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| 1 | Reference | ID | Tags | SupportReference | Quote | Occurrence | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 1:intro | irf4 | 0 | # Ruth 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and Formatting\n\n### **It happened in the days when the judges ruled**\n\nThe events of this book occur during the period of Judges. The book is concurrent with the book of Judges. To understand the historical context of the book, the translator may wish to review the book of Judges.\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Women without a husband or children\n\nIn the ancient Near East, if a woman lacked a husband or sons, she was considered to be in a dire circumstance. She would not have been able to provide for herself. This is why Naomi told her daughters to remarry.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### Contrast\n\nThe actions of Ruth the Moabite are intended to contrast with the actions of Naomi the Jew. Ruth shows great faith in Naomi’s God, while Naomi does not trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) | |||
| 3 | 1:1 | m9nl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous | בִּימֵי֙ שְׁפֹ֣ט הַשֹּׁפְטִ֔ים | 1 | The phrase **in the days of** indicates the time period during which the famine happened. The famine probably lasted for years, not just days. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the time during which another event happened. Alternate translation: “in the time when the judges ruled” | |
| 4 | 1:1 | nm13 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | בָּאָ֑רֶץ | 1 | This phrase, **in the land**, refers to the land of Israel. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” | |
| 5 | 1:1 | mmb4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants | אִ֜ישׁ | 1 | This is a common way of introducing a character into a story. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a new participant in a story. | |
| 6 | 1:2 | e53a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | אֶפְרָתִ֔ים | 1 | The name **Ephrathites** refers to the people from the clan of Ephrathah, people who lived in the area around Bethlehem. Alternate translation: “from the clan of Ephrathah” | |
| 7 | 1:3 | rxb1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | וַתִּשָּׁאֵ֥ר הִ֖יא וּשְׁנֵ֥י בָנֶֽיהָ׃ | 1 | If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Naomi remained as a widow, only her two sons remaining with her” | |
| 8 | 1:4 | pk7g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | וַיִּשְׂא֣וּ לָהֶ֗ם נָשִׁים֙ | 1 | The phrase **took wives for themselves** is an idiom that means that they married women. They did not take women by force or women who were already married to other men. | |
| 9 | 1:4 | rt4c | כְּעֶ֥שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים | 1 | Ten years is the approximate time from when Elimelek and Naomi first came to the country of Moab to when their sons Mahlon and Kilion died. It is not measuring the time that Mahlon and Kilion were married. | ||
| 10 | 1:6 | wsr0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent | וַתָּ֤קָם הִיא֙ וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ וַתָּ֖שָׁב | 1 | This part of the sentence forms an introductory summary of what will happen in the following section. It does not relate events in the timeline of the story. If your language does not use introductory summaries like this, you can translate these actions as events. Alternate translation: “Then she, along with her daughters-in-law, prepared to return” | |
| 11 | 1:6 | tmq3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants | וַתָּ֤קָם הִיא֙ וְכַלֹּתֶ֔יהָ וַתָּ֖שָׁב | 1 | The verbs **arose** and **returned** are singular, and refer to Naomi. This shows that Naomi is the main character who takes the initiative in these actions. However, her daughters-in-law are included. If your language requires plural verbs when more than one person is included in an action, you can use them here. Alternate translation: “Then she and her daughters-in-law arose and returned” | |
| 12 | 1:6 | zo55 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | כִּ֤י שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב כִּֽי־פָקַ֤ד יְהוָה֙ אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ\nלָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם | 1 | Naomi first heard about Yahweh visiting his people and then decided to return to Bethlehem, so it might be more natural to put this information first, as in the UST. | |
| 13 | 1:6 | sa4z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | שָֽׁמְעָה֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב | 1 | It is implied that the news came from Israel. Alternate translation: “while she was in the region of Moab, she had heard from someone who came from Israel” | |
| 14 | 1:6 | ser2 | יְהוָה֙ | 1 | The word **Yahweh** is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. | ||
| 15 | 1:6 | v86z | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | פָקַ֤ד & אֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ | 1 | The implication is that God saw their need and provided good harvests for them. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “had helped the Israelites” | |
| 16 | 1:6 | ab01 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | לָתֵ֥ת לָהֶ֖ם לָֽחֶם׃ | 1 | Here, **bread** refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “giving them abundant harvests, so that they had plenty of food.” | |
| 17 | 1:8 | lxs2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual | לֵ֣כְנָה שֹּׁ֔בְנָה אִשָּׁ֖ה | 1 | Since Naomi is speaking to two people, the form of address would be dual here, if your language uses that form. | |
| 18 | 1:8 | hizu | לֵ֣כְנָה שֹּׁ֔בְנָה אִשָּׁ֖ה לְבֵ֣ית אִמָּ֑הּ | 1 | If this custom seems strange to your readers, you could include a footnote to explain it, such as: “According to the custom of the ancient Hebrews, a young widow could either stay with the family of her deceased husband or return to live with her parents until she married again.” | ||
| 19 | 1:8 | nnen | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing | יעשה יְהוָ֤ה עִמָּכֶם֙ חֶ֔סֶד כַּאֲשֶׁ֧ר עֲשִׂיתֶ֛ם עִם־הַמֵּתִ֖ים וְעִמָּדִֽי | 1 | Naomi is asking God to bless Orpah and Ruth. Use a natural form for a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “I pray that Yahweh will show you covenant faithfulness as you have shown to the dead and to me.” | |
| 20 | 1:8 | etw2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns | חֶ֔סֶד | 1 | If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faithfulness**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “loyally and faithfully” | |
| 21 | 1:9 | c74v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | וּמְצֶ֣אןָ מְנוּחָ֔ה | 1 | The word **rest** here does not refer to sitting down to rest. It means a place where these women would belong, a home for them, which would include the security that comes through marriage. Alternate translation: “a safe and stable home” | |
| 22 | 1:9 | v2vx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | בֵּ֣ית אִישָׁ֑הּ | 1 | This means with new husbands, not with their previous husbands, who died, or with someone else’s husband. The word **house** refers to both a physical house that belongs to the husband, and to the protection from shame and poverty that a husband provides. Alternate translation: “in her own husband's household” | |
| 23 | 1:9 | t69w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | וַתִּשֶּׂ֥אנָה קוֹלָ֖ן וַתִּבְכֶּֽינָה | 1 | To lift up the voice is an idiom for speaking or crying loudly. Alternate translation: “and they cried loudly” or “and they wept bitterly” | |
| 24 | 1:10 | mag8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive | נָשׁ֖וּב | 1 | When Orpah and Ruth said **we,** they were referring to themselves and not Naomi. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of **we** would use the exclusive form here. | |
| 25 | 1:10 | hilu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַתֹּאמַ֖רְנָה | 1 | The word **But** here indicates a strong contrast between what Naomi said and what the daughters-in-law are about to say. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Nevertheless, they said” | |
| 26 | 1:10 | u1dh | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | כִּי־ | 1 | The daughters-in-law use the word **Rather** here to indicate a strong contrast between what Naomi wants them to do and what they propose to do. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Instead of that” | |
| 27 | 1:10 | bq4j | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular | אִתָּ֥ךְ | 1 | The word **you** is singular here because it refers to Naomi. | |
| 28 | 1:11 | q849 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וַתֹּ֤אמֶר נָעֳמִי֙ | 1 | The word **But** here indicates a strong contrast between what the daughters-in-law said and what Naomi is about to say. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “However, Naomi said” | |
| 29 | 1:11 | b8q1 | בְנֹתַ֔י | 1 | Orpah and Ruth are Naomi's daughters-in-law, but she calls them **my daughters** here and in the next two verses as a term of affection. If your language would not do that, you can express the affection in another way. Alternate translation: “my beloved daughters-in-law” | ||
| 30 | 1:11 | ggi3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | לָ֥מָּה תֵלַ֖כְנָה עִמִּ֑י | 1 | Naomi is using the question form here to convince the young women of her own conviction. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate \ntranslation: “It does not make sense for you to go with me.” or “You should not go with me!” | |
