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Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#403)

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Joel D. Ruark 2018-05-08 10:00:16 +00:00 committed by Gogs
parent 7d14614daa
commit ef844cf1f6
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17
content/adjective.rst
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@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ Adjective
Summary
-------
An adjective is a word that describes a person(s), place(s), or thing(s). Adjectives usually describe a noun(s) in a sentence.
In Biblical Hebrew, sometimes an adjective can function as a noun or even as an adverb (to describe a verb).
An adjective is a word that describes a person(s), place(s), or thing(s). Within a sentence, usually an adjective describes a noun.
However, in Biblical Hebrew an adjective itself can function as a noun or even as an adverb (to describe a verb).
Article
-------
In Bibical Hebrew, adjectives always match the noun they describe in
In Bibical Hebrew, adjectives always match the :ref:`noun<noun>` they describe in
gender (:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` or :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`)
and number (:ref:`singular<number_singular>` or :ref:`plural<number_plural>`).
However, there are some exceptions to this rule. If a noun is :ref:`dual<number_dual>`,
@ -58,11 +58,12 @@ Function
.. _adjective-attributive:
describes a noun
Describes a noun
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The most common use of adjectives in Biblical Hebrew is to describe a noun. There are two kinds of adjective that function in this way, attributive adjectves and predicative adjectives. In almost all
instances, an attributive adjective immediately follows the noun that it
The most common use of adjectives in Biblical Hebrew is to describe a noun.
There are two kinds of adjectives that function in this way, attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives.
In almost all instances, an attributive adjective immediately follows the noun that it
describes and has the same form in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`.
Thus, if the noun is masculine, the adjective is also masculine. If the noun is singular, the adjective is
also singular. If the noun is definite, the adjective is also definite; and so on.
@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a definite noun.
.. _adjective-nominal:
functions as a noun
Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Rather than describing a noun, sometimes an adjective itself functions as a noun in the sentence. This is called a nominal adjective.
@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ Rather than describing a noun, sometimes an adjective itself functions as a noun
.. _adjective-adverbial:
functions as an adverb
Functions as an :ref:`adverb<adverb>`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sometimes an adjective functions as an adverb, meaning that it describes a verb instead of a noun. This is called an adverbial adjective.

24
content/definiteness.rst
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@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ or by connecting it to a definite term in a construct relationship.
"So now, do not give **your daughters to their sons**; do not take
**their daughters** for **your sons**"
construction with definite :ref:`noun<noun>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
construction with a definite :ref:`noun<noun>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In the example below, "the heavens and the earth" are made definite by
the definite article, and "account" or "events" is therefore also definite.
@ -177,14 +177,16 @@ Refers to a specific person, thing, or idea
.. _definiteness-demonstrative:
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:14 -– "the night" = tonight
Sometimes the definite article can indicate a :ref:`demonstrative<pronoun_demonstrative>` unit of time.
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:14 -– "the night" = "this" night = tonight
אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ הַלָּ֑יְלָה
'ayyeh ha'anashim 'asher-ba'u 'eleykha **hallaylah**
Where the-men who\_came-in to-you **the-night**
Where are the men that came in to you **tonight**?
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 18:21 -– "the day" = today
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 18:21 -– "the day" = "this" day = today
תִּתְחַתֵּ֥ן בִּ֖י **הַיֹּֽום**\ ׃
tithhatten bi **hayyowm**
@ -357,12 +359,11 @@ material
the things to be made of bronze, iron for the things to be made of
iron, and wood for the things to be made of wood**."
Matches an :ref:`adjective` to a :ref:`noun`
Matches an :ref:`adjective<adjective>` to a :ref:`noun<noun>`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In Biblical Hebrew, when a definite
:ref:`common noun<noun_common>`
is followed by a definite :ref:`attributive adjective<adjective_attributive>`, the definiteness of both terms shows that they belong together.
In Biblical Hebrew, when a definite :ref:`common noun<noun_common>`is followed by a definite
:ref:`attributive adjective<adjective-attributive>`, the definiteness of both terms shows that they belong together.
In other words, that particular adjective is describing that particular noun.
.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:45
@ -382,10 +383,11 @@ In other words, that particular adjective is describing that particular noun.
Introduces a verbal relative clause
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When the definite article is used in front of a
:ref:`verb`,
When the definite article is used in front of a :ref:`verb<verb>`,
it refers to the person(s) doing the action described by the verb and is translated very much like a :ref:`particle_relative`.
The definite article is used in this way usually with non-finite verbal forms (infinitives or participles) and only rarely with finite verbs.
The definite article is used in this way usually with infinitives (:ref:`construct<infinitive_construct>`
or :ref:`absolute<infinitive_absolute>`) or participles (:ref:`active<active_participle-nominal>`
or :ref:`passive<passive_participle-nominal>`), and only rarely with finite verbal forms.
with a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

68
content/participle_passive.rst
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@ -8,25 +8,19 @@ Participle Passive
Summary
-------
A participle is a
:ref:`verb-non-finite`
verbal form that can function as a
:ref:`verb`
(or verbal complement), an
:ref:`adjective`,
or a
:ref:`noun`.
The passive participle most often functions as an attributive adjective or a predicate adjective.
A participle is a non-finite verbal form that can function as a :ref:`verb<verb>`(or verbal complement),
an adjective, or a noun. The passive participle most often functions as either an
:ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective.
Article
-------
.. include:: includes/participle_article.txt
.. note:: Only the :ref:`stem_qal`
.. note:: Only the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem
has a distinct passive form for the participle; in all other cases, the
passive (sometimes reflexive) meaning is determined by the stem
formation and the specific verb.
passive (or sometimes reflexive) meaning is determined by the :ref:`stem formation<stem>`
and the specific verb.
Form
----
@ -80,26 +74,24 @@ Function
--------
A passive/reflexive participle is often used as an independent
grammatical entity, although it can introduce entire clauses, like a
:ref:`participle_active`.
Passive participles are generally more limited in
meaning than active participles. Passive participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the
grammatical entity, although it can introduce entire clauses similar to the :ref:`active<participle_active>` participle.
Passive participles are generally more limited in meaning than active participles.
Passive participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the
context; thus, they can express action in past time, present time,
future time, or without any specified timeframe.
functions as an :ref:`adjective`
.. _participle_passive-adjectival:
Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical
Hebrew. When a passive participle functions as an adjective, it
:ref:`adjective-attributive`
either as an attributive adjective or a predicate adjective.
The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning
as a predicate adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the
This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Hebrew.
A passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>`adjective
or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective. The context must determine whether a passive participle
is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the
same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11).
The following example shows a passive participle
functioning as an attributive adjective.
The following example shows a passive participle functioning as an attributive adjective.
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 149:9
@ -108,8 +100,7 @@ functioning as an attributive adjective.
to-do to-them judgment **written**
They will execute the judgment **that is written**
The following example shows a passive participle
functioning as a predicate adjective.
The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative adjective.
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 5:16
@ -118,8 +109,7 @@ functioning as a predicate adjective.
and-behold your-servants **beaten**
"We, your servants, are even **beaten** now"
The following example shows passive participles
introducing clauses functioning as predicate adjectives.
The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicate adjective.
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 22:7
@ -131,15 +121,17 @@ introducing clauses functioning as predicate adjectives.
"But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity **and
despised** by the people."
functions as a :ref:`verb-finite` main verb
.. participle_passive-verbal-MV:
Functions as a :ref:`verb-finite` main verb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning
as a main verb or as a predicate adjective, because both appear the
same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16).
In the following example, the participle is in the first position here, which
is the normal :ref:`word_order` for finite verbs.
In the following example, the participle is in the first position, which
is the normal :ref:`word order<word_order>` for finite verbs but not for participles.
.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 17:2
@ -155,12 +147,14 @@ is the normal :ref:`word_order` for finite verbs.
tomorrow you **being-made-dead**
tomorrow you **will be killed**
functions as a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verbal complement
.. _participle_passive-verbal-VC:
Functions as a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verbal complement
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of
:ref:`word_order`.
precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of Hebrew
:ref:` word order<word_order>`.
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 38:25
@ -169,7 +163,9 @@ functions as a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verbal complement
she **being-brought-out** and-she sent to\_her-father-in-law saying
"When she **was brought out**, she sent to her father-in-law a message"
functions as a :ref:`noun`
.. _participle_passive-nominal:
Functions as a :ref:`noun`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 8:34