | 124 ++--------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/stem_aphel.rst b/content/stem_aphel.rst index f967af5..35d53c6 100644 --- a/content/stem_aphel.rst +++ b/content/stem_aphel.rst @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ :github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hiphil.rst -.. _stem_haphel: +.. _stem_aphel: Stem Haphel =========== @@ -8,128 +8,14 @@ Stem Haphel Summary ------- -The Haphel stem generally expresses causative action in active voice, -but it can also express other kinds of verbal action depending on the -context and the specific verb. +The Aphel stem is a rare stem formation in Biblical Aramaic. +It is related to the Haphel stem and generally expresses causative action in active voice. + Article ------- - -The Haphel form is a verbal :ref:`stem formation` in Biblical Aramaic, usually indicated by a הִ prefix before -the 1st radical and a hireq-yod (or sometimes tsere) vowel under the 2nd -radical of the -:ref:`verb`. -(This ה changes in the -:ref:`participle` and :ref:`Imperfect` -forms.) The Haphel stem is generally used to express causative action in -active voice. In many cases the -:ref:`noun` -derived from the same root is the object or result of the hiphil verb -associated with that root. For example, the Hiphil verb הִמְטִיר means -"to cause to rain down"; the noun מָטָר means "rain". - .. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt -Form ----- - -Paradigm -~~~~~~~~ - -.. csv-table:: Haphel Perfect Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - masculine singular third person,הִקְטִיל,hiqtil,he caused to kill - feminine singular third person,הִקְטִילָה,hiqtilah,she caused to kill - masculine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתָּ,hiqtalta,you caused to kill - feminine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתְּ,hiqtalt,you caused to kill - common singular first person,הִקְטַלְתִּי,hiqtalti,I caused to kill - common plural third person,הִקְטִילוּ,hiqtilu,they caused to kill - masculine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּם,hiqtaltem,you caused to kill - feminine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּן,hiqtalten,you caused to kill - common plural first person,הִקְטַלְנוּ,hiqtalnu,we caused to kill - -.. csv-table:: Haphel Imperfect Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - masculine singular third person,יַקְטִיל,yaqtil,he will cause to kill - feminine singular third person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,she will cause to kill - masculine singular second person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,you will cause to kill - feminine singular second person,תַּקְטִילִי,taqtili,you will cause to kill - common singular first person,אַקְטִיל,'aqtil,I will cause to kill - masculine plural third person,יַקְטִילוּ,yaqtilu,they will cause to kill - feminine plural third person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,they will cause to kill - masculine plural second person,תַּקְטִילוּ,taqtilu,you will cause to kill - feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,you will cause to kill - common plural first person,נַקְטִיל,naqtil,we will cause to kill - -.. csv-table:: Haphel Infinitive Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - Infinitive,הַקְטִיל,haqtil,cause to kill - -.. csv-table:: Haphel Imperative Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - masculine singular,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,you must cause to kill - feminine singular,הַקְטִילִי,haqtili,you must cause to kill - masculine plural,הַקְטִילוּ,haqtilu,you must cause to kill - feminine plural,הַקְטֵלְנָה,haqtelenah,you must cause to kill - -.. csv-table:: Haphel Participle (active voice) Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - masculine singular,מַקְטִיל,maqtil,causing to kill - feminine singular,מַקְטֶלֶת,maqteleth,causing to kill - masculine plural,מַקְטִילִים,maqtilim,causing to kill - feminine plural,מַקְטִילוֹת,maqtiloth,causing to kill - -Function +Examples -------- -The Haphel stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action: - -Expresses causative action -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the -object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for :ref:`dynamic` verb) -or to be in the state described by the verb (for :ref:`stative` verbs). -The Haphel stem usually serves this causative function with dynamic -verbs (and sometimes with stative verbs also). A good example is the -verb בּוֹא. In the :ref:`Qal` stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the simple action -"to come" or "to go". But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses -the causative action "to bring" (meaning, *to cause something to -come/go*). In English, causative action is expressed using the main verb -"to cause" paired with the infinitive of the verbal action in view. In -Biblical Aramaic, the causative nature of the verbal action is expressed -by the Hiphil form of the verb itself with no additional verbal element. - - -Expresses various kinds of simple or causative action -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -In Biblical Aramaic, some verbs are found only in the Haphel stem (and/or -its derivative stem formations). In these cases, the Haphel usually -expresses a simple action which is causative by its very nature. A good -example is the Aramaic verb סוּת, which occurs only in the Haphel stem -and means "to incite" or "to entice". A dictionary or lexicon will -indicate all the stem formations in which a particular verb is found as -well as the appropriate meaning(s). - -Some verbs express *different* meanings in *different* stem formations. -A good example is the verb גָּלָה. In the :ref:`Pe'al` stem, -the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to uncover" or "to reveal". -But in the Haphel stem, the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to -exile". Again, this will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon. - -The Haphel stem can also be used to express miscellaneous kinds of -simple or causative action that might not follow any of the other -descriptions listed above. As always, the specific meaning of the verb -will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon. -