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# Bibliography
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Black, David Alan. *Learn to Read New Testament Greek*. 3rd ed. Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing Group, 2009.
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Black, David Alan. *It’s Still Greek to Me: An Easy-to-Understand Guide to Intermediate Greek*. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1998.
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Buttmann, Alexander. *A Grammar of the New Testament Greek*. Andover: Warren F. Draper, 1891.
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Caragounis, Chrys C. *The Development of Greek and the New Testament: Morphology, Syntax, Phonology, and Textual Transmission. *Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2004.
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Davis, William Hersey. *Beginner’s Grammar of the Greek New Testament*. Revised and expanded edition. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005.
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Decker, Rodney J. *Reading Koine Greek: An Introduction and Integrated Workbook. *Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2014.
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Dionysios Thrax. *The Grammar of Dionysios Thrax. *Translated by Thomas Davidson. St. Louis: R. P. Studley, 1874.
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Fanning, Buist M. *Verbal Aspect in New Testament Greek*. Oxford Theological Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990.
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Farrar, Frederic W. *A Brief Greek Syntax and Hints on Greek Accidence. *London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1867.
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Groton, Anne H. *From Alpha to Omega: A Beginning Course in Classical Greek.* Fourth Edition. Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing, 2013.
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Harvey, John D. *Greek Is Good Grief: Laying the Foundation for Exegesis and Exposition.* Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007.
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Heiser, Michael S., and Vincent M. Setterholm*. Glossary of Morpho-Syntactic Database Terminology*. Lexham Press, 2013; 2013.
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Jannaris, Antonius N. *An Historical Greek Grammar: Chiefly of the Attic Dialect as Written and Spoken from Classical Antiquity Down to the Present Time.* London: MacMillan & Co., 1897.
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Long, Fredrick J. *Kairos: A Beginning Greek Grammar*. Mishawaka, IN: Fredrick J. Long, 2005.
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Long, Gary A. *Grammatical Concepts 101 for Biblical Greek: Learning Biblical Greek Grammatical Concepts through English Grammar. *Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2006.
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Moulton, James Hope. *An Introduction to the Study of New Testament Greek*. London: Charles H. Kelly, 1895.
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Mounce, William D. *Basics of Biblical Greek: Grammar*. Edited by Verlyn D. Verbrugge. Third Edition. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009.
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Mounce, William D. *Biblical Greek: A Compact Guide*. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011.
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Nunn, H. P. V. *The Elements of New Testament Greek.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923.
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Porter, Stanley E.* Idioms of the Greek New Testament.* Sheffield: JSOT, 1999.
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Porter, Stanley E., Jeffrey T. Reed, and Matthew Brook O’Donnell. *Fundamentals of New Testament Greek.* Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2010.
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Robertson, A. T. *A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research.* Logos Bible Software, 2006.
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Sophocles, E. A. A* Greek Grammar, for the Use of Learners*. Ninth Edition. Hartford: H. Huntington, 1844.
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Summers, Ray, and Thomas Sawyer. *Essentials of New Testament Greek*. Rev. ed. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman, 1995.
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Wallace, Daniel B. *Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament*. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1996.
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Zerwick, Max. *Biblical Greek Illustrated by Examples. *Vol. 114. English ed., adapted from the fourth Latin ed. Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1963.
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@ -5,3 +5,4 @@ An **adverb** is a part of speech which modifies a verb, an adjective or another
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Ἐχάρην δὲ ἐν κυρίῳ **μεγάλως** (Php 4:10)
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Ἐχάρην δὲ ἐν κυρίῳ **μεγάλως** (Php 4:10)
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And I rejoice in the Lord **greatly**
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And I rejoice in the Lord **greatly**
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# article Glossary
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A part of speech modifying a nominal, often by identifying, limiting or specifying something about that nominal, or to indicate that it is definite.
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Ὡς δὲ ἔμελλον **αἱ** ἑπτὰ ἡμέραι συντελεῖσθαι, (Act 21:27)
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Now when **the** seven days were almost over
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# article Article
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###Beginner's
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The article must always agree in case, number and gender with the noun it modifies.
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The **article** can have the following functions:
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1. It can indicate that the noun is *definite* or *specific*.
