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Replace straight quotes and tidy spaces (#1280)
Replace straight quotes and tidy spaces Co-authored-by: Robert Hunt <Freely.Given.org@gmail.com> Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tw/pulls/1280
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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ If you want to make your suggested changes then you may use the online editor to
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The tWs are organized into three sub directories under `bible`.
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* The subdirectory `kt` contains “key terms” which we consider to be of special importance in the Bible.
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* The subdirectory `other` contains terms which require explanation but are of less importance than the "key terms."
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* The subdirectory `other` contains terms which require explanation but are of less importance than the “key terms.”
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* The subdirectory `names` contains proper names of people and places in the Bible.
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## GL Translators
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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## Definition:
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The term “blood” refers to the red liquid that comes out of a person’s skin when there is an injury or wound. Blood brings life-giving nutrients to a person’s entire body. In the Bible, the term "blood" is often used figuratively to mean "life" and/or several other concepts.
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The term “blood” refers to the red liquid that comes out of a person’s skin when there is an injury or wound. Blood brings life-giving nutrients to a person’s entire body. In the Bible, the term “blood” is often used figuratively to mean “life” and/or several other concepts.
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* When people made sacrifices to God, they killed an animal and poured its blood on the altar. This symbolized the sacrifice of the animal’s life to pay for people’s sins.
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* The expression “flesh and blood” refers to human beings.
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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## Definition:
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The term “child” (plural "children") refers to the offspring of a man and woman. The term is often used more generally to refer to anyone who is young in age and is not yet a fully grown adult. The term “offspring” is a general reference to the biological descendants of people or animals.
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The term “child” (plural “children”) refers to the offspring of a man and woman. The term is often used more generally to refer to anyone who is young in age and is not yet a fully grown adult. The term “offspring” is a general reference to the biological descendants of people or animals.
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* In the Bible, disciples or followers are sometimes called “children.”
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* Often the term “children” is used to refer to a person’s descendants.
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The term “child” (plural "children") refers to the offspring of a man and wo
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* children of obedience
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* children of the devil
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* This term can also refer to the Church. For example, sometimes the New Testament refers to people who believe in Jesus as "children of God."
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* This term can also refer to the Church. For example, sometimes the New Testament refers to people who believe in Jesus as “children of God.”
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## Translation Suggestions:
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@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
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## Definition:
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The term “clean” generally refers either to removing dirt or stains from someone/something or to not having any dirt or stain in the first place. The term "wash" refers specifically to action of removing dirt or stains from someone/something.
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The term “clean” generally refers either to removing dirt or stains from someone/something or to not having any dirt or stain in the first place. The term “wash” refers specifically to action of removing dirt or stains from someone/something.
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* “Cleanse” is the process of making something “clean.” It could also be translated as “wash” or “purify.”
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* In the Old Testament, God told the Israelites which animals he had specified as ritually “clean” and which ones were “unclean.” Only the clean animals were permitted to be used for eating or for sacrifice. In this context, the term “clean” means that the animal was acceptable to God for use as a sacrifice.
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* A person who had certain skin diseases would be unclean until the skin was healed enough to no longer be contagious. Instructions for cleansing the skin had to be obeyed in order for that person to be declared “clean” again.
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* Sometimes “clean” is used figuratively to refer to moral purity, meaning to be "clean" from sin.
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* Sometimes “clean” is used figuratively to refer to moral purity, meaning to be “clean” from sin.
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In the Bible, the term “unclean” is used figuratively to refer to things that God declared to be unfit for his people to touch, eat, or sacrifice.
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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ The term “compassion” refers to a feeling of concern for people, especially
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## Translation Suggestions:
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* Ways of translating “compassion” could include, “deep caring” or "pity" or “helpful mercy.”
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* Ways of translating “compassion” could include, “deep caring” or “pity” or “helpful mercy.”
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* The term “compassionate” could also be translated as, “caring and helpful” or “deeply loving and merciful.”
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## Bible References:
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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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## Definition:
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In the Bible, the term "covenant" refers to a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill.
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In the Bible, the term “covenant” refers to a formal, binding agreement between two parties that one or both parties must fulfill.
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* This agreement can be between individuals, between groups of people, or between God and people.
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* When people make a covenant with each other, they promise that they will do something, and they must do it.
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## Definition:
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In biblical times, the term translated as "covenant faithfulness" was used to describe the kind of faithfulness, loyalty, kindness, and love that was both expected and demonstrated between people who were closely related to one another, either by marriage or by blood. This same term is used often in the Bible to describe the way God relates to his people, especially his commitment to fulfill the promises that he made to them.
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In biblical times, the term translated as “covenant faithfulness” was used to describe the kind of faithfulness, loyalty, kindness, and love that was both expected and demonstrated between people who were closely related to one another, either by marriage or by blood. This same term is used often in the Bible to describe the way God relates to his people, especially his commitment to fulfill the promises that he made to them.
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* The way this term is translated can depend on how each of the individual terms “covenant” and “faithfulness” are translated.
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* Other ways to translate this term might include: “faithful love;” “loyal, committed love;” or “loving dependability.”
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The term “favor” generally means approval. Someone who favors another person
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## Translation Suggestions:
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* Other ways to translate the term “favor” could include "approval" or “blessing” or “benefit.”
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* Other ways to translate the term “favor” could include “approval” or “blessing” or “benefit.”
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* The “favorable year of Yahweh” could be translated as “the year (or time) when Yahweh will bring great blessing.”
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* The term “favoritism” could be translated as “partiality” or “being prejudiced” or “unjust treatment.” This word is related to the word “favorite,” which means to prefer above all others.
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@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
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## Definition:
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The terms “fear” refers to the unpleasant emotion a person feels when experiencing a potential threat to their safety or well-being. In the Bible, however, the term "fear" can also mean an attitude of worship, respect, awe, or obedience toward another person, usually someone powerful such as God or a king. The term "dread" refers to extreme or intense fear.
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The terms “fear” refers to the unpleasant emotion a person feels when experiencing a potential threat to their safety or well-being. In the Bible, however, the term “fear” can also mean an attitude of worship, respect, awe, or obedience toward another person, usually someone powerful such as God or a king. The term “dread” refers to extreme or intense fear.
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## Translation Suggestions:
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* Depending on the context, the term “fear” can be translated in various ways. Some possibilities include: “be afraid;” “deeply respect,” or "deep respect;" “revere,” or "reverence;" or perhaps "be in awe of.”
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* Depending on the context, the term “fear” can be translated in various ways. Some possibilities include: “be afraid;” “deeply respect,” or “deep respect;” “revere,” or “reverence;” or perhaps “be in awe of.”
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* The phrase “fear not” could also be translated as “do not be afraid” or “stop being afraid.”
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* The sentence “The fear of God fell on all of them” might be translated in various ways. Some possibilities include: “Suddenly they all felt a deep awe and respect for God;” or, “Immediately, they all felt very amazed and revered God deeply;” or, “Right then, they all felt very afraid of God (because of his great power).”
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@ -4,18 +4,18 @@
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The term “glory” is a general term for a family of concepts including value, worth, importance, honor, splendor, or majesty. The term “glorify” means to ascribe glory to someone or something, or to show or tell how glorious something or someone is.
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* In the Bible, the term "glory" is especially used to describe God, who is more valuable, more worthy, more important, more honorable, more splendid, and more majestic than anyone or anything in the universe. Everything about his character reveals his glory.
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* In the Bible, the term “glory” is especially used to describe God, who is more valuable, more worthy, more important, more honorable, more splendid, and more majestic than anyone or anything in the universe. Everything about his character reveals his glory.
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* People can glorify God by telling about the wonderful things he has done. They can also glorify God by living in accordance with God's character, because doing so shows to others his value, worth, importance, honor, splendor, and majesty.
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* The expression to “glory in” means to boast about or take pride in something.
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### Old Testament
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* The specific phrase "the glory of Yahweh" in the Old Testament usually refers to some perceptible manifestation of Yahweh's presence in a particular location.
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* The specific phrase “the glory of Yahweh” in the Old Testament usually refers to some perceptible manifestation of Yahweh's presence in a particular location.
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### New Testament
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* God the Father will glorify God the Son by revealing to all people the full extent of how glorious Jesus is.
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* Everyone who believes in Christ will be glorified with him. This use of the term "glorify" carries a unique meaning. It means that when people who believe in Christ are raised to life, they will be changed physically to be like Jesus as he appeared after his resurrection.
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* Everyone who believes in Christ will be glorified with him. This use of the term “glorify” carries a unique meaning. It means that when people who believe in Christ are raised to life, they will be changed physically to be like Jesus as he appeared after his resurrection.
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## Translation Suggestions:
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@ -14,9 +14,9 @@ In the Bible, the term “God” refers to the eternal being who created the uni
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## Translation Suggestions:
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* Ways to translate “God” could include “Deity” or “Creator” or “Supreme Being" or “Supreme Creator” or “Infinite Sovereign Lord” or “Eternal Supreme Being.”
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* Ways to translate “God” could include “Deity” or “Creator” or “Supreme Being” or “Supreme Creator” or “Infinite Sovereign Lord” or “Eternal Supreme Being.”
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* Consider how God is referred to in a local or national language. There may also already be a word for “God” in the language being translated. If so, it is important to make sure that this word fits the characteristics of the one true God as described above.
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* Many languages capitalize the first letter of the word for the one true God, to distinguish it from the word for a false god. Another way to make this distinction would be to use different terms for “God” and “god.” NOTE: In the biblical text, when a person who does not worship Yahweh speaks about Yahweh and uses the word "god," it is acceptable to render the term without a capital letter in reference to Yahweh (see Jonah 1:6, 3:9).
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* Many languages capitalize the first letter of the word for the one true God, to distinguish it from the word for a false god. Another way to make this distinction would be to use different terms for “God” and “god.” NOTE: In the biblical text, when a person who does not worship Yahweh speaks about Yahweh and uses the word “god,” it is acceptable to render the term without a capital letter in reference to Yahweh (see Jonah 1:6, 3:9).
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* The phrase “I will be their God and they will be my people” could also be translated as “I, God, will rule over these people and they will worship me.”
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(Translation suggestions: [How to Translate Names](rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names))
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## Definition:
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The terms “Hades” (in Greek) and “Sheol” (in Hebrew) are proper names for the "underworld," meaning an underground dwelling place where people from ancient cultures believed a dead person would go after he had died.
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The terms “Hades” (in Greek) and “Sheol” (in Hebrew) are proper names for the “underworld,” meaning an underground dwelling place where people from ancient cultures believed a dead person would go after he had died.
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* In the Old Testament, the Hebrew term “Sheol” can be used either as a proper name or as a common noun meaning "underground."
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* In the New Testament, the Greek term “Hades” is described as a place for dead people who have rejected Jesus. The New Testament describes people as "going down” to Hades.
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* In the Old Testament, the Hebrew term “Sheol” can be used either as a proper name or as a common noun meaning “underground.”
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* In the New Testament, the Greek term “Hades” is described as a place for dead people who have rejected Jesus. The New Testament describes people as “going down” to Hades.
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## Translation Suggestions
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* The Old Testament term “Sheol” can be translated in various ways, depending on the context. Some possibilities include: “place of the dead;” “place for dead spirits;” “the pit;” or “death."
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* The Old Testament term “Sheol” can be translated in various ways, depending on the context. Some possibilities include: “place of the dead;” “place for dead spirits;” “the pit;” or “death.”
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* The New Testament term “Hades” can also be translated in various ways, depending on the context. Some possibilities include: “place for unbelieving dead souls;” “place of torment for the dead;” or “place for the souls of unbelieving dead people.”
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* Some translations keep the proper names “Sheol” and “Hades,” spelling them to fit the sound patterns of the language of translation. (See: [How to Translate Unknowns](rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown)).
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* A phrase could also be added to each term to explain it, examples of doing this are, “Sheol, place where dead people are” and “Hades, place of death.”
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## Definition:
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The term “heart” refers to the internal bodily organ that pumps blood throughout the body in people and animals. However, in the Bible the term "heart" is often used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts, emotions, desires, or will.
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The term “heart” refers to the internal bodily organ that pumps blood throughout the body in people and animals. However, in the Bible the term “heart” is often used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts, emotions, desires, or will.
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* To have a “hard heart” is a common expression that means a person stubbornly refuses to obey God.
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* The expressions “with all my heart” or “with my whole heart” mean to do something with complete sincerity, commitment, or willingness, holding nothing back.
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* The specific word “Hebrew” can refer either to a individual person in the people group or to the language spoken by that people group.
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* The vast majority of the Old Testament was written in the language called "Hebrew." However, in most cases in the New Testament, the specific term "Hebrew" probably refers to the Aramaic language rather than the Hebrew language.
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* In different places in the Bible, the Hebrews were also called “Israelites” or "Jews." When translating, it is best to keep all three terms distinct in the text, as long as it is clear that these terms refer to the same people group.
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* The vast majority of the Old Testament was written in the language called “Hebrew.” However, in most cases in the New Testament, the specific term “Hebrew” probably refers to the Aramaic language rather than the Hebrew language.
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* In different places in the Bible, the Hebrews were also called “Israelites” or “Jews.” When translating, it is best to keep all three terms distinct in the text, as long as it is clear that these terms refer to the same people group.
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(Translation suggestions: [How to Translate Names](rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names))
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## Definition:
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The term “inherit” refers to receiving something valuable from a parent after the parent(s) die. The term can also refer to receiving something valuable from some other person because of a special relationship with that person. An “inheritance” is the thing(s) that is received, and an "heir" is a person who receives an inheritance.
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The term “inherit” refers to receiving something valuable from a parent after the parent(s) die. The term can also refer to receiving something valuable from some other person because of a special relationship with that person. An “inheritance” is the thing(s) that is received, and an “heir” is a person who receives an inheritance.
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* A physical inheritance that is received may be money, land, or other kinds of property.
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* God promised Abraham and his descendants that they would inherit the land of Canaan, that it would belong to them forever.
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* A person accused of doing something wrong is innocent if he has not committed that wrong.
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* Sometimes the term “innocent” is used to refer to people who have done nothing wrong to deserve the bad treatment they are receiving, as in an enemy army attacking “innocent people.”
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* In the Bible, "blood" can represent "killing," so "innocent blood" refers to "killing people who did not deserve to die."
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* In the Bible, “blood” can represent “killing,” so “innocent blood” refers to “killing people who did not deserve to die.”
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## Translation Suggestions:
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* In most contexts, the term “innocent” can be translated as “not guilty” or “not responsible” or “not to blame” for something.
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* When referring in general to innocent people, this term could be translated as “who have done nothing wrong” or “who are not involved in evil.”
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* "To shed innocent blood" can be translated as "to kill people who did not deserve to die."
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* “To shed innocent blood” can be translated as “to kill people who did not deserve to die.”
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(See also: [guilt](../kt/guilt.md))
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## Definition:
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Most simply, the term "law" refers to a rule or instruction that should be followed. In the Bible, the term “law” is often used generally to refer to anything and everything God wants his people to obey and do. The specific term "law of Moses" refers to the commandments and instructions that God gave Moses for the Israelites to obey.
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Most simply, the term “law” refers to a rule or instruction that should be followed. In the Bible, the term “law” is often used generally to refer to anything and everything God wants his people to obey and do. The specific term “law of Moses” refers to the commandments and instructions that God gave Moses for the Israelites to obey.
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* Depending on the context, the “law” can refer to:
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* the Ten Commandments that God wrote on stone tablets for the Israelites
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## Definition:
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The term "life" refers to being physically alive as opposed to being physically dead.
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The term “life” refers to being physically alive as opposed to being physically dead.
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### 1. Physical life
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* The expression “end of his life” could be translated as “when he stopped living.”
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* The expression “spared their lives’ could be translated as “allowed them to live” or “did not kill them.”
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* The expression “they risked their lives” could be translated as “they put themselves in danger” or “they did something that could have killed them.”
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* When the Bible text talks about eternal life, the term “life” could be translated in the following ways: “eternal life” or “God making us alive in our spirits" or “new life by God’s Spirit” or “being made alive in our inner self.”
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* When the Bible text talks about eternal life, the term “life” could be translated in the following ways: “eternal life” or “God making us alive in our spirits” or “new life by God’s Spirit” or “being made alive in our inner self.”
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* Depending on the context, the expression “give life” could also be translated as “cause to live” or “give eternal life” or “cause to live eternally.”
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(See also: [death](../other/death.md), [everlasting](../kt/eternity.md))
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## Definition:
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The term “name” refers to the word by which a specific person or thing is called. In the Bible, however, the term "name" is used in several different ways to refer to several different concepts.
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The term “name” refers to the word by which a specific person or thing is called. In the Bible, however, the term “name” is used in several different ways to refer to several different concepts.
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* In some contexts, “name” could refer to a person’s reputation, as in “let us make a name for ourselves.”
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* The term “name” could also refer to the memory of something. For example, “cut off the names of the idols” means to destroy those idols so that they are no longer remembered or worshiped.
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The concept of the “people of God” in the Bible refers to people with whom God has established a covenant relationship.
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* In the Old Testament, the phrase “people of God” refers to the nation of Israel. The nation of Israel was chosen by God and set apart from the other nations of the world in order to serve and obey him.
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* In the New Testament, the phrase “people of God” refers to the "Church," meaning everyone who believes in Jesus. This includes both Jews and Gentiles. In the New Testament, sometimes this group of people is called the "sons of God" or "children of God."
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* In the New Testament, the phrase “people of God” refers to the “Church,” meaning everyone who believes in Jesus. This includes both Jews and Gentiles. In the New Testament, sometimes this group of people is called the “sons of God” or “children of God.”
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* When God uses the phrase “my people,” he is referring to people who have a covenant relationship with him. God’s people are chosen by him, and he wants them to live in a way that is pleasing to him.
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## Translation Suggestions:
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The term “perish” means to die or be destroyed, usually as the result of violence or disaster. In the New Testament, it often has the spiritual meaning of being lost or separated from the people of God.
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### Spiritual Meaning of "Perish:"
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### Spiritual Meaning of “Perish:”
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* People who are “perishing” are those who have refused to trust in Jesus for their salvation.
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* Those who “perish” will not live eternally with God in heaven. Instead, they will live eternally in hell under God's punishment.
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* Everyone will die physically, but only those who do not trust in Jesus for their salvation will perish eternally.
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* When "perish" is used in a spiritual sense, make sure that your translation expresses this differently than dying physically.
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* When “perish” is used in a spiritual sense, make sure that your translation expresses this differently than dying physically.
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## Translation Suggestions:
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|
||||
* Depending on the context, ways to translate this term could include "be lost from God's people," “die eternally,” “be punished in hell,” or “be destroyed.”
|
||||
* Try to use a term or expression that does not only mean "die physically" or “cease to exist.”
|
||||
* Depending on the context, ways to translate this term could include “be lost from God's people,” “die eternally,” “be punished in hell,” or “be destroyed.”
|
||||
* Try to use a term or expression that does not only mean “die physically” or “cease to exist.”
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [death](../other/death.md), [everlasting](../kt/eternity.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
When used as a verb, the term "promise" refers to the action of a person saying that he will do something in such way that he obligates himself to fulfill what he has said. When used as a noun, the term "promise" refers to the thing that a person obligates himself to do.
|
||||
When used as a verb, the term “promise” refers to the action of a person saying that he will do something in such way that he obligates himself to fulfill what he has said. When used as a noun, the term “promise” refers to the thing that a person obligates himself to do.
|
||||
|
||||
* The Bible records many promises that God has made for his people.
|
||||
* Promises are an important part of formal agreements such as covenants.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ The term “redeem” refers to buying back something or someone that has been p
|
|||
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term “redeem” could also be translated as “buy back” or “pay to free (someone)” or “ransom.”
|
||||
* The term “redemption” could be translated as “ransom” or “freedom payment” or “buying back.”
|
||||
* The words “ransom” and “redeem” have basically the same meaning, so some languages may have only one term to translate both these words. The word “ransom,” however, can also mean the payment necessary to "redeem" something or someone. The term "redeem" never refers to the actual payment itself.
|
||||
* The words “ransom” and “redeem” have basically the same meaning, so some languages may have only one term to translate both these words. The word “ransom,” however, can also mean the payment necessary to “redeem” something or someone. The term “redeem” never refers to the actual payment itself.
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [free](../other/free.md), [ransom](../kt/ransom.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "right hand" refers to the hand on the right side of a person's body. In the Bible, the term is often used figuratively to refer to other body parts on a person's right side, to the direction of a person's right, to the direction south, or to a place of honor or strength on the right side of a ruler or other important individual.
|
||||
The term “right hand” refers to the hand on the right side of a person's body. In the Bible, the term is often used figuratively to refer to other body parts on a person's right side, to the direction of a person's right, to the direction south, or to a place of honor or strength on the right side of a ruler or other important individual.
|
||||
|
||||
* The right hand can be used figuratively as a symbol of power, authority, or strength.
|
||||
* The Bible describes Jesus as sitting “at the right hand of” God the Father as the head of the body of believers (the Church) and in control as ruler of all creation.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "sign" usually refers an object, event, or action that communicates a special meaning.
|
||||
The term “sign” usually refers an object, event, or action that communicates a special meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Bible, signs are sometimes given in connection to a promise or covenant that God has made:
|
||||
* The book of Genesis describes the rainbow God created in the sky as a sign (or reminder) to himself that he has promised he will never again destroy all life with a worldwide flood.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "soul" can either refer generally to the non-physical part of a person or refer specifically to a person's awareness of themselves as a person distinct from others.
|
||||
The term “soul” can either refer generally to the non-physical part of a person or refer specifically to a person's awareness of themselves as a person distinct from others.
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Bible, the terms “soul” and “spirit” may be two different concepts, or they may be two terms that refer to the same concept.
|
||||
* When a person dies, his soul leaves his body.
|
||||
* In contrast to the body, the "soul" can be spoken of as the part of a person that "relates to God."
|
||||
* In contrast to the body, the “soul” can be spoken of as the part of a person that “relates to God.”
|
||||
* The word “soul” is sometimes used figuratively to refer to the whole person. For example, “the soul who sins” means “the person who sins” and “my soul is tired” means,”I am tired.”
|
||||
|
||||
## Translation Suggestions:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The term “spirit” refers to the non-physical part of a person which cannot b
|
|||
|
||||
* The term “spirit” can refer to a being that does not have a physical body, such as an evil spirit.
|
||||
* In general, the term “spiritual” describes things in the non-physical world.
|
||||
* The term “spirit of” can also mean “having the characteristics of,” such as in “spirit of wisdom” or “in the spirit of Elijah." Sometimes the Bible applies this term in the context of a person's attitude or emotional state, such as “spirit of fear” and “spirit of jealousy.”
|
||||
* The term “spirit of” can also mean “having the characteristics of,” such as in “spirit of wisdom” or “in the spirit of Elijah.” Sometimes the Bible applies this term in the context of a person's attitude or emotional state, such as “spirit of fear” and “spirit of jealousy.”
|
||||
* Jesus said that God is a spirit.
|
||||
|
||||
## Translation Suggestions:
|
||||
|
|
@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ The term “spirit” refers to the non-physical part of a person which cannot b
|
|||
* The phrase “spirit of” could be translated as “character of” or “influence of” or “attitude of” or “thinking (that is) characterized by.”
|
||||
* Depending on the context, “spiritual” could be translated as “non-physical” or “from the Holy Spirit” or “God’s” or “part of the non-physical world.”
|
||||
* The phrase “spiritual maturity” could be translated as “godly behavior that shows obedience to the Holy Spirit.”
|
||||
* The term “spiritual gift” could be translated as “special ability that the Holy Spirit gives."
|
||||
* Sometimes this term can be translated as "wind" when referring to the simple movement of air or "breath" when referring to air movement caused by living beings.
|
||||
* The term “spiritual gift” could be translated as “special ability that the Holy Spirit gives.”
|
||||
* Sometimes this term can be translated as “wind” when referring to the simple movement of air or “breath” when referring to air movement caused by living beings.
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [soul](../kt/soul.md), [Holy Spirit](../kt/holyspirit.md), [demon](../kt/demon.md), [breath](../other/breath.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
The term “transgress” means to cross a line or to violate a boundary. The term is often used figuratively, meaning to break a command, rule, or moral code.
|
||||
|
||||
* This term is very similar to the word "trespass," but is generally used more often to describe violations against God than against other people.
|
||||
* This term is very similar to the word “trespass,” but is generally used more often to describe violations against God than against other people.
|
||||
* To “transgress” can also be described as to “cross a line,” that is, to go beyond a limit or boundary that has been set for the good of the person and others.
|
||||
|
||||
## Translation Suggestions:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
The term “trespass” means to cross a line or to violate a boundary. This term is often used figuratively, meaning to break a law or to violate the rights of another person.
|
||||
|
||||
* This term is very similar to the word "transgression," but is generally used more often to describe violations against other people than against God.
|
||||
* This term is very similar to the word “transgression,” but is generally used more often to describe violations against other people than against God.
|
||||
* A trespass can be a violation of a moral law or a civil law.
|
||||
* A trespass can also be a sin committed against another person.
|
||||
* This term is related to the terms “sin” and “transgress,” especially as it relates to disobeying God. All sins are trespasses against God.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
|
|||
|
||||
The term “truth” refers to facts, events, and statements that correspond with reality. True facts describe the universe as it really exists. True events are events that actually happened. True statements are statements that are not false according the real world.
|
||||
|
||||
* "True" things are real, genuine, actual, rightful, legitimate, and factual.
|
||||
* "Truth" means understandings, beliefs, facts, or statements that are true.
|
||||
* “True” things are real, genuine, actual, rightful, legitimate, and factual.
|
||||
* “Truth” means understandings, beliefs, facts, or statements that are true.
|
||||
* To say that a prophecy “came true” or “will come true” mean that it actually happened as predicted or that it will happen that way.
|
||||
* In the Bible the concept of "truth" includes the concept of acting in a way that is reliable and faithful.
|
||||
* In the Bible the concept of “truth” includes the concept of acting in a way that is reliable and faithful.
|
||||
* Jesus revealed God’s truth in the words that he spoke.
|
||||
* The Bible is truth. It teaches what is true about God and about everything he has made.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
A "vow" is a solemn promise or oath that a person makes to God.
|
||||
A “vow” is a solemn promise or oath that a person makes to God.
|
||||
|
||||
* If a person in ancient Israel made a vow to God, that person was obligated to fulfill the vow. The ancient Israelites believed that God might punish a person who did not fulfill a vow that he made.
|
||||
* In ancient Israel, sometimes a person would ask God to protect him or provide for him in exchange for making the vow. However, the ancient Israelites did not believe that God was obligated to fulfill these requests.
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term “vow” can be translated as “solemn promise” or "solemn oath" or “promise made to God.”
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term “vow” can be translated as “solemn promise” or “solemn oath” or “promise made to God.”
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [promise](../kt/promise.md), [oath](../other/oath.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
|
|||
The term “work” refers generally either to the action of expending effort in order to accomplish something, or to the result of that action. The term “works” refers generally to actions as a whole (that is, things that have been done or that need to be done).
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Bible, these terms are commonly used both in reference to God and humans.
|
||||
* When used in reference to God, the term "work" in the Bible often refers to God's action of creating the universe or saving his people (either from enemies, from sin, or both).
|
||||
* When used in reference to God, the term “work” in the Bible often refers to God's action of creating the universe or saving his people (either from enemies, from sin, or both).
|
||||
* God’s works refer to all the things he does or has done, including creating the world, saving sinners, providing for the needs of all creation and keeping the entire universe in place.
|
||||
* The works or deeds that a person does can be either good or evil.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
To “prostrate” oneself means to lie flat on the ground, usually in submission to a person of authority such as a king or some other powerful person. This same term can also mean to "worship," referring to the actions of honoring, praising, and obeying God.
|
||||
To “prostrate” oneself means to lie flat on the ground, usually in submission to a person of authority such as a king or some other powerful person. This same term can also mean to “worship,” referring to the actions of honoring, praising, and obeying God.
|
||||
|
||||
* This term often means literally “bow down” or “prostrate oneself” to humbly honor someone.
|
||||
* We worship God when we serve and honor him, by praising him and obeying him.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
Wrath is an intense anger that is sometimes long-lasting. The Bible describes both people and God as experiencing intense anger. When speaking about God's "wrath," make sure the word or phrase used to translate this term does not refer to a sinful fit of rage (which might be true of a human person).
|
||||
Wrath is an intense anger that is sometimes long-lasting. The Bible describes both people and God as experiencing intense anger. When speaking about God's “wrath,” make sure the word or phrase used to translate this term does not refer to a sinful fit of rage (which might be true of a human person).
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Bible, “wrath” often refers to God’s righteous judgment of sin and punishment of people who rebel against him.
|
||||
* The “wrath of God” can also refer to his judgment and punishment for sin.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Facts:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “Yahweh” is God’s personal name in the Old Testament. The specific origin of this name is unknown, but it is probably derived from the Hebrew verb meaning, "to be."
|
||||
The term “Yahweh” is God’s personal name in the Old Testament. The specific origin of this name is unknown, but it is probably derived from the Hebrew verb meaning, “to be.”
|
||||
|
||||
* Following tradition, many Bible versions use the term “LORD” or “the LORD” to represent “Yahweh.” This tradition resulted from the fact that historically, the Jewish people became afraid of mispronouncing Yahweh’s name and started saying “Lord” every time the term “Yahweh” appeared in the text. Modern Bibles write “LORD” with all capital letters to show respect for God’s personal name and to distinguish it from “Lord” which is a different Hebrew word.
|
||||
* The ULT and UST texts always translate this term as, “Yahweh,” in agreement with the Hebrew text of the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Facts:
|
||||
|
||||
The terms "Ephrath" and "Ephrathah" are probably derived from the name "Ephraim," who was one of the sons of Joseph and became the patriarch of one of the 12 tribes of Israel. Different
|
||||
The terms “Ephrath” and “Ephrathah” are probably derived from the name “Ephraim,” who was one of the sons of Joseph and became the patriarch of one of the 12 tribes of Israel. Different
|
||||
|
||||
* "Ephrathah" is the name of the region where Rachel died, near the city of Bethel.
|
||||
* There is a woman named "Ephrath" in the OT, who was the wife of Caleb.
|
||||
* Both cities of Bethlehem and Kirjath-Jearim are also called "Ephrathah," even though both cities are in a different region than described above (near Bethel).
|
||||
* “Ephrathah” is the name of the region where Rachel died, near the city of Bethel.
|
||||
* There is a woman named “Ephrath” in the OT, who was the wife of Caleb.
|
||||
* Both cities of Bethlehem and Kirjath-Jearim are also called “Ephrathah,” even though both cities are in a different region than described above (near Bethel).
|
||||
|
||||
(Translation suggestions: [How to Translate Names](rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Facts:
|
||||
|
||||
Esther was a Jewish woman who became queen of the Persian kingdom after the Israelites were taken to Babylon as captives. "Esther" was her Persian name, and her Hebrew name was "Hadasseh."
|
||||
Esther was a Jewish woman who became queen of the Persian kingdom after the Israelites were taken to Babylon as captives. “Esther” was her Persian name, and her Hebrew name was “Hadasseh.”
|
||||
|
||||
* The book of Esther tells the story of how Esther became the wife of the Persian King Ahasuerus and how God used her to save her people.
|
||||
* Esther was an orphan who was raised by her godly older cousin, Mordecai.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Facts:
|
||||
|
||||
Judah was one of Jacob’s older sons. His mother was Leah. His descendants were called the “tribe of Judah.” When used as the name of a region of land, the term "Judah" refers to the land given to the tribe of Judah, which includes the mountainous area to the south of the city of Jerusalem.
|
||||
Judah was one of Jacob’s older sons. His mother was Leah. His descendants were called the “tribe of Judah.” When used as the name of a region of land, the term “Judah” refers to the land given to the tribe of Judah, which includes the mountainous area to the south of the city of Jerusalem.
|
||||
|
||||
* It was Judah who told his brothers to sell their younger brother Joseph as a slave instead of leaving him to die in a deep pit.
|
||||
* King David and all the kings after him were descendants of Judah. Jesus, too, was a descendant of Judah.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Facts:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "Moab" refers to a people group that lived to the east of the Salt Sea. The book of Genesis describes this people group as the descendents of a man named "Moab," who was the son of Lot’s elder daughter.
|
||||
The term “Moab” refers to a people group that lived to the east of the Salt Sea. The book of Genesis describes this people group as the descendents of a man named “Moab,” who was the son of Lot’s elder daughter.
|
||||
|
||||
* In the book of Ruth, Elimelek and his family went to live in Moab because of the famine around Bethlehem.
|
||||
* Ruth is called a "Moabite woman" because she was born in the country of Moab and was from that people group.
|
||||
* Ruth is called a “Moabite woman” because she was born in the country of Moab and was from that people group.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(Translation suggestions: [How to Translate Names](rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names))
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ An “adversary” is a person (or group of people) who is opposed to someone el
|
|||
* Your adversary can be a person who tries to oppose or harm another person.
|
||||
* When two nations fight, each can be called an “adversary” of the other.
|
||||
* In the Bible, the devil is referred to as an “adversary” and an “enemy.”
|
||||
* The term "adversary" may be translated as “opponent” or “enemy,” but it suggests a stronger form of opposition.
|
||||
* The term “adversary” may be translated as “opponent” or “enemy,” but it suggests a stronger form of opposition.
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [Satan](../kt/satan.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The term “afflict” means to cause someone distress or suffering. An “affli
|
|||
|
||||
## Translation Suggestions:
|
||||
|
||||
* To "afflict" someone could be translated as “cause someone to experience troubles” or “cause someone to suffer” or “cause suffering to come.”
|
||||
* To “afflict” someone could be translated as “cause someone to experience troubles” or “cause someone to suffer” or “cause suffering to come.”
|
||||
* A phrase like “afflict someone with leprosy” could be translated as “cause someone to be sick with leprosy.”
|
||||
* When a disease or disaster is sent to “afflict” people or animals, this could be translated as “cause suffering to.”
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term “affliction” could be translated as “calamity” or “sickness” or “suffering” or “great distress.”
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The term “ash” (or “ashes”) refers to the grey powdery substance that is
|
|||
* In ancient times, sitting in ashes was a sign of mourning or grieving. When grieving, it was the custom to wear rough, scratchy sackcloth and sit in ashes or put ashes on the head.
|
||||
* Putting ashes on the head was also a sign of humiliation or embarrassment.
|
||||
* An “ash heap” is a pile of ashes.
|
||||
* Sometimes the word "dust" is used with the term "ashes" in the phrase, "dust and ashes." This phrase can be translated as "dust and ashes" or simply as "ashes."
|
||||
* Sometimes the word “dust” is used with the term “ashes” in the phrase, “dust and ashes.” This phrase can be translated as “dust and ashes” or simply as “ashes.”
|
||||
* When translating “ashes,” use the word in the target language that refers to the burned-up remains after wood has burned.
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [fire](../other/fire.md), [sackcloth](../other/sackcloth.md))
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
The term “day” generally refers to the time it takes for the alternating periods of light and darkness in the sky to complete one cycle (that is, 24 hours). However, in the Bible the same term is often used to refer to a shorter period of time (such as the time between sunrise and sunset) or a longer period of time that is often not specified.
|
||||
|
||||
* “Day” is sometimes used in contrast to “night." In these cases, the term refers to the period of time when the sky is light.
|
||||
* “Day” is sometimes used in contrast to “night.” In these cases, the term refers to the period of time when the sky is light.
|
||||
* The term may also refer to a specific point in time, such as “today.”
|
||||
* Sometimes the term “day” is used figuratively to refer to a longer period of time, such as the “day of Yahweh” or “last days.” Some languages will use a different expression to translate these figurative uses or will translate “day” non-figuratively.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
|
|||
Bread is a food made from flour mixed with water and oil to form a dough. The dough is then shaped into a loaf and baked.
|
||||
|
||||
* When the term “loaf” occurs by itself, it means “loaf of bread.”
|
||||
* Bread dough is usually made with something that makes it rise, such as yeast. However, bread can also be made without yeast so that it does not rise. This is called “unleavened bread” in the Bible. The ancient Israelites ate "unleavened bread" during the passover meal.
|
||||
* Bread dough is usually made with something that makes it rise, such as yeast. However, bread can also be made without yeast so that it does not rise. This is called “unleavened bread” in the Bible. The ancient Israelites ate “unleavened bread” during the passover meal.
|
||||
* Since bread was the main food for many people in biblical times, this term is also used in the Bible to refer to food in general. (See: [Synecdoche](rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche)) Many times the term “bread” can be translated more generally as “food.”
|
||||
* The phrase “bread of the presence” refers to twelve loaves of bread that were placed on a golden table in the tabernacle or temple building as a sacrifice to God. These loaves represented the twelve tribes of Israel and were only for the priests to eat. This could be translated as “bread showing that God lived among them.”
|
||||
* The term “bread from heaven” refers to the special white food called “manna” that God provided for the Israelites when they were wandering through the desert. Jesus also called himself the “bread that came down from heaven” and the “bread of life.”
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ To “cast out” or “drive out” someone or something means to force that pe
|
|||
|
||||
* Depending on the context, other ways to translate this could include, “force out” or “send away” or “get rid of.”
|
||||
* To “cast out demons” could be translated as “cause the demons to leave” or “drive the evil spirits out” or “expel the demons” or “command the demon to come out.”
|
||||
* To "cast out" someone from a synagog or church could be translated as "banish them" or "put them out."
|
||||
* To “cast out” someone from a synagog or church could be translated as “banish them” or “put them out.”
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [demon](../kt/demon.md), [demon-possessed](../kt/demonpossessed.md), [lots](../other/lots.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The term “clan” refers to a group of extended family members who come from a
|
|||
* In the Old Testament, the Israelites were counted according to their clans, or family groups.
|
||||
* Clans were normally named after their most well-known ancestor.
|
||||
* Individual people were sometimes referred to by the name of their clan. An example of this is when Moses’ father-in-law Jethro is sometimes called by his clan name, Reuel.
|
||||
* The term "clan" might also be translated as “family group” or “extended family” or “relatives.”
|
||||
* The term “clan” might also be translated as “family group” or “extended family” or “relatives.”
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [family](../other/family.md), [Jethro](../names/jethro.md), [tribe](../other/tribe.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "death" refers to being physically dead instead of alive.
|
||||
The term “death” refers to being physically dead instead of alive.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Physical death
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The terms “declare” and “declaration” refer to making a formal or public statement, often to emphasize something. Other terms with similar meaning include "proclaim," "proclamation," "announce," and "announcement."
|
||||
The terms “declare” and “declaration” refer to making a formal or public statement, often to emphasize something. Other terms with similar meaning include “proclaim,” “proclamation,” “announce,” and “announcement.”
|
||||
|
||||
* A “declaration” not only emphasizes the importance of what is being proclaimed, but it also calls attention to the one making the declaration.
|
||||
* For example, in the Old Testament, a message from God is often preceded by “the declaration of Yahweh” or “this is what Yahweh declares.” This expression emphasizes that it is Yahweh himself who is saying this. The fact that the message comes from Yahweh shows how important that message is.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "decree" means to give an order that must be obeyed. The order itself can also be called a "decree."
|
||||
The term “decree” means to give an order that must be obeyed. The order itself can also be called a “decree.”
|
||||
|
||||
* A "decree" is similar to a "law," but is generally used more often to refer to something spoken rather than written.
|
||||
* The term "decree" could be translated as to “order” or to “command” or to “formally require” or to “publicly make a law.”
|
||||
* A “decree” is similar to a “law,” but is generally used more often to refer to something spoken rather than written.
|
||||
* The term “decree” could be translated as to “order” or to “command” or to “formally require” or to “publicly make a law.”
|
||||
* God’s laws are also called decrees, statutes, or commandments.
|
||||
* An example of a decree by a human ruler was the proclamation by Caesar Augustus that everyone living in the Roman Empire must go back to their hometown in order to be counted in a census.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
The term “delight” means great pleasure or great joy.
|
||||
|
||||
* To “delight in” something means to "to take pleasure in" or “take joy in” or “be happy about" it. If a person "delights in" something, it means that he enjoys it very much.
|
||||
* To “delight in” something means to “to take pleasure in” or “take joy in” or “be happy about” it. If a person “delights in” something, it means that he enjoys it very much.
|
||||
* When something is very agreeable or pleasing it is called “delightful.”
|
||||
* The expression “my delight is in the law of Yahweh” could be translated as “the law of Yahweh gives me great joy” or “I love to obey the laws of Yahweh” or “I am happy when I obey Yahweh’s commands.”
|
||||
* The phrases “take no delight in” and “have no delight in” could be translated as “not at all pleased by” or “not happy about.”
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "destroy" means to completely make an end to something, so that it no longer exists.
|
||||
The term “destroy” means to completely make an end to something, so that it no longer exists.
|
||||
|
||||
* The term “destroyer” means, “a person who destroys.”
|
||||
* This term is often used in the Old Testament as a general reference to anyone who destroys other people, such as an invading army.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “earth” refers to the world on which human beings and other living things live. In the Bible, this term is sometimes translated as "land" when used in a general way to refer to the ground or the soil, or when used in a specific way to refer to a particular geographical area, usually a country or nation.
|
||||
The term “earth” refers to the world on which human beings and other living things live. In the Bible, this term is sometimes translated as “land” when used in a general way to refer to the ground or the soil, or when used in a specific way to refer to a particular geographical area, usually a country or nation.
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Bible, the term "earth" is often paired with the term "heaven" as a way of indicating the abode of humankind on the earth in contrast with the abode of God in heaven.
|
||||
* This term is usually translated "land" when paired with the name of people group to denote the territory belonging to those people, such as “the land of Canaan.”
|
||||
* In the Bible, the term “earth” is often paired with the term “heaven” as a way of indicating the abode of humankind on the earth in contrast with the abode of God in heaven.
|
||||
* This term is usually translated “land” when paired with the name of people group to denote the territory belonging to those people, such as “the land of Canaan.”
|
||||
* The term “earthly” is sometimes used to refer to things that are physical and/or visible in contrast to things that are non-physical and/or invisible.
|
||||
* This term can be used figuratively to refer to the people who live on the earth or what the earth contains, such as in “let the earth be glad” and “he will judge the earth.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "elder" or "older" refers to people (in the Bible, usually men) who have grown old enough to become mature adults and leaders within a community. For example, elders might have gray hair, have adult children, or perhaps even have grandchildren or great-grandchildren.
|
||||
The term “elder” or “older” refers to people (in the Bible, usually men) who have grown old enough to become mature adults and leaders within a community. For example, elders might have gray hair, have adult children, or perhaps even have grandchildren or great-grandchildren.
|
||||
|
||||
* The term “elder” came from the fact that elders were originally older men who, because of their age and experience, had greater wisdom.
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, the elders helped lead the Israelites in matters of social justice and the Law of Moses.
|
||||
* In the New Testament, Jewish "elders" continued to be leaders in their communities and also were judges for the people.
|
||||
* In the early Christian churches, Christian "elders" gave spiritual leadership to the local assemblies of believers. Elders in these churches sometimes included young men who were spiritually mature.
|
||||
* In the New Testament, Jewish “elders” continued to be leaders in their communities and also were judges for the people.
|
||||
* In the early Christian churches, Christian “elders” gave spiritual leadership to the local assemblies of believers. Elders in these churches sometimes included young men who were spiritually mature.
|
||||
* This term could be translated as “older men” or “spiritually mature men leading the church.”
|
||||
|
||||
## Bible References:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
|
|||
|
||||
The word “face” literally refers to the front part of a person’s head. This term also has several figurative meanings in the Bible.
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Bible, the term "face" is often used figuratively to mean a person's presence, the front of an object, or the surface of something.
|
||||
* When referring to a person, the term "face" is often used figuratively to mean the action of seeing, which can represent that person's knowledge, perception, notice, attention, or judgment.
|
||||
* In the Bible, the term “face” is often used figuratively to mean a person's presence, the front of an object, or the surface of something.
|
||||
* When referring to a person, the term “face” is often used figuratively to mean the action of seeing, which can represent that person's knowledge, perception, notice, attention, or judgment.
|
||||
* In a physical sense, to “face” someone or something means to look in the direction of that person or thing.
|
||||
* To “face each other” means to “look directly at each other.”
|
||||
* Being “face to face” means that two people are seeing each other in person, at a close distance.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ In the Bible, “flock” refers to a group of sheep or goats and “herd” ref
|
|||
|
||||
* Different languages may have different ways of naming groups of animals or birds.
|
||||
* Consider what terms are used in your language to refer to different groups of animals, and use the appropriate term for each kind of animal.
|
||||
* If your language uses the same word to refer to both sheep and cattle, then you may need to say "groups of sheep" where the Bible says only “flocks," and "groups of cattle" where the Bible says only "herds.”
|
||||
* If your language uses the same word to refer to both sheep and cattle, then you may need to say “groups of sheep” where the Bible says only “flocks,” and “groups of cattle” where the Bible says only “herds.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [goat](../other/goat.md), [cow](../other/cow.md), [pig](../other/pig.md), [sheep](../other/sheep.md))
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
|
|||
A “governor” is a person who rules over a large area of land (such as a territory, region, or province) within a nation or empire.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, the term "Tirshatha" is a more specific title for a governor who ruled over a Persian province.
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, the term “Tirshatha” is a more specific title for a governor who ruled over a Persian province.
|
||||
* In the New Testament, the term “proconsul” is a more specific title for a governor who ruled over a Roman province.
|
||||
* In Bible times, governors were appointed by a king or emperor and were under his authority.
|
||||
* A “government” consists of all the rulers who govern a certain country or empire. These rulers make laws that guide the behavior of their citizens so that there is peace, safety, and prosperity for all the people of that nation.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The word “hand” refers to the part of the body at the end of the arm. This
|
|||
|
||||
Some of the various uses of the term “hand” include the following:
|
||||
|
||||
* The term "hand" can be used figuratively to refer to the position of being "beside" a person, an object, or a location.
|
||||
* The term “hand” can be used figuratively to refer to the position of being “beside” a person, an object, or a location.
|
||||
* To “lay a hand on” means to “harm.” To “save from the hand of” means to prevent someone from being harmed by another person.
|
||||
* The position of being “on the right hand” means “on the right side” or “to the right.”
|
||||
* The expression “by the hand of” someone means “by” or “through” the action of that person. For example, the phrase “by the hand of the Lord” means that God caused something to happen.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
|
|||
The term “hang” means to suspend something or someone above the ground.
|
||||
|
||||
* In modern times, death by hanging is usually done by tying a rope around a person’s neck and suspending him from an elevated object until he dies. This elevated object can be any number of things, such as a tree or a gallows, that is, a platform built specifically for the purpose of hanging a person in order to kill him.
|
||||
* In biblical times, however, ancient cultures may not have killed people by hanging in precisely the same way. For example, Jesus died while hanging on a wooden cross (sometimes called a "tree"), but there was nothing around his neck. The soldiers suspended him by nailing his hands (or wrists) and his feet to the cross.
|
||||
* Some ancient cultures "hung" a person by impaling him on a wooden pole in such a way that he was suspended above the ground so that he could not escape. The person would be left there until he died.
|
||||
* For many references to death by "hanging" in the Bible, the specific means of death is unknown.
|
||||
* In biblical times, however, ancient cultures may not have killed people by hanging in precisely the same way. For example, Jesus died while hanging on a wooden cross (sometimes called a “tree”), but there was nothing around his neck. The soldiers suspended him by nailing his hands (or wrists) and his feet to the cross.
|
||||
* Some ancient cultures “hung” a person by impaling him on a wooden pole in such a way that he was suspended above the ground so that he could not escape. The person would be left there until he died.
|
||||
* For many references to death by “hanging” in the Bible, the specific means of death is unknown.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Bible References:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,22 +2,22 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The word “head” refers to the uppermost body part of a human body, above the neck. This term is often used figuratively to mean many different things, including "top," "first," "beginning," "source," and other concepts.
|
||||
The word “head” refers to the uppermost body part of a human body, above the neck. This term is often used figuratively to mean many different things, including “top,” “first,” “beginning,” “source,” and other concepts.
|
||||
|
||||
Some examples of various uses of the term "head" include:
|
||||
Some examples of various uses of the term “head” include:
|
||||
|
||||
* The expression “no razor will ever touch his head” means that he should never cut or shave his hair.
|
||||
* The expression “let their blood be on his own head” means that the man is responsible for their deaths and will receive the punishment for that.
|
||||
* The expression “heads of grain” refers to the top part of wheat or barley plants that contains the seeds. Similarly, the expression "head of a mountain" refers to the top part of the mountain.
|
||||
* The expression “heads of grain” refers to the top part of wheat or barley plants that contains the seeds. Similarly, the expression “head of a mountain” refers to the top part of the mountain.
|
||||
* The term “head” can also refer to the beginning or source of something, or the first in a series of things (can be objects or people).
|
||||
* Often the term "head" refers to the most important person in a group or to a person who is in authority over others. For example, the phrase “You have made me the head over nations” means “You have made me the ruler…” or “You have given me authority over….”
|
||||
* Often the term “head” refers to the most important person in a group or to a person who is in authority over others. For example, the phrase “You have made me the head over nations” means “You have made me the ruler…” or “You have given me authority over….”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Translation Suggestions
|
||||
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term “head” could be translated as “authority” or “ruler” or “the one who is responsible for.”
|
||||
* The expression “will be on his own head” could be translated as “will be on him” or “he will be punished for” or “he will be held responsible for” or “he will be considered guilty for.”
|
||||
* Depending on the context, some other ways to translate this term might include "top" or “beginning” or “source” or “leader.”
|
||||
* Depending on the context, some other ways to translate this term might include “top” or “beginning” or “source” or “leader.”
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [grain](../other/grain.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “house” refers to a small building, shelter, or tent, usually the place where a family sleeps. The term is often used figuratively in the Bible to mean various concepts such as "household" or "descendants," etc.
|
||||
The term “house” refers to a small building, shelter, or tent, usually the place where a family sleeps. The term is often used figuratively in the Bible to mean various concepts such as “household” or “descendants,” etc.
|
||||
|
||||
* Sometimes the term "house" means “household,” referring to the people who live together in one house.
|
||||
* Sometimes the term "house" means "family" or "descendants," referring to all the people related to or descended from a particular person. For example, the phrase “house of David” refers to all the descendants of King David.
|
||||
* Sometimes the term “house” means “household,” referring to the people who live together in one house.
|
||||
* Sometimes the term “house” means “family” or “descendants,” referring to all the people related to or descended from a particular person. For example, the phrase “house of David” refers to all the descendants of King David.
|
||||
* The terms “house of God” and “house of Yahweh” refer to the tabernacle or temple. These expressions can also refer generally to a central place where Yahweh was worshipped.
|
||||
* The phrase “house of Israel” can refer generally to the entire nation of Israel or more specifically to the tribes of the northern kingdom of Israel.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
### joy
|
||||
|
||||
The term "joy" refers to a feeling of delight or deep satisfaction. The related term “joyful” describes a person who feels very glad and is full of deep happiness.
|
||||
The term “joy” refers to a feeling of delight or deep satisfaction. The related term “joyful” describes a person who feels very glad and is full of deep happiness.
|
||||
|
||||
* A person feels joy when he has a deep sense that what he is experiencing is very good.
|
||||
* God is the one who gives true joy to people.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ In the Bible, the term “king” refers to a man who is the supreme ruler of a
|
|||
* In biblical times, a king was usually chosen to rule on the basis of family relation to the previous king(s). When a king died, usually his oldest son became the next king.
|
||||
* The Bible often refers to God is as a king who rules over the entire universe (in a general sense) and over his people (in a specific sense).
|
||||
* The New Testament refers to Jesus as a king in various ways, including: “king of the Jews;” “king of Israel;” and “king of kings.”
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term "king" might also be translated as “supreme chief" or “sovereign ruler."
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term “king” might also be translated as “supreme chief” or “sovereign ruler.”
|
||||
* The phrase “king of kings” might be translated as “king who rules over all other kings” or “supreme ruler who has authority over all other rulers.”
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [authority](../kt/authority.md), [Herod Antipas](../names/herodantipas.md), [kingdom](../other/kingdom.md), [kingdom of God](../kt/kingdomofgod.md))
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “know” and "knowledge" means generally to understand something or someone. It can also mean to be aware of a fact or to be familiar with a person. The expression “to make known” means to tell information.
|
||||
The term “know” and “knowledge” means generally to understand something or someone. It can also mean to be aware of a fact or to be familiar with a person. The expression “to make known” means to tell information.
|
||||
|
||||
* The term “knowledge” refers to information that people know. It can apply to knowing physical concepts or abstract concepts.
|
||||
* To “know about” God means to understand facts about him because of what he has revealed to us.
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ The term “know” and "knowledge" means generally to understand something or s
|
|||
## Translation Suggestions
|
||||
|
||||
* Depending on the context, ways to translate “know” could include “understand” or “be familiar with” or “be aware of” or “be acquainted with” or “be in relationship with.”
|
||||
* In the context of understanding the difference between two things, the term is usually translated as "distinguish." When used in this way, the term is often followed by the preposition "between."
|
||||
* In the context of understanding the difference between two things, the term is usually translated as “distinguish.” When used in this way, the term is often followed by the preposition “between.”
|
||||
* Some languages have two different words for “know,” one for knowing facts and one for knowing a person and having a relationship with him.
|
||||
* The term “make known” could be translated as “cause people to know” or “reveal” or “tell about” or “explain.”
|
||||
* To “know about” something could be translated as “be aware of” or “be familiar with.”
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
A “law” is a legal rule that is usually written down and enforced by someone in authority. A “principle” is a guideline for decision-making and behavior, and is usually not written down or enforced. However, sometimes the term "law" is used to mean a "principle."
|
||||
A “law” is a legal rule that is usually written down and enforced by someone in authority. A “principle” is a guideline for decision-making and behavior, and is usually not written down or enforced. However, sometimes the term “law” is used to mean a “principle.”
|
||||
|
||||
* A "law" is similar to a "decree," but the term "law" is generally used to refer to something written rather than spoken.
|
||||
* A “law” is similar to a “decree,” but the term “law” is generally used to refer to something written rather than spoken.
|
||||
* Both “law” and “principle” can refer to a general rule or belief that guides a person’s behavior.
|
||||
* This meaning of “law” is different from its meaning in the term “law of Moses,” where it refers to commands and instructions that God gave the Israelites.
|
||||
* When a general law is being referred to, “law” could be translated as “principle” or “general rule.”
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
In the Bible, a “lot” is a marked object(s) used as a way of making a fair and/or random decision, usually for the purpose of selecting a specific person within a group. “Casting lots” refers to the process of using "lots" to make a fair and/or random decision.
|
||||
In the Bible, a “lot” is a marked object(s) used as a way of making a fair and/or random decision, usually for the purpose of selecting a specific person within a group. “Casting lots” refers to the process of using “lots” to make a fair and/or random decision.
|
||||
|
||||
* In modern times, some cultures “draw” or “pull out” lots using a bunch of straws. Someone holds the straws so that no one can see how long they are. Each person pulls out a straw and the one who picks the longest (or shortest) straw is the one who is chosen.
|
||||
* In biblical times, the objects cast (the "lots") were probably small marked stones. It is unknown how the "lots" actually indicated a decision, but it probably involved dropping or throwing marked stones on the ground.
|
||||
* The phrase “casting lots” can be translated as “tossing lots” or "throwing lots" or “rolling lots.” The translation of “cast” should not sound like the lots were being thrown a long distance.
|
||||
* If a decision is made “by lot,” this could be translated as “by casting lots” or "by throwing lots," etc.
|
||||
* In biblical times, the objects cast (the “lots”) were probably small marked stones. It is unknown how the “lots” actually indicated a decision, but it probably involved dropping or throwing marked stones on the ground.
|
||||
* The phrase “casting lots” can be translated as “tossing lots” or “throwing lots” or “rolling lots.” The translation of “cast” should not sound like the lots were being thrown a long distance.
|
||||
* If a decision is made “by lot,” this could be translated as “by casting lots” or “by throwing lots,” etc.
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [Elizabeth](../names/elizabeth.md), [priest](../kt/priest.md), [Zechariah (OT)](../names/zechariahot.md), [Zechariah (NT)](../names/zechariahnt.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "oath" in the Bible refers to a formal promise, usually made in a legal or religious context, in which the person making the oath accepts some kind of accountability or punishment if he does not fulfill his promise. In the Bible, the term "swear" means to make an oath.
|
||||
The term “oath” in the Bible refers to a formal promise, usually made in a legal or religious context, in which the person making the oath accepts some kind of accountability or punishment if he does not fulfill his promise. In the Bible, the term “swear” means to make an oath.
|
||||
|
||||
* In a court of law, a witness often gives an oath to promise that whatever he says will be true and factual.
|
||||
* In modern times, one meaning of the word “swear” is to use foul or vulgar language. This is never its meaning in the Bible.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “obey” means to do what has been commanded by a person or law. The term “obedient” describes someone who obeys. Sometimes a command prohibits doing something, as in “do not steal.” In this case, to "obey" means not to steal. In the Bible, often the term "keep" means "to obey."
|
||||
The term “obey” means to do what has been commanded by a person or law. The term “obedient” describes someone who obeys. Sometimes a command prohibits doing something, as in “do not steal.” In this case, to “obey” means not to steal. In the Bible, often the term “keep” means “to obey.”
|
||||
|
||||
* Usually the term “obey” is used in the context of obeying the commands or laws of a person in authority. For example, people obey laws which are created by the leaders of a country, kingdom, or other organization.
|
||||
* Children obey their parents, people obey God, and citizens obey the laws of their country.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “overseer” refers to a person who is in charge of the work and welfare of other people. In the Bible, often the term "keeper" means "overseer."
|
||||
The term “overseer” refers to a person who is in charge of the work and welfare of other people. In the Bible, often the term “keeper” means “overseer.”
