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Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#405)
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Joel D. Ruark
Gogs
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@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ also singular. If the noun is definite, the adjective is also definite; and so o
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.. _adjective-predicative:
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Predicative adjectives are adjectives that describe nouns using a :ref:`linking verb<verb-linking>`.
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Predicative adjectives are adjectives that describe nouns using a :ref:`linking verb<verb-linking-verb>`.
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Often the linking verb is not present in the Hebrew text and must be supplied when translating into English.
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Like attributive adjectives, a predicative adjective usually has the same form as the noun it
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describes in both gender and number. Unlike attributive adjectives, however, a predicative
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adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a definite noun.
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adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a :ref:`definite<definiteness>` noun.
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.. note:: Sometimes, predicative adjectives and attributive adjectives look
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identical and must be distinguished simply from the context.
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@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ Sometimes an adjective functions as an adverb, meaning that it describes a verb
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for to-them it-was the-lot **first**
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For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them.
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Other Uses
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~~~~~~~~~~
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Other uses of adjectives
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _adjective-comparative:
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@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ compares two or more items
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In Biblical Hebrew, adjectives are often used with either the
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preposition מִן ("from") or the phrase מִכֹּל ("from all") to express a
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comparison between two or more items.
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comparison between two or more items. This is called a comparative adjective.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 14:18
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@ -173,12 +173,14 @@ comparison between two or more items.
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And-the-serpent was **shrewd from-all** beings-of the-field
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Now the serpent was **more shrewd than any other** beast of the field
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.. _adjective-intensive:
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adjectives with stronger meaning
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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In Biblical Hebrew, the meaning of an adjective can be strengthened by
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pairing it either with the word מְאֹד ("very") or with the phrase
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לֵאלֹהִים ("to God").
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לֵאלֹהִים ("to God"). This is called an intensive adjective.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:31
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@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ Adverb
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Summary
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-------
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An adverb is a word that describes a verb, or sometimes describes a
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sentence as a whole. Some
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:ref:`particle`\s
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in Biblical Hebrew are closely related to adverbs.
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An adverb is a word that describes a verb, or sometimes describes a sentence as a whole. Some
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:ref:`particles<particle>` in Biblical Hebrew are closely related to adverbs.
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.. note:: Because there are not many direct adverbs in Biblical Hebrew, other kinds of words often function as adverbs.
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@ -21,10 +19,10 @@ Article
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Biblical Hebrew does not contain many words that are classified directly
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as adverbs. However, many different kinds of words can
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function as adverbs, including an
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:ref:`infinitive_absolute`, an
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:ref:`adjective`,
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:ref:`infinitive absolute<infinitive_absolute>`, an
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:ref:`adjective<adjective>`,
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or even a
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:ref:`noun`.
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:ref:`noun<noun>`.
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Many particles are closely related to adverbs in Biblical Hebrew. A
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general rule is that when a particle occurs after the verb, it functions
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@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ this rule is not universal; sometimes both adverbs and particles
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can appear before the verb rather than after the verb, as in the
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example below (GEN 32:11).
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describes a verb
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Describes a verb
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----------------
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There are several different ways that an adverb can describe a verb. Many adverbs in Biblical Hebrew have the potential to serve multiple
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@ -124,10 +122,14 @@ describes manner of action
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**bitterly** cries there hero.
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even brave soldiers will cry **loudly**.
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describes an entire clause or sentence
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.. _adverb-sentential:
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Describes an entire clause or sentence
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--------------------------------------
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Sometimes an adverb describes an entire clause or sentence rather than the individual verb. When an adverb functions in this way, it is closely related to a conjunction.
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Sometimes an adverb describes an entire clause or sentence rather than the individual verb.
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When an adverb functions in this way, it is called a sentential adverb.
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Sentential adverbs are closely related to :ref:`conjunctions<conjunction>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 9:4 –– אַךְ as a restrictive adverb
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@ -151,10 +153,13 @@ Sometimes an adverb describes an entire clause or sentence rather than the indiv
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**only** if\_listening you-will-listen to-voice-of Yahweh your-God
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if **only** you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God
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functions as a noun
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.. _adverb-nominal:
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Functions as a noun
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-------------------
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In Biblical Hebrew, sometimes an adverb functions as a noun rather than functioning to describe the verb.
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This is called a nominal adverb.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 65:16
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@ -168,7 +173,7 @@ Other words functioning as adverbs
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Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of words can function as adverbs.
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:ref:`particle`\s functioning as adverbs
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:ref:`Particles<particle>` functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:22
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@ -187,8 +192,8 @@ Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of
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"every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts was **only** evil
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continually"
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:ref:`infinitive_absolute`\s functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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:ref:`Infinitive absolute<infinitive_absolute>` verbs functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 2:16
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@ -208,8 +213,10 @@ Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of
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"I will fulfill against Eli everything that I have spoken concerning
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his house, **from beginning to end**."
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:ref:`adjective`\s functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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:ref:`Adjectives<adjective>` functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is called an :ref:`adverbial adjective<adjective-adverbial>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:10
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@ -225,8 +232,10 @@ Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of
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And-he-said Esau 'There-is\_for-me **enough** my-brother'
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"Esau said, ""I have **enough**, my brother."""
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:ref:`noun`\s functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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:ref:`Nouns<noun>` functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is called an adverbial noun.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 12:11
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@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ Article
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In Biblical Hebrew, all nouns contain number, gender, state, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`.
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By number, a noun can be :ref:`singular<number_singular>`, :ref:`plural<number_plural>`, or :ref:`dual<number_dual>`.
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By gender, a noun can be either can be :ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` or :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`.
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By gender, a noun can be :ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` or :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`.
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By state, a noun can be in the :ref:`construct state<state_construct>` or in the :ref:`absolute state<state_absolute>`.
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Nouns are listed in a dictionary by their singular absolute form. Also, a variety of prefixes and/or
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Nouns are listed in a Hebrew dictionary by their singular absolute form. Also, a variety of prefixes and/or
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:ref:`suffixes<suffix>` can be attached to nouns that give extra information.
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.. note:: Sometimes the actual classification of a noun does not match its form. For example, a noun can appear dual when it is actually plural; a noun can appear masculine when it is actually feminine; and so on.
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In Biblical Hebrew, it is very common for words to change their function within a sentence. For example, sometimes an adjective
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:ref:`adjective-nominal`. Participles (both :ref:`active<participle_active>` and :ref:`passive<participle_passive>`) often function as nouns.
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In Biblical Hebrew, it is very common for words to change their function within a sentence. For example, :ref:`adjectives<adjective-nominal>`,
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and participles (both :ref:`active<participle_active-nominal>` and :ref:`passive<participle_passive-nominal>`) often function as nouns.
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Also, sometimes a noun can function as an :ref:`adverb<adverb>` or a :ref:`preposition<preposition>`.
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@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Participle Active
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Summary
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-------
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An active participle is a non-finite verbal form with active (or sometimes reflexive) voice
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that can function as a :ref:`verb<verb>` (either as a main verb or as a verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun.
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An active participle is a non-finite verbal form with active voice
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that can function as a verb (either a main verb or a verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun.
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When used verbally, an active participle most often expresses continuous or imminent action.
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Article
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@ -143,9 +143,9 @@ determined by the context.
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Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When functioning as an adjective, a participle immediately follows the noun it describes,
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and matches that noun in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`.
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The participle can either function as an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as an adjective.
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An adjectival participle immediately follows the noun it describes, and matches that noun in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness<definiteness>`.
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An adjectival participle can either function as an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective by itself
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or introduce an entire clause that functions as an adjective (either attributive or :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>`).
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 4:24 –– a participle functioning by itself as an adjective
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@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ The participle can either function as an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive
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Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When functioning as a noun, a participle often takes the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` (but not always).
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The participle can either function as a noun by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun.
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A participle will appear in the :ref:`construct<state_construct>` state either when it takes a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`
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A nominal participle often takes the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` (but not always),
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and can either function as a noun by itself or introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun.
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A nominal participle will appear in the :ref:`construct<state_construct>` state either when it takes a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`
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or when it is in a construct relationship with another noun in the :ref:`absolute<state_absolute>` state.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:30 –– a participle functioning by itself as a noun
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@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Hebrew.
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A passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>`adjective
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An adjectival passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>`adjective
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or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective. The context must determine whether a passive participle
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is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the
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same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11).
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@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative ad
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and-behold your-servants **beaten**
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"We, your servants, are even **beaten** now"
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The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicate adjective.
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The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicative adjective.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 22:7
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@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause tha
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"But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity **and
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despised** by the people."
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.. participle_passive-verbal-MV:
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.. _participle_passive-verbal-MV:
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Functions as a :ref:`verb-finite` main verb
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Functions as a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` main verb
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning
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as a main verb or as a predicate adjective, because both appear the
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as a main verb or as a predicative adjective, because both appear the
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same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16).
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In the following example, the participle is in the first position, which
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@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ is the normal :ref:`word order<word_order>` for finite verbs but not for partici
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.. _participle_passive-verbal-VC:
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Functions as a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verbal complement
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Functions as a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
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@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ Functions as a :ref:`verb-non-finite` verbal complement
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.. _participle_passive-nominal:
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Functions as a :ref:`noun`
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Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 8:34
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