Testing_ABC_en_tn/en_tn_57-TIT.tsv

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2TITfrontintrom2jl0# Introduction to Titus<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the book of Titus<br><br>1. Paul instructs Titus to appoint godly leaders. (1:116)<br>2. Paul instructs Titus to train people to live godly lives. (2:13:11)<br>3. Paul ends by sharing some of his plans and sending greetings to various believers. (3:1215)<br><br>### Who wrote the book of Titus?<br><br>Paul wrote the book of Titus. Paul was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>### What is the book of Titus about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to Titus, his fellow worker, who was leading the churches on the island of Crete. Paul instructed him about selecting church leaders. Paul also described how the believers should behave towards each other. He also encouraged them all to live in a way that pleases God.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Titus.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Pauls Letter to Titus” or “A Letter to Titus.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### In what roles can people serve within the church?<br><br>There are some teachings in the book of Titus about whether a woman or divorced man can serve in positions of leadership within the church. Scholars disagree about the meaning of these teachings. Further study on these issues may be necessary before translating this book.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural **you**<br><br>In this book, the word **I** refers to Paul. Also, the word **you** is almost always singular and refers to Titus. The exception to this is 3:15. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What is the meaning of **God our Savior**?<br><br>This is a common phrase in this letter. Paul meant to make the readers think about how God forgave them in Christ for sinning against him, and by forgiving them he saved them from being punished when he judges all people. A similar phrase in this letter is **our great God and Savior Jesus Christ**.
3TIT1introc7me0# Titus 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul formally introduces this letter in verses 14. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>In verses 69, Paul lists several qualities that a man must have if he is to be an elder in the church. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns) Paul gives a similar list in 1 Timothy 3.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Elders<br><br>The church has used different titles for church leaders. Some titles include overseer, elder, pastor, and bishop.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Should, may, must<br><br>The ULT uses different words that indicate requirements or obligations. These verbs have different levels of force associated with them. The subtle differences may be difficult to translate. The UST translates these verbs in a more general way.
4TIT11rtc9figs-abstractnounsκατὰ πίστιν1for the faithThe word **faith** is an abstract noun. Here it refers to believing or trusting in Jesus. If it is more clear in your language, you could translate it with a verb such as these, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “to strengthen the faith” or “to help [Gods chosen people] to trust him more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
5TIT11xyz8figs-abstractnounsἐπίγνωσιν1the knowledgeIf it would be helpful in your language, you can translate the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verb such as “to know,” as in the UST. Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
6TIT11abc8figs-abstractnounsἀληθείας1of the truthIf it would be helpful in your language, you can translate the abstract noun **truth** with an adjective phrase such as “what is true” or “the true message.” Paul wants people to know the true message about God and Christ so that they can live in a way that pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
7TIT11fyf8figs-abstractnounsτῆς κατ’ εὐσέβειαν1that agrees with godlinessHere, **godliness** is an abstract noun that refers to living in a way that pleases God. Alternate translation: “that is suitable for honoring God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8TIT12xyz9ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ζωῆς αἰωνίου1with the certain hope of everlasting lifeAlternate translation: “that gives us the certain hope of everlasting life” or “based on our certain hope for everlasting life”
9TIT12r2gjπρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων1before all the ages of timeAlternate translation: “before time began”
10TIT13b22hκαιροῖς ἰδίοις1at the right timeAlternate translation: “at the proper time”
11TIT13swi9figs-metaphorἐφανέρωσεν…τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ1he revealed his wordPaul speaks of Gods word as if it were an object that could be visibly shown to people. Alternate translation: “he caused me to understand his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12TIT13abc9ἐν κηρύγματι1by the proclamationAlternate translation: “through the proclamation of the message”
13TIT13m41ufigs-activepassiveὃ ἐπιστεύθην ἐγὼ1that I was entrusted withIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “he entrusted to me” or “he gave me the responsibility to preach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14TIT13dpn4τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ1of God our SaviorAlternate translation: “of God, who saves us”
15TIT13xy18figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1ourHere, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
16TIT14gu55figs-metaphorγνησίῳ τέκνῳ1a true sonThough Titus was not Pauls biological **son**, they share a common faith in Christ. Paul considers relationship to Christ through faith to be more important than biological relationship. Thus, because of their relative ages and shared faith in Christ, Paul considers Titus as his own son. It may also be that Paul led Titus to faith in Christ, and so Titus is like a son in this spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “you are like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
17TIT14wx6cκοινὴν πίστιν1our common faithPaul and Titus both share the same **faith** in Christ. Alternate translation: “our belief in Christ”
18TIT14h93tfigs-ellipsisχάρις καὶ εἰρήνη1Grace and peaceThis was a common greeting Paul used. You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “May you experience kindness and inner peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
19TIT14s3yrΧριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν1Christ Jesus our SaviorAlternate translation: “Christ Jesus who is our Savior”
20TIT14xy17figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1ourHere, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
21TIT15ew8hgrammar-connect-logic-goalτούτου χάριν1For this purposeThe connecting phrase **For this purpose** introduces the goal that Paul wanted to accomplish when he left Titus in Crete (to ordain elders in the church). Alternate translation: “This is the reason” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
22TIT15lh9bἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ1I left you in CreteAlternate translation: “I told you to stay in Crete”
23TIT15ga62ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ1that you might set in order things not yet completeAlternate translation: “so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done”
24TIT15b52uκαταστήσῃς…πρεσβυτέρους1ordain eldersAlternate translation: “appoint elders” or “designate elders”
25TIT15p56wπρεσβυτέρους1eldersIn the early Christian churches, Christian **elders** gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.
26TIT16wja40Connecting Statement:Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders.
27TIT16jen8εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος1if anyone is blamelessThis is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Titus is to choose men who fit the following description. To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “an elder must be without blame” or “an elder must not have a bad reputation”
28TIT16ab70figs-doublenegativesἀνέγκλητος1blamelessTo be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “without blame” You can state this positively: “a person who has a good reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
29TIT16q6uyfigs-explicitμιᾶς γυναικὸς ἀνήρ1the husband of one wifeThis means that he has only **one wife**; that is, he does not have any other wives or concubines. This also means that he does not commit adultery and may also mean that he has not divorced a previous wife. Alternate translation: “a man who has only one woman” or “a man who is faithful to his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
30TIT16wd6qτέκνα…πιστά1faithful childrenThis could refer to: (1) children who believe in Jesus. (2) children who are trustworthy.
31TIT17lz7xτὸν ἐπίσκοπον1the overseerThe word **overseer** is another name for the same position of spiritual leadership that Paul referred to as **elder** in 1:5. This term focuses on the function of the elder: he oversees the activities and people of the church.
32TIT17g2zffigs-metaphorΘεοῦ οἰκονόμον1the household manager of GodPaul speaks of the church as if it were Gods **household**, and the overseer as if he were a servant in charge of managing that household. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
33TIT17d6l1μὴ πάροινον1not addicted to wineAlternate translation: “not an alcoholic” or “not one who drinks much wine”
34TIT17j1qqμὴ πλήκτην1not a brawlerAlternate translation: “not one who is violent” or “not one who likes to fight”
35TIT18i549grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1InsteadThe connecting word **Instead** introduces a contrast between the things an elder is not to be (that Paul already stated), and the things an elder is to be (which Paul is about to state). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
36TIT18vkq1φιλάγαθον1a friend of what is goodAlternate translation: “a person who loves to do good”
37TIT18xy11figs-doubletσώφρονα…ἐγκρατῆ1sensible … and self-controlledThe terms **sensible** and **self-controlled** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
38TIT18xy12figs-doubletδίκαιον, ὅσιον1righteous, holyThe terms **righteous** and **holy** are very similar in meaning and may be translated by one term if the target language does not have two similar terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
39TIT19xwy6figs-metaphorἀντεχόμενον1He must hold tightly toPaul speaks of devotion to the Christian faith as if it were grasping the faith with ones hands. Alternate translation: “He must be devoted to” or “He should know well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
40TIT19xy10κατὰ τὴν διδαχὴν1that is in accordance with the teachingAlternate translation: “that agrees with the things that we taught him”
41TIT19abcjgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting words **so that** introduce a goal or purpose relationship. The purpose for the elder to hold tightly to the trustworthy message is for him to be able to encourage others and rebuke those who oppose him. Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that this is the purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
42TIT19pzi1τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ1sound teachingThe Greek word rendered at **sound** normally refers to physical health. Paul speaks of this teaching as if it would cause those who believe it to be spiritually healthy, rather than spiritually sick.
43TIT110xsq90Connecting Statement:Because of those that would oppose Gods word, Paul gives Titus reasons to preach Gods word and warns him about false teachers.
44TIT110w9kkfigs-metaphorἀνυπότακτοι, ματαιολόγοι1rebellious, empty talkersThese are **rebellious** people who do not obey the gospel message. Here, **empty** is a metaphor for useless, and **empty talkers** are people who say useless or foolish things. Alternate translation: “who refuse to obey and who say useless things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
45TIT110ga6nφρεναπάται1deceiversThe word **deceivers** describes people who are actively trying to convince people to believe in something other than the true gospel that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “people who persuade others to believe things that are not true”
46TIT110abcdfigs-hendiadysματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται1empty talkers and deceiversBoth **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
47TIT110pu74figs-metonymyοἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς1those from the circumcisionThis refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
48TIT111f4iyοὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν1It is necessary to stop themAlternate translation: “You must prevent them from spreading their teachings” or “Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words”
49TIT111aqi5ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν1are upsetting whole householdsThe issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. Alternate translation: “are ruining entire families”
50TIT111tw4eδιδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ1teaching what they should notThese are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the law because they are not true.
51TIT111at7cαἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν1for the sake of shameful profitThis refers to **profit** that people make by doing things that are not honorable.
52TIT112tr1jτις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης1One of them, of their own prophetsAlternate translation: “A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet”
53TIT112y3zbfigs-hyperboleΚρῆτες ἀεὶ ψεῦσται1Cretans are always liarsThis is an exaggeration that means that **Cretans** had a reputation to be **liars**. Alternate translation: “Cretans lie all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
54TIT112h3jbfigs-metaphorκακὰ θηρία1evil beastsThis metaphor compares the Cretans to dangerous wild animals. Alternate translation: “as dangerous as wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
55TIT112xyz1figs-synecdocheγαστέρες ἀργαί1lazy belliesThe part of the body that stores food is used to represent the person who eats all the time. Alternate translation: “lazy gluttons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
56TIT113fif8δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἔλεγχε αὐτοὺς ἀποτόμως1For this reason, rebuke them severelyAlternate translation: “For that reason, you must use strong language that the Cretans will understand when you correct them”
57TIT113abckgrammar-connect-logic-resultδι’ ἣν αἰτίαν1For this reasonThe connecting words **For this reason** introduce a reason-result relationship. The reason is that what the Cretan prophet said about his people is true (they are liars, evil, and lazy), and the result is that Titus should rebuke them severely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
58TIT113je3rἵνα ὑγιαίνωσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει1so that they may be sound in the faithSee note on **sound** in [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “so they will have a healthy faith” or “so their faith may be true” or “so that they believe only what is true about God”
59TIT113abclgrammar-connect-logic-goalἵνα1so thatThe connecting words **so that** introduce an action-purpose relationship. The action is the elder rebukes the Cretans severely, and the purpose is the Cretans become sound in the faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
60TIT113xyz2figs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ πίστει1in the faithHere the abstract noun **faith** represents the things that the people believe about God. Alternate translation: “in what they believe about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
61TIT114abcmgrammar-connect-logic-contrastμὴ1notThe connecting word **not** introduces a contrast to being “sound in the faith” in the previous verse. In order to be sound in the faith, the people must not pay any attention to the Jewish myths or the commands of people who do not follow the truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
62TIT114p28iἸουδαϊκοῖς μύθοις1to Jewish mythsThis refers to the false teaching of the Jews.
