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Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#429)
This commit is contained in:
Joel D. Ruark
Gogs
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@ -31,10 +31,6 @@ main verb of a sentence. In some of these instances, the preposition introduces
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and thus changes its typical meaning. These specialized uses of prepositions are listed in the article
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on :ref:`infinitive construct<infinitive_construct>` verbs.
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In Biblical Hebrew, there are 11 general categories of prepositions: spatial; temporal; locative; directional; instrumental;
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causal; explanatory; correlative (the primary use of כְּ); comparative (a common use of מִן);
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indirect object (a common use of לְ); and direct object (a rare use of לְ).
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.. note:: Of all the different kinds of words, prepositions are perhaps the
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most flexible in their meaning and are often translated in a variety of
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ways, or sometimes even left untranslated. For this reason, prepositions
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@ -55,40 +51,222 @@ Form
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noun + definite article only,הַנָּהָר,hannahar,the river
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noun + preposition + definite article,בַּנָּהָר,bannahar,in the river
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Examples
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--------
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Types
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-----
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.. csv-table:: GEN 1:1 –– בְּ preposition without definite article.
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In Biblical Hebrew, there are 11 general types of prepositions: spatial; temporal; locative; directional; instrumental;
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causal; explanatory; correlative (the primary use of כְּ); comparative (a common use of מִן);
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indirect object (a common use of לְ); and direct object (a rare use of לְ).
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However, this are also other types of prepositions in Biblical Hebrew.
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בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים
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**bereshith** bara 'elohim
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**In-beginning** he-created God
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"**In the beginning,** God created"
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Indirect Object
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: ISA 5:11 –– בְּ preposition with definite article (shewa lengthens to pathah vowel).
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A common use of the preposition לְ is to indicate the indirect object of the verb.
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When used in this way, the preposition is usually transated into English with "to", or it can be left untranslated.
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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.. csv-table:: GEN 1:5 –– with the prefixed preposition לְ
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.. csv-table:: GEN 1:5 –– לְ preposition with definite article (shewa lengthens to qamets vowel).
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וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים׀ **לָאֹור֙** יֹ֔ום
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וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים׀ **לָ**אֹור֙ יֹ֔ום
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wayyiqra 'elohim **la'owr** yowm
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And-he-called **to-the-light** day
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"God called **the light** ""day"""
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And-he-called **to**-the-light day
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"God called the light ""day"""
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.. csv-table:: GEN 1:18 –– לְ preposition with infinitive construct verb.
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.. csv-table:: GEN 3:2 –– with the independent preposition אֶל
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וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה
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**welimshol** bayyom uvallaylah
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**and to rule** in the day and in the night
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**to rule** over the day and over the night
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וַתֹּ֥אמֶר הָֽאִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־הַנָּחָ֑שׁ
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insert transliteration
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And-she-said the-woman **to** _the-serpent
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The woman said **to** the serpent
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Spatial
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~~~~~~~
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Spatial prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "on", "with", "beside", "under", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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.. csv-table:: GEN 2:7 –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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וַיִּפַּ֥ח **בְּ**אַפָּ֖יו נִשְׁמַ֣ת חַיִּ֑ים
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insert transliteration
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and-he-breathed **in**-his-nostrils breath-of life
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and breathed **into** his nostrils the breath of life
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.. csv-table:: GEN 1:2 –– with the independent preposition עַל
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וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת **עַל**\ ־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם
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weruah 'elohim merahefeth **'al**-pene hammayim
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and-spirit-of God hovering **over**\ \_face-of the-waters
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The Spirit of God was moving **above** the surface of the waters.
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The Spirit of God was moving **above** the surface of the waters.
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Temporal
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~~~~~~~~
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Temporal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "at", "before", "after", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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.. csv-table:: GEN 1:1 –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים
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insert transliteration
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**In-beginning** he-created God
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"**In the beginning,** God created"
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ???
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בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים
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insert transliteration
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**In-beginning** he-created God
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"**In the beginning,** God created"
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Locative
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~~~~~~~~
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Locative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "to" or "from", etc.
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This is a common use of the prepositions לְ and מִן.
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition לְ
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וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה
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**welimshol** bayyom uvallaylah
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**and to rule** in the day and in the night
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**to rule** over the day and over the night
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition מִן
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וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה
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**welimshol** bayyom uvallaylah
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**and to rule** in the day and in the night
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**to rule** over the day and over the night
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Instrumental
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Instrumental prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "by", "with", "by means of", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition בְּ.
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ?
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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Correlative
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Correlative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "like", "as", "according to", etc.
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This is the primary use of the preposition כְּ.
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ?
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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Comparative
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Comparative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "more than" or "less than", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition מִן.
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ?
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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Directional
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Directional prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "toward", etc.
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This is a common use of the preposition לְ.
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ?
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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Causal
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~~~~~~
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Causal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "for" or "because", etc.
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This is a secondary use of the prepositions לְ and עַל.
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition לְ
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וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה
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**welimshol** bayyom uvallaylah
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**and to rule** in the day and in the night
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**to rule** over the day and over the night
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition עַל
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וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת **עַל**\ ־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם
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weruah 'elohim merahefeth **'al**-pene hammayim
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and-spirit-of God hovering **over**\ \_face-of the-waters
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The Spirit of God was moving **above** the surface of the waters.
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Explanatory
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ?
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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Direct Object
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A rare use of the preposition לְ is to indicate the direct object of the verb. When used in this way,
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the preposition is almost always left untranslated in English.
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.. csv-table:: ???
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הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר
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howy mashkime **vabboqer**
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Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning**
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Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning**
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@ -31,39 +31,39 @@ of each stem:
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The simplest form of the verb, usually with "a" vowels (qamets or patah).
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:ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>` stem
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Adds נִ (nun with hireq) to the beginning of the verb. If the form also
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adds a prefix (like in the prefix conjugation), the נ disappears and
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causes the 1st radical to double (with a daghesh).
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:ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>` stem
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Often has הִ (he with hireq) before the verb, or a patah under the
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letter that the form adds before the root.
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:ref:`Hophal<stem_hophal>` stem
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Also adds a ה before the verb, but with a qamets hatuf (or sometimes
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qibbuts) vowel.
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:ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Doubles the 2nd radical of the verb with a daghesh, and
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usually has a shewa or a hireq under the 1st radical.
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:ref:`Pual<stem_pual>` stem
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Also doubles the 2nd radical but usually has a qibbuts under the 1st
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radical.
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:ref:`Hithpael<stem_hithpael>` stem
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Adds הִתְ (he with hireq and taw with shewa) before the verb, and
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puts a qamets or patah under the 1st radical.
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101
content/verb.rst
101
content/verb.rst
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ subject of a sentence, or the subject itself. Therefore, the verb is
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often the most important word in understanding a sentence or a clause.
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Form
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~~~~
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----
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In Biblical Hebrew, the root of a verb consists of three consonants,
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sometimes called the tri-literal (meaning "three letters") root. In
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@ -29,75 +29,68 @@ easy to recognize, but "weak" verbs have one or more consonants that
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disappear in certain forms.
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Verbs in Biblical Hebrew change form according to both conjugation
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(:ref:`verb_perfect`,
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:ref:`verb_imperfect`,
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:ref:`infinitive_absolute`,
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(:ref:`Perfect<verb_perfect>`,
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:ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`,
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:ref:`Infinitive Absolute<infinitive_absolute>`,
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etc.) and stem formation
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(:ref:`stem_niphal`,
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:ref:`stem_hiphil`,
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(:ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>`,
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:ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>`,
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etc.). Generally speaking, changes in verb forms happen by adding
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prefixes/suffixes, by changing the vowels, or both. These changes in
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form show the
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:ref:`stem`
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formation of a verb with its conjugation, which includes the person
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(:ref:`person_second`,
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:ref:`stem formation<stem>`
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of a verb with its conjugation, which includes the person
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(:ref:`first<person_first>`, :ref:`second<person_second>`,
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or
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:ref:`person_third`),
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:ref:`third<person_third>`),
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the gender
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(:ref:`gender_masculine`
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(:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>`
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or
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:ref:`gender_feminine`),
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:ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`),
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the number
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(:ref:`number_singular`
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(:ref:`singular<number_singular>`
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or
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:ref:`number_plural`),
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:ref:`plural<number_plural>`),
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and sometimes the state
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(:ref:`state_absolute`
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(:ref:`absolute<state_absolute>`
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or
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:ref:`state_construct`).
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:ref:`construct<state_construct>`).
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The person, gender, and number of a verb always agree with the subject.
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Unlike English (but similar to other languages like Spanish), verbs in
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Biblical Hebrew do not require a separate :ref:`pronoun_personal`
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Biblical Hebrew do not require a separate :ref:`personal pronoun<pronoun_personal>`
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if the subject is not identified; this is because the form of the verb
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itself includes the subject. A :ref:`suffix_pronominal`
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itself includes the subject. A :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`
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attached to a verb can function as its object.
