Testing_ABC_en_tn/en_tn_31-OBA.tsv

49 KiB
Raw Blame History

1BookChapterVerseIDSupportReferenceOrigQuoteOccurrenceGLQuoteOccurrenceNote
2OBAfrontintrojrz80# Introduction to Obadiah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Obadiah<br><br>1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16)<br>- Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:19)<br>- Why Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:1014)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (1:1516)<br>1. Yahweh will deliver his people (1:1721)<br><br>### What is the Book of Obadiah about?<br><br>After Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the exiled people of Judah.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Obadiah” or just “Obadiah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Sayings of Obadiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah?<br><br>The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means “Servant of Yahweh.”<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was Edoms relationship to Israel?<br><br>Obadiah referred to Edom as Israels brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were brothers. This made Edoms betrayal of Israel much worse.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How do I translate the concept of “pride”?<br><br>The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought their enemies or Yahweh could not defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]])
3OBA11xm1wfigs-metaphorחֲז֖וֹן עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה1The vision of ObadiahThis is the title of the book. Here **vision** is used in the general sense of a message from Yahweh, rather than to indicate how Obadiah received that message. **Vision** here is a metaphor for a way of getting knowledge from God. Alternate translation: “The message that God gave to Obadiah” or “The prophecy of Obadiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4OBA11jdr1translate-namesעֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה1ObadiahSome English translations call the prophet Abdias, but Obadiah is the form of his name most commonly used in English. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
5OBA11sv9xכֹּֽה־אָמַר֩ אֲדֹנָ֨⁠י יְהוִ֜ה לֶ⁠אֱד֗וֹם1thus says my Lord Yahweh concerning EdomThis tells the reader that the entire book is a message about Edom.
6OBA11s7iftranslate-namesיְהוִ֜ה1YahwehThis is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
7OBA11jdr3figs-metonymyלֶ⁠אֱד֗וֹם1concerning EdomThe people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
8OBA11jdr5figs-pronounsשְׁמוּעָ֨ה שָׁמַ֜עְנוּ1We have heard a reportYou could translate this “I have heard” to show that Obadiah is speaking as one person among the many in the nations around Edom who have heard Yahwehs message. Another alternative: “Yahweh our God has told me this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
9OBA11jdr7figs-activepassiveוְ⁠צִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח1and a messenger has been sent offYou can use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have sent a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10OBA11r27rfigs-explicitוְ⁠צִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח1and a messenger has been sent offYou could specify who sent the messenger. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
11OBA11jdr9figs-quotationsק֛וּמוּ וְ⁠נָק֥וּמָה עָלֶי⁠הָ1Get up! And let us rise up against her for battle!The end of the verse is not spoken by Obadiah himself. Rather, those are the words of Yahwehs messenger. They can be presented as a quotation with an introductory formula such as “saying,” or as indirect quotation as in UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
12OBA11pez6figs-idiomק֛וּמוּ1Get upThis phrase is used to tell people to get ready, in this case to attack Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
13OBA11c9e2figs-metonymyוְ⁠נָק֥וּמָה עָלֶי⁠הָ1and let us rise up against her“Her” refers to the people of Edom. They are being described again by reference to something closely associated with them, their land. Alternate translation: “against the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
14OBA11jd1rfigs-abstractnounsלַ⁠מִּלְחָמָֽה1for battleYou could translate the abstract noun **battle** with a verb. Alternate translation: “to attack her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15OBA12cc3hהִנֵּ֥ה קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ1Behold, I am making you smallThe addressee changes here. This is no longer the messenger speaking to the other nations. Yahweh is now speaking directly to Edom. To indicate this, you could add a phrase such as “Yahweh says this to the people of Edom”
16OBA12npn6הִנֵּ֥ה1BeholdThis alerts the people of Edom to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
17OBA12l6dcfigs-parallelismקָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ בַּ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד1I am making you small among the nations, you are extremely despisedThese two phrases mean similar things and are used together to emphasize that Edom will lose its important status. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
18OBA12ec8mfigs-metaphorקָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖י⁠ךָ בַּ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם1small among the nationsSomething insignificant is spoken of figuratively as if it were small in size and could easily be overlooked. Alternate translation: “insignificant among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19OBA12ch1ufigs-activepassiveבָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד1you are extremely despisedYou could state this in the active form. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
20OBA13qpw7figs-metaphorלִבְּ⁠ךָ֙1of your heartHere, the heart is used figuratively to refer to a persons thoughts and feelings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
21OBA13q6szבְ⁠חַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע1in the clefts of the rockThis means a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks.
22OBA13k9swfigs-123personמְר֣וֹם שִׁבְתּ֑⁠וֹ1lofty in his dwellingThis says **his** as if Yahweh were talking aloud about Edom rather than to Edom, but it can be translated with **you** as part of Yahwehs continuing words to the people. Alternate translation: “you who live in the clefts of the rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
23OBA13r5zjfigs-123personאֹמֵ֣ר בְּ⁠לִבּ֔⁠וֹ1he who says in his heartThis says **he** and **his,** as if Yahweh were talking aloud about Edom rather than to Edom, but it can be translated with **you** as part of Yahwehs continuing words to the people. Alternate translation: “you who say in your heart” or “you who say to yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
24OBA13jd3rfigs-metaphorבְּ⁠לִבּ֔⁠וֹ1in his heartHere, the heart is used figuratively to refer to a persons thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “say to yourselves” or “think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
25OBA13i2hxfigs-rquestionמִ֥י יוֹרִדֵ֖⁠נִי אָֽרֶץ1Who will bring me down to the ground?The question form shows how proud the Edomites were and how safe they felt. Alternate translation: “no one can bring me down to the ground” or “I am safe from all attackers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
26OBA14xn9ffigs-parallelismאִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּ⁠נֶּ֔שֶׁר וְ⁠אִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑⁠ךָ1If you make yourself high like the eagle, even if your nest is set between the starsThe two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once in slightly different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
27OBA14jd5rfigs-hyperboleאִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּ⁠נֶּ֔שֶׁר וְ⁠אִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑⁠ךָ1If you make yourself high like the eagle, even if your nest is set between the starsThe people of Edom think they are safe because they live up high in the mountains. Yahweh is saying that even if they lived much higher than it is actually possible for humans to live, they would still not be safe. Alternate translation: “and I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
28OBA14jd7rfigs-activepassiveשִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑⁠ךָ1if your nest is setYou could use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “if you could make your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
29OBA14bbu3figs-metaphorמִ⁠שָּׁ֥ם אוֹרִֽידְ⁠ךָ֖1from there I will bring you downYahwehs response to the Edomites is that there is nowhere they would be safe from his judgment and punishment. Alternate translation: “you would still not be safe there from the attackers that I am sending” This is a spatial metaphor. “Bringing down” means humbling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
30OBA15w86vfigs-doubletאִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְ⁠ךָ֙ אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה1If thieves came to you, and plunderers by nightThese two phrases mean the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize the idea they are expressing. You could combine them. Alternate translation: “when thieves break into someones house during the night and rob them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
31OBA15b93ffigs-activepassiveאֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה1how you are being destroyed!You could use the active form of the verb, and you could specify that the attackers the messenger has summoned will ruin Edom. Alternate translation: “but attackers will completely destroy your country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
32OBA15jd9rfigs-exclamationsאֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה1how you are being destroyed!Yahweh adds this phrase in the middle of another sentence to express that the punishment of Edom is shocking. You could move the phrase to the end of the verse and make it its own sentence. Alternate translation: “but attackers will completely destroy your country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
33OBA15q1pgfigs-rquestionאִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְ⁠ךָ֙ אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה1would not they steal enough for them?This is a rhetorical question. The question form is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “they would only steal what they wanted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
34OBA15w64vfigs-explicitהֲ⁠ל֥וֹא יִגְנְב֖וּ דַּיָּ֑⁠ם1would not they steal enough for them?Yahweh is implying that he will despoil Edom worse than thieves do when they plunder a house. You could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they would only steal what they wanted, but I will take everything from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
35OBA15k12cfigs-rquestionאִם־בֹּֽצְרִים֙ בָּ֣אוּ לָ֔⁠ךְ הֲ⁠ל֖וֹא יַשְׁאִ֥ירוּ עֹלֵלֽוֹת1If grape-cutters came to you, would not they leave behind gleanings?Yahweh is implying that he will strip away Edoms possessions more completely than grape harvesters strip vines. You could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “they would leave some grapes, but I will take everything from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
36OBA16zsf7figs-activepassiveאֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ֔ו נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽי⁠ו1How Esau is being ransacked, his hidden treasures being searched outYou could use the active form for both of these passive verbs. Alternate translation: “these attackers will take away everything that is valuable. They will even find and take away the valuable things that you have hidden” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
37OBA16jd13figs-explicitאֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ֔ו נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽי⁠ו1How Esau is being ransacked, his hidden treasures being searched outYou could state explicitly who will take away Edoms valuables. Alternate translation: “these attackers will take away everything that is valuable. They will even find and take away the valuable things that you have hidden” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
38OBA16m9p3figs-personificationעֵשָׂ֔ו1EsauHere, the name “Esau” refers to the people of Edom. They were the descendants of Esau, who was also known as Edom. All the people of Edom are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
39OBA16lf9tנֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ1has been ransackedThis means the enemies have search through Esaus things, taken everything valuable, and left everything else in a mess or damaged.
40OBA17cr88עַֽד־הַ⁠גְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּ⁠ךָ1are sending you away as far as the borderAlternate translation: “they will force you to leave your country” However, since it is not specified whose border this is, another interpretation would be that the people of Edom will try to take refuge in the lands of their allies, but they wont be allowed to.
41OBA17a612figs-parallelismכֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔⁠ךָ…אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑⁠ךָ לַחְמְ⁠ךָ֗1All the men of your covenant…The men of your peace…They of your breadAll three phrases refer to Edoms allies. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once in similar ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
42OBA17n3t6בְרִיתֶ֔⁠ךָ1your covenantThe word “your” refers to the nation of Edom.
43OBA17jd15figs-ellipsisלַחְמְ⁠ךָ֗ יָשִׂ֤ימוּ מָזוֹר֙ תַּחְתֶּ֔י⁠ךָ1They of your bread will set a trap under youHebrew says simply “your bread.” Hearers and readers are expected to understand the meaning and supply the missing words in their minds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
44OBA17rc1ifigs-explicitאֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽ⁠וֹ1There is no understanding in him.Yahweh could be saying this as an aside about the people of Edom, rather than speaking to them. (See: Aside) Alternately, the former allies could be saying this about Edom. Alternate translation: “then they will say to you, you are not as clever as you thought you were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
45OBA17jd17figs-abstractnounsתְּבוּנָ֖ה1understandingYou could translate the abstract noun “understanding” with a verb. Alternate translation: “they will say to you, you are not as clever as you thought you were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
46OBA17jd19figs-personificationבּֽ⁠וֹ1in himThat is, Edom. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
47OBA18i4rgfigs-rquestionהֲ⁠ל֛וֹא בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠ה֖וּא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֑ה וְ⁠הַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽ⁠אֱד֔וֹם וּ⁠תְבוּנָ֖ה מֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו1Will I not on that day (a declaration of Yahweh) destroy wise men from Edom, and understanding from the mountain of Esau?This is a rhetorical question. Yahweh uses the question form to emphasize that Edoms destruction is certain. Alternate translation: “on that day, says Yahweh, I will certainly destroy …’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
48OBA18jd21figs-explicitחֲכָמִים֙1wise menThe original audience would have known that Edom was famous for its wisdom. However, when Edom is destroyed, it will become clear that its people were not wise to think they were safe because they lived on rugged cliffs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
49OBA18jd23figs-abstractnounsוּ⁠תְבוּנָ֖ה1and understandingYou could translate this abstract noun with a verb by saying, for example, “no one will know what to do any more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
50OBA18z8tffigs-synecdocheמֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו1from the mountain of EsauMost of the land of Esau was mountainous, so this is one way of referring to the land of Edom. This was one of the mountains in Edom. It is sometimes identified with Mount Bozrah. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
51OBA19jd25figs-apostropheוְ⁠חַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖י⁠ךָ תֵּימָ֑ן1And your mighty men will be dismayed, O TemanYahweh stops speaking to the people of Edom and addresses a region of the country, even though it cannot understand him. This shows that Yahweh feels very strongly about what he is saying. (See Apostrophe) Alternate translation: “the soldiers in the army of Edom will become terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
52OBA19qvg3translate-namesתֵּימָ֑ן1TemanTeman is the name of a region in the land of Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by the name of one part of it. Alternate translation: “the soldiers in the army of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
53OBA19ljv4grammar-connect-logic-goalלְמַ֧עַן1so thatThere is a cause-and-effect relationship here. The soldiers in the army of Edom will become “dismayed,” that is, they will give up and stop fighting. This will leave everyone else defenseless, and so they will all be destroyed. Alternate translation: “when your army stops fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
54OBA19jd27figs-metaphorיִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ1a man will be cut off**Cut off** here is a metaphor for being killed. The Edomites arent actually part of the mountain, but they live there, so its as if something is being cut off or taken away from the mountain. Alternate translation: “your enemies will completely destroy all you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
55OBA19q6s7figs-activepassiveיִכָּֽרֶת1will be cut offYou could use an active verb form, and you could specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will … destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
56OBA19jd31figs-gendernotationsאִ֛ישׁ1a manHebrew **man** means “every person” here. Alternate translation: “all you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
57OBA19jd33אִ֛ישׁ1a manYahweh says in v. 8 that he will destroy the wise men in Edom, and here in v. 9 that the mighty men will be “dismayed” (that is, they will give up trying to fight). The implication is that no one else will escape the invading armies either. Yahweh is basically challenging everyone in Edom by asking, “If the ones you would count on most to rescue you, the wise and the strong, will be destroyed by these attackers, how can anyone else think they will survive?” You can use similar words in verse 8 and 9 to show how this argument develops over these two verses.
58OBA19jd35figs-synecdocheמֵ⁠הַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו1from the mountain of EsauAs in v. 8, Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of this one part of it. Alternate translation: “who live the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
59OBA19jd37figs-abstractnounsמִ⁠קָּֽטֶל1by slaughterThe abstract noun **slaughter** intensifies the idea of being “cut off” or killed. You could use an adverb to translate it. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
60OBA110jd39figs-metonymyאָחִ֥י⁠ךָ1your brotherThe term **brother** is being used here to refer to members of a related people group. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
61OBA110ui6gfigs-personificationיַעֲקֹ֖ב1JacobHere the name **Jacob** refers to the people of Judah, who were his descendants. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
62OBA110jd41figs-abstractnounsתְּכַסְּ⁠ךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה1shame will cover youYou could use a verb to translate the abstract noun **shame** and **you** could do the action instead of receiving it. Alternate translation: “you will feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
63OBA110f8g6figs-idiomתְּכַסְּ⁠ךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה1shame will cover youTo be **covered** with something is an idiom for fully experiencing it. Alternate translation: “you will be completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
64OBA110a113figs-activepassiveוְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ לְ⁠עוֹלָֽם1you will be cut off to eternityYou could use an active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
65OBA110jd43figs-explicitוְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ1you will be cut offYou can specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
66OBA110jd45figs-idiomוְ⁠נִכְרַ֖תָּ1you will be cut offAs in v. 5, this is an idiom for being destroyed. Alternate translation: “destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
67OBA111w6hjfigs-metaphorעֲמָֽדְ⁠ךָ֣ מִ⁠נֶּ֔גֶד1stood oppositeThis is a metaphor that gives the picture of a person just standing around and not helping. It figuratively means “did not help him.” You could say that as an Alternate Translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
68OBA111s38yfigs-parallelismשְׁב֥וֹת זָרִ֖ים חֵיל֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠נָכְרִ֞ים בָּ֣אוּ שְׁעָרָ֗יו1strangers took captive his wealth, and foreigners entered his gatesThese two phrases mean similar things. They are used together to emphasize that Judah was in a desperate situation. Invading armies were plundering Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
69OBA111rtj8figs-personificationחֵיל֑⁠וֹ…שְׁעָרָ֗יו1his wealth…his gates**His** refers to **your brother Jacob** in verse 10, meaning the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
70OBA111jd46חֵיל֑⁠וֹ1his wealthIn this context, this Hebrew term could either mean **wealth** or **army**
71OBA111jd47figs-synecdocheשְׁעָרָ֗יו1his gates**Gates** means “city.” The gates, the first part of a city that you would come to, are being used to represent the whole city. Alternate translation: “all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
72OBA111i8srfigs-metaphorוְ⁠עַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל1and cast lots for JerusalemThis is a figurative way of saying that when all the cities of Judah were conquered, Jerusalem was the big prize. If something is so special that everybody wants to have it and you cant divide it up, you cast lots for it. Alternate translation: “they even plundered Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
73OBA111s4y1figs-explicitגַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּ⁠אַחַ֥ד מֵ⁠הֶֽם1you also were like one of themAlternate translation: “you were just as bad as those foreigners, because you did nothing to help.” The people of Edom did not do exactly the same things as the “strangers” and “foreigners” did. You could use the alternate translation to explain how the people of Edom were still “like” them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
74OBA112jd51וְ⁠אַל1But [you should] notThis phrase is used eight times in verses 1214. It introduces a statement about how people should generally behave. But in these verses, the statements apply specifically to what the people of Edom have just done to the people of Judah. So an alternate translation in every case would be, “you should not have” (For example, you could change “you should not rejoice” to “you should not have rejoiced.”)
75OBA112crs1וְ⁠אַל1But [you should] notYahweh uses a repetitive series of sentences to show how badly the people of Edom have treated the people of Judah. A repetitive series is called a “litany.” This is a list of the charges against the people of Edom. Yahweh goes on to say in verses 15 and 16 that he has found them guilty of all these charges and will punish them. (See: Litany)
76OBA112e7cdfigs-idiomוְ⁠אַל־תֵּ֤רֶא1But you should not have lookedThe Hebrew expression **see** is an idiom here for “enjoy looking at.” Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
77OBA112crs3בְ⁠יוֹם1on the day ofThis expression refers to a specific time when God punishes people for their sin.
78OBA112q8mdfigs-personificationאָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙1your brotherAs in v. 10, Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a **brother** to the descendants of Esau because Jacob was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
79OBA112b6h1figs-personificationבְּ⁠י֣וֹם נָכְר֔⁠וֹ1on the day of his misfortuneAs in v. 10, Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a **brother** to the descendants of Esau because Jacob was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
80OBA112f7ltfigs-gendernotationsלִ⁠בְנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה1over the sons of JudahHere, the word **sons** does not refer only to men. It means all the descendants of Jacobs son Judah, and more broadly all the Israelites from a number of different tribes who had come to live in the kingdom of Judah at this time. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
81OBA112lxg7figs-idiomוְ⁠אַל־תַּגְדֵּ֥ל פִּ֖י⁠ךָ1And you should not have made your mouth greatThis is an idiom for bragging. Alternate translation: “you should not have boasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
82OBA113wg54figs-123personאֵידָ֔⁠ם…אֵיד֑⁠וֹ…אֵידֽ⁠וֹ1their calamity…his calamity…his calamityThe Hebrew text says **their** in the first case, meaning the Judeans, and **his** in the second and third cases, meaning “your brother Judah.” But since that is a personification of the Judeans (see v. 10), you can say “their” in every case. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
83OBA113crs5figs-idiomאַל־תֵּ֧רֶא1you should not have lookedThe Hebrew expression **see** is an idiom here for **enjoy looking at.** Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
84OBA113f9q3figs-exclamationsגַם־אַתָּ֛ה1Yes, you!Yahweh accuses the people of Edom emphatically, likely in anger, and perhaps also to warn them not to claim to be innocent. You could make this a separate short sentence ending in an exclamation mark. Alternate translation: “Yes, you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
85OBA113jz38figs-youוְ⁠אַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ1And you women should not have looted their wealthHere, the Hebrew has only the word **you,** but it is feminine and plural. So you should add something to show that it means “you women,” unless your language already marks the word “you” for gender and number. Alternate translation: “You women should not have taken away their valuable possessions.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
86OBA114ixs7translate-unknownהַ⁠פֶּ֔רֶק1crossroadsThis means a place where two roads come together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
87OBA114p7i1figs-metaphorלְ⁠הַכְרִ֖ית אֶת־פְּלִיטָ֑י⁠ו1to cut down his fugitivesThis is a metaphor that means **killed.** It is likely a comparison to the way grain is cut down at harvest time. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
88OBA114qdx9figs-explicitוְ⁠אַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖י⁠ו1And you should not have delivered up his survivorsYou can make explicit who the Edomites delivered the Judean survivors to. Alternate translation: “you should not have captured the survivors and turned them over to their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
89OBA115fa9mכִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ גְּמֻלְ⁠ךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּ⁠רֹאשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ1For the day of Yahweh is near for all the nations. According to what you have done, it will be done to you; your recompense will return on your own head.Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section or if it goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section.
90OBA115e5t7grammar-connect-logic-resultכִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֑ם1For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nationsYahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should have helped the Israelites instead of joining in attacking them. It is because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way they have treated others. You can make this explicit: “You should have helped others because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
91OBA115crs7figs-idiomיוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה1the day of YahwehThis expression refers to a specific time when God punishes people for their sin. You can say explicitly that this is what Yahweh will do on that **day.** Alternate translation: “the time … when I, Yahweh, will judge and punish all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
92OBA115crs9קָר֥וֹב…עַל1near uponIn this context, the expression means **near in time** Alternate translation: “coming soon”
93OBA115rd8gfigs-explicitכַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ1According to what you have done, it will be done to youYou can specify who will do the action. **I** means **I, Yahweh**as in the previous sentence. You can also specify the reference of **you** Alternate translation: “I will do the same things to you people of Edom that you did to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
94OBA115cr1sfigs-activepassiveיֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔⁠ךְ1it will be done to youYou can use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “I will do the same things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
95OBA115djk9figs-metaphorגְּמֻלְ⁠ךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב1your recompense will returnThis is a metaphor that means **the same things will happen to you** You could use that as an alternate translation. Its as if the Edomites have sent bad things out to others, but those things are now going to come back and hurt them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
96OBA115cr3sfigs-synecdocheבְּ⁠רֹאשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ1on your own headThe **head** is being used to represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
97OBA116nf6sfigs-explicitכִּ֗י כַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙1For according to how you drankAs in verse 15, Yahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should have helped the Israelites instead of joining in attacking them. Its because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way they have treated others. You can make this explicit: “You should have helped others because” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
98OBA116cr5sfigs-pastforfutureכַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ עַל־הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔⁠י1according to how you have drunk on my holy mountain1. One possibility is that Yahweh is saying he has brought the people of Edom into court at Jerusalem, which is the place where he reigns, and found them guilty and punished them there. As noted earlier, Yahweh may be using the past tense to refer to something that will happen in the future. So an alternate translation would be, “I am going to punish you in the holy place where I reign” 2. Another possibility is that this is referring to how the people of Judah suffered punishment when Jerusalem was destroyed. Alternate translation: “I punished you when Jerusalem was destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
99OBA116fu2yfigs-pastforfutureכַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙1according to how you have drunk1. Here, Yahweh may be using the past tense to refer to something that will happen in the future. In that case, this would be a reference to what Yahweh says in the previous verse, that the time is coming soon when he will judge and punish all the nations. Alternate translation: “I am going to punish you” 2. Another possibility is that Yahweh is saying that Edom literally did drink to celebrate the defeat of the people of Judah, but they and the other nations will figuratively **drink** (be punished) in the future. No alternate translation would be needed for this second possible interpretation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
100OBA116cr7sfigs-metaphorכַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙1according to how you have drunkDrinking (often in the Old Testament “drinking a cup”) can be a metaphor for being punished. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
101OBA116cr9sfigs-youכַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙1according to how you have drunk**You** is plural. 1. It may mean **you people of Edom** If so, this would be a continuation of what Yahweh tells them in v. 15, that he will do the same things to them that they did to others. Alternate translation: “I will punish you people of Edom” 2. The plural could also be referring to all the other nations. Alternate translation: “I will punish you other nations” 3. This could also be referring to the people of Judah, who figuratively “drank the cup of punishment” when Jerusalem was destroyed. Alternate translation: “I punished you people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
102OBA116cr11figs-explicitכַּֽ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙1according to how you have drunkYou can show that the people of Edom are not doing this by themselves by specifying that Yahweh is doing it to them. Alternate translation: “I will … punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
103OBA116ujj9figs-metonymyהַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔⁠י1the mountain of my holinessThis means **on Mount Zion** and therefore **in Jerusalem.** Jerusalem is being referred to by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
104OBA116qz7pfigs-metaphorיִשְׁתּ֥וּ כָֽל־הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֖ם תָּמִ֑יד1all the nations shall drink continuallyHere once again **drink** is a metaphor for **punishment.** Alternate translation: “I will punish them severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
105OBA116a8v3figs-doubletוְ⁠שָׁת֣וּ וְ⁠לָע֔וּ וְ⁠הָי֖וּ כְּ⁠ל֥וֹא הָיֽוּ1And they will drink, and they will swallow, and they will become like they never existedThese two words mean something similar and are used together to intensify the meaning. Alternate translation: “I will punish them severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
106OBA117cc36figs-abstractnounsוּ⁠בְ⁠הַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן תִּהְיֶ֥ה פְלֵיטָ֖ה1But in the mountain of Zion there will be a remnantThe abstract noun **remnant** refers to the people who will still be alive in Jerusalem after Yahweh has finished punishing the other nations. As [1:16](../01/16.md) says, those other nations will disappear completely, but the descendants of Jacob will continue as a people. Alternate translation: “some people in Jerusalem will escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
107OBA117y9pzfigs-metonymyוְ⁠הָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ1But in the mountain of ZionThis is a figure of speech that refers to Jerusalem by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
108OBA117b4shוְ⁠הָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ1and there will be holinessThe word **it** refers to **the mountain of Zion.** Alternate translation: “Jerusalem will be a holy place”
109OBA117cr13וְ⁠יָֽרְשׁוּ֙ בֵּ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב אֵ֖ת מוֹרָֽשֵׁי⁠הֶם1and the house of Jacob will possess their own possessions**Possessions** is plural because it refers to each of the Israelite families and clans occupying the lands that were supposed to be passed down to them from generation to generation. But since it refers overall to the land that belongs to all of the descendants of Jacob, you can translate it with a singular word if that is clearer. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob will each possess the land that belongs to them”
110OBA118rm2efigs-parallelismוְ⁠הָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּ⁠בֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה1And the house of Jacob will be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flameThe two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once. However, the actual descendants of Joseph had been taken into exile by Assyria long before this, so they were not really present at this time. Since both expressions refer to all of the Israelites, you could say as an alternative, “The Israelites will be like a fire. Yes, they will be like a flame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
111OBA118cr15figs-metonymyבֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב1the house of JacobHere, the word **house** means all the people descended from a particular person. All of the descendants of Jacob are being described figuratively as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
112OBA118cr17figs-synecdocheוּ⁠בֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף1and the house of JosephThe descendants of Joseph are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Joseph was the son of Jacob, and his descendants made up a large part of the people of Israel. So Yahweh is using his descendants to represent the whole nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
113OBA118yt8jfigs-metonymyוּ⁠בֵ֤ית עֵשָׂו֙…לְ⁠בֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו1and the house of Esau…for the house of EsauThe descendants of Esau (Edom) are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
114OBA118cr19figs-metaphorאֵ֜שׁ…לֶהָבָ֗ה…לְ⁠קַ֔שׁ1fire, flame, stubbleYahweh is saying figuratively that just as fire and flame burn up dry grass until it is all gone, the Israelites who survive will conquer all of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
115OBA118cr21figs-exmetaphorאֵ֜שׁ…לֶהָבָ֗ה…לְ⁠קַ֔שׁ1fire, flame, stubbleYahweh is saying that the Israelites are like fire and flame, that the people of Edom are like dry grass, and that the Israelites will do to the people of Edom what fire and flame do to dry grass. This is using the same figurative language to make a series of related points. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]])
116OBA118hj8xfigs-metaphorלְ⁠קַ֔שׁ1stubbleThis means the dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after their stalks have been cut. Alternate translation: “dry grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
117OBA118cr23figs-doubletוְ⁠דָלְק֥וּ בָ⁠הֶ֖ם וַ⁠אֲכָל֑וּ⁠ם1And they will burn them, and consume them**Burn** and **consume** mean almost the same thing. Yahweh uses the words together to mean **burn them until they are all burned up.** Alternate translation: “burn them up completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
118OBA118c5jrfigs-explicitכִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֵּֽר1for Yahweh has spokenThis means, “This will certainly happen because I, Yahweh, have said it will happen.” You could use that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
119OBA119x15uוְ⁠יָרְשׁ֨וּ…וְ⁠יָרְשׁוּ֙1And they…will possess…And they will possessHere, **They** appears to refer to the people of Israel in general. Alternate translation: “The Israelites”
120OBA119cr25וְ⁠יָרְשׁ֨וּ…וְ⁠יָרְשׁוּ֙1And they…will possess…And they will possessThis verse as a whole describes people who live in different parts of Israel conquering the territories next to them. Alternate translation: “capture”
121OBA119ep84figs-metonymyהַ⁠נֶּ֜גֶב1of the NegevThe Negev is the southern Judean wilderness. That location is being used figuratively to mean the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. So **the Negev** actually means **the Israelites who live in the southern Judean wilderness.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
122OBA119cr27figs-synecdocheהַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו1the mountain of EsauThis was one of the mountains in Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
123OBA119m7qkfigs-metonymyוְ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁפֵלָה֙1they of the ShephelahThe Shephelah means the western foothills in the land of Israel. That location is being used figuratively to mean the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land they live in. So **the Shephelah** actually means **the Israelites who live in the western foothills.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
124OBA119cr29figs-metonymyפְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים1the PhilistinesThis means **the region of Phoenicia.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
125OBA119gup4figs-personificationוּ⁠בִנְיָמִ֖ן1BenjaminThis means **the people of the tribe of Benjamin.** All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
126OBA119cr31figs-synecdocheהַ⁠גִּלְעָֽד1GileadThis means **the region east of the Jordan River.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
127OBA120xw8xfigs-metonymyוְ⁠גָלֻ֣ת הַֽ⁠חֵל־הַ֠⁠זֶּה לִ⁠בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל1And the exile of this host of the sons of IsraelThis means **people who were captured and taken away from their homes.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
128OBA120cr33figs-explicitוְ⁠גָלֻ֣ת1And the exileYahweh is saying that these people will return, and they will conquer territories as well. You could say that explicitly in some way such as, “The people who were captured and taken away from their homes will return, and they will capture …” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
129OBA120t8hmהַֽ⁠חֵל1hostThis means **a large number of people.** You could say that as an alternate translation.
130OBA120cr35figs-metonymyלִ⁠בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל1the sons of IsraelThis actually means **the descendants of Israel.** Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
131OBA120cr37figs-metonymyכְּנַעֲנִים֙1CanaanitesThis means **the land where the people of Canaan lived.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
132OBA120r8cntranslate-namesעַד־צָ֣רְפַ֔ת1as far as ZarephathZarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
133OBA120u5t1figs-metonymyוְ⁠גָלֻ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם1and the exile of JerusalemThis means **the people of Israel who were captured and taken away from Jerusalem.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
134OBA120x6yttranslate-namesבִּ⁠סְפָרַ֑ד1SepharadThis is the name of a place whose location is unknown. Some experts suggest that it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. Alternate translation: “They now live in Sepharad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
135OBA120cr39figs-explicitיִֽרְשׁ֕וּ1they will possessYahweh is saying that these people will also return and conquer territories. You could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “return and occupy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
136OBA120cr41translate-namesהַ⁠נֶּֽגֶב1the NegevThis means **the southern Judean wilderness.** You could say that as an alternate translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
137OBA121j7nfוְ⁠עָל֤וּ מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ בְּ⁠הַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֖ט אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו1And saviors will go up to the mountain of Zion to judge the mountain of EsauThis means, **After Israels military leaders conquer the land of Edom, they will rule over it from high up in Jerusalem.** You could say that as an alternate translation. Even though the mountain of Zion is a figurative name for Jerusalem, it would be good to say something like “high” here, reflecting the imagery of “mountain.” Edom boasted that it was up high and no one could bring it down, but Yahweh is saying that he will bring it down and place his own people up high instead.
138OBA121hyg2מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙1saviorsThis means Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom. Alternate translation: “military leaders”
139OBA121cr43figs-metonymyבְּ⁠הַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן1the mountain of ZionYahweh is referring to Jerusalem figuratively by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
140OBA121cr45figs-synecdocheהַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו1the mountain of EsauThis phrase refers to the mountainous territory where Esau, the brother of Jacob, went and settled. So it means “the hill country that came to belong to Esau and his descendants.” Alternate translation: “the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
141OBA121wy7xוְ⁠הָיְתָ֥ה לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה הַ⁠מְּלוּכָֽה1and the kingdom will belong to YahwehThis phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be their king”