diff --git a/content/adjective.rst b/content/adjective.rst index 38df70f..f150706 100644 --- a/content/adjective.rst +++ b/content/adjective.rst @@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ also singular. If the noun is definite, the adjective is also definite; and so o .. _adjective-predicative: -Predicative adjectives are adjectives that describe nouns using a :ref:`linking verb`. +Predicative adjectives are adjectives that describe nouns using a :ref:`linking verb`. Often the linking verb is not present in the Hebrew text and must be supplied when translating into English. Like attributive adjectives, a predicative adjective usually has the same form as the noun it describes in both gender and number. Unlike attributive adjectives, however, a predicative -adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a definite noun. +adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a :ref:`definite` noun. .. note:: Sometimes, predicative adjectives and attributive adjectives look identical and must be distinguished simply from the context. @@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ Sometimes an adjective functions as an adverb, meaning that it describes a verb for to-them it-was the-lot **first** For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them. -Other Uses -~~~~~~~~~~ +Other uses of adjectives +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. _adjective-comparative: @@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ compares two or more items In Biblical Hebrew, adjectives are often used with either the preposition מִן ("from") or the phrase מִכֹּל ("from all") to express a -comparison between two or more items. +comparison between two or more items. This is called a comparative adjective. .. csv-table:: Example: JDG 14:18 @@ -173,12 +173,14 @@ comparison between two or more items. And-the-serpent was **shrewd from-all** beings-of the-field Now the serpent was **more shrewd than any other** beast of the field +.. _adjective-intensive: + adjectives with stronger meaning ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In Biblical Hebrew, the meaning of an adjective can be strengthened by pairing it either with the word מְאֹד ("very") or with the phrase -לֵאלֹהִים ("to God"). +לֵאלֹהִים ("to God"). This is called an intensive adjective. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:31 diff --git a/content/adverb.rst b/content/adverb.rst index 7c321b7..059b965 100644 --- a/content/adverb.rst +++ b/content/adverb.rst @@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ Adverb Summary ------- -An adverb is a word that describes a verb, or sometimes describes a -sentence as a whole. Some -:ref:`particle`\s -in Biblical Hebrew are closely related to adverbs. +An adverb is a word that describes a verb, or sometimes describes a sentence as a whole. Some +:ref:`particles` in Biblical Hebrew are closely related to adverbs. .. note:: Because there are not many direct adverbs in Biblical Hebrew, other kinds of words often function as adverbs. @@ -21,10 +19,10 @@ Article Biblical Hebrew does not contain many words that are classified directly as adverbs. However, many different kinds of words can function as adverbs, including an -:ref:`infinitive_absolute`, an -:ref:`adjective`, +:ref:`infinitive absolute`, an +:ref:`adjective`, or even a -:ref:`noun`. +:ref:`noun`. Many particles are closely related to adverbs in Biblical Hebrew. A general rule is that when a particle occurs after the verb, it functions @@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ this rule is not universal; sometimes both adverbs and particles can appear before the verb rather than after the verb, as in the example below (GEN 32:11). -describes a verb +Describes a verb ---------------- There are several different ways that an adverb can describe a verb. Many adverbs in Biblical Hebrew have the potential to serve multiple @@ -124,10 +122,14 @@ describes manner of action **bitterly** cries there hero. even brave soldiers will cry **loudly**. -describes an entire clause or sentence +.. _adverb-sentential: + +Describes an entire clause or sentence -------------------------------------- -Sometimes an adverb describes an entire clause or sentence rather than the individual verb. When an adverb functions in this way, it is closely related to a conjunction. +Sometimes an adverb describes an entire clause or sentence rather than the individual verb. +When an adverb functions in this way, it is called a sentential adverb. +Sentential adverbs are closely related to :ref:`conjunctions`. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 9:4 –– אַךְ as a restrictive adverb @@ -151,10 +153,13 @@ Sometimes an adverb describes an entire clause or sentence rather than the indiv **only** if\_listening you-will-listen to-voice-of Yahweh your-God if **only** you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God -functions as a noun +.. _adverb-nominal: + +Functions as a noun ------------------- In Biblical Hebrew, sometimes an adverb functions as a noun rather than functioning to describe the verb. +This is called a nominal adverb. .. csv-table:: Example: ISA 65:16 @@ -168,7 +173,7 @@ Other words functioning as adverbs Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of words can function as adverbs. -:ref:`particle`\s functioning as adverbs +:ref:`Particles` functioning as adverbs ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:22 @@ -187,8 +192,8 @@ Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of "every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts was **only** evil continually" -:ref:`infinitive_absolute`\s functioning as adverbs -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +:ref:`Infinitive absolute` verbs functioning as adverbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 2:16 @@ -208,8 +213,10 @@ Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of "I will fulfill against Eli everything that I have spoken concerning his house, **from beginning to end**." -:ref:`adjective`\s functioning as adverbs -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +:ref:`Adjectives` functioning as adverbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This is called an :ref:`adverbial adjective`. .. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:10 @@ -225,8 +232,10 @@ Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of And-he-said Esau 'There-is\_for-me **enough** my-brother' "Esau said, ""I have **enough**, my brother.""" -:ref:`noun`\s functioning as adverbs -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +:ref:`Nouns` functioning as adverbs +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +This is called an adverbial noun. .. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 12:11 diff --git a/content/noun.rst b/content/noun.rst index 6826326..18eeb8c 100644 --- a/content/noun.rst +++ b/content/noun.rst @@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ Article In Biblical Hebrew, all nouns contain number, gender, state, and :ref:`definiteness`. By number, a noun can be :ref:`singular`, :ref:`plural`, or :ref:`dual`. -By gender, a noun can be either can be :ref:`masculine` or :ref:`feminine`. +By gender, a noun can be :ref:`masculine` or :ref:`feminine`. By state, a noun can be in the :ref:`construct state` or in the :ref:`absolute state`. -Nouns are listed in a dictionary by their singular absolute form. Also, a variety of prefixes and/or +Nouns are listed in a Hebrew dictionary by their singular absolute form. Also, a variety of prefixes and/or :ref:`suffixes` can be attached to nouns that give extra information. .. note:: Sometimes the actual classification of a noun does not match its form. For example, a noun can appear dual when it is actually plural; a noun can appear masculine when it is actually feminine; and so on. -In Biblical Hebrew, it is very common for words to change their function within a sentence. For example, sometimes an adjective -:ref:`adjective-nominal`. Participles (both :ref:`active` and :ref:`passive`) often function as nouns. +In Biblical Hebrew, it is very common for words to change their function within a sentence. For example, :ref:`adjectives`, +and participles (both :ref:`active` and :ref:`passive`) often function as nouns. Also, sometimes a noun can function as an :ref:`adverb` or a :ref:`preposition`. diff --git a/content/participle_active.rst b/content/participle_active.rst index a4385c4..4baa3fb 100644 --- a/content/participle_active.rst +++ b/content/participle_active.rst @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Participle Active Summary ------- -An active participle is a non-finite verbal form with active (or sometimes reflexive) voice -that can function as a :ref:`verb` (either as a main verb or as a verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. +An active participle is a non-finite verbal form with active voice +that can function as a verb (either a main verb or a verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. When used verbally, an active participle most often expresses continuous or imminent action. Article @@ -143,9 +143,9 @@ determined by the context. Functions as an :ref:`adjective` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -When functioning as an adjective, a participle immediately follows the noun it describes, -and matches that noun in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness`. -The participle can either function as an :ref:`attributive` adjective by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as an adjective. +An adjectival participle immediately follows the noun it describes, and matches that noun in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness`. +An adjectival participle can either function as an :ref:`attributive` adjective by itself +or introduce an entire clause that functions as an adjective (either attributive or :ref:`predicative`). .. csv-table:: Example: DEU 4:24 –– a participle functioning by itself as an adjective @@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ The participle can either function as an :ref:`attributive` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -When functioning as a noun, a participle often takes the :ref:`definite article` (but not always). -The participle can either function as a noun by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun. -A participle will appear in the :ref:`construct` state either when it takes a :ref:`pronominal suffix` +A nominal participle often takes the :ref:`definite article` (but not always), +and can either function as a noun by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun. +A nominal participle will appear in the :ref:`construct` state either when it takes a :ref:`pronominal suffix` or when it is in a construct relationship with another noun in the :ref:`absolute` state. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:30 –– a participle functioning by itself as a noun diff --git a/content/participle_passive.rst b/content/participle_passive.rst index 9639f89..98b59ac 100644 --- a/content/participle_passive.rst +++ b/content/participle_passive.rst @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Functions as an :ref:`adjective` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Hebrew. -A passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive`adjective +An adjectival passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive`adjective or a :ref:`predicative` adjective. The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11). @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative ad and-behold your-servants **beaten** "We, your servants, are even **beaten** now" -The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicate adjective. +The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicative adjective. .. csv-table:: Example: PSA 22:7 @@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause tha "But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity **and despised** by the people." -.. participle_passive-verbal-MV: +.. _participle_passive-verbal-MV: -Functions as a :ref:`verb-finite` main verb +Functions as a :ref:`finite` main verb ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning -as a main verb or as a predicate adjective, because both appear the +as a main verb or as a predicative adjective, because both appear the same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16). In the following example, the participle is in the first position, which @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ is the normal :ref:`word order` for finite verbs but not for partici .. _participle_passive-verbal-VC: -Functions as a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verbal complement +Functions as a :ref:`non-finite` verbal complement ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually @@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ Functions as a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verbal complement .. _participle_passive-nominal: -Functions as a :ref:`noun` +Functions as a :ref:`noun` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .. csv-table:: Example: JOS 8:34