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Ὡς δὲ ἔμελλον **αἱ** ἑπτὰ ἡμέραι συντελεῖσθαι, (Act 21:27)
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Now when **the** seven days were almost over
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1. It can indicate a *category*, rather than a specific person or item.
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ἄξιος γὰρ **ὁ ἐργάτης** τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luk 10:7)
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for **the laborer** is worthy of his wages (This is a general principle applying to *all* laborers [the entire category].)
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1. An adjective can have an article to show that it functions nominally (i.e., as a noun)
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σὺν **τοῖς ἁγίοις** πᾶσιν (2Co 1:1)
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with all **the saints** (lit., "the holy)
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1. A participle can have an article to show that it functions nominally (i.e., as a noun).
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ἔρχεται **ὁ** ἰσχυρότερός μου ὀπίσω μου, (Mrk 1:7)
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**one who is stronger** than me is coming after me,
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1. The article can be used alone like a personal pronoun.
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**οἱ** δὲ ἐξ ἐριθείας °τὸν Χριστὸν καταγγέλλουσιν (Php 1:17)
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But **they** from envy preach Christ.
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1. The article can be used like a possessive pronoun.
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τί γὰρ οἶδας, γύναι, εἰ **τὸν** ἄνδρα σώσεις; (1Co 7:16)
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For how do you know, woman, if you will save **your** husband?
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1. The article can be used like a relative pronoun.
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οὕτως γὰρ ἐδίωξαν τοὺς προφήτας **τοὺς** πρὸ ὑμῶν (Mat 5:12)
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For thus they persecuted the prophets **who** were before you
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1. *Personal names* often have the article (which often will not be translated).
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Τότε παραγίνεται **ὁ Ἰησοῦς** ἀπὸ **τῆς Γαλιλαίας** ἐπὶ **τὸν Ἰορδάνην** πρὸς **τὸν Ἰωάννην** (Mat 3:13)
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Then **Jesus** came from **Galilee** to **the Jordan** to **John**
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1. The article can be used with infinitives and indicate temporality.
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καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν **τῷ** σπείρειν ὃ μὲν ἔπεσεν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν (Mar 4:4)
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and it happened **when he sowed** (lit. in **the** to sow), some fell by the roadside
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1. The article can be used with infinitives to indicate the subject of the action which is given in the accusative. (It is sometimes called an *accusative of general reference*).
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ἐπεθύμησα τοῦτο τὸ πάσχα φαγεῖν μεθʼ ὑμῶν πρὸ **τοῦ** με παθεῖν· (Luk 22:15)
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I desired to eat this Passover with you before **I suffer** (lit. before **the** me to suffer). (The idea is that the suffering has reference to "me", i.e. Christ).
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1. If two substantives are joined by the verb εἰμί (*to be*), the one with the article is the subject and the one without the article is the predicate.
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καὶ θεὸς ἦν **ὁ λόγος** (Jhn 1:1)
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and **the Word** was God
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###Intermediate
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1. The article can be used to refer back to something previously referenced. This is called *anaphoric* (meaning "refers to again").
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πόθεν οὖν ἔχεις **τὸ** ὕδωρ **τὸ** ζῶν; (Jhn 4:11)
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Where, then, do you get **that** living water? (referring back to ὕδωρ ζῶν in 4:10)
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1. The article can be used like a demonstrative pronoun. This is called *deictic* (meaning "pointing").
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ἰδοὺ **ὁ** ἄνθρωπος. (Jhn 19:5)
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"Behold, **the** man! (meaning "this man", standing here)
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1. The article can be used to indicate that a substantive is the very best (or worst) of its kind, or *"in a class by itself"*. This is called *par excellence*.
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**ὁ** προφήτης εἶ σύ; (Jhn 1:21)
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Are you **the** Prophet? (referring to the prophet which Moses said would come after him [Deu 18:15, 18])
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1. The article can be used to indicate that a substantive is *unique*. This is called *monadic* (meaning "one of a kind"). (This is very similar to the previous usage and thus there is debate over which usages are *par excellence* and which are *monadic*.)