63TIT114m4a5figs-metaphorἀποστρεφομένων τὴν ἀλήθειαν1who turn away from the truthPaul speaks of the truth as if it were an object that one could turn away from or avoid. Alternate translation: “who reject the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
64TIT115qtb9πάντα καθαρὰ τοῖς καθαροῖς1All things are pure to those who are pureAlternate translation: “If people are pure on the inside, everything that they do will be pure” or “When people have only good thoughts, nothing that they do will offend God”
65TIT115nx42τοῖς καθαροῖς1to those who are pureAlternate translation: “to those who are acceptable to God”
66TIT115abcngrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1ButThe connecting word **But** introduces a contrast between people who are pure and people who are corrupt and unbelieving. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
67TIT115n3wkfigs-metaphorτοῖς…μεμιαμμένοις καὶ ἀπίστοις, οὐδὲν καθαρόν2to those who are corrupt and unbelieving, nothing is purePaul speaks of sinners as if they were physically dirty. Alternate translation: “if people are morally defiled and do not believe, they cannot do anything pure” or “when people are full of sin and unbelief, nothing that they do is acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
68TIT116abcogrammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1butThe connecting word **but** introduces a contrast between what these corrupt people say (they know God) and what their actions show (they do not know God). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
69TIT116i3l2τοῖς…ἔργοις ἀρνοῦνται1they deny him by their actionsAlternate translation: “how they live proves that they do not know him”
70TIT116ja47βδελυκτοὶ ὄντες1They are detestableAlternate translation: “They are disgusting”
71TIT2introh3il0# Titus 2 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gender roles<br><br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.<br><br>### Slavery<br><br>Paul does not write in this chapter about whether slavery is good or bad. Paul teaches slaves to faithfully serve their masters. He teaches all believers to be godly and live rightly in every situation.
72TIT21lfu10Connecting Statement:Paul continues giving Titus reasons to preach Gods word, and explains how the older men, older women, young men, and slaves or servants should live as believers.
73TIT21tpi2figs-explicitσὺ δὲ1But youHere, **you** is singular and refers to Titus. If it is helpful, you could include the name “Titus” here, as in the UST. ([[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
74TIT21ph2jτῇ ὑγιαινούσῃ διδασκαλίᾳ1with sound teachingSee the note about **sound teaching** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1). Alternate translation: “with sound doctrine” or “with correct teachings”
75TIT22xyz3figs-ellipsisπρεσβύτας…εἶναι1Older men are to beThe Greek does not have **are**, but only “Older men to be.” We could supply a verb here, drawing from the idea of **speak** in the previous verse, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “Teach older men to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
76TIT22xy13figs-doubletνηφαλίους…σεμνούς, σώφρονας1temperate, dignified, sensibleThese three words are very close in meaning and may be combined into one or two terms if the target language does not have three separate terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
77TIT22xc6tνηφαλίους1temperateAlternate translation: “sober-minded” or “self-controlled”
78TIT22y3j2σώφρονας1to be … sensibleAlternate translation: “in control of their desires”
79TIT22abc1ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει1sound in faithHere the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. See the note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1) and the note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r).
80TIT22m14yfigs-abstractnounsὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει1sound in faithYou can state the abstract noun **faith** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “firmly believe the true teachings about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
81TIT22z14yfigs-abstractnounsτῇ ἀγάπῃ1in loveYou can state the abstract noun **love** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “truly love others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
82TIT22a14yfigs-abstractnounsτῇ ὑπομονῇ1and in perseveranceYou can state the abstract noun **perseverance** as a verb if that is more clear in your language. Alternate translation: “and continually serve God even when things are difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
83TIT23gl8efigs-ellipsisπρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως1Older women likewise are to beThe Greek does not have **are to be**, but only “older women likewise.” We could continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women to be” or “Also teach older women to be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
84TIT23v9cpδιαβόλους1slanderersThe word **slanderers** refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.
85TIT23g9refigs-metaphorοἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας1enslaved to much winePeople who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “controlled by their desire for wine” or “addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
86TIT23xyz4figs-activepassiveοἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας1enslaved to much wineIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “drinking too much wine” or “addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
87TIT23abc4καλοδιδασκάλους1but to be teachers of what is goodThe Greek word used here means “a teacher of what is good.” The phrase **but to be** has been added in the English to contrast this good quality with the two preceding bad qualities. Consider if you need to use a similar word to make a contrast between the good and bad qualities.
