diff --git a/content/preposition.rst b/content/preposition.rst index 7243144..7dde13c 100644 --- a/content/preposition.rst +++ b/content/preposition.rst @@ -31,10 +31,6 @@ main verb of a sentence. In some of these instances, the preposition introduces and thus changes its typical meaning. These specialized uses of prepositions are listed in the article on :ref:`infinitive construct` verbs. -In Biblical Hebrew, there are 11 general categories of prepositions: spatial; temporal; locative; directional; instrumental; -causal; explanatory; correlative (the primary use of כְּ); comparative (a common use of מִן); -indirect object (a common use of לְ); and direct object (a rare use of לְ). - .. note:: Of all the different kinds of words, prepositions are perhaps the most flexible in their meaning and are often translated in a variety of ways, or sometimes even left untranslated. For this reason, prepositions @@ -55,40 +51,222 @@ Form noun + definite article only,הַנָּהָר,hannahar,the river noun + preposition + definite article,בַּנָּהָר,bannahar,in the river -Examples --------- +Types +----- -.. csv-table:: GEN 1:1 –– בְּ preposition without definite article. +In Biblical Hebrew, there are 11 general types of prepositions: spatial; temporal; locative; directional; instrumental; +causal; explanatory; correlative (the primary use of כְּ); comparative (a common use of מִן); +indirect object (a common use of לְ); and direct object (a rare use of לְ). +However, this are also other types of prepositions in Biblical Hebrew. - בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים - **bereshith** bara 'elohim - **In-beginning** he-created God - "**In the beginning,** God created" +Indirect Object +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -.. csv-table:: ISA 5:11 –– בְּ preposition with definite article (shewa lengthens to pathah vowel). +A common use of the preposition לְ is to indicate the indirect object of the verb. +When used in this way, the preposition is usually transated into English with "to", or it can be left untranslated. - הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר - howy mashkime **vabboqer** - Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** - Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** +.. csv-table:: GEN 1:5 –– with the prefixed preposition לְ -.. csv-table:: GEN 1:5 –– לְ preposition with definite article (shewa lengthens to qamets vowel). - - וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים׀ **לָאֹור֙** יֹ֔ום + וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים׀ **לָ**אֹור֙ יֹ֔ום wayyiqra 'elohim **la'owr** yowm - And-he-called **to-the-light** day - "God called **the light** ""day""" + And-he-called **to**-the-light day + "God called the light ""day""" -.. csv-table:: GEN 1:18 –– לְ preposition with infinitive construct verb. +.. csv-table:: GEN 3:2 –– with the independent preposition אֶל - וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה - **welimshol** bayyom uvallaylah - **and to rule** in the day and in the night - **to rule** over the day and over the night + וַתֹּ֥אמֶר הָֽאִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־הַנָּחָ֑שׁ + insert transliteration + And-she-said the-woman **to** _the-serpent + The woman said **to** the serpent + +Spatial +~~~~~~~ + +Spatial prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "on", "with", "beside", "under", etc. +This is a common use of the preposition בְּ. + +.. csv-table:: GEN 2:7 –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ + + וַיִּפַּ֥ח **בְּ**אַפָּ֖יו נִשְׁמַ֣ת חַיִּ֑ים + insert transliteration + and-he-breathed **in**-his-nostrils breath-of life + and breathed **into** his nostrils the breath of life .. csv-table:: GEN 1:2 –– with the independent preposition עַל וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת **עַל**\ ־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם weruah 'elohim merahefeth **'al**-pene hammayim and-spirit-of God hovering **over**\ \_face-of the-waters - The Spirit of God was moving **above** the surface of the waters. \ No newline at end of file + The Spirit of God was moving **above** the surface of the waters. + +Temporal +~~~~~~~~ + +Temporal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "in", "at", "before", "after", etc. +This is a common use of the preposition בְּ. + +.. csv-table:: GEN 1:1 –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ + + בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים + insert transliteration + **In-beginning** he-created God + "**In the beginning,** God created" + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ??? + + בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים + insert transliteration + **In-beginning** he-created God + "**In the beginning,** God created" + +Locative +~~~~~~~~ + +Locative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "to" or "from", etc. +This is a common use of the prepositions לְ and מִן. + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition לְ + + וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה + **welimshol** bayyom uvallaylah + **and to rule** in the day and in the night + **to rule** over the day and over the night + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition מִן + + וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה + **welimshol** bayyom uvallaylah + **and to rule** in the day and in the night + **to rule** over the day and over the night + +Instrumental +~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Instrumental prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "by", "with", "by means of", etc. +This is a common use of the preposition בְּ. + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ? + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +Correlative +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Correlative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "like", "as", "according to", etc. +This is the primary use of the preposition כְּ. + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ? + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +Comparative +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Comparative prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "more than" or "less than", etc. +This is a common use of the preposition מִן. + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ? + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +Directional +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Directional prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "toward", etc. +This is a common use of the preposition לְ. + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ? + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +Causal +~~~~~~ + +Causal prepositions are translated into English with terms such as "for" or "because", etc. +This is a secondary use of the prepositions לְ and עַל. + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition לְ + + וְלִמְשֹׁל֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם וּבַלַּ֔יְלָה + **welimshol** bayyom uvallaylah + **and to rule** in the day and in the night + **to rule** over the day and over the night + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition עַל + + וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת **עַל**\ ־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם + weruah 'elohim merahefeth **'al**-pene hammayim + and-spirit-of God hovering **over**\ \_face-of the-waters + The Spirit of God was moving **above** the surface of the waters. + +Explanatory +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the prefixed preposition בְּ + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +.. csv-table:: ??? –– with the independent preposition ? + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + +Direct Object +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +A rare use of the preposition לְ is to indicate the direct object of the verb. When used in this way, +the preposition is almost always left untranslated in English. + +.. csv-table:: ??? + + הֹ֛וי מַשְׁכִּימֵ֥י בַבֹּ֖קֶר + howy mashkime **vabboqer** + Woe those-rising-early **in-the-morning** + Woe to those who rise up early **in the morning** + + diff --git a/content/stem.rst b/content/stem.rst index 59a83e5..6a2d436 100644 --- a/content/stem.rst +++ b/content/stem.rst @@ -31,39 +31,39 @@ of each stem: The simplest form of the verb, usually with "a" vowels (qamets or patah). :ref:`Niphal` stem -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Adds נִ (nun with hireq) to the beginning of the verb. If the form also adds a prefix (like in the prefix conjugation), the נ disappears and causes the 1st radical to double (with a daghesh). :ref:`Hiphil` stem -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Often has הִ (he with hireq) before the verb, or a patah under the letter that the form adds before the root. :ref:`Hophal` stem -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Also adds a ה before the verb, but with a qamets hatuf (or sometimes qibbuts) vowel. :ref:`Piel` stem -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Doubles the 2nd radical of the verb with a daghesh, and usually has a shewa or a hireq under the 1st radical. :ref:`Pual` stem -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Also doubles the 2nd radical but usually has a qibbuts under the 1st radical. :ref:`Hithpael` stem -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Adds הִתְ (he with hireq and taw with shewa) before the verb, and puts a qamets or patah under the 1st radical. diff --git a/content/verb.rst b/content/verb.rst index a8441ab..bb07d17 100644 --- a/content/verb.rst +++ b/content/verb.rst @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ subject of a sentence, or the subject itself. Therefore, the verb is often the most important word in understanding a sentence or a clause. Form -~~~~ +---- In Biblical Hebrew, the root of a verb consists of three consonants, sometimes called the tri-literal (meaning "three letters") root. In @@ -29,75 +29,68 @@ easy to recognize, but "weak" verbs have one or more consonants that disappear in certain forms. Verbs in Biblical Hebrew change form according to both conjugation -(:ref:`verb_perfect`, -:ref:`verb_imperfect`, -:ref:`infinitive_absolute`, +(:ref:`Perfect`, +:ref:`Imperfect`, +:ref:`Infinitive Absolute`, etc.) and stem formation -(:ref:`stem_niphal`, -:ref:`stem_hiphil`, +(:ref:`Niphal`, +:ref:`Hiphil`, etc.). Generally speaking, changes in verb forms happen