Samuel_Kim_en_uhg/content/person_second.rst

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/person_second.rst

.. _person_second:

Person Second
=============

Summary
-------

Second person is used when the narrator or speaker refers to the reader
or listener.

Article
-------

The second person is the person(s) that is spoken to. Both for a single
person and for a group of people, English uses "you", or "your".

.. note:: The second person is only used in direct speech.

Form
----

When a word is in the second person, it can be recognized by a variety
of changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and
are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. The paradigm below shows a
sample of the kinds of changes that signal a second person.

Paradigm
~~~~~~~~

.. csv-table:: Second Person Qal Suffix Conjugation Forms

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  second person masculine singular,קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
  second person feminine singular,קָטַלְתְּ,qatalt,you killed
  second person masculine plural,קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
  second person feminine plural,קְטַלְתֶּן,qetalten,you killed

.. csv-table:: Second Person Qal Prefix Conjugation Forms

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  second person masculine singular,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
  second person feminine singular,תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,you will kill
  second person masculine plural,תִּקְטְלוּ,tiqtelu,you will kill
  second person feminine plural,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,you will kill

.. csv-table:: Second Person Indepdent Personal Pronoun Forms

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  second person masculine singular,אַתָּה,'attah,you
  second person feminine singular,אַתְּ,'at,you
  second person masculine plural,אַתֶּם,'attem,you
  second person feminine plural,אַתֵּנָה,'attenah,you

.. csv-table:: Second Person Object Pronoun Forms

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  second person masculine singular,אֹתְךָ,'othekha,you
  second person feminine singular,אֹתָךְ,'othakh,you
  second person masculine plural,אֹתְכֶֶם,'othekhem,you
  second person feminine plural,אֹתְכֶֶן,'thekhem,you

.. csv-table:: Second Person Pronominal Suffix Forms

  Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
  second person masculine singular,לְךָ / - ְךָ,lekha / -ekha,(to) you
  second person feminine singular,לָךְ / - ָךְ,lakh / -akh,(to) you
  second person masculine plural,לָכֶם / -כֶם,lakhem / -khem,(to) you
  second person feminine plural,לָכֶן / -כֶן,lakhen / -khen,(to) you

English does not have a distinction between
:ref:`number_singular`
and
:ref:`number_plural`
in the second person (except for in the reflexive "yourself" and
"yourselves") but the Hebrew does. So if the context in English is
unclear, the Hebrew can help out. The Hebrew also distinguishes between
:ref:`gender_masculine`
and
:ref:`gender_feminine`
in the second person.

Neither English nor Hebrew have a formal second person address.
Translators are free to use their own judgement to translate formally or
informally. If a speaker is addressing God, many languages (including
German, Spanish, and French) address God with the informal voice while
capitalizing the first letter of the personal pronoun. Some other
languages (like Dutch), speak to God in the formal voice.
See also `translationAcademy <http://ufw.io/academy/>`_ and
`translationNotes <http://ufw.io/academy/>`_.

The second person can be found in
:ref:`verb`
forms, :ref:`pronoun_personal`,
and :ref:`suffix_pronominal`.

Function
--------

A second person can be used as a subject, an object, or to indicate
possession.

Subject
~~~~~~~

The subject in a sentence is the person who does the action.

In the :ref:`verb` form
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:10

  מִמַּ֛עַל לָאֲבָנִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֣ר טָמָ֑נְתִּי
  mimma'al la'avanim ha'elleh 'asher **tamanti**
  from-upwards-of to-the-stones the-these that **you-have-buried**.
  over these stones that **you have buried**.

As a :ref:`pronoun_personal`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. csv-table:: Example: JER 12:1

  צַדִּ֤יק אַתָּה֙
  tsaddiq **'attah**
  righteous **you**
  **you** are righteous

Object
~~~~~~

The object in a sentence is the person (or object) that receives the
action of the verb.

This is done by the :ref:`suffix_pronominal`:

Related to a :ref:`verb`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Either :ref:`suffix_pronominal-direclty-to-the-verb`,
or by being attached to a :ref:`suffix_pronominal-with-a-direct-object-marker`.

.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 15:2

  וְאִֽם־\ **תִּדְרְשֻׁ֨הוּ֙** יִמָּצֵ֣א לָכֶ֔ם
  we'im-\ **tidreshuhu** yimmatse **lakhem**
  And-if\_\ **you-seek-him** he-will-be-found **by-you**
  "If **you seek him**, he will be found **by you**"

:ref:`suffix_pronominal-prepositions`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:20

  שְׁנַ֧יִם מִכֹּ֛ל יָבֹ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ
  shenayim mikkol yavo'u **'eleykha**
  two of-all will-come **to-you**
  two of every sort will come **to you**

Possession
~~~~~~~~~~

Indicating possession is done by the :ref:`suffix_pronominal`:

:ref:`suffix_pronominal-nouns`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. csv-table:: Example: 1CH 29:12

  וּבְיָדְךָ֖ כֹּ֣חַ וּגְבוּרָ֑ה
  **uveyodkha** koah ugevurah
  **and-in-your-hand** power and-strength.
  **In your hand** is power and might.

:ref:`suffix_pronominal-prepositions`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:16

  לְךָ֣ יֹ֭ום אַף־\ **לְךָ֥** לָ֑יְלָה
  **lekha** yowm 'af-**lekha** laylah
  **To-you** day also\_\ **to-you** night
  "The day is **yours**, and the night is **yours** also"