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καὶ ἀκριβέστερον αὐτῷ ἐξέθεντο **τὴν** ὁδὸν τοῦ θεοῦ (Act 18:26)
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and more clearly explained to him **the** way of God
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###Advanced
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1. In the construction ὁ δέ or ὁ μὲν … ὁ δέ, the article indicates a change of subject and is used as a third person personal pronoun in the nominative (e.g., *he*, *she*, *they*).
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**ὁ δὲ** ἔφη αὐτοῖς Ἐχθρὸς ἄνθρωπος τοῦτο ἐποίησεν. **οἱ δὲ** αὐτῷ λέγουσιν ... **ὁ δέ** φησιν· (Matt. 13:28-29)
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**and he** said to them, "An enemy has done this." **And they** said to him ... **and he** said
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1. Similarly, in the construction ὁ μὲν … ὁ δέ when the article is nominative, a contrast is indicated between groups.
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ἐσχίσθη δὲ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς πόλεως, καὶ **οἱ μὲν** ἦσαν σὺν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις **οἱ δὲ** σὺν τοῖς ἀποστόλοις. (Act 14:4)
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and the crowd of the city was divided, and **some** were with the Jews **but others** were with the apostles
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1. When two singular nouns are joined by καὶ (*and*):
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a. If both have the article, the reference is to two separate people.
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ὅπου καὶ **τὸ** θηρίον καὶ **ὁ** ψευδοπροφήτης (Rev 20:10)
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where also [are] **the** beast and **the** false prophet.
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b. If only the first of two singular nouns has the article, they are referring to the same person. (This is called the *Granville Sharp rule*.)
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Τύχικος **ὁ** ἀγαπητὸς ἀδελφὸς καὶ πιστὸς διάκονος ἐν κυρίῳ (Eph 6:21)
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Tychichus, **the** beloved brother and faithful servant in the Lord
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c. Some passages where the Granville Sharp rule applies are theologically important and often debated.
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καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης **τοῦ** μεγάλου θεοῦ καὶ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, (Tit 2:13)
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and the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ
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1. The article is absent in NT Greek in many places where it is required in other languages, especially in prepositional phrases.***
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# attic Glossary
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# attic Glossary
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**Attic** is the Greek dialect spoken by Athenians in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. It differs from the Hellenistic (or Koine) Greek in which the New Testament was written.
|
**Attic** is the Greek dialect spoken by Athenians in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. It differs from the Hellenistic (or Koine) Greek in which the New Testament was written.
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@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
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# case Glossary
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# case Glossary
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||||||
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|
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A **case** is a usage of a Greek nominal which is indicated by its morphology and shows its relationship to other words in a sentence (such as the subject). Greek has five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative. (Some teachers divide the genitive into genitive and ablative, and divide the dative into dative, locative and instrumental, and thus use an eight-case system for Greek).
|
A **case** is a usage of a Greek nominal which is indicated by its morphology and shows its relationship to other words in a sentence (such as the subject). Greek has five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative. (Some teachers divide the genitive into genitive and ablative, and divide the dative into dative, locative and instrumental, and thus use an eight-case system for Greek).
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@ -5,3 +5,4 @@
|
||||||
ἑτοιμάσατε **τὴν ὁδὸν** κυρίου (Mrk 1:3)
|
ἑτοιμάσατε **τὴν ὁδὸν** κυρίου (Mrk 1:3)
|
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|
||||||
prepare **the way** of the Lord
|
prepare **the way** of the Lord
|
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@ -4,3 +4,4 @@
|
||||||
οἱ δὲ ἐπέδωκαν **αὐτῷ** ἰχθύος ὀπτοῦ μέρος (Luk 24:42)
|
οἱ δὲ ἐπέδωκαν **αὐτῷ** ἰχθύος ὀπτοῦ μέρος (Luk 24:42)
|
||||||
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|
||||||
and they gave **him** a piece of broiled fish
|
and they gave **him** a piece of broiled fish
|
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@ -5,3 +5,4 @@
|
||||||
πάντες γὰρ ὑμεῖς υἱοὶ **φωτός** ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ **ἡμέρας** (1Th 5:5)
|
πάντες γὰρ ὑμεῖς υἱοὶ **φωτός** ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ **ἡμέρας** (1Th 5:5)
|
||||||
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|
||||||
for you are all sons **of light** and sons **of the day**
|
for you are all sons **of light** and sons **of the day**
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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@ -5,3 +5,4 @@
|
||||||
**κύριε**, ἐὰν θέλῃς δύνασαί με καθαρίσαι (Mat 8:2)
|
**κύριε**, ἐὰν θέλῃς δύνασαί με καθαρίσαι (Mat 8:2)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Lord**, if you are willing, you can make me clean
|
**Lord**, if you are willing, you can make me clean
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# cond Glossary
|
# cond Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There are two **conditional** particles, **εἰ** and **ἐάν**, usually translated *if*, which introduce a condition which must be met for a consequence or conclusion to follow.
|
There are two **conditional** particles, **εἰ** and **ἐάν**, usually translated *if*, which introduce a condition which must be met for a consequence or conclusion to follow.
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# crasis Glossary
|
# crasis Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Crasis** is when two words are contracted into one word (e.g. where the two words, καὶ [*and*] and ἐγώ [*I*] are combined into κἀγώ [*and I*])
|
**Crasis** is when two words are contracted into one word (e.g. where the two words, καὶ [*and*] and ἐγώ [*I*] are combined into κἀγώ [*and I*])
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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@ -5,3 +5,4 @@
|
||||||
**κἀγὼ** πέμπω ὑμᾶς (Jhn 20:21)
|
**κἀγὼ** πέμπω ὑμᾶς (Jhn 20:21)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**I also** send you
|
**I also** send you
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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|
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# gender Glossary
|
# gender Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Substantives will have one of three *grammatical* **genders**: *masculine*, *feminine*, or *neuter*.
|
Substantives will have one of three *grammatical* **genders**: *masculine*, *feminine*, or *neuter*.
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# gender_feminine Glossary
|
# gender_feminine Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Nominals are marked for *grammatical* **gender**, one of which is *feminine*.
|
Nominals are marked for *grammatical* **gender**, one of which is *feminine*.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
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|
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# gender_masculine Glossary
|
# gender_masculine Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Nominals are marked for *grammatical* **gender**, one of which is *masculine*.
|
Nominals are marked for *grammatical* **gender**, one of which is *masculine*.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
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|
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# gender_neuter Glossary
|
# gender_neuter Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Nominals are marked for *grammatical* **gender**, one of which is *neuter*.
|
Nominals are marked for *grammatical* **gender**, one of which is *neuter*.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ An **interjection** is an exclamation, added to a sentence for emphasis (e.g., *
|
||||||
**Ὦ** βάθος πλούτου καὶ σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως θεοῦ (Rom 11:33)
|
**Ὦ** βάθος πλούτου καὶ σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως θεοῦ (Rom 11:33)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Oh**, the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God!
|
**Oh**, the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# interrogative Glossary
|
# interrogative Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Interrogative** is a grammatical feature used to form a question.
|
**Interrogative** is a grammatical feature used to form a question.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -2,3 +2,4 @@
|
||||||
**Mood** is a feature of the verb which indicates the speaker's viewpoint of the verbal action in relation to reality. Greek has four **moods**: *indicative*, *imperative*, *subjunctive*, and *optative*.
|
**Mood** is a feature of the verb which indicates the speaker's viewpoint of the verbal action in relation to reality. Greek has four **moods**: *indicative*, *imperative*, *subjunctive*, and *optative*.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The two remaining verb forms, the *infinitive* and the *participle*, technically do not have mood, but are often discussed alongside mood in Greek grammars.
|
The two remaining verb forms, the *infinitive* and the *participle*, technically do not have mood, but are often discussed alongside mood in Greek grammars.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -5,3 +5,4 @@ An **infinitive** is a verbal noun (e.g., *to eat*, *to run*, *to go*). It expre
|
||||||
οὓς οὐκ ἔξεστιν **φαγεῖν** εἰ μὴ τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν, (Mrk 2:26)
|
οὓς οὐκ ἔξεστιν **φαγεῖν** εἰ μὴ τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν, (Mrk 2:26)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
it is not lawful for anyone **to eat** except the priests
|
it is not lawful for anyone **to eat** except the priests
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# noun_other_type_indeclinable Glossary
|
# noun_other_type_indeclinable Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is a **noun** which does **not decline**, i.e., whose form does not change to indicate its function in a sentence.
|
This is a **noun** which does **not decline**, i.e., whose form does not change to indicate its function in a sentence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# number Glossary
|
# number Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Number** is the grammatical feature which signifies whether one (*singular*) or more (*plural*) participants are indicated by a word.
|
**Number** is the grammatical feature which signifies whether one (*singular*) or more (*plural*) participants are indicated by a word.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -4,3 +4,4 @@
|
||||||
1. If a word's grammatical **number** is **plural**, it denotes more than one participant.
|
1. If a word's grammatical **number** is **plural**, it denotes more than one participant.
|
||||||
1. A **collective** noun has the grammatical feature of **singular** yet refers to a group.
|
1. A **collective** noun has the grammatical feature of **singular** yet refers to a group.
|
||||||
1. The grammatical **number** of a verb usually agrees with the **number** of it's subject.
|
1. The grammatical **number** of a verb usually agrees with the **number** of it's subject.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
|
||||||
# number_plural Glossary
|
# number_plural Glossary
|
||||||
**Plural number** is the grammatical feature which signifies that more than one participant is indicated by a word.
|
**Plural number** is the grammatical feature which signifies that more than one participant is indicated by a word.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# number_singular Glossary
|
# number_singular Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Singular number** is the grammatical feature which signifies that one participant is indicated by a word.
|
**Singular number** is the grammatical feature which signifies that one participant is indicated by a word.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||||
|
There are 17 consonants in Biblical Greek, which are divided into three groups.
|
||||||
|
Liquids λ, μ, ν, and ρ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Mutes β, γ, δ, θ, κ, π, τ, φ, and χ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Sibilants σ, ζ, ξ, and ψ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<table>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<th colspan="15">Square of Stops</th>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td>+</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>=</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>+</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>=</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>+</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>=</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>+</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>=</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan="3">Gutturals</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>κ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>γ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>χ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td>μ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>γ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>σ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>ξ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>τ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>κ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>θ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>χ</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan="3">Labials</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>π</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>β</td>
|
||||||
|
<td> φ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td>μ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>μ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>σ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>ψ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>τ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>π</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>θ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>φ</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan="3">Dentals</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>τ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>δ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>θ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td>μ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>σ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td></td>
|
||||||
|
<td>τ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>σ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>θ</td>
|
||||||
|
<td>σ</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan="15">Dentals before σ are dropped.</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
<tr>
|
||||||
|
<td colspan="15">Dentals before κ are dropped.</td>
|
||||||
|
</tr>
|
||||||
|
</table>
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# particle Glossary
|
# particle Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Particles** are small words which do not fit into any other category of parts of speech and do not decline. They are often used for negation (*not*) or emphasis (*amen* or to indicate a transition in topic (sometimes not translated).
|
**Particles** are small words which do not fit into any other category of parts of speech and do not decline. They are often used for negation (*not*) or emphasis (*amen* or to indicate a transition in topic (sometimes not translated).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# person_first Glossary
|
# person_first Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**First person** is a grammatical feature indicating that the speaker is the subject of the verbal action or is speaking about themselves (e.g., *I ran*, *we ran*).
|
**First person** is a grammatical feature indicating that the speaker is the subject of the verbal action or is speaking about themselves (e.g., *I ran*, *we ran*).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# preposition Glossary
|
# preposition Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A **preposition** is a part of speech which expresses a relationship to a noun, pronoun or noun phrase, often spatial (*in*, *under*, *out*) or temporal (*before*, *after*, *during*).
|
A **preposition** is a part of speech which expresses a relationship to a noun, pronoun or noun phrase, often spatial (*in*, *under*, *out*) or temporal (*before*, *after*, *during*).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -4,3 +4,4 @@
|
||||||
ἐξενέγκατε στολὴν τὴν **πρώτην** (Luk 15:22)
|
ἐξενέγκατε στολὴν τὴν **πρώτην** (Luk 15:22)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
bring out the **best** robe
|
bring out the **best** robe
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -15,3 +15,4 @@ Greek has 10 *tense forms*:
|
||||||
1. **2nd future** is different in from but has the same meaning as *future*
|
1. **2nd future** is different in from but has the same meaning as *future*
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Older Greek grammars often refer to **tense** while some newer grammars call this **tense form** in order to emphasis *verbal aspect*. A modern approach is to refer to the *form* (or morphological encoding) as **tense form**, while referring to the concept of the *viewpoint of the action * as *aspect.*
|
Older Greek grammars often refer to **tense** while some newer grammars call this **tense form** in order to emphasis *verbal aspect*. A modern approach is to refer to the *form* (or morphological encoding) as **tense form**, while referring to the concept of the *viewpoint of the action * as *aspect.*
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||||
# tense_pluperfect Glossary
|
# tense_pluperfect Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Pluperfect** is the verb **tense-form** a speaker can use to describe an action which took place in the more remote past (e.g., *we had eaten*, *they had traveled*).
|
**Pluperfect** is the verb **tense-form** a speaker can use to describe an action which took place in the more remote past (e.g., *we had eaten*, *they had traveled*).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# tense_second_future Glossary
|
# tense_second_future Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The **second future** is a verb **tense-form** with the same meaning as the **future** but it only occurs in the passive and is called **second** to indicate that it is similar in form to the *second aorist passive*.
|
The **second future** is a verb **tense-form** with the same meaning as the **future** but it only occurs in the passive and is called **second** to indicate that it is similar in form to the *second aorist passive*.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# tense_second_perfect Article
|
# tense_second_perfect Article
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Second perfect** only occurs in the active voice and is very rare in the NT.
|
**Second perfect** only occurs in the active voice and is very rare in the NT.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# tense_second_pluperfect Article
|
# tense_second_pluperfect Article
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The **second pluperfect** is very rare in the NT.
|
The **second pluperfect** is very rare in the NT.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
|
||||||
# voice_impersonal_active Glossary
|
# voice_impersonal_active Glossary
|
||||||
An **impersonal** verb has no specific subject, so that even when it uses an **active voice** it does not imply that the subject is performing an action. Examples include: *It is raining*; *It is allowed*.
|
An **impersonal** verb has no specific subject, so that even when it uses an **active voice** it does not imply that the subject is performing an action. Examples include: *It is raining*; *It is allowed*.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -13,3 +13,4 @@ for **it is contained** in the Scriptures
|
||||||
καὶ οὐκ ἔβρεξεν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς (Jas 5:17)
|
καὶ οὐκ ἔβρεξεν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς (Jas 5:17)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
and **it did** not **rain** on the earth
|
and **it did** not **rain** on the earth
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||||
# voice_middle Glossary
|
# voice_middle Glossary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Middle voice** indicates that the action of a verb is done by the subject to itself, or for its benefit (e.g., *He washed himself*).
|
**Middle voice** indicates that the action of a verb is done by the subject to itself, or for its benefit (e.g., *He washed himself*).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
|
||||||
# voice_middle_or_passive_deponent Glossary
|
# voice_middle_or_passive_deponent Glossary
|
||||||
Some verbs have a form that is **middle voice** or **passive voice** but whose meaning when translated into other languages seems to be active. This is called a **deponent** verb.
|
Some verbs have a form that is **middle voice** or **passive voice** but whose meaning when translated into other languages seems to be active. This is called a **deponent** verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -3,3 +3,4 @@
|
||||||
οὗ **ἐγενήθην** διάκονος κατὰ τὴν δωρεὰν τῆς χάριτος τοῦ θεοῦ (Eph 3:7)
|
οὗ **ἐγενήθην** διάκονος κατὰ τὴν δωρεὰν τῆς χάριτος τοῦ θεοῦ (Eph 3:7)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
of which **I became** a servant according to the gift of God's grace (The verb from is **passive** but in many languages it is translated as *active*).
|
of which **I became** a servant according to the gift of God's grace (The verb from is **passive** but in many languages it is translated as *active*).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue