2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_singular.rst
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _number_singular:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number Singular
|
|
|
|
|
===============
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Summary
|
|
|
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A noun is singular if there is only one of something or when a
|
|
|
|
|
collection is described as a unit. Singular is the standard dictionary
|
|
|
|
|
form of a noun.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Article
|
|
|
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A word can be singular if it refers to just one person or object.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If it is a
|
|
|
|
|
:ref:`noun`,
|
|
|
|
|
it refers to the person or object directly. Other words, like
|
|
|
|
|
:ref:`verb`,
|
|
|
|
|
:ref:`pronoun_personal`,
|
|
|
|
|
or :ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
|
|
|
|
|
also signal they refer to only one person or object with the form they
|
|
|
|
|
have.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Form
|
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nouns and adjectives
|
|
|
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
|
|
|
|
singular nouns have no special endings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:ref:`gender_feminine`
|
|
|
|
|
singular nouns usually end in either ה or ת.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paradigm
|
|
|
|
|
^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
|
|
|
"Noun, masculine singular absolute",סוּס,sus,stallion
|
|
|
|
|
"Noun, masculine singular construct",סוּס,sus,stallion of
|
|
|
|
|
"Noun, feminine singular absolute",סוּסָה,susah,mare
|
|
|
|
|
"Noun, feminine singular construct",סוּסַת,susat,mare of
|
|
|
|
|
"Adjective, masculine singular absolute",טוֹב,tov,good
|
|
|
|
|
"Adjective, masculine singular construct",טוֹב,tov,good
|
|
|
|
|
"Adjective, feminine singular absolute",טוֹבָה,tovah,good
|
|
|
|
|
"Adjective, feminine singular construct",טוֹבַת,tovath,good
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Other words
|
|
|
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Besides nouns, a singular word can be recognized by a variety of changes
|
|
|
|
|
to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
|
|
|
|
|
to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
|
|
|
|
|
kinds of changes that signal a singular form.
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Paradigm
|
|
|
|
|
^^^^^^^^
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Word,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal suffix conjugation, common singular first person",קָטַלְתִּי,qatalti,I killed
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine singular",קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine singular",קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal suffix conjugation, third person masculine singular",קָטַל,qatal,he killed
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal suffix conjugation, third person feminine singular",קָטְלָה,qatlah,she killed
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal prefix conjugation, common singular first person",אֶקְטֹל,'eqtol,I will kill
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine singular",תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine singular",תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,you will kill
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine singular",יִקְטֹל,yiqtol,he will kill
|
|
|
|
|
"Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine singular",תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,she will kill
|
|
|
|
|
"Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine singular",אַתָּה,'attah,you
|
|
|
|
|
"Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine singular",אַתְּ,'at,you
|
|
|
|
|
"Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine singular",הוּא,hu,he / it
|
|
|
|
|
"Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine singular",הִיא / הִוא,hi / hiw,she / it
|
|
|
|
|
"Object pronoun, second person masculine singular",אֹתְךָ,'othekha,you
|
|
|
|
|
"Object pronoun, second person feminine singular",אֹתָךְ,'othakh,you
|
|
|
|
|
"Object pronoun, third person masculine singular",אֹתוֹ,'otho,him / it
|
|
|
|
|
"Object pronoun, third person feminine singular",אֹתָהּ,'othah,her / it
|
|
|
|
|
"Pronomial suffix, second person masculine singular",לְךָ / - ְךָ,lekha / -ekha,(to) you
|
|
|
|
|
"Pronomial suffix, second person feminine singular",לָךְ / - ָךְ,lakh / -akh,(to) you
|
|
|
|
|
"Pronomial suffix, third person masculine singular",לוֹ / -וֹ,lo / -o,(to) him
|
|
|
|
|
"Pronomial suffix, third person feminine singular",לָהּ / - ָהּ,lah / -ah,(to) her
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Function
|
|
|
|
|
--------
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Noun
|
|
|
|
|
~~~~
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Normal singular
|
|
|
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- ISA 1:3
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
יָדַ֥ע שֹׁור֙ קֹנֵ֔הוּ וַחֲמֹ֖ור אֵב֣וּס בְּעָלָ֑יו
|
|
|
|
|
yada' **showr qonehu wahamowr 'evus be'alayw**
|
|
|
|
|
He-knows **ox his-owner and-the-donkey manger-of his-master**
|
|
|
|
|
"The **ox** knows **his owner**, **and the donkey his master's feeding
|
|
|
|
|
trough**"
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Proper nouns (names) are always singular, even if the referent is
|
|
|
|
|
plural:
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- OBA 1:1
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
חֲזֹ֖ון עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה
|
|
|
|
|
hazown **'ovadyah**
|
|
|
|
|
Vision-of **Obadiah**
|
|
|
|
|
The vision of **Obadiah**
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- 1SA 29:1
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
וְיִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל חֹנִ֔ים בַּעַ֖יִן אֲשֶׁ֥ר **בְּיִזְרְעֶֽאל**\ ׃
|
|
|
|
|
**weyisra'el** honim ba'ayin 'asher **beyizre'el**
|
|
|
|
|
**and-Israel** camped at-the-spring which-is **in-Jezreel**.
|
|
|
|
|
**the Israelites** camped by the spring that is **in Jezreel**.
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Collective
|
|
|
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they look singular. For
|
|
|
|
|
example, עוֹף֙ can mean bird or birds.
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- GEN 1:21 singular
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
וְאֵ֨ת כָּל־ע֤וֹף **כָּנָף֙** לְמִינֵ֔הוּ
|
|
|
|
|
we'eth kol-'of **kanaf** leminehu
|
|
|
|
|
and-[dir.obj] every\_winged **bird** after-its-kind.
|
|
|
|
|
every kind of **bird** that has wings
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- GEN 40:17 plural
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
וְהָע֗וֹף אֹכֵ֥ל אֹתָ֛ם מִן־הַסַּ֖ל מֵעַ֥ל רֹאשִֽׁי
|
|
|
|
|
**weha'of** 'okhel 'otham min-hassal me'al roshi
|
|
|
|
|
**and-the-birds** ate them out-of\_the-basket from-on my-head.
|
|
|
|
|
"**but birds** were eating them from the top basket that was on my
|
|
|
|
|
head"
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
אֱלֹהִים
|
|
|
|
|
^^^^^^^^
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Name
|
|
|
|
|
''''
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
אֱלֹהִים looks like a plural, but every time God is the subject of a
|
|
|
|
|
sentence, the verb is singular, and so are the adjectives that are
|
|
|
|
|
connected with it.
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- GEN 1:1
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים
|
|
|
|
|
bereshith bara **'elohim**
|
|
|
|
|
In-beginning he-created **God**
|
|
|
|
|
In the beginning **God** created
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
plural
|
|
|
|
|
''''''
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
אֱלֹהִים can also mean "gods"
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
- JDG 5:8
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
יִבְחַר֙ **אֱלֹהִ֣ים** חֲדָשִׁ֔ים
|
|
|
|
|
yivhar **'elohim** hadashim
|
|
|
|
|
And-they-chose **gods** new
|
|
|
|
|
When they chose new **gods**
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adjectives
|
|
|
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the noun or person to which the adjective relates is singular, the
|
|
|
|
|
adjective is also singular.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 2KI 20:19
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
טֹ֥וב דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ
|
|
|
|
|
**towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta
|
|
|
|
|
**Good** word-of\_Yahweh that you-spoke.
|
|
|
|
|
The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Verbs
|
|
|
|
|
~~~~~
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the noun or person to which the verb relates is singular, the verb is
|
|
|
|
|
also singular.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- GEN 13:1
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
וַיַּעַל֩ אַבְרָ֨ם מִמִּצְרַ֜יִם
|
|
|
|
|
**wayya'al** 'avram mimmitsrayim
|
|
|
|
|
**and-he-went-up** Abram from-Egypt
|
|
|
|
|
**So** Abram **went up** from Egypt
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Personal pronouns and suffixes
|
|
|
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- JER 37:2
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
וְלֹ֥א שָׁמַ֛ע **ה֥וּא** וַעֲבָדָ֖יו וְעַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ
|
|
|
|
|
welo shama' **hu** wa'avadayw we'am ha'arets
|
|
|
|
|
and-not he-listened **he** and-his-servants and-people-of the-land
|
|
|
|
|
"but he, his servants, and the people of the land did not listen"
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 2SA 19:4 (2SA 19:1 in Hebrew)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table::
|
2018-03-06 14:24:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-03-08 21:03:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
בְּנִ֤י אַבְשָׁלֹום֙ בְּנִ֣י בְנִ֣י
|
|
|
|
|
**beni** 'avshalowm **beni veni**
|
|
|
|
|
**My-son** Absalom **my-son my-son**
|
|
|
|
|
"**My son** Absalom, **my son**, **my son**!"
|