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.. _verb-finite:
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finite
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^^^^^^
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Finite verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Finite verbs are verbs that have a subject and do not require any verbal
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complement to form a complete sentence. Their form shows tense (:ref:`verb_perfect`,
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:ref:`verb_imperfect`,
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:ref:`verb_imperative`,
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etc.), as well as person and number. Biblical Hebrew has 7 finite verb
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forms – Perfect, Imperfect, Sequential perfect, Sequential Imperfect, Imperative, Jussive, and
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Cohortative.
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complement to form a complete sentence. Their form shows tense as well as person and number.
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Biblical Hebrew has 7 finite verb forms: :ref:`Perfect<verb_perfect>`, :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`,
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:ref:`Sequential Perfect<verb_sequential_perfect>`, :ref:`Sequential Imperfect<verb_sequential_imperfect>`,
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:ref:`Imperative<verb_imperative>`, :ref:`Jussive<verb_jussive>`, and :ref:`Cohortative<verb_cohortative>`.
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.. _verb-non-finite:
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non-finite
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^^^^^^^^^^
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Non-finite verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Properly speaking, non-finite verbs are verbal complements that require
|
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a finite verb to form a complete sentence. Biblical Hebrew has three
|
||||
non-finite verb forms, namely the :ref:`infinitive_absolute`,
|
||||
:ref:`infinitive_construct`,
|
||||
and participles (both
|
||||
:ref:`participle_active`
|
||||
and
|
||||
:ref:`participle_passive`).
|
||||
a finite verb to form a complete sentence. The non-finite verb forms in Biblical Hebrew include
|
||||
the :ref:`infinitive_absolute`, the :ref:`infinitive_construct`, and the participles (both
|
||||
:ref:`active<participle_active>`and :ref:`passive<participle_passive>`).
|
||||
Non-finite verbs can sometimes describe an action or an event in such a
|
||||
way that the word functions like a
|
||||
:ref:`noun`.
|
||||
way that the word functions like a :ref:`noun<noun`>.
|
||||
|
||||
.. note:: In Biblical Hebrew, the non-finite verb forms are sometimes used
|
||||
as finite verbs.
|
||||
as finite verbs, and the imperfect form is sometimes used as a non-finite verb.
|
||||
|
||||
Types of verbs
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
Types
|
||||
-----
|
||||
|
||||
Grammarians often distinguish between different types of verbs. When
|
||||
considering the best way to translate a sentence, it is helpful to
|
||||
|
|
@ -105,8 +98,8 @@ understand what kind of verb is being used in any given instance.
|
|||
|
||||
.. _verb-dynamic:
|
||||
|
||||
dynamic (or action)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
Dynamic (or action) verbs
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Dynamic verbs describe a subject performing an action. The subject is
|
||||
*doing* something.
|
||||
|
|
@ -127,8 +120,8 @@ Dynamic verbs describe a subject performing an action. The subject is
|
|||
|
||||
.. _verb-stative:
|
||||
|
||||
stative (or non-action)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
Stative (or non-action) verbs
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Rather than describing a specific action, stative verbs describe the
|
||||
subject's state of being (the way the subject is). The subject is *not*
|
||||
|
|
@ -150,8 +143,8 @@ doing anything.
|
|||
|
||||
.. _verb-transitive:
|
||||
|
||||
transitive
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
Transitive verbs
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
A transitive verb is an action verb which requires an object that
|
||||
receives the verbal action. A sentence with a transitive verb is not
|
||||
|
|
@ -179,8 +172,8 @@ You must keep...\ *what?*, for example:
|
|||
|
||||
.. _verb-intransitive:
|
||||
|
||||
intransitive
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
Intransitive verbs
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
An intransitive verb is a verb that does NOT require an object to
|
||||
receive the verbal action. A sentence with an intransitive verb is
|
||||
|
|
@ -203,13 +196,13 @@ intransitive, but stative verbs are always intransitive.
|
|||
|
||||
.. _verb-linking-verbs:
|
||||
|
||||
linking
|
||||
~~~~~~~
|
||||
Linking verbs
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Linking verbs are verbs that link two
|
||||
:ref:`noun`,
|
||||
:ref:`noun<noun>`,
|
||||
or a noun and an
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`.
|
||||
:ref:`adjective<adjective>`.
|
||||
Hebrew has very few linking verbs, so often a linking verb has to be
|
||||
supplied in English.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -229,8 +222,8 @@ supplied in English.
|
|||
|
||||
.. _verb-helping-verb:
|
||||
|
||||
helping
|
||||
~~~~~~~
|
||||
Helping verbs
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew does not use helping verbs, but English does. Often, it is
|
||||
necessary to supply a helping verb in English to express the meaning of
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue