See in Reader
Update 'content/state_determined/02.md'
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Joel D. Ruark
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@ -249,4 +249,463 @@ In poetry determined words often do not have the [article](https://git.door43.or
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In "normal" narrative texts the Hebrew would probably read יִ֥תְיַצְּב֨וּ׀ מַלְכֵי הָאָ֖רֶץ
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In "normal" narrative texts the Hebrew would probably read יִ֥תְיַצְּב֨וּ׀ מַלְכֵי הָאָ֖רֶץ
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-----------------------------
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#### Demonstrative
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In these instances the definite article has the same function as a [demonstrative pronoun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun_demonstrative/02.md).
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* GEN 19:14 - the night = this night = tonight
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ <b>הַלָּ֑יְלָה</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>'ayyeh ha'anashim 'asher-ba'u 'eleykha **hallaylah**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>Where the-men who_came-in to-you **the-night**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>Where are the men that came in to you **tonight**?</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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* 1SA 18:21 - the day = this day = today
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>תִּתְחַתֵּ֥ן בִּ֖י **הַיֹּֽום**׃</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>tithhatten bi **hayyowm**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>You-will-become-son-in-law to-me **the day**.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>**Today** you will be my son-in-law.</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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#### Possessive
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In this case the definite article has the same function as a [pronominal suffix](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/suffix_pronominal/02.md). The person or group to whom the object or objects belong is always mentioned in the immediate context.
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* JDG 4:15
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיָּ֣הָם יְ֠הוָה אֶת־סִֽיסְרָ֨א וְאֶת־כָּל־הָרֶ֧כֶב וְאֶת־כָּל־<b>הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֛ה</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyahom yehwah 'eth-sisera we'eth-kol-harekhev we'eth-kol-**hammahaneh**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-confused Yahweh [dir.obj]\_Sisera and-[dir.obj]\_all\_the-chariots and-[dir.obj]\_all\_**the-army**.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>Yahweh made Sisera's army confused, all his chariots, and all **his army**.</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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* 1SA 16:23
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְלָקַ֥ח דָּוִ֛ד אֶת־<b>הַכִּנּ֖וֹר</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>welaqah dawid 'eth-**hakkinnor**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-he-took David [dir.obj]_**the-harp**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>David took **his harp**</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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#### Already mentioned
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If an item has been mentioned before, it can take the article later as a short reference.
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* 1KI 3:24
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֹּ֥אמֶר הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ קְח֣וּ לִי־חָ֑רֶב וַיָּבִ֥אוּ **הַחֶ֖רֶב** לִפְנֵ֥י הַמֶּֽלֶךְ</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyomer hammelekh qehu li-harev wayyavi'u **haherev** lifne hammelekh</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-said the-king take to-me_sword and-they-brought **the-sword** before the-king.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>The king said, "Bring me a sword." So they brought **a sword** before the king.</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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* ZEC 3:5
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וָאֹמַ֕ר יָשִׂ֛ימוּ צָנִ֥יף טָהֹ֖ור עַל־רֹאשֹׁ֑ו וַיָּשִׂימוּ֩ **הַצָּנִ֨יף הַטָּהֹ֜ור** עַל־רֹאשֹׁ֗ו</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>wa'omar yasimu tsanif tahowr 'al-roshow wayyasimu **hatsanif hattahowr** 'al-roshow</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-I-said put turban clean on_his-head and-they-put **the-turban the-clean** on_his-head</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>I said, "Let them put a clean turban on his head!" So they set **a clean turban** on his head</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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#### Well known fact
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* GEN 22:6
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיִּקַּ֨ח אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֶת־עֲצֵ֣י הָעֹלָ֗ה ... וַיִּקַּ֣ח בְּיָד֔וֹ אֶת־**הָאֵ֖שׁ** וְאֶת־<b>הַֽמַּאֲכֶ֑לֶת</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyiqqah 'avraham 'eth-'atse ha'olah ... wayyiqqah beyado 'eth-**ha'esh** we'eth-**hamma'akheleth**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-took Abraham [dir.obj]\_wood-for the-burnt-offering ... and-he-took in-his-hand [dir.obj]\_**the-fire** and-[dir.obj]\_**the-knife**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>Then Abraham took the wood for the burnt offering ... he took in his own hand **the fire** and **the knife**</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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#### Vocative
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Vocative means that you speak to someone directly. In older English this is sometimes done with "oh", in modern English there is no special way to mark direct address.
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* 1SA 17:58
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>בֶּן־מִ֥י אַתָּ֖ה <b>הַנָּ֑עַר</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>ben-mi 'attah **hanna'ar**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>Son-of_whom you **the-young-man**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>Whose son are you, **young man**?</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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* 2KI 6:26
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הוֹשִׁ֖יעָה אֲדֹנִ֥י <b>הַמֶּֽלֶךְ</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>hoshi'ah 'adoni **hammelekh**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>Help my-lord **the-king**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>Help, my master, **king**</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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#### Unique objects
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A small number of unique objects in the universe (almost) always receive a definite article.
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* 2KI 3:22
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְהַשֶּׁ֖מֶשׁ</b> זָרְחָ֣ה עַל־<b>הַמָּ֑יִם</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>**wehashemesh** zorhah 'al-**hammayim**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-the-sun** shone on_**the-water**.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>**and the sun** reflected on **the water**.</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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Unique object: "the sun"
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* NEH 9:6
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>עָשִׂ֡יתָ אֶֽת־**הַשָּׁמַיִם֩** שְׁמֵ֨י **הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם** וְכָל־צְבָאָ֗ם **הָאָ֜רֶץ** וְכָל־אֲשֶׁ֤ר עָלֶ֨יהָ֙</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>'asitha 'eth-**hashamayim** sheme **hashamayim** wekhol-tseva'am **ha'arets** wekhol-'asher 'aleyha</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>You-have-made [dir.obj]_**the-heavens** heaven-of **the-heavens** en-all_their-host **the-earth** en-all_that-is on-it</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>You have made **heaven**, **the** highest **heavens**, with all their host, and **the earth** and everything on it</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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Unique objects: "the heavens" and "the earth"
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#### Classes
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Sometimes a person or a group belongs to a class or a type of people, or an object is made of a class or a type of material.
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##### People
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* GEN 18:25
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהָיָ֥ה <b>כַצַּדִּ֖יק כָּרָשָׁ֑ע</b></td>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>wehayah **khatsaddiq karasha'**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-they-are **like-the-righteous like-the-wicked**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>so that **the righteous** should be treated **the same as the wicked**</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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The definite article is incorporated in the prepositions כַ and כָּ (like).
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* JOS 8:19
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְהָאֹורֵ֡ב</b> קָם֩ מְהֵרָ֨ה מִמְּקֹומֹ֤ו</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>**weha'owrev** qam meherah mimmeqowmow</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>**And-the-people-laying-in-ambush** stood quickly from-their-place</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>**The soldiers hiding in ambush** quickly rushed out of their place</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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The word "people laying in ambush" is a [participle](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/participle_active/02.md) (see below).
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##### Material
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* 1KI 15:18
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיִּקַּ֣ח אָ֠סָא אֶת־כָּל־<b>הַכֶּ֨סֶף וְהַזָּהָ֜ב</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyiqqah 'asa 'eth-kol-**hakkesef wehazzahav**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-took Asa [dir.obj]\_all\_**the-silver and-the-gold**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>Then Asa took all **the silver and gold**</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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* 1CH 29:2
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הֲכִינֹ֣ותִי לְבֵית־אֱלֹהַ֗י <b>הַזָּהָ֣ב׀ לַ֠זָּהָב וְהַכֶּ֨סֶף לַכֶּ֜סֶף וְהַנְּחֹ֣שֶׁת לַנְּחֹ֗שֶׁת הַבַּרְזֶל֙ לַבַּרְזֶ֔ל וְהָעֵצִ֖ים לָעֵצִ֑ים</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>hakhinowthi leveth-'elohay **hazzahav lazzahov wehakkesef lakkesef wehannehosheth lannehosheth habbarzel labbarzel weha'etsim la'etsim**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>I-have-provided for-house-of_my-God **the-gold for-the-gold and-the-silver for-the-silver and-the-bronze for-the-bronze the-iron for-the-iron and-the-wood for-the-wood**.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>I have provided for the temple of my God: **gold for the things to be made of gold, silver for the things to be made of silver, bronze for the things to be made of bronze, iron for the things to be made of iron, and wood for the things to be made of wood**.</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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### With [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md)
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#### [Attributive](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md#attributive)
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When a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun_common/02.md) is followed by an adjective and both words are [definite](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_determined/02.md), the adjective describes an attribute of the noun.
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* JOS 21:45
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>מִכֹּל֙ <b>הַדָּבָ֣ר הַטֹּ֔וב</b></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>mikkol **haddavar hattowv**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td>of-all **the-word the-good**</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td>among all **the good promises**</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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* DEU 7:19
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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<colgroup>
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<col width="100%" />
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</colgroup>
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<tbody valign="top">
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<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>הַמַּסֹּ֨ת הַגְּדֹלֹ֜ת</b> אֲשֶׁר־רָא֣וּ עֵינֶ֗יךָ</td>
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</tr>
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||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**hammassoth haggedoloth** 'asher-ra'u 'eneykha</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**the-sufferings the-great** which_saw your-eyes</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**the great sufferings** that your eyes saw</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Superlative](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md#compares-three-or-more-items-superlative)
|
||||
When two or more items are compared and one of the items is the most extreme in one aspect, the definite article plays a part.
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 16:11
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>עֹ֚וד שָׁאַ֣ר **הַקָּטָ֔ן** וְהִנֵּ֥ה רֹעֶ֖ה בַּצֹּ֑אן</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'owd sha'ar **haqqatan** wehinneh ro'eh batson</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Still remains **the-youngest** and-see tending to-the-sheep.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>There remains yet **the youngest**, but he is tending the sheep.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* SNG 1:8
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>הַיָּפָ֖ה</b> בַּנָּשִׁ֑ים</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**hayyafah** bannashim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**the-fair** among-the-women</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**the fairest** among women</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Distinctive
|
||||
|
||||
* 1KI 18:39
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא **הָאֱלֹהִֽים**׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>yhwh hu **ha'elohim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Yahweh he **the-God**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Yahweh, he is **God**!</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Generic classes
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 8:7
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיְשַׁלַּ֖ח אֶת־<b>הָֽעֹרֵ֑ב</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayshallah 'eth-**ha'orev**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>He-sent [dir.obj]_**the-raven**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>He sent out **a raven**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Relative
|
||||
When the definite article is used in front of a [verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md), it takes on a relative meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
#### With [participles](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/participle_passive/02.md)
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 12:7
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>לַיהוָ֖ה **הַנִּרְאֶ֥ה** אֵלָֽיו</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>layhwah **hannir'eh** 'elayw</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>to-Yahweh **the-appeared** to-him</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>to Yahweh, **who had appeared** to him</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 8:19
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְהָאֹורֵ֡ב</b> קָם֩ מְהֵרָ֨ה מִמְּקֹומֹ֤ו</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**weha'owrev** qam meherah mimmeqowmow</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**And-those-who-were-laying-in-ambush** stood quickly from-their-place</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**The soldiers hiding in ambush** quickly rushed out of their place</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### With [finite verbs](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs)
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 10:24
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>הֶהָלְכ֣וּא</b> אִתּ֔וֹ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**heholkhu** 'itto</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**the-walked** with-him</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**who had gone** with him</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue