Testing_ABC_en_tn/tn_HOS.tsv at fd291137fc163de6e51189e5f6d5a201cdb51f17

110 KiB

Raw Blame History

1	Reference	ID	SupportReference	Quote	Note
2	front:intro	k6lu			# Introduction to Hosea\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Hosea\n\n1. God tells Hosea to marry Gomer as a picture of how Israel relates to Yahweh (1:1–3:5)\n1. Israel betrays, wanders, and sins; Yahweh appeals and pleas to return to him (4:1–7:3)\n1. The conflict between Yahweh and Israel explained in various ways (7:4–13:8)\n * Similes: oven, cake, dove, bow (7:4–16)\n * Israel openly lies and rebels (8:1–14)\n * The end of Israel predicted (9:1–17)\n * Similes: grapes, vine, calf, lion, children, birds, and doves (10:1–11:11)\n * Israel sins, betrays, and breaks alliances (11:12–12:1)\n * Israel’s history remembered (12:2–13:16)\n * Idolatry (13:1–8)\n1. Israel is hostile to Yahweh (13:9–16)\n1. Yahweh’s last appeals to Israel (14:1–9)\n\n### What is the Book of Hosea about?\n\nThis book contains the prophecies of Hosea, son of Beeri. Hosea lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He often called this kingdom Ephraim or Samaria. Hosea prophesied for about 38 years and predicted that Assyria would destroy the northern kingdom of Israel.\n\nHosea began to prophesy around 753 B.C., just before King Jeroboam II died. At this time, the kingdom of Israel was prosperous but spiritually weak. Hosea warned how Yahweh would punish Israel unless the people turned back to Yahweh and were faithful to him.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThis book is traditionally named “The Book of Hosea” or just “Hosea.” Translators may also call it “The Book About Hosea” or “The Sayings of Hosea.” (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Hosea?\n\nAlthough this book tells what Hosea prophesied, it is uncertain whether Hosea wrote the book himself. It was probably written after Samaria, the capital of the norther kingdom, was destroyed in 721 B.C.\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute?\n\nGod told Hosea to marry the prostitute Gomer. This represented how the kingdom of Israel related to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. This is compared to a woman who is unfaithful to her husband breaks her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n### What is a lawsuit?\n\nMany cultures have a process for resolving disputes through law courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. The Book of Hosea contains some legal terms. This is because Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a husband accusing his wife in court of being unfaithful to him. Part of the Book of Hosea follows the form of a lawsuit. A problem is identified (4:1), someone is accused (4:4), someone is found guilty (4:15), and the guilty ones will be punished (5:1).\n\n### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship?\n\nIsrael was supposed to worship Yahweh alone. But they worshiped both Yahweh and the Canaanite gods such as Baal. This was a major reason why Yahweh judged the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### What does the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” mean?\n\nThe prophet used the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” to mark a message as truly coming from God.\n\n### Why are English translations of Hosea very different?\n\nHosea 4–14 has many problems of interpretation. Some phrases in Hosea are beyond how we currently understand the Hebrew language. Many English versions have translated these difficult sections very differently.\n\n### What does the term “Israel” mean in Hosea?\n\nIn Hosea, “Israel” is used only to refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. It is not used to refer to the southern kingdom or to the two kingdoms together. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]])
3	1:intro	ud3c			# Hosea 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2–11.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Hosea’s marriage\nGod does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel’s unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\nHosea’s marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel’s relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nHosea 1–4 is controlled by a metaphor that Hosea lived out. He was personifying the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. Hosea played the part of Yahweh, and Gomer played the part of Israel.
4	1:1	x3qa	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	the word of Yahweh that came	This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the word that Yahweh God spoke”
5	1:1	fhy8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Beeri	This is the name of a man.
6	1:1	f238	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Uzziah … Jotham … Ahaz … Hezekiah … Jeroboam … Joash	The events in this book happened during the time of these kings.
7	1:1	ghv4		Yahweh	This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
8	1:2	m57n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	great prostitution	Here “prostitution” represents the people being unfaithful to God.
9	1:3	l8fb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Gomer … Diblaim	These are names of people.
10	1:4	gin3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	the house of Jehu	Here “house” means “family,” including Jehu’s descendants.
11	1:4	ykw9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	the house of Israel	This expression refers to kingdom of Israel.
12	1:5	e655	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	the bow of Israel	Here “bow” refers to the power of the army. Alternate translation: “the military power of Israel”
13	1:6	jgz9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Lo-Ruhamah	This name means “no mercy.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. Alternate translation: “No Mercy”
14	1:8	r52q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Lo-Ruhamah	This name means “no mercy.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. See how you translated this in [Hosea 1:6](../01/06.md). Alternate translation: “No Mercy”
15	1:9	a6mv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Lo-Ammi	This name means “not my people.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. Alternate translation: “Not My People”
16	1:10	q3ve			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
17	1:10	mc4b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like the sand of the seashore	This emphasizes the great number of Israelites.
18	1:10	tps4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	which cannot be measured or counted	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which no one can measure or count”
19	1:10	u2at	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	It will be that where it was said to them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Where God said to them”
20	1:10	zlv3		where it was said to them	This expression probably refers to Jezreel, the city where crimes had been committed by kings of Israel, and which was a symbol of God’s punishment of them.
21	1:10	lb2w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	it will be said to them	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will say to them”
22	1:11	vlg4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	will be gathered together	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “God will gather them together”
23	1:11	t1bm		go up from the land	This expression might refer to the land where the people of Israel were in captivity.
24	1:11	b5bz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	the day of Jezreel	This refers to the time when God will put his people back in the land of Israel. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit.
25	2:intro	h75z			# Hosea 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nSome translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of this chapter, which is poetry, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Hosea 1–2 is a single series forming one narrative.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nMany relationships are used in this chapter that are metaphors for the relationship between Israel and her God. Brother, sister, husband, wife, mother, and children are examples. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\nThis chapter creates an abrupt change of address. The prophet is now addressing the children directly in the first few verses, but the whole chapter is written against Gomer as an illustration of Israel as an adulterous people. God uses Gomer as an illustration to teach the people of Israel how they should be faithful to him. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
26	2:1	qq88		Connecting Statement:	# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
27	2:1	if49	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations	My people!	This exclamation may be presented as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are my people!”
28	2:1	z5an	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	You have been shown compassion	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has shown you compassion”
29	2:1	e5gw		compassion	Alternate translation: “kindness” or “mercy”
30	2:2	d1d5			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
31	2:2	t1g6		lawsuit	This is a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law.
32	2:2	d9bq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	your mother	Here “mother” refers to the nation of Israel.
33	2:2	vb8m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	for she is not my wife	Yahweh is stating that Israel, spoken of here as a woman, is no longer acting like a wife to Yahweh. Instead Israel has turned away from following and worshiping him.
34	2:2	e3qh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	neither am I her husband	Yahweh can no longer be in relationship with the nation of Israel as a husband would be to his wife.
35	2:2	l76m	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	her acts of adultery	A wife who is adulterous leaves her husband to sleep with another man. This is how Israel was acting toward Yahweh.
36	2:2	qp68	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	from between her breasts	This imagery suggests that Israel is relying on the idols and not Yahweh.
37	2:3	x3z9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will strip her naked and show her nakedness as on the day that she was born	Yahweh will no longer protect and provide for Israel because the nation has turned away from him. In Israel, husbands were obliged by law to provide clothes for their wives. Not to do so was a sign that a man was rejecting his wife. The full meaning of this may be made clear. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
38	2:3	w84f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	I will make her like the wilderness	Yahweh will change Israel to resemble the wilderness, which is a region that is bare and unproductive.
39	2:3	tk9l	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will make her die from thirst	Here “thirst” refers to the need to worship and rely on Yahweh, not idols, or Israel will not be able to survive as a nation.
40	2:4	dt2c			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
41	2:4	ck3e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	for they are children of prostitution	The Israelites are acting like they do not belong to Yahweh. Just as their parents did not worship God, Neither do they.
42	2:5	bbd9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	For their mother has been a prostitute	The previous generation who sought out other gods were considered prostitutes for they were unfaithful to Yahweh.
43	2:5	pdr2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	I will go after my lovers, for they give me my bread and water, my wool and flax, my oil and drink	Here “my lovers” refers to Baal and other false gods, whom Israel has chosen to worship instead of Yahweh. The list of things are essential items that allow the people to live.
44	2:6	e3xg			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking to Hosea.
45	2:6	n4ve	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Therefore I will build up a hedge to block her way with thorns. I will build up a wall against her so she cannot find her way	This passage indicates that Yahweh will prevent his people from finding success and prosperity, becuase they continue to worship idols. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
46	2:7	pk67	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Then she will say, “I will return to my first husband, for it was better for me then than it is now.”	Israel will return to Yahweh not because of their love for him, but because they are disappointed by their worship of Baal.
47	2:8	i559			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
48	2:9	v55u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	I will take back my wool and flax that were used to cover her nakedness	This probably means that Israel’s harvests and flocks will fail. Yahweh will remove his blessings from Israel, and the people will be left alone and in danger of attack.
49	2:9	rl9d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	were used to cover her nakedness	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the people used to clothe themselves”
50	2:10	fpp3			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea.
51	2:10	jfc9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Then I will strip her naked in the sight of her lovers	This means God will humiliate the people of Israel in front of the other nations nearby. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:3](../02/03.md).
52	2:10	j4bh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	no one will rescue her out of my hand	No one will try to help Israel. Here “hand” refers to God’s power to punish.
53	2:12	ege9			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do to Israel.
54	2:12	bqk9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	These are the wages that my lovers gave me	This refers to payment that Israel received from the false gods or Baals. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that these were the wages that her lovers had given to her” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
55	2:12	f2fc	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	make them a forest	Yahweh will destroy the vineyards and fruit trees by allowing other trees and weeds to grow among them.
56	2:13	i7k2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	this is Yahweh’s declaration	Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
57	2:14	a2gy		Connecting Statement:	# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is speaking about Israel.
58	2:14	uxh6		So I am going to win her back	Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, will bring her back to me”
59	2:15	cf8d		the Valley of Achor as a door of hope	As Yahweh lead Israel out of Egypt, he will lead Israel to the Valley of Achor so that Israel will hope again in Yahweh.
60	2:15	sql9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	She will answer me there as she did in the days of her youth, as in the days that she came out of the land of Egypt	Yahweh hopes that the nation of Israel will repent and again choose to worship him as their God.
61	2:15	hhr5		She will answer	Some modern versions understand the Hebrew word to mean “She will sing.”
62	2:16	m6gg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	My husband	This means the people of Israel will love and be faithful to Yahweh just as a wife is to a husband.
63	2:16	sid2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	My Baal	“Baal” means “master” and also refers to the false god that the Canaanites worship.
64	2:17	f9gg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	For I will remove the names of the Baals from her mouth	The Israelites will not speak the names of Baal and the idols again. The people are represented by their mouths. Alternate translation: “For I will cause you to not speak the names of the Baals”
65	2:18	ma1m		Connecting Statement:	# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do to Israel.
66	2:18	puj7		On that day	This phrase is used to talk about a future restoration between Israel and Yahweh.
67	2:18	j2tx		I will make a covenant for them	Yahweh’s new covenant will include peace for the animals.
68	2:18	c1um	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	I will drive away the bow, the sword, and the battle from the land, and I will make you lie down in safety	Yahweh will keep Israel’s enemies away from them, there will be no more war, the people will be safe. Here “the bow, the sword, and the battle” represent war.
69	2:18	u7mv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	lie down in safety	This expression refers to living in safety.
70	2:19	t7wt			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do for Israel.
71	2:19	h2m4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will promise to be your husband forever	Yahweh will be like the husband, and Israel will be like Yahweh’s wife.
72	2:19	t45v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	in righteousness, justice, covenant faithfulness, and mercy	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns. Alternate translation: “and do what is right, just, faithful, and merciful”
73	2:20	tas9		you will know Yahweh	Here “know” means to acknowledge Yahweh as their God and to be faithful to him.
74	2:21	bb87			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do for Israel.
75	2:22	w8qh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The earth will answer the grain, the new wine and the oil, and they will answer Jezreel	The land will meet the need for grain, new wine, and olive oil. These things will also meet the needs of Jezreel. The land and these products are spoken of as if they were people who could meet the needs of others.
76	2:22	zi92	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Jezreel	Here the name of this valley stands for all the people of Israel.
77	2:23	u9ni			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do for Israel.
78	2:23	jl7b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will plant her for myself in the land	When God makes his people safe and prosperous in their land again, they are spoken of if they were agricultural crops. Alternate translation: “I will take care of the Israelite people as a farmer plants his crops and takes care of them”
79	2:23	z8da	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Lo-Ruhamah	This name means “no mercy.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. See how you translated this in [Hosea 1:6](../01/06.md). Alternate translation: “No Mercy”
80	2:23	l22q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Lo-Ammi	This name means “not my people.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. See how you translated this in [Hosea 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “Not My People”
81	2:23	j39c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Ammi Attah	This name means “you are my people.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. Alternate translation: “You Are My People”
82	3:intro	k2ts			# Hosea 3 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter focuses on the meaning of the illustration of Hosea’s marriage. It is a very short chapter written in prose to show the truth of Israel’s relationship with Yahweh. After bearing a number of children for Hosea, Gomer leaves him and prostitutes herself with other men, showing little to no regard for their marriage covenant. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThis chapter contains a continuation of the metaphor played out in chapter 2. Hosea is told to go and buy his wife out of slavery. Gomer must have been captured and held as a slave due to her adulterous activity. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])
83	3:1	t4kg		Go again, love a woman, loved by her husband, but who is an adulteress	This refers back to [Hosea 1:2](../01/02.md). Yahweh again tells Hosea to love an adulterous woman.
84	3:1	sa34	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction	Love her just as I, Yahweh, love the people of Israel	By loving the adulterous woman, Hosea will be an example of Yahweh’s love for Israel.
85	3:1	rvb9		they turn to other gods and love raisin cakes	People ate raisin or fig cakes during festivals where they worshiped false gods.
86	3:2	ik7l		fifteen pieces of silver and a homer and a lethek of barley	This was the price to buy a slave.
87	3:2	x615	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	fifteen pieces	“15 pieces”
88	3:2	e35q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume	a homer and a lethek of barley	This can be stated in modern units. Alternate translation: “330 liters of barley”
89	3:4	s5dq		For the people of Israel will live for many days without a king, prince, sacrifice, stone pillar, ephod or household idols	Just as Hosea lived without his wife because she committed adultery, Israel will live without a king and without worshiping God, because they committed idolatry.
90	3:5	klf5		seek Yahweh their God	Here “seek” means they are asking God to accept them and their worship.
91	3:5	ce6i	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	David their king	Here “David” represents all the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David to be their king”
92	3:5	plr4		in the last days	Alternate translation: “in the future”
93	3:5	h6db	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	they will come trembling before Yahweh and his goodness	Here “trembling” represents feelings of awe and humility. Alternate translation: “they will come back to Yahweh and will humble themselves, honor him, and ask for his blessings”
94	4:intro	m65b			# Hosea 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe author stops using the metaphor of a husband/wife relationship and begins using a new illustration using lawsuits. God is suing the people of Israel because of all the wrong they have done. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Lawsuits\n\nLawsuits are special cases where people go to court when they have a legal issue to resolve between them. Normally, one party is accusing another party of having done wrong.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metonymy\n\nMetonymy is used in the first few verses of this chapter. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. Bloodshed is associated with murder. Stumbling represents sinning. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
95	4:1	k5fr			# General Information:\n\nThis chapter begins Yahweh’s argument against the unfaithful Israelites.
96	4:1	t2hu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh has a lawsuit against the inhabitants of the land	Yahweh stating that the people of Israel have sinned against him and broken his covenant is spoken of as if Yahweh were accusing them in court.
97	4:1	ste3		lawsuit	This is a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:2](../02/02.md).
98	4:2	a1s6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people have broken all bounds	Here “bounds” stands for the limits of what the law allows. Alternate translation: “The people have disobeyed the law in every possible way”
99	4:2	i3nt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	bloodshed comes after bloodshed	Here “bloodshed” stands for “murder” which often involves making the victim bleed. Alternate translation: “you commit one murder after another” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
100	4:3	y9lx		So the land is drying up	This expression refers to drought, when no rain falls for a long time.
101	4:3	mp1u		wasting away	becoming weak and dying because of sickness or lack of food
102	4:3	m1s9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	are being taken away	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “are dying”
103	4:4	xl63			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking about Israel.
104	4:4	gz4e		lawsuit	a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law
105	4:4	t69t		do not let anyone accuse anyone else	No one should accuse another person of anything because everyone is guilty of something.
106	4:5	j4la	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	You priests will stumble	Here “stumble” means to disobey God or even to stop trusting him.
107	4:5	a2zy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will destroy your mother	Here “mother” refers to the nation of Israel. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:2](../02/02.md).
108	4:6	qhc8			# General Information:\n\nIn 4:6, Yahweh is talking to the priests about the people of Israel. But in 4:7, he is talking about the priests, not to them. It is possible for the translator to follow the example of the UST, which portrays Yahweh as talking to the priests also in 4:7.
109	4:6	pq57	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	My people are being destroyed because of the lack of knowledge	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “My people are perishing because you, the priests, have not properly taught them about me so that they will obey me”
110	4:6	j1k4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	knowledge	Here “knowledge” refers to the knowledge of God.
111	4:7	g6wy	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	They exchanged their honor for shame	This could mean: (1) “honor” is a metonym that represents Yahweh, and “shame” is a metonym that represents idols. Alternate translation: “They have stopped worshiping me, their honorable God, and now worship shameful idols” or (2) some Bible versions translate this as “I will exchange their honor for shame.” This means Yahweh will take away the things which the priests honor and cause the priests to be ashamed.
112	4:8	ajz2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	They feed on the sin of my people	When people sinned, they would offer sacrifices so God would forgive them. The priests were allowed to eat these sacrifices. The priests eating these sacrifices for sin is spoken of as if they would actually feed on the people’s sins. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
113	4:8	e3kk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	they are greedy for more of their wickedness	The priests want the people to sin more so that the people will offer more sacrifices that the priests may eat.
114	4:9	lv38		It will be the same for the people as for the priests	Alternate translation: “The people and the priests will be punished in the same way”
115	4:9	xfi6		their practices	Alternate translation: “their habits” or “their conduct”
116	4:10	y17j			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
117	4:10	p57j		but not increase	Alternate translation: “but not have children”
118	4:10	az6x		they have gone far away	The people have stopped worshiping and following God.
119	4:10	j8tw	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	from Yahweh	Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. This can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “from me”
120	4:11	da24		Connecting Statement:	# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
121	4:11	ql5t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	sexual promiscuity, wine, and new wine, which have taken away their understanding	The people of Israel are pursuing sex outside of marriage and drinking too much wine. In doing these activities they have forgotten Yahweh’s commands. These actions are spoken of here as if they were someone who could prevent other people from understanding the importance of obeying Yahweh.
122	4:12	b2e9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	their walking sticks give them prophecies	Idol worshipers used walking sticks to help them predict the future. The walking sticks are spoken of here as if they were people who spoke prophecies.
123	4:12	gu5r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	a mind of promiscuity has misled them	Worshiping the idols and sleeping with the temple prostitutes has developed in the people of Israel the desire to always sin against Yahweh in these ways. Here “mind” is spoken of as if it were a separate person who was able to convince the people to disobey Yahweh.
124	4:12	mu4t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	has misled	has convinced the people to sin
125	4:13	f8ym			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
126	4:13	u9e7		on the tops of the mountains … on the hills	It was common for the people to set up idols in these places, often called “high places” in the Old Testament.
127	4:14	q3pu		sacred prostitutes	These were women who had sexual relations with men who came to worship certain idols. This was viewed as a sacred action in honor of the false gods.
128	4:14	asb1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	So this people who does not understand will be thrown down	Yahweh will destroy the nation of Israel because they do not understand or obey God’s commandments.
129	4:15	n41g			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Judah and Israel.
130	4:15	sei7		may Judah not become guilty	God knows how sinful Israel has become and does not want Judah to do the same thing.
131	4:15	g1ti		Do not go to Gilgal, you people; do not go up to Beth Aven	The people of Judah are being warned not to go to the cities of Gilgal or Beth Aven to worship idols in those places. Gilgal was once a place where Yahweh had been worshiped, but it had become a place of idol worship.
132	4:15	wj2f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Beth Aven	This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom.
133	4:16	vaf7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like a stubborn heifer	Israel is compared to a young cow that will not obey its master.
134	4:16	b1k8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	How can Yahweh bring them to pasture like lambs in a meadow?	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he cannot continue to take care of the people because they are stubborn. Yahweh no longer taking care of his people is spoken of as if he were a shepherd that could not take his lambs into the field to eat because they are stubborn. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not shepherd a rebellious people.” or “Therefore Yahweh will not continue to take care of them.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
135	4:16	un2p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	How can Yahweh	Here Yahweh is speaking of himself in the third person. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “How can I”
136	4:17	y9hs			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
137	4:17	vcx4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Ephraim united himself with idols; leave him alone	Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel, which is a metonym for the people who live there. They chose to worship idols, instead of Yahweh. Yahweh is commanding Hosea to not try to correct them. The people of Israel will not listen. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
138	4:18	t2qi		her rulers dearly love their shame	The rulers are not ashamed of what they are doing when they worship idols and turn against Yahweh.
139	4:19	kwi7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The wind will wrap her up in its wings	Here “wind” represents God’s judgment and anger against the nation of Israel. Yahweh will allow the enemy army to defeat the people of Israel and take them as captives. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
140	5:intro	cz2x			# Hosea 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nThe author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\nThis chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
141	5:1	qy78		Connecting Statement:	# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
142	5:1	i4kf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	You have been a snare at Mizpah and a net spread over Tabor	A snare and a net are both objects used to catch prey. In this case, the priests and the royal household had devised ways to keep the people away from Yahweh, while enticing them into idolatry. Mizpah and Tabor were places for idol worship in the land of Israel. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
143	5:2	e4c5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The rebels stand deep in slaughter	Here “rebels” refers to all of those people who had turned away from Yahweh, and “deep in slaughter” could refer to the murder of innocent people, or to the slaughter of animals offered to pagan idols.
144	5:2	z7ql		The rebels	The translator can represent this as “You rebels,” because God is really talking to the rebellious people of Israel.
145	5:2	u6yj		in slaughter	Some modern versions interpret the Hebrew expression as standing for wickedness.
146	5:2	ncj1		I will punish all of them	The translator can represent this as “I will punish all of you.”
147	5:3	ki2p			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
148	5:3	b88u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	I know Ephraim, and Israel is not hidden from me	Here, “Ephraim” and “Israel” both refer to the whole northern kingdom of Israel, and represent the people who live there. Here God says that he knows what they are like and what they are doing. (See also: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
149	5:3	vw9u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Ephraim, now you have become like a prostitute	Ephraim is presented in terms of a prostitute because the people have become unfaithful to God, as a prostitute is faithful to no man.
150	5:4	xz8q		for the mind of adultery is in them	This means they have the desire to be unfaithful to God. They want to worship idols.
151	5:4	hh5e		to turn to God … they do not know Yahweh	The translator can represent this as “to turn to me … they do not know me,” or “to turn to me … they do not know me, Yahweh.”
152	5:4	kub1		they do not know Yahweh	Israel no longer obeys Yahweh in any way. They do not acknowledge Yahweh as their God.
153	5:5	iu6y			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
154	5:5	rch3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The pride of Israel testifies against him	This describes “pride” as a person who testifies against the people of Israel in court. Their prideful attitude and behavior show that they are guilty of no longer obeying Yahweh.
155	5:5	px3d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	so Israel and Ephraim will stumble in their guilt; and Judah also will stumble with them	The two kingdoms will become completely disobedient to God because of their pride and sin.
156	5:7	im5k		They were unfaithful to Yahweh, for they have borne illegitimate children	This could mean: (1) this means the Israelites were marrying people from other nations and having children with them or (2) this means the Israelite parents were unfaithful to Yahweh and they were teaching their children to worship idols.
157	5:7	yu59	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Now the new moon festivals will devour them with their fields	The people of Israel were supposed to celebrate during the new moon. Here this expression seems to describe the new moon festival as a beast that will eat the people and their fields. However, it is hard to interpret this expression; many versions translate it without making much sense of it. However, the overall meaning is certainly that God will punish the people for their unfaithfulness to him.
158	5:8	uh2c			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel.
159	5:8	tj5p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	Blow the horn in Gibeah, and the trumpet in Ramah	Here “horn” and “trumpet” mean the same thing. This command is given to the people of Gibeah and Ramah to emphasize that the enemy is coming.
160	5:8	s184	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Sound a battle cry at Beth Aven: ‘We will follow you, Benjamin!’	Here “Benjamin” represents the soldiers from the tribe of Benjamin. This may be a request for them to lead the people into battle. But modern versions make various attempts to interpret this expression.
161	5:8	ail1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Beth Aven	This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom. See how you translated this in [Hosea 4:15](../04/15.md).
162	5:9	n3pe		Among the tribes of Israel I have declared what is certain to happen	Alternate translation: “I will do to the tribes of Israel what I have declared”
163	5:10	x6j7			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Judah and Israel.
164	5:10	jdz8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	The leaders of Judah are like those who move a boundary stone	To “move a boundary stone” refers to moving the landmark that marked the border of some property, which was a crime under Israelite law.
165	5:10	wbd7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will pour my wrath on them like water	Yahweh’s wrath against Judah will be like a large stream of water that destroys them. In the scriptures, emotions and moral qualities are often spoken of as if they were liquids.
166	5:11	x64t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Ephraim is crushed; he is crushed in judgment	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This statement is made twice for emphasis. Here “Ephraim” refers to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “I will punish the people of Israel severely” (See also: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
167	5:11	f3tb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	walked after idols	Here “walked” represents the idea of worshiping.
168	5:11	ww39		idols	The Hebrew word translated here as “idols” is uncertain in its meaning, and is translated by modern versions in many different ways.
169	5:12	jy1j			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Judah and Israel.
170	5:12	z5lp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	I will be like a moth to Ephraim, and like rot to the house of Judah	A moth on a piece of wool and rot in a piece of wood are both destructive. Yahweh will destroy both nations.
171	5:12	y9bw		moth … rot	These two terms are translated in various ways because the meaning of the Hebrew word is either very broad or it is uncertain.
172	5:13	pf8f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah saw his wound	Both Ephraim (the northern kingdom of Israel) and Judah (the southern kingdom of Israel) realized that they were in danger.
173	5:13	e5lq		then Ephraim went to Assyria, and Judah sent messengers to the great king	Ephraim and Judah asked Assyria for help instead of asking Yahweh for help. “Great king” was a title for the king of Assyria.
174	5:13	be1d		But he was not able	Here “he” refers to the king of Assyria.
175	5:14	mxf1			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Judah and Israel.
176	5:14	su9f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	So I will be like a lion to Ephraim	Yahweh is going to pursue and attack Ephraim like a lion.
177	5:14	bpl6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like a young lion to the house of Judah	Yahweh is going to treat Judah in a similar way. Yahweh is showing his displeasure with both the northern and the southern kingdoms.
178	5:14	rse7		I, even I	Yahweh is emphasizing that he is the one that is bringing judgment on all of his people.
179	5:14	y54f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	will tear	As a lion tears apart the animal it is eating, so Yahweh will tear his people away from their homes and country.
180	5:15	gc86		I will go and return to my place	Yahweh will leave his rebellious people.
181	5:15	w7fg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	seek my face	Try to come into God’s presence by means of worship and sacrifice. Alternate translation: “ask me to pay attention to them”
182	6:intro	xu4q			# Hosea 6 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using the poetic form to show how Yahweh will still show mercy to his wayward people, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. Gilead is an area in the northern kingdom of Israel where several of the tribes lived. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Change in speaker\n\nThere is a change in person from 6:1–3 to 6:4–11. In the first passage, the speaker is an anonymous Israelite, but in the rest of the chapter, the speaker is Yahweh.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThroughout the chapter, the author uses the metaphor of prostitution to say that his people have abandoned him. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
183	6:1	a6ue		Connecting Statement:	# Connecting Statement:\n\nThe people of Israel confess their need to repent.
184	6:1	u9ye	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	he has torn us to pieces … he has injured us	God has punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped idols.
185	6:1	ntx5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	he will heal us … he will bandage our wounds	Israel believes that God will be merciful to them when they repent and he will deliver them from their troubles.
186	6:2	yn3u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	After two days he will revive us; he will raise us up on the third day	This represents a short period of time. Israel believes God will quickly come to rescue them from their enemies.
187	6:2	id69	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	two days … the third day	“2 days … day 3” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
188	6:3	fc9r		Let us know Yahweh	Here “know” means not only to learn God’s character and laws, but also to become faithful to him.
189	6:3	mk9b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	His coming out is as sure as the dawn	Yahweh will come to help his people just as surely as the sun rises each morning.
190	6:4	e5w6		Connecting Statement:	# Connecting Statement:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
191	6:4	e69c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	what will I do with you?	God is expressing that his patience is coming to an end and what remains is judgment. Alternate translation: “it is hard to know what to do with you!”
192	6:5	n7z6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	So I have cut them to pieces by the prophets	Through his prophets, Yahweh has pronounced destruction on the rebellious nation. The destruction, here called “cutting to pieces,” is as sure as the condemnation.
193	6:5	kr95	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Your decrees are like the light that shines out	Here the prophet Hosea is speaking to God. He may mean that when God gives the command for someone to die as punishment, it is like a bolt of lightning that strikes. Or he may mean that God’s commandments allow people to know the truth, just as light makes objects visible.
194	6:5	vv2v		Your decrees	Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s commands”
195	6:6	r5ls			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
196	6:6	vj1l		For I desire faithfulness and not sacrifice	This grammatical construction in Hebrew signals here the idea of “more than,” as the next line shows (“and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings”). Alternate translation: “For I desire faithfulness more than sacrifice”
197	6:7	xuu2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Like Adam	This could mean: (1) this refers to Adam, the first man or (2) this is a metonym that represents the people who live in a city in Israel called Adam. Alternate translation: “Like the people in the city of Adam” or (3) this refers to people in general. The word “Adam” means “man” or “humankind.” Alternate translation: “Like all of humankind”
198	6:8	cwt2			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
199	6:8	jyk1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Gilead is a city … with footprints of blood	“Footprints of blood” probably represents the evildoers and their acts of murder.
200	6:9	drp6		the priests band together to commit murder on the way to Shechem	We do not know what this refers to. Were priests actually guilty of attacking people on their way to Shechem, which was an important religious and political center? Or is the prophet saying that the priests have “killed” true knowledge and worship of Yahweh? It is best to translate this expression as plainly as possible.
201	6:10	k436			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
202	6:10	tac2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Ephraim’s prostitution	Here “prostitution” refers to Ephraim’s worship of false gods.
203	6:10	f2vh		Israel has become unclean	Israel has become unacceptable to God because of her actions.
204	6:11	c9zv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	For you also, Judah, a harvest has been appointed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I have set a time of harvest for you also, Judah”
205	6:11	nid7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	harvest	Here “harvest” represents God’s final judgment on Israel and Judah.
206	6:11	hag4		fortunes	prosperity and security
207	7:intro	yc44			# Hosea 7 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh’s anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Baking\n\nBaking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Israel and Ephraim\n\nThis chapter begins by using two different names for the same group of people: Israel and Ephraim. It also mentions Samaria, which was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel.
208	7:1	wc7w			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
209	7:1	l8yq	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I want to heal Israel	Making Israel obedient to God again and receivers of his blessing is spoken of as if it were healing.
210	7:1	u93n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	for they practice deceit	The people are selling and buying products dishonestly.
211	7:1	u8xl		marauding band	This is a group of people who are attacking other people without cause.
212	7:2	t9av	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	their deeds surround them	The people’s evil deeds are probably spoken of here as if they were other people ready to accuse them of their crimes.
213	7:2	h9mh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	they are before my face	Here God is represented by his “face” which emphasizes his presence and awareness. Alternate translation: “and I see it all”
214	7:3	aq6w			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking. The Hebrew text is not clear in various places. However, many people interpret it as describing the royal officials as being unfaithful to God, and also as planning to assassinate the king, and then carrying out their plans. This seems to have happened more than once. These crimes are mentioned as illustrations of the wickedness into which the nation has sunk.
215	7:4	ccn2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	They are all adulterers	The people committed spiritual adultery by worshiping idols and being unfaithful to Yahweh. They were probably also being unfaithful to their husbands or wives by sleeping with other people.
216	7:4	q95b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like an oven heated by the baker	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. This means the people had strong desires to do evil. Alternate translation: “like an oven which the baker heats” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
217	7:4	pvh6		kneading of the dough	This is a part of the process of making bread.
218	7:5	h9ht		On the day of our king	This is perhaps a festival held by the king.
219	7:5	zte7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	He reached out with his hand	This probably means to unite or join with someone. It may mean that the king joins with his officials to mock things or people that should not be mocked, even God himself.
220	7:6	h4zw			# General Information:\n\nThe court officials’ plotting is described. Their anger is what motivates them to kill their king.
221	7:6	wuv9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	For with hearts like an oven	This means like a fire burns in an oven, these people have strong evil desires within them. The people’s desires are represented by their “hearts.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
222	7:6	ml3f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Their anger smolders	The word “smolders” means something is burning slowly without a flame. Alternate translation: “Their anger grows slowly and quietly”
223	7:6	ydy1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	it burns high like a flaming fire	The intensity of their anger is spoken of as if it was a very hot fire. Alternate translation: “it gets very intense”
224	7:7	b2nn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	They all are as hot as an oven	This compares their anger to the heat that comes from an oven.
225	7:7	z8ny	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	they devour those who rule over them	This seems to mean that the court officials kill their kings.
226	7:8	a6qy			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
227	7:8	lqx6		Ephraim mixes himself among the peoples	This is probably a reference to the efforts made by the northern kingdom’s kings to ally themselves with other nations for protection against attack.
228	7:8	q1ji	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Ephraim is a flat cake that has not been turned over	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Here “Ephraim” refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. The nation is weak, as flat bread that has not been doubled over in the oven by the baker for more strength. Alternate translation: “The people of Ephraim are like a cake that no one has turned over” (See also: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
229	7:9	qt4k	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Gray hairs are sprinkled on him	Here “gray hairs” represent old age.
230	7:9	qta1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	but he does not know it	However, this “old age” is clearly a way of saying that the northern kingdom is getting weaker and weaker, because the nation does not know it is “old.”
231	7:10	i323			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
232	7:10	l7dg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	The pride of Israel testifies against him	This describes “pride” as a person who testifies against the people of Israel in court. This means their prideful attitude and behavior show that they are guilty of no longer obeying Yahweh.
233	7:10	d1v1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	nor have they sought him	Israel’s lack of interest in Yahweh is spoken of as if he was lost and they were not trying to find him. Alternate translation: “nor have they tried to get him to pay attention to them”
234	7:10	l1iz		in spite of all this	Here “this” refers God allowing foreigners to defeat them and make them weak.
235	7:11	wu9b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Ephraim is like a dove, gullible and without sense	Doves were thought to be foolish birds.
236	7:11	jpu5		Egypt … Assyria	These were powerful nations that Israel could ask for help.
237	7:12	hur1			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
238	7:12	jg68	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will spread my net over them	This is a way to catch birds. Yahweh continues to compare the people of Israel to doves. When they go to Egypt or Assyria for help, Yahweh will punish them.
239	7:12	zeb8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	I will bring them down like the birds of the sky	Yahweh speaks of the way he will judge Israel as if they were birds that he would catch in a net. Alternate translation: “I will hunt them like birds” or “I will catch them like a hunter catches birds”
240	7:12	c4zg		in their flocking together	This expression extends the metaphor of the birds.
241	7:14	uda3			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
242	7:14	jwr2		they wail on their beds	It was usual for idol worshipers to eat ceremonial meals while reclining on couches or beds.
243	7:14	wlv2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	they turn away from me	Here no longer worshiping God is spoken of as turning away from him. Alternate translation: “they no longer worship me”
244	7:15	kf6z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Though I trained them and strengthened their arms	This may be a military metaphor, in which God training the Israelites to love him and obey him is spoken of as if he had been training their men for war.
245	7:16	k39m			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
246	7:16	r57a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	They are like a slack bow	That is, a bow that has no bowstring, or that has no tension.
247	7:16	q25q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	because of the insolence of their tongues	Here “tongue” refers to what the officials say. Alternate translation: “because they insult me” or “because they curse me”
248	7:16	r7lt	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	This will become their mockery in the land of Egypt	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word mockery, you can express the same idea with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “This is why people in Egypt will mock and laugh at Israel”
249	8:intro	sj97			# Hosea 8 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues to use the poetic form to communicate several other ways the people of Israel have sinned against God. First, Yahweh notes that they have set up a king without consulting him.\nNext, they set up or reinstalled the golden calves of Samaria. Last, they were seeking help from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nThis chapter contains some references to the “calf of Samaria.” This most likely refers to an image that was set up by an earlier king of Israel. He did this in order to discourage his people from going to Jerusalem, which was part of the southern kingdom of Judah.
250	8:1	iyy7			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking about the coming of the Assyrian army to attack the northern kingdom.
251	8:1	rq62	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh	The eagle, a bird of prey, is sometimes used to represent the enemies of Israel. Alternate translation: “As an eagle hunts another animal, the enemies of Israel are coming to capture my people”
252	8:1	tc1q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	broken my covenant	Here “broken” represents “disobeyed,” “violated.”
253	8:2	hq2r		know you	Alternate translation: “are faithful to you”
254	8:4	hqd2			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
255	8:4	h5ag	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	but it was only so they might be cut off	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “but the result will be that I will destroy the people”
256	8:5	p53a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Your calf has been rejected	This could mean: (1) this is the prophet speaking. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has rejected your calf” or (2) Yahweh is speaking. Alternate translation: “I myself have rejected your calf”
257	8:5	xu7a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Your calf	The people worshiped an idol that looked like a calf, so Yahweh is speaking of their worship as if it were the calf itself. Alternate translation: “Because you worship your calf idol, your worship”
258	8:5	k9n8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	My anger is burning against these people	Anger is often spoken of as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “I am very angry with these people”
259	8:5	xq3d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	For how long will they stay guilty?	Yahweh asks this question to express his anger about his people being impure. “I am angry with these people because they have no desire to be innocent.”
260	8:6	y4fg			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
261	8:7	hpc6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	For the people sow the wind and reap the whirlwind	To sow or plant the wind is to act in useless or destructive ways. To reap the whirlwind is to suffer disaster from one’s own actions.
262	8:7	ehs7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	The standing grain has no heads	Here “head” refers to the part of the plant where the grain is. A stalk with no head has nothing to give to the farmer. In the same way, Israel’s actions will result in nothing good.
263	8:7	m4n5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	If it does come to maturity, foreigners will devour it	If any of Israel’s actions do happen to result in something good, Israel’s enemies will come and take it from them.
264	8:8	vk5d			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
265	8:8	qfd6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Israel is swallowed up	“swallowed” means to be defeated and taken into exile. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The enemies of Israel have taken the Israelites away to other lands” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
266	8:9	byr1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like a wild donkey all alone	People often think of donkeys as being stubborn. This means the people of Israel refused to listen to Yahweh but instead went to the people of Assyria for help.
267	8:9	s8b5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Ephraim has hired lovers for herself	Ephraim’s alliances with other nations are spoken of as if they had paid them to become prostitutes for Ephraim. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel have tried to pay other nations to protect them”
268	8:10	inw9		because of the oppression of the king of princes	That is, because the Assyrian king, also called “the Great King,” will make the people suffer.
269	8:11	m4nc			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
270	8:12	ww4c	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo	I could write down my law for them ten thousand times, but they would	Yahweh is describing a hypothetical situation. Here “ten thousand times” is an exaggeration that means no matter how many times he gave the people the law, they would still refuse to obey him. Alternate translation: “Even if I wrote down my law for them very many times, they would” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
271	8:12	x66d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers	ten thousand	“10,000”
272	8:13	gmz3			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
273	8:13	fl3w		They will return to Egypt	Because of their sin, God will send his people away as slaves to the Egyptians.
274	9:intro	lkm6			# Hosea 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThe chapter is written in poetic form to speak of Yahweh’s displeasure with Israel’s sins. He is showing the many ways in which they do not honor him. The priests and kings do not understand how they have totally broken their covenant with Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Exile\n\nBecause the covenant has been broken, the people will be exiled into another land. This actually shows the mercy of God toward his people. He did not destroy them; he simply moved them to another place. However, this chapter goes into detail about many parts of their society to show how far they have moved away from truly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Change in speaker\n\nIn verse 16, Yahweh is speaking; but in verse 17, Hosea starts speaking. There is a change in pronouns; the use of “my God” must imply that someone other than Yahweh is speaking.
275	9:1	fz5r			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
276	9:2	f2gu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	But the threshing floor and the winepress will not feed them	This describes the threshing floor and the winepress as if they were humans that can feed someone. This means that the harvest will not provide enough grain for threshing to meet the needs of the people, and that it will not provide the grapes for pressing to make enough wine. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
277	9:2	nt1h		the new wine will fail them	There will not be enough grape juice to make wine with.
278	9:3	c8av			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
279	9:3	sdu7		Yahweh’s land	This expression signals that Yahweh continues to view the land of Israel as his property, not the property of the Israelites.
280	9:3	dgt9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	unclean food	This is food that the Israelites would normally refuse to eat because it would make them unacceptable to Yahweh.
281	9:4	ag4r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	Their sacrifices will be to them like mourners’ food	Here “mourners’ food” refers to what people would eat while they mourning because they were defiled and not acceptable to God. This means Yahweh will consider the people’s sacrifices to be defiled and he will not accept them.
282	9:4	yxx6		For their food will be for themselves only; it will not come into the house of Yahweh	The people of Israel will have food to eat, but Yahweh will not accept it as a sacrifice.
283	9:4	n7e6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	it will not come into the house of Yahweh	The unclean food is spoken of as if it were able to go places by itself. Of course, people actually had to take it with them.
284	9:5	nbi8			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
285	9:5	i5uf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	What will you do on the day of an appointed festival, on the day of a festival for Yahweh?	Hosea uses this question to emphasize that the people will no longer be able to observe their festivals when their enemies defeat them and take them captive. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to celebrate the festivals that Yahweh appointed for you.”
286	9:5	vze5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	the day of an appointed festival … the day of a festival for Yahweh	Both of these mean the same thing.
287	9:6	x9gb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	if they escape	Here “they” still refers to the people of Israel. You can continue stating this is second person. Alternate translation: “if you escape”
288	9:6	n2rn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Egypt will gather them, and Memphis will bury them	Egypt and Memphis refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the army of Egypt will capture you. You will die there, and the people in the city of Memphis will bury you”
289	9:6	ymw7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	As for their treasures of silver—sharp briers will possess them	Briers growing in the places where Israelites stored their silver is spoken of as if the briers were human enemies that would take the Israelite’s precious possessions for themselves. Alternate translation: “Sharp briers will grow where they store their treasures of silver”
290	9:6	ks54	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	sharp briers will possess them, and thorns will fill their tents	Here “sharp briers” and “thorns” mean the same thing. To have briers and thorns growing represents a land that has become desolate and like a wilderness. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
291	9:6	huq9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	their tents	Here “tents” represents the Israelites’ homes.
292	9:7	j1km			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
293	9:7	g5su	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	The days for punishment are coming; the days for retribution are coming	Hosea says these two similar phrases to emphasize that Yahweh will soon judge the people of Israel for their evil deeds.
294	9:7	k43u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	The prophet is a fool, and the inspired man is insane	These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) that the people regarded the prophets as madmen or (2) that the prophets had become crazy because of the sins that the people had committed.
295	9:7	ns2q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	The prophet is a fool, and the inspired man is insane	Here “prophet” and “inspired man” both mean a person who claims to receive messages from God. It is implied that these people are false prophets and only thought they received messages from God. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
296	9:7	dpe1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	because of your great iniquity and great hostility	The phrases “great iniquity” and “great hostility” share similar meanings. The iniquity of the people manifested itself in hostility towards Yahweh and his prophets.
297	9:8	s6hc			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
298	9:8	y37a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The prophet is the watchman for my God over Ephraim	A “watchman” watches outside his city to see if danger is coming. The prophet warning the people when they are sinning and are in danger of having his God punish them is spoken of as if he were a watchman for the city. Alternate translation: “The prophet is like a watchman for God over Ephraim”
299	9:8	s65p		The prophet is the watchman for my God over Ephraim	Some versions translate this passage as “The prophet with my God is the watchman over Ephraim.”
300	9:8	zg9v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun	The prophet is	This refers to prophets in general that God has appointed. Alternate translation: “Prophets are” or “True prophets are”
301	9:8	il1g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Ephraim	Here “Ephraim” represents all the people of Israel.
302	9:8	f5r7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	a bird snare is on all of his paths	A “bird snare” is a trap used to catch a bird. This means the people of Israel do whatever they can to stop God’s prophet. Alternate translation: “the people set a trap for him wherever he goes” or “the people do all they can to harm him”
303	9:9	s4cm		They have deeply corrupted themselves as in the days of Gibeah	“The people of Israel have sinned and become very corrupt as they did at Gibeah long ago.” This is probably a reference to the shocking actions of the tribe of Benjamin recounted in Judges 19–21.
304	9:10	hd75			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
305	9:10	rt26		When I found Israel	This refers to when Yahweh first started his relationship with the people of Israel by claiming them as his own special people.
306	9:10	hf2a	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	it was like finding grapes in the wilderness. Like the very first fruit of the season on the fig tree	Both of these statements emphasize situations that are pleasing to a person. This means Yahweh was very happy when his relationship with the people of Israel started. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
307	9:10	d3sn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Baal Peor	This is the name of a mountain in the land of Moab where the false god Baal was worshiped.
308	9:11	hbj9			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
309	9:11	p7n6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	their glory will fly away like a bird	The people of Ephraim, or the northern kingdom of Israel, will lose everything that makes other nations respect them. Their glory will quickly disappear, as a bird flies away. Alternate translation: “their glory will be like a bird that flies away from them”
310	9:12	t5yp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	when I turn away from them	When God stops helping the northern kingdom, it will be as if he physically turned away from them.
311	9:13	vx3t			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
312	9:13	us3g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I have seen Ephraim, just like Tyre, planted in a meadow	This speaks of the people being in a safe place as if they were a tree planted in a peaceful meadow. Alternate translation: “The nation of Israel was once beautiful and pleasant like the city of Tyre, like a tree that someone plants in a meadow”
313	9:13	bkh2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Ephraim … Tyre	Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. These places refer to the people who live in them. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
314	9:13	n919	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	but Ephraim will bring out his children	The word “children” are the people from that nation. Alternate translation: “but the people of Israel will bring out their children”
315	9:14	m7l2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Give them, Yahweh—what will you give them? Give them	Hosea uses a question to emphasize that he wants Yahweh to give the people of Israel what they deserve. Alternate translation: “This is what I ask you, Yahweh, to give them: give them”
316	9:14	hqc1		a miscarrying womb	To “miscarry” means that a pregnancy ends too early and the baby dies. Hosea is asking that all the nation’s women be like that.
317	9:15	jgc2			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
318	9:15	c3ji	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	I will drive them out of my house	Yahweh is stating that he will force Israel out of his land, the land of Canaan. Here “my house” represents Canaan.
319	9:15	z8j7		their officials	the men who serve the king
320	9:16	iyy3			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking in verse 16. Hosea begins speaking in verse 17.
321	9:16	i7bg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Ephraim is diseased, and their root is dried up; they bear no fruit	Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel as if they were a diseased tree that does not produce fruit and is ready to be cut down. This is a statement that the people have become weak, and that soon their enemies will come and defeat them.
322	10:intro	yd8u			# Hosea 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter is written in poetic form and continues the theme of Israel’s many sins against Yahweh. Even though Israel prospered for a time as they multiplied their sins, Yahweh was leading them toward destruction. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nYahweh’s relationship to his people was not based on his people’s actions. Even though they rebelled, Yahweh still desired to rescue them. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Jacob\n\nThe repeated use of different names for the two kingdoms can be confusing. In verse 11, “Ephraim” refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, and “Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. However, Jacob is also mentioned. This use of “Jacob” makes us think of the earlier unified nation and may also refer to a future unified nation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
323	10:1	px1g			# General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking about Israel.
324	10:1	rq8z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Israel is a luxuriant vine that produces his fruit	Israel is spoken of as a vine that was very fruitful. For a while the people prospered and were strong.
325	10:1	z9ge		a luxuriant vine	This vine produces more fruit than normal.
326	10:1	b9ev		As his fruit increased … As his land produced more	Both of these mean as the people prospered and grew stronger and richer.
327	10:2	d7xd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Their heart is deceitful	The “heart” refers to the whole person, emphasizing their emotions and desires. Alternate translation: “They are deceitful”
328	10:2	qaa1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	now they must bear their guilt	Here “guilt” is a metonym for the punishment that is associated with it. This punishment is spoken of as if it was a heavy load for them to carry. Alternate translation: “now is the time that Yahweh will punish them for their sins” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
329	10:3	wu2z			# General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking about Israel.
330	10:3	c5c6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	and a king—what could he do for us?	The people wills say that their kings could not have helped them. Alternate translation: “Even if we had a king now, he could not help us.”
331	10:4	kw7e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	They speak empty words	Here “empty words” refers to lies. Alternate translation: “They speak lies”
332	10:4	qxu4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	So justice springs up like poisonous weeds in the furrows of a field	What they people called justice in their laws and legal decisions is spoken of as if it were a plant sprouting up. Alternate translation: “So their decisions are not just; instead, they are harmful”
333	10:4	pk52	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like poisonous weeds in the furrows of a field	Their lies and injustice spread throughout their nation and harm everyone like poisonous plants.
334	10:5	yyw7			# General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking about Israel.
335	10:5	ete5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Beth Aven	This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom. See how you translated this in [Hosea 4:15](../04/15.md).
336	10:6	w5gu	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	They will be carried to Assyria	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will carry them away”
337	10:6	lfq9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	Ephraim will be disgraced, and Israel will be ashamed of its idol	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel will be very ashamed because they had worshiped idols” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
338	10:6	uvj4		its idol	Many versions interpret the Hebrew word in this passage as “advice,” “plans,” or “intentions.”
339	10:7	a35s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	Samaria’s king will be destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will destroy the king of Samaria”
340	10:7	ci5d	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like a chip of wood on the surface of the water	This means the king of Samaria will be as helpless as a small piece of wood that waves of the water toss back and forth.
341	10:8	jvt8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	The high places of wickedness will be destroyed	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will destroy Israel’s high places, where the people acted very wickedly”
342	10:8	u7pp	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe	The people will say to the mountains, “Cover us!” and to the hills, “Fall on us!”	People do not normally speak to things that cannot think or hear them. Translators may choose to have a different format for this passage if their languages do not allow such speech. Alternate translation: “The people will say, ‘We wish the mountains would cover us!’ and ‘We wish the hills would fall on us!’”
343	10:9	qgp5			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
344	10:9	v7l6		days of Gibeah	This is probably a reference to the shocking actions of the tribe of Benjamin recounted in Judges 19–21. See how you translated this in [Hosea 9:9](../09/09.md).
345	10:9	xx8q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	there you have remained	This passage probably means that the people of the present time continue to act in the same ways that their ancestors did at Gibeah. Alternate translation: “and you think just as they did”
346	10:9	b6a6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Will not war overtake the sons of wrong in Gibeah?	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that those in Gibeah who do wrong will certainly have to endure war. And this speaks of the people having to endure war when their enemies come as if war were a person that would catch up with them. Alternate translation: “War will certainly come on those who do wrong in Gibeah.” or “Enemies will certainly attack those who do wrong in Gibeah.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
347	10:9	k8hf	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom	the sons of wrong	Here “son of” is an idiom that means “having the characteristic of.” Alternate translation: “those who do wrong” or “the evildoers”
348	10:10	gmp6			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
349	10:10	uf9g		double iniquity	This refers to the many sins of Israel.
350	10:11	bf8z	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh	A heifer loves to thresh because they can walk around freely without a yoke. Yahweh means that he has allowed the people of Israel to be free and have a pleasant life.
351	10:11	n6vd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will put a yoke on her fair neck. I will put a yoke on Ephraim	Here “yoke” refers to suffering and slavery. Yahweh has been kind to the people of Israel, but the people have been unfaithful to him. So he will punish them and send them away as slaves.
352	10:11	cp1r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Judah will plow; Jacob will pull the harrow by himself	Here “Judah” refers to the people of the southern kingdom and “Jacob” is the people of the northern kingdom. This means God will cause difficult times for both kingdoms. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
353	10:11	g2e2		harrow	a tool used to smooth the land and cover the seeds after plowing
354	10:12	uye7			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
355	10:12	t19e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness	Righteousness and covenant faithfulness are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested. The abstract nouns “righteousness” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “right” and “faithful.” Alternate translation: “Plow, now, and do what is right, and you will reap the fruit of faithful love” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
356	10:12	fvl9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Break up your unplowed ground	When the ground is “unplowed” it is not ready to be planted. Yahweh means he wants the people to repent so they can start doing what is right.
357	10:13	q9as	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	You have plowed wickedness; you reaped injustice	Wickedness and injustice are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested.
358	10:13	nsy5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	You have eaten the fruit of deception	The result of deception are spoken of as if they were a food that could be eaten. Alternate translation: “You now suffer the consequences of having deceived each other”
359	10:14	yp1i		It will be as Shalman destroyed Beth Arbel on a day of battle	The coming war is being compared to a battle long ago.
360	10:14	fc5f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Shalman	This is the name of a king who destroyed the city of Beth Arbel around 740 BC. His army murdered women and children in the attack.
361	10:14	ist7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names	Beth Arbel	This is likely the name of a city of the tribe of Naphtali.
362	10:15	wql9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	So it will happen to you, Bethel, because of your great wickedness	Here “Bethel” represents the people who live there. The prophet addresses the people of Bethel as if they were there listening to him. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
363	11:intro	b7ac			# Hosea 11 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter continues using the poetic form to communicate about Yahweh’s relationship to the northern kingdom of Israel.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Metaphor\n\nThis chapter contains an extended metaphor of Israel as a male child in the care of Yahweh, his parent. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n### Rhetorical question\n\nYahweh uses rhetorical questions to show his disappointment and anger at Israel’s persistent rejection of him. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
364	11:1	h8vd			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking of caring for Israel like a parent cares for a child.
365	11:1	w4nm	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	When Israel was a young man	Yahweh is speaking about the people of Israel as if they were a young man. Yahweh is referring to when he first started his relationship with the nation.
366	11:1	y9f3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I called my son out of Egypt	“son” refers to the people of God the Father. Alternate translation: “I led my son out of Egypt”
367	11:2	imw3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	The more they were called, the more they went away from me	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The more I called them to be my people, the more they refused me”
368	11:3	w384			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking about how he cared for Israel.
369	11:3	mgr5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	it was I who taught Ephraim to walk	Yahweh refers to Israel as a small child whom he taught to walk.
370	11:3	b3fi		lifted them up by their arms	This expression continues the metaphor. Alternate translation: “took care of them”
371	11:4	wy1e	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	I led them with cords of humanity, with bands of love	Yahweh loved his people in ways that they as humans could understand and appreciate.
372	11:4	e1we	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	I was to them like someone who eased the yoke on their jaws	Yahweh is speaking of the nation of Israel as a hardworking animal whose work he made easier.
373	11:4	j7cs		I bent down to them and fed them	This expression continues the metaphor in which Israel is pictured as a young child. It may mean that Yahweh provided for all their physical needs.
374	11:5	h9l8			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking about Israel.
375	11:5	ng27	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Will they not return to the land of Egypt?	This question means that the nation of Israel will once again be slaves as they were in Egypt.
376	11:5	lp4b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Will Assyria not rule over them because they refuse to return to me?	The nation of Israel will be captives of Assyria as a result of their refusal to remain faithful to Yahweh.
377	11:6	emy8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	The sword will fall on their cities	Here “sword” represents the enemies of Israel who will destroy Israel’s cities.
378	11:6	kgr1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	destroy the bars of their gates	Gates offered security to city inhabitants from their enemies, and the bars secured the closed gates. To destroy the bars meant to take away the people’s security.
379	11:7	f2ee	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person	Though they call to the Most High	Here God is speaking about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “Though they call to me, the Most High”
380	11:7	e7fv		no one will help them	Yahweh will not allow anyone to help Israel because they turned away from him.
381	11:8	ubx2			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking about Israel.
382	11:8	nmr7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	How can I give you up, Ephraim? How can I hand you over, Israel?	Yahweh loves his people so much that he will not totally destroy them. These questions may be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I will not give you up, Ephraim. I will not hand you over, Israel.”
383	11:8	nb87	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	How can I make you like Admah? How can I make you like Zeboyim?	Yahweh loves his people so much that he will not totally destroy them. These questions may be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I do not want to act toward you as I acted toward Admah or make you like Zeboyim—cities that I destroyed along with Sodom”
384	11:8	s6u1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	My heart has changed within me	Here “heart” represents God’s will and decisions.
385	11:9	que5		For I am God and not a man	God is not like people, who often decide very quickly to take revenge.
386	11:9	xmy1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	I will not come in wrath	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word wrath, you can express the same idea with an adjective such as “angry.” Alternate translation: “I will not come to you and be angry with you”
387	11:10	k7zh			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking about when he will restore his people.
388	11:10	ge5v	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	They will follow Yahweh	Worshiping and honoring Yahweh is spoken of as if it were following him
389	11:10	ct2q	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	he will roar like a lion	Yahweh making it possible for his people to return to his land is spoken of as if he were calling to his people.
390	11:11	b5jk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	They will come trembling like a bird … like a dove	They will come home quickly as a bird returns to its nest. “Trembling” may refer to the fluttering of a bird’s wings. It may also signal the people’s feelings of humility and reverence for God
391	11:11	kmq4		the declaration of Yahweh	“what Yahweh has declared” or “what Yahweh has solemnly said.” See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:13](../02/13.md).
392	11:12	i52h			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is talking about Israel and Judah.
393	11:12	mtk3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Ephraim surrounds me with falsehood, and the house of Israel with deceit	Lies and deceitful acts are spoken of as if they were objects that the people of the northern kingdom surrounded Yahweh with. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
394	11:12	csf5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	But Judah is still going about with me	Here “Judah” refers to the people who live there. This speaks of being loyal to God as “going about” with him. However, many versions have different interpretations of this difficult passage. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
395	12:intro	z7s4			# Hosea 12 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Jacob\n\nThere is a parallel between Jacob and the northern kingdom of Israel. In the same way that Jacob returned to Yahweh, the northern kingdom should repent of their idolatry and turn back to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
396	12:1	k8wj			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
397	12:1	ec28	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	Ephraim feeds on the wind	Here “Ephraim” represents all the people of Israel. Also “wind” represents something that is useless or temporary. The people of Israel doing things that will not help them is spoken of as if they eat the wind. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
398	12:1	g9zd	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	follows after the east wind	East winds were very hot and destructive to the land. Here it represents anything that is destructive. The people doing things that will destroy themselves is spoken of as if they are following the east wind. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
399	12:1	ij53		carry olive oil to Egypt	The people of Israel sent olive oil as a present to the king of Egypt to try and persuade him to help them.
400	12:2	evm4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Yahweh also has a lawsuit against Judah	Yahweh stating that the people of Judah have sinned against him and broken his covenant is spoken of as if Yahweh were accusing them in court. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hosea 4:1](../04/01.md).
401	12:2	j5y6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	against Judah … punish Jacob for what he has done … repay him for his deeds	Here “Judah” and “Jacob” both represent the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “against the people of Judah … punish them for what they have done … repay them for their deeds” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
402	12:2	w5u6		lawsuit	This is a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:2](../02/02.md).
403	12:3	dr1v			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking about Jacob the ancestor of the Israelites.
404	12:3	v8bh	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	In the womb Jacob grasped his brother by the heel	Jacob wanted to take his brother’s place as the firstborn, so he tried to keep his brother from being born first.
405	12:4	s9n9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	He struggled with the angel and won	Jacob fought with an angel so that the angel would bless him.
406	12:5	j2gg			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
407	12:5	cy44	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	is his name to be called on	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Here “name” represents the entire character of God. Alternate translation: “is his name to which we pray” or “is his name by which we worship him” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
408	12:6	guk8		Keep covenantal faithfulness and justice	This refers to obeying God’s law and doing what is right.
409	12:7	h5jj			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking about Israel.
410	12:7	n12e		false scales	The merchants use scales that do not accurately measure the weight of the money or products they are buying or selling.
411	12:7	qvm9		they love to defraud	The merchants cheat their customers by lying to them and taking more money than they should.
412	12:8	bm7n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	I have certainly become very rich; I have found wealth for myself	These two phrases mean the same thing and mean that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be very prosperous.
413	12:8	p9bb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I have found wealth	Becoming wealthy by trading is spoken of as finding wealth. Alternate translation: “I have made much money”
414	12:8	p94j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet	they will not find any iniquity in me, anything that would be sin	These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be blameless. Learning that someone has sinned is spoken of as finding sin in that person. Alternate translation: “they will not discover that I have done anything sinful” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
415	12:9	p92t			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.
416	12:9	a7dd		I am Yahweh your God from the land of Egypt	This could mean: (1) “I am Yahweh your God, who brought your ancestors from the land of Egypt” or (2) “I have been your God ever since you were in the land of Egypt” or (3) “I became your God when you were in the land of Egypt”
417	12:9	g5yk	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	I will again make you live in tents	This could mean: (1) Yahweh is threatening to force the people of Israel from their homes and make them live in tents. So, here to “live in tents” would represent being sent into exile, or (2) it is a promise that after their exile the people will live in tents again, and Yahweh will take care of them as he did when the Israelites left Egypt. So, here “to live in tents” would represent a return to an ideal situation when Yahweh took care of his people.
418	12:10	q6ni	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	By the hand of the prophets	Here “hand” represents the one who carries out an action. Alternate translation: “Through the prophets”
419	12:11	kqj8			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
420	12:11	h73r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	their altars will be like heaps of stone in the furrows of the fields	The altars where the people worshiped will be thrown down and become piles of stones.
421	12:12	bxi4		Jacob fled to the land of Aram; Israel worked in order to get a wife	Here “Jacob” and “Israel” refer to the same person. Jacob’s name became Israel later in his life.
422	12:13	a79t			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
423	12:13	a8xe		by a prophet	That is, Moses.
424	12:14	v7cg		bitterly	The anger that the people have caused in Yahweh is extremely great.
425	12:14	czc8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	So his Lord will leave his blood on him	Here “blood” refers to the guilt incurred by people who murder others. God will not forgive their sins.
426	12:14	ay94	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	will turn back on him his disgrace	The idea of making someone suffer the results of his own actions is spoken of as if those actions were objects that were thrown back at him. Alternate translation: “will make him suffer from his own disgraceful actions”
427	13:intro	la1r			# Hosea 13 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis chapter uses poetry to communicate Yahweh’s disgust and anger with the northern kingdom of Israel.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n“Israel” and “Ephraim” are terms used to speak about the people of the northern kingdom. Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\nThis chapter makes it clear that the northern kingdom is going to be nearly decimated as a people. They will no longer exist as a nation.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Rhetorical question\n\nHosea uses rhetorical questions throughout this chapter. They are not questions requesting information but rather questions indicating some emotion like anger or dissatisfaction. (See: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
428	13:1	u92j			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
429	13:1	aw8s	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	When Ephraim spoke	Hosea uses the term “Ephraim” to refer to the entire northern kingdom, although it was also the name of one of the ten tribes. Hosea seems to be speaking of a long-past time, when the northern kingdom was strong and honored, unlike at the present time.