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, an overseer had the job of making sure the workers under him did their work well.
|
||||
* In the New Testament, this term is used to describe leaders of the early Christian church. Their work was to take care of the spiritual needs of the church, making sure the believers received accurate biblical teaching.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
The term “peace” refers to a state of being or a feeling of having no conflict, anxiety, or fearfulness. A person who is “peaceful” feels calm and assured of being safe and secure.
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, the term "peace" often means a general sense of a person's welfare, wellness, or wholeness.
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, the term “peace” often means a general sense of a person's welfare, wellness, or wholeness.
|
||||
* “Peace” can also refer to a time when people groups or countries are not at war with each other. These people are said to have “peaceful relations.”
|
||||
* To “make peace” with a person or a group of people means to take actions to cause fighting to stop.
|
||||
* A “peacemaker” is someone who does and says things to influence people to live at peace with each other.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
|
|||
The terms “people” and “people group” refer to some group of people that shares a common language and culture. The term “the people” often refers to a gathering of people in a certain place or at a specific event.
|
||||
|
||||
* In Bible times, the members of a people group usually had the same ancestors and lived together in a particular country or area of land.
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term “people” can can refer to a "people group” or “family” or “relatives” or "army."
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term “people” can can refer to a “people group” or “family” or “relatives” or “army.”
|
||||
* In plural form, the term “peoples” often refers to all people groups on the earth. Sometimes it refers more specifically to people who are not Israelites or who do not serve Yahweh. In some English Bible translations, the term “nations” is also used in this way.
|
||||
|
||||
## Translation Suggestions:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "province" refers to a large area into which a nation or empire might be divided for the purposes of government. The term “provincial” describes something that is related to a province, such as a provincial governor.
|
||||
The term “province” refers to a large area into which a nation or empire might be divided for the purposes of government. The term “provincial” describes something that is related to a province, such as a provincial governor.
|
||||
|
||||
* For example, the ancient Persian Empire was divided up into provinces such as Media, Persia, Syria, and Egypt.
|
||||
* During the time of the New Testament, the Roman Empire was divided up into provinces such as Macedonia, Asia, Syria, Judea, Samaria, Galilee, and Galatia.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Facts:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "rage" refers to intense anger. Often, the term is used to describe an angry person who is out of control in some way.
|
||||
The term “rage” refers to intense anger. Often, the term is used to describe an angry person who is out of control in some way.
|
||||
|
||||
* When used as a verb, the term “rage” can mean to move powerfully, such as in descriptions of a “raging” storm or ocean waves that “rage.”
|
||||
* To be “filled with rage” means to have an overwhelming feeling of extreme anger.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "rebuke" refers to correcting someone verbally, usually with sternness or force.
|
||||
The term “rebuke” refers to correcting someone verbally, usually with sternness or force.
|
||||
|
||||
* The New Testament commands Christians to rebuke other believers when they are clearly disobeying God.
|
||||
* The book of Proverbs instructs parents to rebuke their children when they are disobedient.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “reward” refers to what a person receives because of something he has done, either good or bad. To “reward” someone is to give someone something he deserves. However, this is different than the concept of "wages," which refers to payment (often money) given in exchange for work performed.
|
||||
The term “reward” refers to what a person receives because of something he has done, either good or bad. To “reward” someone is to give someone something he deserves. However, this is different than the concept of “wages,” which refers to payment (often money) given in exchange for work performed.
|
||||
|
||||
* A reward can be a good or positive thing that a person receives because he has done something well or because he has obeyed God.
|
||||
* Sometimes a reward can refer to negative things that may result from bad behavior, such as the statement “the reward of the wicked.” In this context “reward” refers to the punishment or negative consequences they receive because of their sinful actions.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The term “scepter” refers to an ornamental rod or staff held by a ruler, suc
|
|||
* The scepter was a symbol of royalty and authority and also symbolized the honor and dignity associated with a king.
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, God was described as having a scepter of righteousness because God rules as king over his people.
|
||||
* An Old Testament prophecy referred to the Messiah as a symbolic scepter that would come from Israel to rule over all nations.
|
||||
* This could also be translated as "ruling rod" or “ruler's rod” or “king’s rod."
|
||||
* This could also be translated as “ruling rod” or “ruler's rod” or “king’s rod.”
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [authority](../kt/authority.md), [Christ](../kt/christ.md), [king](../other/king.md), [righteous](../kt/righteous.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
To term "seal" means to close an object with something (usually called a "seal") that makes the object impossible to open without breaking the seal.
|
||||
To term “seal” means to close an object with something (usually called a “seal”) that makes the object impossible to open without breaking the seal.
|
||||
|
||||
* Often a seal is marked with a design to show who it belongs to.
|
||||
* Melted wax was used to seal letters or other documents that needed to be protected. When the wax cooled and hardened, the letter could not be opened without breaking the wax seal. The person who received the letter would see the unbroken seal and know that no one had opened it.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
A "seed" is the part of a plant that gets planted in the ground to reproduce more of the same kind of plant. However, in the Bible the term "seed" is used figuratively to mean several different things.
|
||||
A “seed” is the part of a plant that gets planted in the ground to reproduce more of the same kind of plant. However, in the Bible the term “seed” is used figuratively to mean several different things.
|
||||
|
||||
* The term “seed” is used figuratively and euphemistically to refer to the tiny cells inside a man that combine with cells of a woman to cause a baby to grow inside her. A collection of these cells is called "semen."
|
||||
* The term “seed” is used figuratively and euphemistically to refer to the tiny cells inside a man that combine with cells of a woman to cause a baby to grow inside her. A collection of these cells is called “semen.”
|
||||
* Related to this, “seed” is also used to refer to a person’s offspring or descendants.
|
||||
* This word often has a plural meaning, referring to more than one seed grain or more than one descendant.
|
||||
* In the parable of the farmer planting seeds, Jesus compared his seeds to the Word of God, which is planted in people’s hearts in order to produce good spiritual fruit.
|
||||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ A "seed" is the part of a plant that gets planted in the ground to reproduce mor
|
|||
|
||||
* For a literal seed, it is best to use the literal term for “seed” that is used in the target language for what a farmer plants in his field.
|
||||
* The literal term should also be used in contexts where it refers figuratively to God’s Word.
|
||||
* For the figurative use that refers to people who are of the same family line, it may be more clear to use the word “descendant” or “descendants” instead of "seed." Some languages may have a word that means “children and grandchildren.”
|
||||
* For the figurative use that refers to people who are of the same family line, it may be more clear to use the word “descendant” or “descendants” instead of “seed.” Some languages may have a word that means “children and grandchildren.”
|
||||
* For a man or woman’s “seed,” consider how the target expresses this in a way that will not offend or embarrass people. (See: [euphemism](rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism))
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [children](../kt/children.md), [descendant](../other/descendant.md),)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “seek” means to look for something or someone. In the past tense, the verb is “sought.” This term is sometimes used figuratively, meaning to "attempt" or “make an effort” to do something or to ask for something.
|
||||
The term “seek” means to look for something or someone. In the past tense, the verb is “sought.” This term is sometimes used figuratively, meaning to “attempt” or “make an effort” to do something or to ask for something.
|
||||
|
||||
* To “seek” or “look for” an opportunity to do something can mean to “try to find a time” to do it.
|
||||
* To “seek Yahweh” means to “spend time and energy getting to know Yahweh and learning to obey him.”
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “serve" generally means to do work, and the concept can be applied in a wide variety of contexts. The term refers to a person who works for (or obeys) another person, either by choice or by force. In the Bible, any of the following people might be called a "servant:" a slave, a young female worker, a young male worker, someone who obeys God, and others. In biblical times, there was less of a difference between a "servant" and a "slave" than there is today. Both servants and slaves were an important part of a household, and many servants were treated almost like members of the family. Sometimes a servant would choose to become a lifetime servant to his master.
|
||||
The term “serve” generally means to do work, and the concept can be applied in a wide variety of contexts. The term refers to a person who works for (or obeys) another person, either by choice or by force. In the Bible, any of the following people might be called a “servant:” a slave, a young female worker, a young male worker, someone who obeys God, and others. In biblical times, there was less of a difference between a “servant” and a “slave” than there is today. Both servants and slaves were an important part of a household, and many servants were treated almost like members of the family. Sometimes a servant would choose to become a lifetime servant to his master.
|
||||
|
||||
* A slave was a kind of servant who was the property of the person he worked for. The person who bought a slave was called his “owner” or “master.” Some masters treated their slaves very cruelly, while other masters treated their slaves very well, as a servant who was a valued member of the household.
|
||||
* In ancient times, some people willingly became slaves to a person they owed money to in order to pay off their debt to that person.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The term “shame” refers to the painful feeling of being disgraced or humilia
|
|||
* Something that is “shameful” is “improper” or “dishonorable.”
|
||||
* The term “ashamed” describes how a person feels when he has done something improper or dishonorable.
|
||||
* The term “humiliate” means to cause someone to feel shamed or disgraced, usually publicly. The act of shaming someone is called “humiliation.”
|
||||
* To "reproach" someone means to criticize or disapprove of that person’s character or behavior.
|
||||
* To “reproach” someone means to criticize or disapprove of that person’s character or behavior.
|
||||
* The phrase “put to shame” means to defeat people or expose their actions so that they feel ashamed of themselves. The prophet Isaiah said that those who make and worship idols will be put to shame.
|
||||
* The term “disgraceful” can be used to describe a sinful act or the person who did it. When a person does something sinful, it can cause him to be in a state of disgrace or dishonor.
|
||||
* Sometimes a person who is doing good things is treated in a way that causes him disgrace or shame. For example, when Jesus was killed on a cross, this was a disgraceful way to die. Jesus had done nothing wrong to deserve this disgrace.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
A "shepherd" is a person who takes care of sheep. In the Old Testament, this word can also refer to a "herder" who takes care of other kinds of domestic livestock such as goats or cattle.
|
||||
A “shepherd” is a person who takes care of sheep. In the Old Testament, this word can also refer to a “herder” who takes care of other kinds of domestic livestock such as goats or cattle.
|
||||
|
||||
* As a verb, the term “shepherd” means to lead sheep (or other livestock) to places with good food and water, protect them from wild animals, keep them from getting lost and other duties necessary to keep livestock alive and healthy.
|
||||
* In the Bible, this term is often used figuratively to refer to taking care of the needs of people (not only animals), both physical and spiritual.
|
||||
|
|
@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ A "shepherd" is a person who takes care of sheep. In the Old Testament, this wor
|
|||
## Translation Suggestions
|
||||
|
||||
* The noun “shepherd” can be translated as “person who takes care of sheep” or “sheep tender” or “sheep caregiver.”
|
||||
* When referring to someone who cares for livestock other than sheep, the term can be translated as "herder," "tender of livestock" or "person who takes care of livestock."
|
||||
* When referring to someone who cares for livestock other than sheep, the term can be translated as “herder,” “tender of livestock” or “person who takes care of livestock.”
|
||||
* When used as a verb, the term “shepherd” could be translated as “take care of sheep” or “watch over sheep.”
|
||||
* In some contexts, the term “shepherd” could be translated as “leader” or “guide” or “caregiver.”
|
||||
* When used figuratively, the noun "shepherd" could be translated in different ways, including “spiritual shepherd” or “spiritual leader” or “one who is like a shepherd” or “one who cares for his people like a shepherd cares for his sheep” or “one who leads his people like a shepherd guides his sheep” or “one who takes care of God’s sheep.”
|
||||
When used figuratively, the verb "shepherd" could be translated as to “take care of” or to “spiritually nourish” or to “guide and teach” or to “lead and take care of (like a shepherd cares for sheep).”
|
||||
* When used figuratively, the noun “shepherd” could be translated in different ways, including “spiritual shepherd” or “spiritual leader” or “one who is like a shepherd” or “one who cares for his people like a shepherd cares for his sheep” or “one who leads his people like a shepherd guides his sheep” or “one who takes care of God’s sheep.”
|
||||
When used figuratively, the verb “shepherd” could be translated as to “take care of” or to “spiritually nourish” or to “guide and teach” or to “lead and take care of (like a shepherd cares for sheep).”
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [sheep](../other/sheep.md), [livestock](../other/livestock.md), [pastor](../kt/pastor.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The terms “stronghold” and “fortress” both refer to places that are well protected against an attack by enemy soldiers. A "citadel" is a fortress inside a city. The term “fortified” describes a city or other place that has been made safe from attack.
|
||||
The terms “stronghold” and “fortress” both refer to places that are well protected against an attack by enemy soldiers. A “citadel” is a fortress inside a city. The term “fortified” describes a city or other place that has been made safe from attack.
|
||||
|
||||
* Often, strongholds and fortresses were manmade structures with defensive walls. They could also have been places with natural protective barriers such as rocky cliffs or high mountains.
|
||||
* People fortified strongholds by building thick walls or other structures that made it difficult for an enemy to break through.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term "tongue" refers to the organ inside a person's mouth that is used to speak. The term is often used figuratively to mean "language" or "speaking." There also several other figurative meanings as well.
|
||||
The term “tongue” refers to the organ inside a person's mouth that is used to speak. The term is often used figuratively to mean “language” or “speaking.” There also several other figurative meanings as well.
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Bible, the most common figurative meaning for this term is “language” or “speech.”
|
||||
* Sometimes “tongue” may refer to a human language spoken by a certain people group.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “tremble” means to quiver or to shake slightly and repeatedly, usually from fear or distress. The term can also be used figuratively, meaning "to be very afraid."
|
||||
The term “tremble” means to quiver or to shake slightly and repeatedly, usually from fear or distress. The term can also be used figuratively, meaning “to be very afraid.”
|
||||
|
||||
* Sometimes when the ground shakes it is said to “tremble.” It can do this during an earthquake or in response to a very loud noise.
|
||||
* The Bible says that in the presence of the Lord the earth will tremble. This could mean that the people of the earth will shake out of fear of God or that the earth itself will shake.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The terms “vain” and "vanity" describe something that is useless or extremely temporary.
|
||||
The terms “vain” and “vanity” describe something that is useless or extremely temporary.
|
||||
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, idols are sometimes described as "vain" things that are worthless and cannot do anything.
|
||||
* If something is done “in vain,” it means that there the effort or action did not accomplish what was intended. The phrase “in vain” might be translated in various ways, including: “without result;” “with no result;” “for no reason;” “for no purpose," or "with no purpose.”
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, idols are sometimes described as “vain” things that are worthless and cannot do anything.
|
||||
* If something is done “in vain,” it means that there the effort or action did not accomplish what was intended. The phrase “in vain” might be translated in various ways, including: “without result;” “with no result;” “for no reason;” “for no purpose,” or “with no purpose.”
|
||||
* Depending on the context, the term “vain” could be translated as “empty,” “useless,” “hopeless,” “worthless,” “meaningless,” etc.
|
||||
|
||||
(See also: [false god](../kt/falsegod.md), [worthy](../kt/worthy.md))
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ The term “voice” refers to audible sound that a person makes when speaking o
|
|||
|
||||
## Translation Suggestions
|
||||
|
||||
* The expression “to hear someone’s voice” can mean either "to hear someone speaking" or “to heed what someone says."
|
||||
* The Bible describes God as "speaking" and having a "voice," even though God doesn’t have a physical body in the same way a human being does.
|
||||
* The term "voice" sometimes implies the presence of a person, as in this statement: “A voice is heard in the desert saying, ‘Prepare the way of the Lord.’” This could be translated as “A person is heard calling out in the desert….” (See: [synecdoche](rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche))
|
||||
* The expression “to hear someone’s voice” can mean either “to hear someone speaking” or “to heed what someone says.”
|
||||
* The Bible describes God as “speaking” and having a “voice,” even though God doesn’t have a physical body in the same way a human being does.
|
||||
* The term “voice” sometimes implies the presence of a person, as in this statement: “A voice is heard in the desert saying, ‘Prepare the way of the Lord.’” This could be translated as “A person is heard calling out in the desert….” (See: [synecdoche](rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche))
|
||||
* However, sometimes the word “voice” is used for objects that cannot literally speak, such as when David exclaims in the psalms that the heavens have a “voice” that reaches the whole earth. This means that the objects in the sky communicate something to human beings about God the Creator. (See: [metaphor](rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor))
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ In addition to its primary meaning, “water” also often refers to a body of w
|
|||
* A figurative use of “waters” refers to great distress, difficulties, and suffering. For example, God promises that when we “go through the waters” he will be with us.
|
||||
* The phrase “many waters” emphasizes how great the difficulties are.
|
||||
* To “water” livestock and other animals means to “provide water for” them. In Bible times, this usually involved drawing water from a well with a bucket and pouring the water into a trough or other container for the animals to drink from.
|
||||
* The "deep" refers to a deep body of water, such as the watery depths at the beginning of creation or bodies of water that extend deep under the earth's surface such as oceans, seas, etc.
|
||||
* The “deep” refers to a deep body of water, such as the watery depths at the beginning of creation or bodies of water that extend deep under the earth's surface such as oceans, seas, etc.
|
||||
* In the Old Testament, God is referred to as the spring or fountain of “living waters” for his people. This means he is the source of spiritual power and refreshment.
|
||||
* In the New Testament, Jesus used the phrase “living water” to refer to the Holy Spirit working in a person to transform and bring new life.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
|
|||
|
||||
## Definition:
|
||||
|
||||
The term “wise men” simply means people who are wise. In the Bible, however, the term "wise men" often refers to men with unusual knowledge and abilities who served in a king's royal court as advisors to the king or other high officials.
|
||||
The term “wise men” simply means people who are wise. In the Bible, however, the term “wise men” often refers to men with unusual knowledge and abilities who served in a king's royal court as advisors to the king or other high officials.
|
||||
|
||||
### Old Testament
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* Sometimes the term “wise men” is explained in the text as “prudent men” or “men with understanding.” This refers to men who act wisely and righteously because they obey God.
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* The “wise men” who served pharaohs or other kings were often scholars who studied the stars, especially looking for special meanings for the patterns that the stars made in their positions in the sky. Sometimes "wise men" also practiced divination of performed acts of magic, probably by the power of evil spirits.
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* The “wise men” who served pharaohs or other kings were often scholars who studied the stars, especially looking for special meanings for the patterns that the stars made in their positions in the sky. Sometimes “wise men” also practiced divination of performed acts of magic, probably by the power of evil spirits.
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* Often wise men were expected to explain the meanings of dreams. For example, King Nebuchadnezzar demanded that his wise men describe his dreams and tell him what they meant, but none of them was able to do this, except Daniel who had received this knowledge from God.
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### New Testament
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Reference in New Issue