by adding prefixes/suffixes, by changing the vowels, or both. These changes in form show the -:ref:`stem` -formation of a verb with its conjugation, which includes the person -(:ref:`person_second`, +:ref:`stem formation` +of a verb with its conjugation, which includes the person +(:ref:`first`, :ref:`second`, or -:ref:`person_third`), +:ref:`third`), the gender -(:ref:`gender_masculine` +(:ref:`masculine` or -:ref:`gender_feminine`), +:ref:`feminine`), the number -(:ref:`number_singular` +(:ref:`singular` or -:ref:`number_plural`), +:ref:`plural`), and sometimes the state -(:ref:`state_absolute` +(:ref:`absolute` or -:ref:`state_construct`). +:ref:`construct`). The person, gender, and number of a verb always agree with the subject. Unlike English (but similar to other languages like Spanish), verbs in -Biblical Hebrew do not require a separate :ref:`pronoun_personal` +Biblical Hebrew do not require a separate :ref:`personal pronoun` if the subject is not identified; this is because the form of the verb -itself includes the subject. A :ref:`suffix_pronominal` +itself includes the subject. A :ref:`pronominal suffix` attached to a verb can function as its object. .. _verb-finite: -finite -^^^^^^ +Finite verbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~ Finite verbs are verbs that have a subject and do not require any verbal -complement to form a complete sentence. Their form shows tense (:ref:`verb_perfect`, -:ref:`verb_imperfect`, -:ref:`verb_imperative`, -etc.), as well as person and number. Biblical Hebrew has 7 finite verb -forms – Perfect, Imperfect, Sequential perfect, Sequential Imperfect, Imperative, Jussive, and -Cohortative. +complement to form a complete sentence. Their form shows tense as well as person and number. +Biblical Hebrew has 7 finite verb forms: :ref:`Perfect`, :ref:`Imperfect`, +:ref:`Sequential Perfect`, :ref:`Sequential Imperfect`, +:ref:`Imperative`, :ref:`Jussive`, and :ref:`Cohortative`. .. _verb-non-finite: -non-finite -^^^^^^^^^^ +Non-finite verbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Properly speaking, non-finite verbs are verbal complements that require -a finite verb to form a complete sentence. Biblical Hebrew has three -non-finite verb forms, namely the :ref:`infinitive_absolute`, -:ref:`infinitive_construct`, -and participles (both -:ref:`participle_active` -and -:ref:`participle_passive`). +a finite verb to form a complete sentence. The non-finite verb forms in Biblical Hebrew include +the :ref:`infinitive_absolute`, the :ref:`infinitive_construct`, and the participles (both +:ref:`active`and :ref:`passive`). Non-finite verbs can sometimes describe an action or an event in such a -way that the word functions like a -:ref:`noun`. +way that the word functions like a :ref:`noun. .. note:: In Biblical Hebrew, the non-finite verb forms are sometimes used - as finite verbs. + as finite verbs, and the imperfect form is sometimes used as a non-finite verb. -Types of verbs -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Types +----- Grammarians often distinguish between different types of verbs. When considering the best way to translate a sentence, it is helpful to @@ -105,8 +98,8 @@ understand what kind of verb is being used in any given instance. .. _verb-dynamic: -dynamic (or action) -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Dynamic (or action) verbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Dynamic verbs describe a subject performing an action. The subject is *doing* something. @@ -127,8 +120,8 @@ Dynamic verbs describe a subject performing an action. The subject is .. _verb-stative: -stative (or non-action) -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Stative (or non-action) verbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Rather than describing a specific action, stative verbs describe the subject's state of being (the way the subject is). The subject is *not* @@ -150,8 +143,8 @@ doing anything. .. _verb-transitive: -transitive -~~~~~~~~~~ +Transitive verbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A transitive verb is an action verb which requires an object that receives the verbal action. A sentence with a transitive verb is not @@ -179,8 +172,8 @@ You must keep...\ *what?*, for example: .. _verb-intransitive: -intransitive -~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Intransitive verbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ An intransitive verb is a verb that does NOT require an object to receive the verbal action. A sentence with an intransitive verb is @@ -203,13 +196,13 @@ intransitive, but stative verbs are always intransitive. .. _verb-linking-verbs: -linking -~~~~~~~ +Linking verbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Linking verbs are verbs that link two -:ref:`noun`, +:ref:`noun`, or a noun and an -:ref:`adjective`. +:ref:`adjective`. Hebrew has very few linking verbs, so often a linking verb has to be supplied in English. @@ -229,8 +222,8 @@ supplied in English. .. _verb-helping-verb: -helping -~~~~~~~ +Helping verbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Biblical Hebrew does not use helping verbs, but English does. Often, it is necessary to supply a helping verb in English to express the meaning of