88TIT24abc5φιλάνδρους1lovers of their husbandsAlternate translation: “lovers of their own husbands”
89TIT24abcaφιλοτέκνους1and lovers of their childrenAlternate translation: “and lovers of their own children”
90TIT25abcbὑποτασσομένας τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν1and subject to their own husbandsAlternate translation: “and to obey their own husbands”
91TIT25t5v6figs-metonymyἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται1so that the word of God may not be insultedHere, **word** is a metonym for “message.” which in turn is a metonym for God himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
92TIT25abcqfigs-activepassiveἵνα μὴ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ βλασφημῆται1so that the word of God may not be insultedIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one insults the word of God” or “so that no one insults God by saying bad things about his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
93TIT26i3hvὡσαύτως1In the same wayTitus was to train the younger men just as he was to train the older people.
94TIT27x73uσεαυτὸν παρεχόμενος1present yourselfAlternate translation: “show yourself to be” or “you yourself must serve”
95TIT27ym6xτύπον καλῶν ἔργων1as an example of good worksAlternate translation: “as an example of one who does right and proper things”
96TIT28xy14ὑγιῆ1soundThis word **sound** has the same basic meaning as “uncorrupted” in 2:7. In 2:7, Paul states the meaning negatively: “uncorrupted,” meaning, “without error,” and in 2:8 he states the meaning positively: **sound**, meaning “correct.” Both terms refer to Titus teaching. Use either positive or negative terms in the target language, or use one term with this meaning in both places if it is difficult to use two terms.
97TIT28xt6vfigs-hypoἵνα ὁ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἐντραπῇ1so that the opponent may be ashamedThis presents a hypothetical situation in which someone opposes Titus and then becomes ashamed for having done so. Alternate translation: “so that if anyone opposes you, he may be ashamed” or “so that when people oppose you, they may be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
98TIT28xy15figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1usHere, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
99TIT29xyz5figs-ellipsisδούλους ἰδίοις δεσπόταις ὑποτάσσεσθαι1Slaves are to be subject to their own mastersThe Greek does not have **are**, but only “slaves to be subject to their masters.” We could apply the verbal idea from verse 6 to here, which is “urge” or “exhort.” Alternate translation: “Exhort slaves to be subject to their masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
100TIT29abccὑποτάσσεσθαι1are to be subjectAlternate translation: “must obey”
101TIT29if6vἐν πᾶσιν1in everythingAlternate translation: “in every situation” or “always”
102TIT29id15εὐαρέστους εἶναι1to be pleasingAlternate translation: “to please their masters” or “to satisfy their masters”
103TIT210abc6μὴ νοσφιζομένους1not to stealAlternate translation: “not to steal from their masters”
104TIT210t87jπᾶσαν πίστιν ἐνδεικνυμένους ἀγαθήν1to demonstrate all good faithAlternate translation: “to show that they are worthy of their masters trust”
105TIT210h2n6ἐν πᾶσιν1in every wayAlternate translation: “in everything they do”
106TIT210f8jyτὴν διδασκαλίαν τὴν τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ, κοσμῶσιν1they may bring credit to the teaching that is about God our SaviorAlternate translation: “they may make the teaching about God our Savior attractive” or “they may cause people to understand that the teaching about God our Savior is good”
107TIT210pn93Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ1God our SaviorAlternate translation: “our God who saves us”
108TIT210xy16figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1ourHere, **our** is inclusive of Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
109TIT211y44u0Connecting Statement:Paul encourages Titus to look for Jesus coming and remember his authority through Jesus.
110TIT211gp2zfigs-personificationἐπεφάνη…ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ1the grace of God has appearedPaul speaks of **the grace of God** as if it were a person who has arrived. See the UST for other ways to express this. Alternate translation: “God is now offering his grace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
111TIT212qy8kfigs-personificationπαιδεύουσα ἡμᾶς1training usPaul speaks of the grace of God (2:11) as if it were a person who trains other people how to live holy lives. Alternate translation: “by which God trains us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
112TIT212abcefigs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1usHere, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
113TIT212lxb3τὴν ἀσέβειαν1godlessnessAlternate translation: “things that dishonor God”
114TIT212n3k5τὰς κοσμικὰς ἐπιθυμίας1worldly passionsAlternate translation: “strong desires for the things of this world” or “strong desires for sinful pleasures”
115TIT212xy19ἀσέβειαν…εὐσεβῶς1godlessness … godly wayThese terms are direct opposites, meaning “God-dishonoring” and “God-honoring,” respectively.
