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Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#405)

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Joel D. Ruark 2018-05-08 11:00:08 +00:00 committed by Gogs
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commit 3d2ff3dd03
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14
content/adjective.rst
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@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ also singular. If the noun is definite, the adjective is also definite; and so o
.. _adjective-predicative: .. _adjective-predicative:
Predicative adjectives are adjectives that describe nouns using a :ref:`linking verb<verb-linking>`. Predicative adjectives are adjectives that describe nouns using a :ref:`linking verb<verb-linking-verb>`.
Often the linking verb is not present in the Hebrew text and must be supplied when translating into English. Often the linking verb is not present in the Hebrew text and must be supplied when translating into English.
Like attributive adjectives, a predicative adjective usually has the same form as the noun it Like attributive adjectives, a predicative adjective usually has the same form as the noun it
describes in both gender and number. Unlike attributive adjectives, however, a predicative describes in both gender and number. Unlike attributive adjectives, however, a predicative
adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a definite noun. adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a :ref:`definite<definiteness>` noun.
.. note:: Sometimes, predicative adjectives and attributive adjectives look .. note:: Sometimes, predicative adjectives and attributive adjectives look
identical and must be distinguished simply from the context. identical and must be distinguished simply from the context.
@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ Sometimes an adjective functions as an adverb, meaning that it describes a verb
for to-them it-was the-lot **first** for to-them it-was the-lot **first**
For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them. For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them.
Other Uses Other uses of adjectives
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. _adjective-comparative: .. _adjective-comparative:
@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ compares two or more items
In Biblical Hebrew, adjectives are often used with either the In Biblical Hebrew, adjectives are often used with either the
preposition מִן ("from") or the phrase מִכֹּל ("from all") to express a preposition מִן ("from") or the phrase מִכֹּל ("from all") to express a
comparison between two or more items. comparison between two or more items. This is called a comparative adjective.
.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 14:18 .. csv-table:: Example: JDG 14:18
@ -173,12 +173,14 @@ comparison between two or more items.
And-the-serpent was **shrewd from-all** beings-of the-field And-the-serpent was **shrewd from-all** beings-of the-field
Now the serpent was **more shrewd than any other** beast of the field Now the serpent was **more shrewd than any other** beast of the field
.. _adjective-intensive:
adjectives with stronger meaning adjectives with stronger meaning
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In Biblical Hebrew, the meaning of an adjective can be strengthened by In Biblical Hebrew, the meaning of an adjective can be strengthened by
pairing it either with the word מְאֹד ("very") or with the phrase pairing it either with the word מְאֹד ("very") or with the phrase
לֵאלֹהִים ("to God"). לֵאלֹהִים ("to God"). This is called an intensive adjective.
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:31 .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:31

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content/adverb.rst
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@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ Adverb
Summary Summary
------- -------
An adverb is a word that describes a verb, or sometimes describes a An adverb is a word that describes a verb, or sometimes describes a sentence as a whole. Some
sentence as a whole. Some :ref:`particles<particle>` in Biblical Hebrew are closely related to adverbs.
:ref:`particle`\s
in Biblical Hebrew are closely related to adverbs.
.. note:: Because there are not many direct adverbs in Biblical Hebrew, other kinds of words often function as adverbs. .. note:: Because there are not many direct adverbs in Biblical Hebrew, other kinds of words often function as adverbs.
@ -21,10 +19,10 @@ Article
Biblical Hebrew does not contain many words that are classified directly Biblical Hebrew does not contain many words that are classified directly
as adverbs. However, many different kinds of words can as adverbs. However, many different kinds of words can
function as adverbs, including an function as adverbs, including an
:ref:`infinitive_absolute`, an :ref:`infinitive absolute<infinitive_absolute>`, an
:ref:`adjective`, :ref:`adjective<adjective>`,
or even a or even a
:ref:`noun`. :ref:`noun<noun>`.
Many particles are closely related to adverbs in Biblical Hebrew. A Many particles are closely related to adverbs in Biblical Hebrew. A
general rule is that when a particle occurs after the verb, it functions general rule is that when a particle occurs after the verb, it functions
@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ this rule is not universal; sometimes both adverbs and particles
can appear before the verb rather than after the verb, as in the can appear before the verb rather than after the verb, as in the
example below (GEN 32:11). example below (GEN 32:11).
describes a verb Describes a verb
---------------- ----------------
There are several different ways that an adverb can describe a verb. Many adverbs in Biblical Hebrew have the potential to serve multiple There are several different ways that an adverb can describe a verb. Many adverbs in Biblical Hebrew have the potential to serve multiple
@ -124,10 +122,14 @@ describes manner of action
**bitterly** cries there hero. **bitterly** cries there hero.
even brave soldiers will cry **loudly**. even brave soldiers will cry **loudly**.
describes an entire clause or sentence .. _adverb-sentential:
Describes an entire clause or sentence
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
Sometimes an adverb describes an entire clause or sentence rather than the individual verb. When an adverb functions in this way, it is closely related to a conjunction. Sometimes an adverb describes an entire clause or sentence rather than the individual verb.
When an adverb functions in this way, it is called a sentential adverb.
Sentential adverbs are closely related to :ref:`conjunctions<conjunction>`.
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 9:4 –– אַךְ as a restrictive adverb .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 9:4 –– אַךְ as a restrictive adverb
@ -151,10 +153,13 @@ Sometimes an adverb describes an entire clause or sentence rather than the indiv
**only** if\_listening you-will-listen to-voice-of Yahweh your-God **only** if\_listening you-will-listen to-voice-of Yahweh your-God
if **only** you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God if **only** you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God
functions as a noun .. _adverb-nominal:
Functions as a noun
------------------- -------------------
In Biblical Hebrew, sometimes an adverb functions as a noun rather than functioning to describe the verb. In Biblical Hebrew, sometimes an adverb functions as a noun rather than functioning to describe the verb.
This is called a nominal adverb.
.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 65:16 .. csv-table:: Example: ISA 65:16
@ -168,7 +173,7 @@ Other words functioning as adverbs
Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of words can function as adverbs. Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of words can function as adverbs.
:ref:`particle`\s functioning as adverbs :ref:`Particles<particle>` functioning as adverbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:22 .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:22
@ -187,8 +192,8 @@ Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of
"every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts was **only** evil "every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts was **only** evil
continually" continually"
:ref:`infinitive_absolute`\s functioning as adverbs :ref:`Infinitive absolute<infinitive_absolute>` verbs functioning as adverbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 2:16 .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 2:16
@ -208,8 +213,10 @@ Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of
"I will fulfill against Eli everything that I have spoken concerning "I will fulfill against Eli everything that I have spoken concerning
his house, **from beginning to end**." his house, **from beginning to end**."
:ref:`adjective`\s functioning as adverbs :ref:`Adjectives<adjective>` functioning as adverbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This is called an :ref:`adverbial adjective<adjective-adverbial>`.
.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:10 .. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:10
@ -225,8 +232,10 @@ Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of
And-he-said Esau 'There-is\_for-me **enough** my-brother' And-he-said Esau 'There-is\_for-me **enough** my-brother'
"Esau said, ""I have **enough**, my brother.""" "Esau said, ""I have **enough**, my brother."""
:ref:`noun`\s functioning as adverbs :ref:`Nouns<noun>` functioning as adverbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This is called an adverbial noun.
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 12:11 .. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 12:11

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content/noun.rst
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@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ Article
In Biblical Hebrew, all nouns contain number, gender, state, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`. In Biblical Hebrew, all nouns contain number, gender, state, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`.
By number, a noun can be :ref:`singular<number_singular>`, :ref:`plural<number_plural>`, or :ref:`dual<number_dual>`. By number, a noun can be :ref:`singular<number_singular>`, :ref:`plural<number_plural>`, or :ref:`dual<number_dual>`.
By gender, a noun can be either can be :ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` or :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`. By gender, a noun can be :ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` or :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`.
By state, a noun can be in the :ref:`construct state<state_construct>` or in the :ref:`absolute state<state_absolute>`. By state, a noun can be in the :ref:`construct state<state_construct>` or in the :ref:`absolute state<state_absolute>`.
Nouns are listed in a dictionary by their singular absolute form. Also, a variety of prefixes and/or Nouns are listed in a Hebrew dictionary by their singular absolute form. Also, a variety of prefixes and/or
:ref:`suffixes<suffix>` can be attached to nouns that give extra information. :ref:`suffixes<suffix>` can be attached to nouns that give extra information.
.. note:: Sometimes the actual classification of a noun does not match its form. For example, a noun can appear dual when it is actually plural; a noun can appear masculine when it is actually feminine; and so on. .. note:: Sometimes the actual classification of a noun does not match its form. For example, a noun can appear dual when it is actually plural; a noun can appear masculine when it is actually feminine; and so on.
In Biblical Hebrew, it is very common for words to change their function within a sentence. For example, sometimes an adjective In Biblical Hebrew, it is very common for words to change their function within a sentence. For example, :ref:`adjectives<adjective-nominal>`,
:ref:`adjective-nominal`. Participles (both :ref:`active<participle_active>` and :ref:`passive<participle_passive>`) often function as nouns. and participles (both :ref:`active<participle_active-nominal>` and :ref:`passive<participle_passive-nominal>`) often function as nouns.
Also, sometimes a noun can function as an :ref:`adverb<adverb>` or a :ref:`preposition<preposition>`. Also, sometimes a noun can function as an :ref:`adverb<adverb>` or a :ref:`preposition<preposition>`.

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content/participle_active.rst
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@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Participle Active
Summary Summary
------- -------
An active participle is a non-finite verbal form with active (or sometimes reflexive) voice An active participle is a non-finite verbal form with active voice
that can function as a :ref:`verb<verb>` (either as a main verb or as a verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. that can function as a verb (either a main verb or a verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun.
When used verbally, an active participle most often expresses continuous or imminent action. When used verbally, an active participle most often expresses continuous or imminent action.
Article Article
@ -143,9 +143,9 @@ determined by the context.
Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>` Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When functioning as an adjective, a participle immediately follows the noun it describes, An adjectival participle immediately follows the noun it describes, and matches that noun in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`.
and matches that noun in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`. An adjectival participle can either function as an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective by itself
The participle can either function as an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as an adjective. or introduce an entire clause that functions as an adjective (either attributive or :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>`).
.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 4:24 –– a participle functioning by itself as an adjective .. csv-table:: Example: DEU 4:24 –– a participle functioning by itself as an adjective
@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ The participle can either function as an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive
Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>` Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When functioning as a noun, a participle often takes the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` (but not always). A nominal participle often takes the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` (but not always),
The participle can either function as a noun by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun. and can either function as a noun by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun.
A participle will appear in the :ref:`construct<state_construct>` state either when it takes a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>` A nominal participle will appear in the :ref:`construct<state_construct>` state either when it takes a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`
or when it is in a construct relationship with another noun in the :ref:`absolute<state_absolute>` state. or when it is in a construct relationship with another noun in the :ref:`absolute<state_absolute>` state.
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:30 –– a participle functioning by itself as a noun .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:30 –– a participle functioning by itself as a noun

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content/participle_passive.rst
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@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Hebrew. This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Hebrew.
A passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>`adjective An adjectival passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>`adjective
or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective. The context must determine whether a passive participle or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective. The context must determine whether a passive participle
is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the
same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11). same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11).
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative ad
and-behold your-servants **beaten** and-behold your-servants **beaten**
"We, your servants, are even **beaten** now" "We, your servants, are even **beaten** now"
The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicate adjective. The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicative adjective.
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 22:7 .. csv-table:: Example: PSA 22:7
@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause tha
"But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity **and "But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity **and
despised** by the people." despised** by the people."
.. participle_passive-verbal-MV: .. _participle_passive-verbal-MV:
Functions as a :ref:`verb-finite` main verb Functions as a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` main verb
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning
as a main verb or as a predicate adjective, because both appear the as a main verb or as a predicative adjective, because both appear the
same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16). same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16).
In the following example, the participle is in the first position, which In the following example, the participle is in the first position, which
@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ is the normal :ref:`word order<word_order>` for finite verbs but not for partici
.. _participle_passive-verbal-VC: .. _participle_passive-verbal-VC:
Functions as a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verbal complement Functions as a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually .. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ Functions as a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verbal complement
.. _participle_passive-nominal: .. _participle_passive-nominal:
Functions as a :ref:`noun` Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 8:34 .. csv-table:: Example: JOS 8:34