430	13:1	hyz3	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	there was trembling	It is understood that people were trembling because they were afraid of Ephraim. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “there was trembling among the people” or “people trembled in fear”
431	13:1	lw4y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	He exalted himself in Israel	Here “exalting” means to make oneself important.
432	13:1	nqg7	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	but he became guilty because of Baal worship, and he died	When the people of Ephraim began worshiping Baal, they grew weak, and their enemies defeated them. Here “died” refers to the nation growing weak.
433	13:2	rtl5		Now they sin more and more	Here “they” refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the entire nation of Israel, who followed Ephraim’s example.
434	13:2	q78p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	These men who sacrifice kiss calves	Part of idol worship was kissing idol figures that were images of calves.
435	13:3	jbj2	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	So they will be like the morning clouds … like the dew … like the chaff … like smoke out of a chimney	These expressions state that Israel is temporary and will soon disappear if they continue to worship idols instead of following Yahweh.
436	13:3	l2kj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	that is driven by the wind away	If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the wind blows away”
437	13:4	k7l1			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking of his people as if they had been a flock of sheep that he found wandering in the wilderness. He says that he claimed them there for his own.
438	13:5	gbf1		I knew you in the wilderness	Yahweh claimed the Hebrew people as his own special people, and he took care of them there.
439	13:6	nkz8		When you had pasture, then you became full	The image of sheep is continued with this expression.
440	13:6	cq2p	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	your heart became lifted up	Becoming arrogant is spoken of as one’s heart being lifted up. Alternate translation: “you became proud”
441	13:7	x7c5			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
442	13:7	tq4b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	like a lion … like a leopard	These are wild animals that attack and kill other animals. Yahweh continues to say that he will destroy his people for their sins.
443	13:8	y1e5	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	as a bear … as a lion … as a wild beast	These are wild animals that attack and kill other animals. Yahweh continues to say that he will destroy his people for their sins.
444	13:8	ft6g	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	as a bear that is robbed of her cubs	The words “would attack” are left out because they are understood. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “like a bear would attack an animal that takes her cubs” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
445	13:8	bl6f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis	as a lion	The words “would devour them” are left out because they are understood. Alternate translation: “as a lion would devour them”
446	13:9	jdv7			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
447	13:9	k6kg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	who will be able to help you?	Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that no one will be able to help the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “there will be no on able to help you.”
448	13:10	vd6r	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Where now is your king, that he may save you in all your cities? Where are your rulers, about whom you said to me, ‘Give me a king and princes’?	Yahweh asks these questions to tell Israel that when they rebel against him, no king or ruler can help them. Only Yahweh can save them from destruction.
449	13:12	v1mf			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
450	13:12	d9c6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism	Ephraim’s iniquity has been stored up; his guilt has been stored up	These two phrases are similar and mean basically the same thing.
451	13:12	f96y	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	has been stored up	The northern kingdom’s iniquity and guilt are spoken of as if they were objects that could be kept for a purpose.
452	13:13	ba82	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Pains of childbirth will come on him	Here Yahweh speaks of the suffering the people of Israel will suffer as if it were the pains of child birth.
453	13:13	b6hn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	but he is an unwise son, for when it is time to be born, he does not come out of the womb	Yahweh now describes the people of Israel as the baby to which the mother is giving birth. The baby is unwise because it does not want to be born. The people do not want to repent and obey Yahweh.
454	13:14	yv5m			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
455	13:14	q1qb	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Will I rescue them from the hand of Sheol? Will I rescue them from death?	Yahweh uses these questions to tell the people of Israel that he is not going to save them from dying. He will certainly punish them. Alternate translation: “I will certainly not rescue them from death and from going down to Sheol.” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
456	13:14	iq7j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification	Where, death, are your plagues? Where, Sheol, is your destruction?	Yahweh speaks to “death” and “Sheol” as if they were people. Yahweh uses questions to say that he will destroy the people soon. Alternate translation: “Now I will cause plagues and let the people of Israel die. I will destroy them and send them to Sheol.” (See also: [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
457	13:14	zq3t	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Compassion is hidden from my eyes	Not to think about having compassion is spoken of as if compassion were hidden so that it cannot be seen. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word compassion, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have no compassion for them” or “I will not be compassionate towards them” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
458	13:15	w2sd			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
459	13:15	r777	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	his brothers	This expression seems to stand for the nations around the northern kingdom, especially Judah, the southern kingdom.
460	13:15	nj8n	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	an east wind will come; the wind of Yahweh	A wind from the east was very hot and destructive. Here it refers to the armies from the east that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Israel.
461	13:15	cy4j	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	Ephraim’s spring will dry up, and his well will have no water	Hosea continues to describe how God will punish the people of Israel. Here water represents life, vitality, and strength.
462	13:15	g7kl	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	his storehouse	This refers to all of the peoples’ possessions.
463	13:16	hb4l			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
464	13:16	y8fa	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	Samaria will be guilty, for she has rebelled against her God	Here “Samaria” refers to the people in the city of Samaria who are guilty of rebelling against God.
465	13:16	g4vn	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism	They will fall	Here to “fall” represents dying.
466	13:16	w5hv	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	by the sword	Here the “sword” represents the enemy soldiers who used swords in battle.
467	13:16	kms6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive	their young children will be dashed to pieces, and their pregnant women will be ripped open	These phrases can be put into the active voice. Alternate translation: “the enemy will dash their young children to pieces, and they will rip open the pregnant women”
468	14:intro	bp7t			# Hosea 14 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nThis last chapter of Hosea ends with hope. In this chapter, Hosea calls for Israel to confess to Yahweh and repent. This chapter continues to be written in poetic form, using metaphors and other devices to communicate God’s love for his sinful people. (See: [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/love]], [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc:///tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc:///ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\nWhy are confession and repentance even suggested here for a people that Yahweh has already condemned to be destroyed? It is because this is a teaching that Yahweh is a merciful God who loves his people. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Speaker\n\nThe use of first and second person in this chapter often signifies a change in speaker. In this chapter, Hosea is speaking to the northern kingdom to tell them that Yahweh loves them.\nThere are several places in this chapter where the writer switches from the third person to the second or the first person. This may cause some confusion about who is speaking.
469	14:1	x5ih			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
470	14:1	e3je	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	for you have fallen because of your iniquity	Sinning is spoken of here as if it were falling.
471	14:2	bl3b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit	Take with you words	This probably means words of confession and praise. Alternate translation: “Confess your sins”
472	14:2	xcc8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy	the fruit of our lips	What a person says is called the fruit of his lips. Modern versions have different translations of this difficult passage. Alternate translation: “our words and songs of praise”
473	14:3	r5m5			# General Information:\n\nHosea is speaking
474	14:3	xvt4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche	to the work of our hands	Here people are represented by their “hands” to refer to the people making things. Alternate translation: “to the idols we made”
475	14:3	y9ak		the fatherless person	This expression stands perhaps for the entire nation. It indicates God’s enormous compassion for his people.
476	14:3	mh3w	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns	finds compassion	Here the act of God having compassion is spoken of as if it were an object that someone experiencing that compassion had found. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word compassion, you can express the same idea with an adjective. Alternate translation: “finds one who is compassionate”
477	14:4	j8i4			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
478	14:4	x6kz	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	I will heal their turning away	Stopping the people from turning away from God is spoken of as if he were healing them.
479	14:4	e5gg	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	their turning away	The failure of the people to obey God is spoken of as if they had physically turned away from him.
480	14:5	akq8	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	I will be like the dew to Israel; he will blossom like the lily	God is spoken of as if he were dew that brought needed moisture to plants, and Israel is spoken of as if it were one person, and as if he were a flower that could blossom. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
481	14:5	s2km	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	take root like a cedar in Lebanon	The picture of Israel in the form of a plant is continued here, but this time in the form of a tall cedar tree in Lebanon, which was known for such trees.
482	14:6	pa2f	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	His branches will spread out … like the cedars in Lebanon	This passage continues the same image.
483	14:7	ia8e			# General Information:\n\nYahweh is speaking.
484	14:7	z3a1	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	The people who live in his shade will return	The people of Israel will once again live protected by God. Israel is spoken of as living in his shade.
485	14:7	e5fj	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	they will revive like grain and blossom like vines	Israel’s new prosperity is spoken of in agricultural terms.
486	14:7	h77b	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	His fame will be like the wine of Lebanon	Just as Lebanon’s wine was famous, so Israel will be famous. Alternate translation: “People everywhere will know about the nation of Israel”
487	14:8	as1u	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	what more have I to do with idols?	This passage signifies that God will stop the people of Israel from worshiping idols any longer.
488	14:8	v7m9	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile	a cypress whose leaves are always green	A cypress is a tree whose leaves stay green all year. This represents Yahweh and his blessings on Israel.
489	14:8	dja4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	from me comes your fruit	Here “fruit” represents every good thing that comes from Yahweh.
490	14:9	sr4g			# General Information:\n\nHosea the prophet is speaking.
491	14:9	rmk6	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion	Who is wise that he may understand these things? Who understands these things so that he may know them?	The prophet uses these questions to say that wise people will understand and listen to what has been said to them. (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
492	14:9	y4up	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	For the ways of Yahweh are right, and the righteous will walk in them	Yahweh’s commandments are spoken of as ways to walk in.
493	14:9	ilu4	rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor	stumble	Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking.

110 KiB Raw Blame History Unescape Escape

110 KiB

Raw Blame History