116TIT212fk8jἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι1in the present ageAlternate translation: “while we live in this world” or “during this time”
117TIT213rz93προσδεχόμενοι1while we look forward to receivingAlternate translation: “while we wait to welcome”
118TIT213xyz6figs-metonymyτὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα1the blessed hopeHere, what is **blessed** is that for which we hope, which is the return of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the wonderful thing for which we hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
119TIT213pss7figs-metonymyκαὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1and appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus ChristHere, **glory** represents Jesus himself who will appear gloriously. Alternate translation: “that is, the glorious appearance of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
120TIT213abcffigs-hendiadysτὴν μακαρίαν ἐλπίδα, καὶ ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς δόξης1the blessed hope and appearing of the gloryBoth **blessed hope** and **appearing of the glory** refer to the same event. This can be shown clearly. Alternate translation: “what we are longing for, the blessed and glorious appearing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
121TIT213xyz7figs-hendiadysτοῦ μεγάλου Θεοῦ καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1of our great God and Savior Jesus ChristBoth **our great God** and **Savior** refer to the one person, **Jesus Christ**. Alternate translation: “of Jesus Christ, our great God and Savior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
122TIT214niu4figs-explicitὃς ἔδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν1gave himself for usThis refers to Jesus dying willingly. Alternate translation: “gave himself to die for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
123TIT214xy20figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1usHere, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
124TIT214gxe7figs-metaphorλυτρώσηται ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ πάσης ἀνομίας1to redeem us from all lawlessnessPaul speaks of Jesus as if he were setting slaves free from their evil master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
125TIT214xy21figs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1usHere, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
126TIT214fjy1λαὸν περιούσιον1a special peopleAlternate translation: “a group of people that he treasures”
127TIT214ii18ζηλωτὴν καλῶν ἔργων1zealous for good worksAlternate translation: “who are eager to do good deeds”
128TIT215abc7παρακάλει1exhortAlternate translation: “encourage them to do these things”
129TIT215b94zfigs-explicitἔλεγχε, μετὰ πάσης ἐπιταγῆς1rebuke with all authorityIf it is helpful, the people whom Titus should **rebuke** can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “correct with all authority those people who do not do these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
130TIT215h15yμηδείς σου περιφρονείτω1Let no one disregard youAlternate translation: “Do not allow anyone to ignore you”
131TIT215xy22figs-doublenegativesμηδείς σου περιφρονείτω1Let no one disregard youYou can state this positively: “Make sure that everyone listens to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
132TIT215jbu1figs-explicitσου περιφρονείτω1Let … disregard youThe way that people would disregard Titus can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Let … refuse to listen to your words” or “Let … refuse to respect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
133TIT3introzh6x0# Titus 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul gives Titus personal instructions in this chapter.<br><br>Verse 15 formally concludes this letter. This is a common way of ending a letter in the ancient Near East.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Genealogies<br><br>Genealogies (verse 9) are lists that record a persons ancestors or descendants, and show from what tribe and family a person came. For example, priests came from the tribe of Levi and the family of Aaron. Some of these lists included stories of ancestors and even of spiritual beings. These lists and stories were used to argue about where things came from and about how important various people were.
134TIT31y9tr0Connecting Statement:Paul continues giving Titus instructions on how to teach the elders and people under his care in Crete.
135TIT31j2saὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς…ὑποτάσσεσθαι1Remind them to submitAlternate translation: “Tell our people again what they already know, to submit” or “Keep reminding them to submit”
136TIT31w3fyἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις, ὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν1to submit to rulers and authorities, to obey themAlternate translation: “to do as the political rulers and government authorities say by obeying them”
137TIT31wa9xfigs-doubletἀρχαῖς, ἐξουσίαις1to rulers and authoritiesThe words **rulers** and **authorities** have similar meanings and both refer to anyone who holds authority in the government. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
138TIT31xy25figs-doubletὑποτάσσεσθαι, πειθαρχεῖν1to submit … to obey themThe words **submit** and **obey** have similar meanings and both refer to doing what someone tells you to do. If the target language has only one term for this, then just use that term. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
139TIT31in7uπρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι1be ready for every good workAlternate translation: “to be ready to do good whenever there is opportunity”
140TIT32lug7βλασφημεῖν1to revileAlternate translation: “to speak evil of”
141TIT32abcxfigs-doublenegativesἀμάχους εἶναι1to be uncontentiousYou can state this positively: “to be peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
142TIT33m9zdἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς1For once we also wereAlternate translation: “This is because we ourselves were once”
143TIT33me7bποτε1onceAlternate translation: “formerly” or “at some time” or “previously”
144TIT33bl8efigs-exclusiveἡμεῖς1weHere, **we** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians, referring to the time before they trusted in Christ. Alternate translation: “even we” or “we ourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
145TIT33rrx9ἦμεν…ἀνόητοι1were foolishAlternate translation: “were thoughtless” or “were unwise”
146TIT33qt8ffigs-personificationπλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις1We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasuresHere, **passions** and **pleasures** are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
147TIT33xy27figs-activepassiveπλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις1We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasuresYou can translate this in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
148TIT33tl5nἐπιθυμίαις1passionsAlternate translation: “lusts” or “desires”
149TIT33dec4ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες1We lived in evil and envyHere, **evil** and **envy** describe sin. The word **evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have”
150TIT33y5lpστυγητοί1detestableAlternate translation: “causing others to hate us”
151TIT34xy28grammar-connect-logic-contrastδὲ1But**But** is used here to mark the important contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 13) and the goodness of God (verses 47) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
152TIT34ba5afigs-personificationὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ1when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appearedPaul speaks of Gods **kindness** and **love** as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “when God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
153TIT34abcgfigs-abstractnounsὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ1when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appearedYou can state the abstract nouns **kindness** and **love** as adjectives. Alternate translation: “when God, who saves us, showed how kind and loving he would be to mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
154TIT34abchfigs-exclusiveἡμῶν1ourHere, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
155TIT35n4ugκατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος1by his mercyAlternate translation: “because he had mercy on us”
156TIT35k1a6figs-metaphorλουτροῦ παλινγενεσίας1the washing of new birthPaul combines two metaphors here. He is speaking of Gods forgiveness for sinners as if he were physically **washing** them clean from their sin. He is also speaking of sinners who become responsive to God as if they had been born again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
157TIT36fby9figs-metaphorοὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς πλουσίως1whom God richly poured on usIt is common for New Testament writers to speak of the Holy Spirit as a liquid that God can pour out in large amounts. Alternate translation: “whom God gave to us generously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
158TIT36xy24figs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1usHere, **us** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
159TIT36q9zeδιὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν1through our Savior Jesus ChristAlternate translation: “when Jesus Christ saved us”
160TIT36xy23figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1ourHere, **our** includes Paul, Titus, and all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
161TIT37di3gfigs-activepassiveδικαιωθέντες1having been justifiedIf your language does not use this passive form, you can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “since God has declared us to be without sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
162TIT37q1cmfigs-metaphorκληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν, κατ’ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου1we might become heirs according to the certain hope of everlasting lifeThe people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit the things promised, just as a person inherits property or possessions from a family member. Alternate translation: “we might expect to receive the eternal life that God has promised us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
163TIT38j8mdὁ λόγος1This messageThis **message** is the one just expressed in verses 47, that God freely gives the Holy Spirit and eternal life to believers through Jesus.
164TIT38xy29τούτων1these thingsHere, **{these} things** refers to the teachings that Paul has talked about in verses 17. Alternate translation: “these teachings that I have just talked about”
165TIT38kqm6φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων, προΐστασθαι1may be careful to engage themselves in good worksAlternate translation: “may seek to do good works”
166TIT39tzh90Connecting Statement:Paul explains what Titus should avoid and how to treat those who cause contention among the believers.
