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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_singular.rst
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.. _number_singular:
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Number Singular
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===============
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Summary
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-------
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A noun is singular if there is only one of something or when a
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collection is described as a unit. Singular is the standard dictionary
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form of a noun.
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Article
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-------
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A word can be singular if it refers to just one person or object.
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If it is a
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:ref:`noun`,
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it refers to the person or object directly. Other words, like
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:ref:`verb`,
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:ref:`pronoun_personal`,
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or :ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
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also signal they refer to only one person or object with the form they
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have.
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Form
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----
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Nouns and adjectives
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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:ref:`gender_masculine`
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singular nouns have no special endings.
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:ref:`gender_feminine`
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singular nouns usually end in either ה or ת.
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Paradigm
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^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table::
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Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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"Noun, masculine singular absolute",סוּס,sus,stallion
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"Noun, masculine singular construct",סוּס,sus,stallion of
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"Noun, feminine singular absolute",סוּסָה,susah,mare
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"Noun, feminine singular construct",סוּסַת,susat,mare of
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"Adjective, masculine singular absolute",טוֹב,tov,good
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"Adjective, masculine singular construct",טוֹב,tov,good
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"Adjective, feminine singular absolute",טוֹבָה,tovah,good
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"Adjective, feminine singular construct",טוֹבַת,tovath,good
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Other words
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Besides nouns, a singular word can be recognized by a variety of changes
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to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
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to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
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kinds of changes that signal a singular form.
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Paradigm
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^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table::
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Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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"Qal suffix conjugation, common singular first person",קָטַלְתִּי,qatalti,I killed
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"Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine singular",קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
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"Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine singular",קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
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"Qal suffix conjugation, third person masculine singular",קָטַל,qatal,he killed
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"Qal suffix conjugation, third person feminine singular",קָטְלָה,qatlah,she killed
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"Qal prefix conjugation, common singular first person",אֶקְטֹל,'eqtol,I will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine singular",תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine singular",תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,you will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine singular",יִקְטֹל,yiqtol,he will kill
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"Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine singular",תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,she will kill
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"Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine singular",אַתָּה,'attah,you
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"Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine singular",אַתְּ,'at,you
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"Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine singular",הוּא,hu,he / it
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"Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine singular",הִיא / הִוא,hi / hiw,she / it
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"Object pronoun, second person masculine singular",אֹתְךָ,'othekha,you
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"Object pronoun, second person feminine singular",אֹתָךְ,'othakh,you
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"Object pronoun, third person masculine singular",אֹתוֹ,'otho,him / it
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"Object pronoun, third person feminine singular",אֹתָהּ,'othah,her / it
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"Pronomial suffix, second person masculine singular",לְךָ / - ְךָ,lekha / -ekha,(to) you
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"Pronomial suffix, second person feminine singular",לָךְ / - ָךְ,lakh / -akh,(to) you
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"Pronomial suffix, third person masculine singular",לוֹ / -וֹ,lo / -o,(to) him
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"Pronomial suffix, third person feminine singular",לָהּ / - ָהּ,lah / -ah,(to) her
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Function
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--------
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Noun
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~~~~
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Normal singular
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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- ISA 1:3
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.. csv-table::
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יָדַ֥ע שֹׁור֙ קֹנֵ֔הוּ וַחֲמֹ֖ור אֵב֣וּס בְּעָלָ֑יו
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yada' **showr qonehu wahamowr 'evus be'alayw**
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He-knows **ox his-owner and-the-donkey manger-of his-master**
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"The **ox** knows **his owner**, **and the donkey his master's feeding
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trough**"
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Proper nouns (names) are always singular, even if the referent is
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plural:
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- OBA 1:1
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.. csv-table::
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חֲזֹ֖ון עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה
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hazown **'ovadyah**
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Vision-of **Obadiah**
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The vision of **Obadiah**
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- 1SA 29:1
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.. csv-table::
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וְיִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל חֹנִ֔ים בַּעַ֖יִן אֲשֶׁ֥ר **בְּיִזְרְעֶֽאל**\ ׃
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**weyisra'el** honim ba'ayin 'asher **beyizre'el**
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**and-Israel** camped at-the-spring which-is **in-Jezreel**.
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**the Israelites** camped by the spring that is **in Jezreel**.
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Collective
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^^^^^^^^^^
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Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they look singular. For
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example, עוֹף֙ can mean bird or birds.
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- GEN 1:21 singular
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.. csv-table::
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וְאֵ֨ת כָּל־ע֤וֹף **כָּנָף֙** לְמִינֵ֔הוּ
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we'eth kol-'of **kanaf** leminehu
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and-[dir.obj] every\_winged **bird** after-its-kind.
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every kind of **bird** that has wings
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- GEN 40:17 plural
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.. csv-table::
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וְהָע֗וֹף אֹכֵ֥ל אֹתָ֛ם מִן־הַסַּ֖ל מֵעַ֥ל רֹאשִֽׁי
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**weha'of** 'okhel 'otham min-hassal me'al roshi
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**and-the-birds** ate them out-of\_the-basket from-on my-head.
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"**but birds** were eating them from the top basket that was on my
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head"
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אֱלֹהִים
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^^^^^^^^
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Name
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''''
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אֱלֹהִים looks like a plural, but every time God is the subject of a
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sentence, the verb is singular, and so are the adjectives that are
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connected with it.
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- GEN 1:1
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.. csv-table::
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בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים
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bereshith bara **'elohim**
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In-beginning he-created **God**
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In the beginning **God** created
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plural
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''''''
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אֱלֹהִים can also mean "gods"
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- JDG 5:8
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.. csv-table::
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יִבְחַר֙ **אֱלֹהִ֣ים** חֲדָשִׁ֔ים
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yivhar **'elohim** hadashim
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And-they-chose **gods** new
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When they chose new **gods**
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Adjectives
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~~~~~~~~~~
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If the noun or person to which the adjective relates is singular, the
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adjective is also singular.
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- 2KI 20:19
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.. csv-table::
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טֹ֥וב דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ
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**towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta
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**Good** word-of\_Yahweh that you-spoke.
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The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.
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Verbs
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~~~~~
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If the noun or person to which the verb relates is singular, the verb is
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also singular.
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- GEN 13:1
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.. csv-table::
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וַיַּעַל֩ אַבְרָ֨ם מִמִּצְרַ֜יִם
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**wayya'al** 'avram mimmitsrayim
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**and-he-went-up** Abram from-Egypt
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**So** Abram **went up** from Egypt
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Personal pronouns and suffixes
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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- JER 37:2
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.. csv-table::
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וְלֹ֥א שָׁמַ֛ע **ה֥וּא** וַעֲבָדָ֖יו וְעַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ
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welo shama' **hu** wa'avadayw we'am ha'arets
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and-not he-listened **he** and-his-servants and-people-of the-land
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"but he, his servants, and the people of the land did not listen"
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- 2SA 19:4 (2SA 19:1 in Hebrew)
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.. csv-table::
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בְּנִ֤י אַבְשָׁלֹום֙ בְּנִ֣י בְנִ֣י
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**beni** 'avshalowm **beni veni**
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**My-son** Absalom **my-son my-son**
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"**My son** Absalom, **my son**, **my son**!"
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