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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/person_second.rst
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.. _person_second:
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Person Second
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=============
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Summary
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-------
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Second person is used when the narrator or speaker refers to the reader
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or listener.
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Article
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-------
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The second person is the person(s) that is spoken to. Both for a single
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person and for a group of people, English uses "you", or "your".
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.. note:: The second person is only used in direct speech.
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Form
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----
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When a word is in the second person, it can be recognized by a variety
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of changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and
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are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. The paradigm below shows a
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sample of the kinds of changes that signal a second person.
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Qal Suffix Conjugation Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
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second person feminine singular,קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
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second person masculine plural,קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
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second person feminine plural,קְטַלְתֶּן,qetalten,you killed
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Qal Prefix Conjugation Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
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second person feminine singular,תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,you will kill
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second person masculine plural,תִּקְטְלוּ,tiqtelu,you will kill
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second person feminine plural,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,you will kill
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Indepdent Personal Pronoun Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,אַתָּה,'attah,you
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second person feminine singular,אַתְּ,'at,you
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second person masculine plural,אַתֶּם,'attem,you
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second person feminine plural,אַתֵּנָה,'attenah,you
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Object Pronoun Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,אֹתְךָ,'othekha,you
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second person feminine singular,אֹתָךְ,'othakh,you
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second person masculine plural,אֹתְכֶֶם,'othekhem,you
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second person feminine plural,אֹתְכֶֶן,'thekhem,you
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.. csv-table:: Second Person Pronominal Suffix Forms
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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second person masculine singular,לְךָ / - ְךָ,lekha / -ekha,(to) you
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second person feminine singular,לָךְ / - ָךְ,lakh / -akh,(to) you
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second person masculine plural,לָכֶם / -כֶם,lakhem / -khem,(to) you
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second person feminine plural,לָכֶן / -כֶן,lakhen / -khen,(to) you
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English does not have a distinction between
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:ref:`number_singular`
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and
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:ref:`number_plural`
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in the second person (except for in the reflexive "yourself" and
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"yourselves") but the Hebrew does. So if the context in English is
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unclear, the Hebrew can help out. The Hebrew also distinguishes between
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:ref:`gender_masculine`
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and
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:ref:`gender_feminine`
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in the second person.
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Neither English nor Hebrew have a formal second person address.
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Translators are free to use their own judgement to translate formally or
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informally. If a speaker is addressing God, many languages (including
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German, Spanish, and French) address God with the informal voice while
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capitalizing the first letter of the personal pronoun. Some other
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languages (like Dutch), speak to God in the formal voice.
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See also `translationAcademy <http://ufw.io/academy/>`_ and
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`translationNotes <http://ufw.io/academy/>`_.
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The second person can be found in
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:ref:`verb`
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forms, :ref:`pronoun_personal`,
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and :ref:`suffix_pronominal`.
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Function
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--------
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A second person can be used as a subject, an object, or to indicate
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possession.
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Subject
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~~~~~~~
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The subject in a sentence is the person who does the action.
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In the :ref:`verb` form
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:10
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מִמַּ֛עַל לָאֲבָנִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֣ר טָמָ֑נְתִּי
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mimma'al la'avanim ha'elleh 'asher **tamanti**
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from-upwards-of to-the-stones the-these that **you-have-buried**.
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over these stones that **you have buried**.
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As a :ref:`pronoun_personal`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 12:1
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צַדִּ֤יק אַתָּה֙
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tsaddiq **'attah**
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righteous **you**
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**you** are righteous
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Object
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~~~~~~
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The object in a sentence is the person (or object) that receives the
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action of the verb.
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This is done by the :ref:`suffix_pronominal`:
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Related to a :ref:`verb`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Either :ref:`suffix_pronominal-direclty-to-the-verb`,
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or by being attached to a :ref:`suffix_pronominal-with-a-direct-object-marker`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 15:2
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וְאִֽם־\ **תִּדְרְשֻׁ֨הוּ֙** יִמָּצֵ֣א לָכֶ֔ם
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we'im-\ **tidreshuhu** yimmatse **lakhem**
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And-if\_\ **you-seek-him** he-will-be-found **by-you**
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"If **you seek him**, he will be found **by you**"
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:ref:`suffix_pronominal-prepositions`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:20
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שְׁנַ֧יִם מִכֹּ֛ל יָבֹ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ
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shenayim mikkol yavo'u **'eleykha**
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two of-all will-come **to-you**
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two of every sort will come **to you**
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Possession
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~~~~~~~~~~
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Indicating possession is done by the :ref:`suffix_pronominal`:
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:ref:`suffix_pronominal-nouns`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1CH 29:12
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וּבְיָדְךָ֖ כֹּ֣חַ וּגְבוּרָ֑ה
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**uveyodkha** koah ugevurah
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**and-in-your-hand** power and-strength.
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**In your hand** is power and might.
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:ref:`suffix_pronominal-prepositions`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:16
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לְךָ֣ יֹ֭ום אַף־\ **לְךָ֥** לָ֑יְלָה
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**lekha** yowm 'af-**lekha** laylah
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**To-you** day also\_\ **to-you** night
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"The day is **yours**, and the night is **yours** also"
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