167TIT39j1hfδὲ…περιΐστασο1But avoidAlternate translation: “So avoid” or “Therefore, avoid”
168TIT39xnf9μωρὰς…ζητήσεις1foolish debatesAlternate translation: “arguments concerning unimportant matters”
169TIT39qk66γενεαλογίας1genealogiesThe word **genealogies** refers to the study of family kinship relationships. See the Introduction to Titus.
170TIT39xu7fἔρεις1strifeAlternate translation: “arguments” or “fights”
171TIT39ky3nνομικὰς1about the lawAlternate translation: “about the law of Moses”
172TIT310x3fhαἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον…παραιτοῦ1Reject a divisive personAlternate translation: “Stay away from a person who causes division”
173TIT310xzx1μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν1after one or two warningsAlternate translation: “after you have warned that person once or twice”
174TIT311r7pcὁ τοιοῦτος1such a personAlternate translation: “a person like that”
175TIT311inh5figs-metaphorἐξέστραπται1has turned from the right wayPaul speaks of someone who chooses to do wrong things as if he were leaving the **right** path to walk in the wrong direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
176TIT311p81kὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος1being self-condemnedAlternate translation: “bringing judgment on himself”
177TIT312z7i40Connecting Statement:Paul closes the letter by telling Titus what to do after he appoints elders in Crete and by giving greetings from those with him.
178TIT312mba6ὅταν πέμψω1When I sendAlternate translation: “After I send”
179TIT312c32wtranslate-namesἈρτεμᾶν…Τυχικόν1Artemas … Tychicus**Artemas** and **Tychicus** are mens names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
180TIT312knt1σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν1hurry to comeAlternate translation: “come quickly”
181TIT312xy30σπούδασον1hurryThe verb **hurry** is singular and directed at Titus alone. Artemas or Tychicus would stay in Crete, probably to take Titus place.
182TIT312gdw9παραχειμάσαι1to spend the winterAlternate translation: “to stay for the winter”
183TIT313a46ftranslate-namesΖηνᾶν…Ἀπολλῶν1Zenas … Appollos**Zenos** and **Apollos** are mens names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
184TIT313s757καὶ Ἀπολλῶν1and ApollosAlternate translation: “and also Apollos”
185TIT313j496σπουδαίως πρόπεμψον1Diligently send on their wayAlternate translation: “Do not delay in sending”
186TIT313xy31figs-doublenegativesἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ1so that they lack nothingYou can state this positively: “so that they have everything that they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
187TIT314v7wg0Connecting Statement:Paul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.
188TIT314fw98οἱ ἡμέτεροι1our ownHere, **our own** refers to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people”
189TIT314xy33figs-exclusiveοἱ ἡμέτεροι1our ownHere, **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
190TIT314tn24εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας1toward essential needsAlternate translation: “that enable them to help people who lack necessary things”
191TIT314mji4figs-metaphorἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι1in order not to be unfruitfulPaul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
192TIT314xy32figs-doublenegativesἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι1in order not to be unfruitfulYou can state this positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
193TIT315j3y20General Information:Paul ends his letter to Titus.
194TIT315abciἀσπάζονταί σε1greet youHere, **you** is singular. This is a personal greeting to Titus.
195TIT315k1saοἱ μετ’ ἐμοῦ πάντες1All those who are with meAlternate translation: “All the people who are with me” or “All of the believers who are here with me”
196TIT315f4vcτοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει1those who love us in faithThis could refer to: (1) the believers who love us. (2) the believers who love us because we share the same belief.
197TIT315xy35figs-exclusiveἡμᾶς1usHere, **us** is probably exclusive and refers to Paul and the group of Christians with him. Paul is sending greetings from this group to the group of Christians that is with Titus on Crete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
198TIT315kx83ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν1Grace be with all of youThis was a common Christian greeting. Alternate translation: “May Gods grace be with you” or “I ask that God will be gracious to all of you”
199TIT315xy34ὑμῶν1of youHere, **you** is plural. This blessing is for Titus and all of the believers there in Crete.