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Joel D. Ruark
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle_interrogative.rst
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.. _particle_interrogative:
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Particle Interrogative
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======================
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Summary
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-------
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Interrogative particles indicate that a sentence is a question. The standard interrogative prefix -הֲ (he with
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hateph pathah vowel) should not be confused with the definite article -הַ (he with pathah vowel). The interrogative particles מִי and מָה can also
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function as interrogative pronouns ("who?" and "what?") or indefinite pronouns ("whoever" and "whatever").
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Article
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-------
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The interrogative prefix -הֲ is the standard interrogative particle in Biblie Hebrew and can be differentiated
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from the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` by the context and the lack of a daghesh in the consonant immediately
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following the prefix. The interrogative prefix, as well as interrogative particles in general, nearly always appear at the
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beginning of a clause to indicate that the clause is a question and not a statement. However, as in many languages, in Biblical Hebrew a question can be asked rhetorically as a way
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of making a strong statement. As an example, a person might ask "How can that be?" as a way of expressing a strong sense of
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disbelief in something that has just been said.
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-הֲ
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----
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Form
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~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Interrogative Particle With a standard noun
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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noun,סוּס,sus,horse
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noun + definite article,הַסּוּס,hassus,the horse
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noun + interrogative particle,הֲסוּס,hasus,a horse?
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.. csv-table:: Interrogative Particle With a shewa under the first letter
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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noun,מְרַגֵּל,meraggel,spy
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noun + definite article,הַמְּרַגֵּל,hammeraggel,the spy
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noun + interrogative particle,הַמְרַגֵּל,hamraggel,a spy?
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.. csv-table:: Interrogative Particle With a first guttural
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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noun,אִישׁ,'ish,man
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noun + definite article,הָאִישׁ,ha'ish,the man
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noun + interrogative particle,הַאִישׁ,ha'ish,a man?
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.. csv-table:: Interrogative Particle With a first guttural that has a qamets
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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noun,אָב,'av,father
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noun + definite article,הָאָב,ha'av,the father
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noun + interrogative particle,הֶאָב,he'av,a father?
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Examples
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 43:7
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הֲיֵ֣שׁ לָכֶ֣ם אָ֔ח
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**hayesh** lakhem 'ah
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**[quest.]-is-there** to-you brother
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**Do** you **have** a brother\ **?**
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 20:17
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הַאַתָּ֥ה יוֹאָ֖ב
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**ha'attah** yo'av
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**[quest.]-are-you** Joab
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**Are you** Joab\ **?**
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מִי
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----
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This is the standard personal interrogative particle and can be translated as "who?". This particle can also function either as
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an :ref:`interrogative pronoun<pronoun_interrogative>` when used at the beginning of a verbal clause, or as an
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:ref:`indefinite pronoun<pronoun_indefinite>` ("whoever") when used in the middle of a clause or sentence.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 24:65
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מִֽי־הָאִ֤ישׁ הַלָּזֶה֙
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**mi**-ha'ish hallazeh
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**Who**\ \_the-man the-that
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**Who** is that man?
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 15:11
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מִֽי־כָמֹ֤כָה בָּֽאֵלִם֙ יְהוָ֔ה
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**mi**-khamokhah ba'elim yehwah
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**Who**\ \_like-you among-the-gods Yahweh
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"**Who** is like you, Yahweh, among the gods?"
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 32:18
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לְמִי־אַ֙תָּה֙
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**lemi**-'attoh
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**To-whom**\ \_you
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**To whom** do you belong?
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 15:4
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מִי־יְשִׂמֵ֥נִי שֹׁפֵ֖ט בָּאָ֑רֶץ
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**mi**-yesimeni shofet ba'arets
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**Who**\ \_will-put-me judge in-the-land
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**I wish that** I were made judge in the land!
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 23:15
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מִ֚י יַשְׁקֵ֣נִי מַ֔יִם
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**mi** yashqeni mayim
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**Who** will-give-me water
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**If only someone** would give me water!
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.. csv-table:: Example: AMO 7:2
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מִ֥י יָק֖וּם יַֽעֲקֹ֑ב
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**mi** yaqum ya'aqov
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**Who** he-will-raise Jacob
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**How** will Jacob survive?
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מָה
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----
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This is the standard impersonal interrogative particle and can be translated as "what?". This particle can also function as
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either an :ref:`interrogative pronoun<pronoun_interrogative>` when used at the beginning of a verbal clause, or
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an :ref:`indefinite pronoun<pronoun_indefinite>` ("whatever") when used in the middle of a clause or sentence.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 20:1
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מַה־פִּשְׁעִי֙
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**mah**-ppish'iy
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**What**\ \_my-iniquity
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**What** is my iniquity?
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 18:18
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מָ֥ה אַתֶּ֖ם עֹשִֽׂים
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**mah** 'attem 'osim
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**What** you are-doing
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**What** are you doing?
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 15:8 –– with preposition בְּ
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בַּמָּ֥ה אֵדַ֖ע
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**bammah** 'eda'
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**By-the-what** will-I-know
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**How** will I know?
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 47:8 –– with preposition כְּ
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כַּמָּ֕ה יְמֵ֖י שְׁנֵ֥י חַיֶּֽיךָ
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**kammah** yeme shene hayyeykha
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**Like-what** days-of years-of your-life
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**How long** have you lived?
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 79:5 —— with preposition עַד
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עַד־מָ֣ה יְ֭הוָה תֶּאֱנַ֣ף לָנֶ֑צַח
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**'ad-mah** yehwah te'enaf lanetsah
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**Until\_what** Yahweh will-you-be-angry forever
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"**How long**, Yahweh? Will you stay angry forever?"
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 22:32 –– with preposition עַל
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עַל־מָ֗ה הִכִּ֙יתָ֙ אֶת־אֲתֹ֣נְךָ֔
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**'al-mah** hikkitha 'eth-'athonekha
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**On\_what** did-you-strike [dir.obj]\_your-donkey
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**Why** have you struck your donkey?
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 44:16 –– with the prefixed conjunction
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וּמַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק
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**wumah**-nnitstaddaq
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**and-what** we-will-justify-ourselves
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**or how** can we justify ourselves?
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 14:15 –– with causal meaning
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מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑י
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**mah**-tits'aq 'ela
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**what**\ \_you-cry-out to-me
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**why** are you continuing to call out to me?
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איך and איכה
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------------
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These are particles of manner and can be translated as "how?", "why?", or even "how!".
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 137:4
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אֵ֗יךְ נָשִׁ֥יר
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**'ekh** nashir
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**How** will-we-sing
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**How** could we sing?
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 137:4
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אֵ֗יךְ נָשִׁ֥יר
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**'ekh** nashir
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**How** can-we-sing
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**How** could we sing?
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 12:6
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אֵ֚יךְ אַתֶּ֣ם נֽוֹעָצִ֔ים
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**'ekh** 'attem no'atsim
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**How** you advise
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**How** do you advise me
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אי and איה
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----------
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These are particles of place and can be translated as "where?" or "where is?".
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:9
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אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל
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**'e** hevel
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**Where** Abel
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**Where** is Abel?
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 18:9
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אַיֵּ֖ה שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתֶּ֑ךָ
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**'ayyeh** sarah 'ishtekha
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**Where** Sarah your-wife
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**Where** is Sarah your wife?
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:5
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אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ
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**'ayyeh** ha'anashim 'asher-ba'u 'eleykha
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**Where** the-men that\_came-in to-you
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**Where** are the men that came in to you?
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מָתַי
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---
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This is a particle of time and can be translated as "when?". It is often used with the preposition עַד in the compound particle
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עַד־מָתַי which literally means "until when?" but is usually translated "how long?".
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 7:4
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מָתַ֣י אָ֭קוּם
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**mathay** 'aqum
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**When** will-I-get-up
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**How long will it be** until I get up?
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:10
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עַד־מָתַ֣י אֱ֭לֹהִים יְחָ֣רֶף צָ֑ר
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**'ad-mathay** 'elohim yeharef tsar
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**How\_long** God will-throw-insults enemy
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"God, **how long** will our enemies make fun of you?"
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לָמָ֪ה and לָֽמָּה
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-----------
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These are particles of cause and literally mean "for what?", but they are usually translated as "why?".
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:6
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לָ֚מָּה חָ֣רָה לָ֔ךְ **וְלָ֖מָּה** נָפְל֥וּ פָנֶֽיךָ
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**lommah** harah lakh **welammah** noflu faneykha
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**For-what** you-angry to-you **and-for-what** has-fallen your-face
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**Why** are you angry **and why** are you scowling?
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 42:9 (PSA 42:10 in Hebrew)
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"לָמָ֪ה שְׁכַ֫חְתָּ֥נִי **לָֽמָּה**\ ־קֹדֵ֥ר אֵלֵ֗ךְ בְּלַ֣חַץ
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אוֹיֵֽב׃"
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**lamah** shekhahtani **lammah**-qoder 'elekh belahats 'oyev
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"**Why** have-you-forgotten-me **why** mourning I-will-go
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because-of-oppression-of enemy"
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"**Why** have you forgotten me? You know the hardships that my enemies
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bring on me."
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Other interrogative particles
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-----------------------------
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מַדּ֖וּעַ (why?)
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 8:12
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מַדּ֖וּעַ אֲדֹנִ֣י בֹכֶ֑ה
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**maddua'** 'adoni vokheh
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**Why** my-master is-weeping
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"Sir, **why** are you crying?"
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עַד־אָן (how long?)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 8:2
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עַד־אָ֥ן תְּמַלֶּל־אֵ֑לֶּה
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**'ad-'an** temallel-'elleh
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**How\_long** will-you-say\_these-things
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**How much longer** will you talk like this?
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אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה (from where?)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 25:11
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לַֽאֲנָשִׁ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א יָדַ֔עְתִּי **אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה** הֵֽמָּה׃
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la'anashim 'asher lo yada'ti **'e mizzeh** hemmah
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to-men who not I-know **where from this** they.
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to men who come **from** I do not know **where**?
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