| 31 | 1:11 | q2hn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | הַֽעֽוֹד־לִ֤י בָנִים֙ בְּֽמֵעַ֔י וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֖ם לַאֲנָשִֽׁים | 1 | Naomi is using the question form to make the point that she cannot have other sons for the young women to marry. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “You know that I cannot have any more sons who could become your husbands.” | |
| 32 | 1:12 | dyc4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִהְי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ | 1 | The implication is that Naomi cannot again marry and provide them with husbands. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “I am too old to marry again and bear more children” | |
| 33 | 1:12 | abc1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַלַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְאִ֔ישׁ וְגַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים | 1 | This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to emphasize that she cannot provide other sons for them to marry. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Even if it were possible that I could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away” | |
| 34 | 1:13 | gmc2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | הֲלָהֵ֣ן ׀ תְּשַׂבֵּ֗רְנָה עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ | 1 | Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse and immediately asks another rhetorical question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would need to marry a husband before then.” | |
| 35 | 1:13 | ab04 | הֲלָהֵ֣ן ׀ תְּשַׂבֵּ֗רְנָה עַ֚ד אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲלָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְבִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְאִ֑ישׁ | 1 | This idea refers to the custom among the ancient Hebrews of levirate marriage, in which it was expected that, if a married man died, one of his brothers would marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation. | ||
| 36 | 1:13 | gh99 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | מַר־לִ֤י מְאֹד֙ | 1 | Here, bitterness is a metaphor for grief. Alternate translation: “it is a great grief for me” | |
| 37 | 1:13 | z9u3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה | 1 | Here, **hand** represents the power of God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” | |
| 38 | 1:13 | ab02 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖י יַד־יְהוָֽה | 1 | The implication is that Yahweh caused the deaths of Naomi's family. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away our husbands” | |
| 39 | 1:14 | t4sl | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | וְר֖וּת דָּ֥בְקָה בָּֽהּ | 1 | This could mean: (1) Ruth refused to leave Naomi. Alternate translation: “but Ruth would not leave her” or (2) Ruth physically held on to Naomi and would not let go of her. Alternate translation: “but Ruth held on to her” | |
| 40 | 1:15 | ld6g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | הִנֵּה֙ | 1 | Naomi is using the term **Behold** to focus Ruth's attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” | |
| 41 | 1:15 | i9wa | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession | עַמָּ֖הּ | 1 | Here, Naomi is using the possessive form to describe the **people** to whom Orpah belongs. If your language would not use the possessive form for this, you could express this in another way. Alternate translation: “the clan that she came from” | |
| 42 | 1:16 | wspu | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet | לְעָזְבֵ֖ךְ לָשׁ֣וּב מֵאַחֲרָ֑יִךְ | 1 | The phrase **turn back from behind you** further defines the phrase **forsake you**. Ruth is using the two phrases together for emphasis. If it would be clearer for your readers, you could use a single phrase and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “to forget my commitment to remain loyal to you” | |
| 43 | 1:16 | b518 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis | עַמֵּ֣ךְ עַמִּ֔י וֵאלֹהַ֖יִךְ אֱלֹהָֽי | 1 | With these phrases, Ruth completely identifies herself with the culture and religion of Naomi, who is an Israelite. The original does not have any verbs, so, if your language requires verbs here, choose the ones that best communicate this. Alternate translation: “Your people will be my own people, and your God will be my God” | |
| 44 | 1:17 | sje3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-oathformula | כֹּה֩ יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִי֙ וְכֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף | 1 | This is an oath formula that Ruth uses to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She is making a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said. In keeping with the custom, she did not express what that punishment would be. Use a natural way in your language to express an oath. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh strike me dead” | |
| 45 | 1:17 | ab05 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥י וּבֵינֵֽךְ | 1 | This phrase is an idiom that means “separates you and me.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “separates the two of us” or “comes between us” | |
| 46 | 1:19 | y3us | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | כָּל־הָעִיר֙ | 1 | Here, **town** represents the people who live there. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “everyone who lived there” | |
| 47 | 1:20 | stw5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | אַל־תִּקְרֶ֥אנָה לִ֖י נָעֳמִ֑י | 1 | The name **Naomi** means “delight” or “pleasantness.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could include this information in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “It is no longer appropriate to call me Naomi, the Pleasant One.” | |
| 48 | 1:20 | swe9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | מָרָ֔א | 1 | The name **Mara** means “bitter.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could include this information in the text or in a footnote. Alternate translation: “Mara, the Bitter One” | |
| 49 | 1:21 | n9zc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | אֲנִי֙ מְלֵאָ֣ה הָלַ֔כְתִּי וְרֵיקָ֖ם הֱשִׁיבַ֣נִי יְהוָ֑ה | 1 | Here, Naomi is speaking of herself as a container that can be **full** or **empty**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “As for me, I went out with a complete family, but Yahweh has brought me back with no one” | |
| 50 | 1:21 | be0f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | לָ֣מָּה תִקְרֶ֤אנָה לִי֙ נָעֳמִ֔י | 1 | Naomi is using the question form to emphasize that there is no reason to call her Naomi. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “There is no reason to call me Naomi” | |
| 51 | 1:21 | dvyb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | וַֽיהוָה֙ עָ֣נָה בִ֔י וְשַׁדַּ֖י הֵ֥רַֽע לִֽי | 1 | These two statements say the same thing using different words to emphasize the idea that God has made Naomi's life very hard. Both **Yahweh** and **the Almighty** refer to God. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could combine the statements to show that the second statement is not saying a new thing. Alternate translation: “But as for Yahweh, the Almighty God, he has opposed me and treated me badly.” | |
| 52 | 1:21 | jqx5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | עָ֣נָה בִ֔י | 1 | Here Naomi is speaking of **Yahweh** as if he were a witness who caused her to be punished for a crime. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he has brought punishment on me” | |
| 53 | 1:22 | cx7g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory | וַתָּ֣שָׁב נָעֳמִ֗י וְר֨וּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֤ה כַלָּתָהּ֙ עִמָּ֔הּ הַשָּׁ֖בָה מִשְּׂדֵ֣י מוֹאָ֑ב | 1 | This sentence provides a brief summary and conclusion of the story so far. It does not provide new information or new events in the story. Your language may have its own way of showing that this is the end of a section of a story. Follow that way here. | |
| 54 | 1:22 | jdr2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background | וְהֵ֗מָּה בָּ֚אוּ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם בִּתְחִלַּ֖ת קְצִ֥יר שְׂעֹרִֽים | 1 | This sentence provides background information to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. | |
| 55 | 2:1 | ab10 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background | וּֽלְנָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְאִישָׁ֗הּ | 1 | Verse 1 gives background information about Boaz so that the reader will understand who he is. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. | |
| 56 | 2:1 | t2sn | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants | וּֽלְנָעֳמִ֞י מוֹדַ֣ע לְאִישָׁ֗הּ | 1 | This phrase begins the introduction of **Boaz** as a new participant in the story. If your language has its own way of introducing new participants, you could use it here in your translation. | |
| 57 | 2:1 | ab09 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship | מִמִּשְׁפַּ֖חַת אֱלִימֶ֑לֶךְ | 1 | The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan, only that Elimelek and Boaz belonged to the same clan. | |
| 58 | 2:2 | am6a | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants | ר֨וּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה | 1 | Here the writer reintroduces Ruth after giving background information about someone else. If your language has its own way of reintroducing old participants when it resumes a story, you could use it here in your translation. Alternate translation: “the same Moabite woman, Ruth” | |
| 59 | 2:2 | j59b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינָ֑יו | 1 | The idiom **in whose eyes I find favor** means “whoever will approve of me.” Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission, kindness, or approval. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “anyone who gives me permission” or “whoever will be kind to me” | |
| 60 | 2:2 | ed93 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship | בִתִּֽי | 1 | Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. If it would be helpful in your language, use the term in your language that would indicate this kind of close relationship between two women. | |
| 61 | 2:3 | ab11 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship | מִמִּשְׁפַּ֥חַת אֱלִימֶֽלֶךְ | 1 | The use of the term **clan** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek. The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan. | |
| 62 | 2:4 | vys2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | וְהִנֵּה | 1 | The writer is using the term **behold** to alert us to the important event of Boaz arriving at the field and seeing Ruth for the first time. Your language may have a comparable way of calling attention to this event that you can use in your translation. Alternate translation: “Then look” | |
| 63 | 2:4 | q1lv | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-tense | בָּ֚א מִבֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם | 1 | Here the writer uses the present tense in past narration in order to call attention to an important event in the story. If it would not be natural to do that in your language, you could use the past tense and call attention to the event in another way. Alternate translation: “appeared, coming from Bethlehem” | |
| 64 | 2:4 | q3zk | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing | יְהוָ֣ה עִמָּכֶ֑ם | 1 | This is a blessing, used as a greeting. Use a form for this that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I ask Yahweh to be with you” | |
| 65 | 2:5 | a5ht | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship | לְמִ֖י הַנַּעֲרָ֥ה הַזֹּֽאת | 1 | In that culture, women were under the authority of their male relatives. Boaz was asking whom Ruth’s husband or father might be. He did not think that Ruth was a slave. | |
| 66 | 2:6 | ty7q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys | וַיַּ֗עַן & וַיֹּאמַ֑ר | 1 | The two words **answered** and **said** express a single idea. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “Then…answered him by saying” or “Then…said” | |
| 67 | 2:7 | lqec | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes | וַתֹּ֗אמֶר אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ וְאָסַפְתִּ֣י בָֽעֳמָרִ֔ים אַחֲרֵ֖י הַקּוֹצְרִ֑ים | 1 | If your language would not use a direct quotation inside of a direct quotation, you could translate this second direct quotation as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “She asked me if she could glean and gather among the bundles of grain after the reapers” | |
| 68 | 2:7 | n696 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys | אֲלַקֳטָה־נָּא֙ וְאָסַפְתִּ֣י | 1 | The two words **glean** and **gather** express a single idea. If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this idea in a different way. Alternate translation: “Please let me glean by gathering” | |
| 69 | 2:8 | ltk3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | הֲל֧וֹא שָׁמַ֣עַתְּ בִּתִּ֗י | 1 | Boaz is using the question form to draw Ruth's attention to what he will say to her. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, my daughter!” or “Note well what I am telling you, my daughter!” | |
| 70 | 2:8 | ke9b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | בִּתִּ֗י | 1 | Boaz's use of the term, **my daughter** was a kind way to address a younger woman. Ruth was not the actual daughter of Boaz, but he was treating her kindly and respectfully. Use the term that communicates kindness and respect from a man to a younger woman in your language. | |
| 71 | 2:9 | jq6n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | עֵינַ֜יִךְ בַּשָּׂדֶ֤ה | 1 | Here, **eyes* represents the capability of a person to see, watch or observe. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Watch only the field” or “Pay attention only to the field” | |
| 72 | 2:9 | ldfq | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns | אַחֲרֵיהֶ֔ן | 1 | Here, **them** is feminine and refers back to the “young female workers” in verse 8. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a word or phrase that makes that clear. Alternate translation: “behind the women” | |
| 73 | 2:9 | xc6u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | הֲל֥וֹא צִוִּ֛יתִי אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ | 1 | Boaz is using the question form to emphasize his hospitality—that he had already made provision to help Ruth. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I have given the men strict instructions not to interfere with you.” | |
| 74 | 2:9 | ub62 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | אֶת־הַנְּעָרִ֖ים | 1 | The writer assumes that his readers will understand the implications of a woman toiling in a field near young male workers. You can include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “the workmen” | |
| 75 | 2:9 | v5e4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | לְבִלְתִּ֣י נָגְעֵ֑ךְ | 1 | The writer is referring to harm or sexual assault in a polite way by using the phrase **touch you**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could use a polite way of referring to this in your language, or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “not to assault you sexually” | |
| 76 | 2:10 | abc7 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּעֵינֶ֨יךָ֙ | 1 | The phrase **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom that means that you have approved of someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining their kindness or approval. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “have you shown kindness to me” | |
| 77 | 2:11 | nnmx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-reduplication | הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד | 1 | The words **It has been fully reported** translate a verb that is repeated twice to emphasize the fullness of the report. If your language can repeat words for emphasis, it would be appropriate to use that construction here in your translation. | |
| 78 | 2:11 | r44n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | וַתֵּ֣לְכִ֔י אֶל־עַ֕ם | 1 | With the words **you came to a people**, Boaz is referring to Ruth coming to dwell with Naomi in a village and community, a country and religion that she did not know. | |
| 79 | 2:11 | ab60 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | תְּמ֥וֹל שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃ | 1 | Here, **the day before yesterday** is an idiom that means “recently.” If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “before” or “a little while ago” | |
| 80 | 2:12 | s2vm | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | פָּעֳלֵ֑ךְ | 1 | The implication is that her **work** was the good things she had done, everything Boaz had just described. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “your good deeds.” | |
| 81 | 2:12 | gnn5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | וּתְהִ֨י מַשְׂכֻּרְתֵּ֜ךְ שְׁלֵמָ֗ה מֵעִ֤ם יְהוָה֙ | 1 | This clause and the previous clause mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses in a way that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “that is, may you receive everything that you deserve from Yahweh” | |
| 82 | 2:12 | eh86 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖את לַחֲס֥וֹת תַּֽחַת־כְּנָפָֽיו | 1 | Here, **under whose wings** is a metaphor that uses the picture of a mother bird gathering her chicks under her wings to protect them as a way to describe God’s protection for those who trust in him. Alternate translation: “in whose safe care you have placed yourself” | |
| 83 | 2:13 | abc6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | אֶמְצָא־חֵ֨ן בְּעֵינֶ֤יךָ | 1 | Here **find favor in your eyes** is an idiom that means to be approved of or to be found to be pleasing. Alternate translation: “May you continue to approve of me” or “May you continue to be pleased with me” | |
| 84 | 2:13 | abc4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness | אֲדֹנִי֙ | 1 | Ruth speaks to Boaz using a respectful title, **my lord**. Use a form for addressing someone respectfully in your language. Boaz is not Ruth’s master, but he is the owner of the field where she is gleaning. He is also a Jew and a prominent man in the city. Therefore, Ruth is honoring him by calling him her **lord**, and speaking of herself as his servant. Alternate translation: “sir” or “master” | |
| 85 | 2:13 | px4k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person | עַל־לֵ֣ב שִׁפְחָתֶ֑ךָ | 1 | Ruth is speaking about herself in the third person. If this would not be natural in your language, you could use the first person form. Alternate translation: “to the heart of me, your female servant” | |
| 86 | 2:13 | d2hx | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | עַל־לֵ֣ב | 1 | Here, **the heart** represents the inner thoughts and emotions of a person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different metaphor or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “to the liver of” or “kindly to” or “in an encouraging way to” | |
| 87 | 2:13 | nyr3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness | שִׁפְחָתֶ֑ךָ | 1 | Ruth is referring to herself as Boaz's servant to show respect to him. She is not actually one of his servants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could make that clear. Alternate translation: “one who is as lowly as a servant” | |
| 88 | 2:13 | zc5n | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness | וְאָנֹכִי֙ לֹ֣א אֶֽהְיֶ֔ה כְּאַחַ֖ת שִׁפְחֹתֶֽיךָ | 1 | Ruth is expressing surprise and gratitude that Boaz is treating her as if she belongs among his workers, which she does not. She is being very humble, admitting that she does not even have the status of a servant before him. Use a form for addressing someone respectfully in your language. Alternate translation: “But I do not even have the status of being one of your servant girls” | |
| 89 | 2:14 | jbri | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative | גֹּ֤שִֽׁי הֲלֹם֙ וְאָכַ֣לְתְּ מִן־הַלֶּ֔חֶם וְטָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖ךְ בַּחֹ֑מֶץ | 1 | The verbs in this sentence are imperatives that communicate a gracious invitation rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a gracious invitation. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. Alternate translation: “Please come, and help yourself to the bread and dip it in the vinegar” | |
| 90 | 2:14 | duch | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure | וְאָכַ֣לְתְּ מִן־הַלֶּ֔חֶם וְטָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖ךְ בַּחֹ֑מֶץ | 1 | It would be necessary to dip the bread and then eat it, so it might be more natural in your language to put the information about dipping the bread first. Alternate translation: “and dip some of this bread in the vinegar and eat it” | |
| 91 | 2:15 | v6wr | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | וַיְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜יו | 1 | When Boaz spoke to his workers, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away that she did not hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “Then Boaz privately instructed his young men” | |
| 92 | 2:15 | a5z9 | translate-unknown | גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽעֳמָרִ֛ים | 1 | Here, the word **even** lets the workers know that they are to do above and beyond what they normally do. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working close to the harvested grain because then it would be easy for them to steal from the grain that was already harvested. But Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean close to the bundles of harvested grain. Alternate translation: “among the bundles as well” | |
| 93 | 2:15 | usb1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | וְלֹ֥א תַכְלִימֽוּהָ | 1 | Boaz is referring to shaming Ruth by scolding her verbally. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “and do not shame her by saying that she should stop” | |
| 94 | 2:16 | u6hv | translate-unknown | וְגַ֛ם | 1 | Here Boaz goes another step beyond what is normal and tells his workers to also drop on the ground some of the grain that they had harvested for Ruth to pick up. Alternate translation: “Not only that, but also” | |
| 95 | 2:17 | mq6b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume | כְּאֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים | 1 | An **ephah** is a unit of measurement equal to about 22 liters. Alternate translation: “about 22 liters of barley.” Use the normal measurement for grain in your language. | |
| 96 | 2:18 | etn8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | וַתִּשָּׂא֙ וַתָּב֣וֹא הָעִ֔יר | 1 | It is implied that Ruth carried the grain home. | |
| 97 | 2:19 | bg28 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | אֵיפֹ֨ה לִקַּ֤טְתְּ הַיּוֹם֙ וְאָ֣נָה עָשִׂ֔ית | 1 | Naomi asked the same thing in two different ways to show that she was very interested in knowing what had happened to Ruth that day. Use the way that your language shows excitement and interest. | |
| 98 | 2:19 | ab07 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | מַכִּירֵ֖ךְ | 1 | The writer is using the term **noticed** to mean that the person not only saw Ruth but also did something kind for her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the one who helped you” | |
| 99 | 2:20 | p8km | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing | בָּר֥וּךְ הוּא֙ לַיהוָ֔ה | 1 | Naomi is asking God to bless Boaz. You could express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. | |
| 100 | 2:20 | ljz3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | אֶת־הַחַיִּ֖ים | 1 | Naomi is using the adjective **living** as a noun to mean those who continue to live, referring to herself and Ruth. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “to the people who are still living” | |
| 101 | 2:20 | wjr4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | וְאֶת־הַמֵּתִ֑ים | 1 | Naomi is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean those who have died. She is referring to her husband and sons. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the people who have already died” | |
| 102 | 2:20 | cyy2 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | קָר֥וֹב לָ֨נוּ֙ הָאִ֔ישׁ מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ הֽוּא | 1 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. | |
| 103 | 2:20 | zu5f | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background | מִֽגֹּאֲלֵ֖נוּ | 1 | This phrase provides background information about cultural legal obligations to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. A kinsman-redeemer was a close male relative who had the responsibility to take care of any widows in the family. If one of his brothers died childless, he had the responsibility to marry the widow, if she was still of child-bearing age, to raise a child for his brother. He would also reacquire the land his relatives had lost due to poverty and redeem family members who had sold themselves into slavery. See the Introduction for more information. | |
| 104 | 2:21 | k2lz | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | גַּ֣ם ׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗י | 1 | The implication is that what follows is beyond what they would have expected a landowner to say to Ruth. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “He even said to me” | |
| 105 | 3:intro | t4y5 | 0 | # Ruth 3 General Notes\n\n## Special Concepts in this Chapter\n\n### Boaz’s integrity\n\nBoaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth until they were married. He was also concerned with preserving Ruth’s good reputation. Displaying Boaz’s good character is an important point in this chapter.\n\n## Other Possible Translation Difficulties in this Chapter\n\n### **So that it may be well with you**\n\nNaomi wanted Ruth to have a secure home with a good husband who would care for her. She could see that Boaz would be the best husband for her. She also thought that Boaz, as a kinsman-redeemer, had an obligation to marry her. This could be true because, even though Ruth was a Gentile by birth, she had become part of Naomi’s family and part of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |||
| 106 | 3:1 | jdr3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent | וַתֹּ֥אמֶר לָ֖הּ נָעֳמִ֣י | 1 | The write is using the word translated **Then** to introduce the next part of the story, in which Ruth asks Boaz to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer for her and Naomi. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. | |
| 107 | 3:1 | f1uc | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship | בִּתִּ֞י | 1 | Ruth became part of Naomi’s family by marrying her son and became like a daughter to her by her actions in caring for Naomi after returning to Bethlehem. | |
| 108 | 3:1 | nxr8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | הֲלֹ֧א אֲבַקֶּשׁ־לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִֽיטַב־לָֽךְ | 1 | Naomi is using the question form to cause Ruth to think of her future. Here, Naomi uses this question to tell Ruth what she plans to do. If you would not use the question form for this purpose in your language, you could translate this as a statement or an exclamation. Alternate translation: “I must look for a place for you to rest, so that you will be taken care of.” or “I must find a husband to care for you, so that you can live without worry.” | |
| 109 | 3:1 | uw2p | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | לָ֛ךְ מָנ֖וֹחַ | 1 | Here, Naomi is speaking of **a resting place** as if it were a form of security. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state the meaning plainly. This does not mean a place to rest temporarily from being tired. It means a place of permanent comfort and security in a good home with a husband. | |
| 110 | 3:2 | jdr4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | וְעַתָּ֗ה | 1 | Naomi’s rhetorical question in [3:1](../03/01.md) gave the reason for the advice that she is about to give to Ruth in verses [3:2–4](../03/02.md). This word marks what follows as the result of [3:1](../03/01.md). In other words, Naomi advises Ruth what to do in [3:2–4](../03/02.md) because she desires to find a good, secure home for Ruth (See [3:1](../03/01.md)). If it is more clear in your language to state the reason after the result, you may want to put verse 1 after verses 2–4, marked as verses 1–4 together. | |
| 111 | 3:2 | b4h8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion | הֲלֹ֥א בֹ֨עַז֙ מֹֽדַעְתָּ֔נוּ | 1 | Naomi used this question to remind Ruth of something she had already told her (See [2:20](../02/20.md)), as she introduces the reason for what she is about to say. Alternate translation: “As you know, Boaz is our relative.” | |
| 112 | 3:2 | j31t | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | הָיִ֖ית אֶת־נַעֲרוֹתָ֑יו | 1 | The implication is that they worked together in the fields of Boaz. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “female workers you have been with in the fields” | |
| 113 | 3:2 | nd8v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | הִנֵּה | 1 | Naomi is using the term **Look** to focus Ruth's attention on what she is about to say. Your language may have a comparable expression that you could use in your translation. | |
| 114 | 3:2 | ms25 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown | זֹרֶ֛ה | 1 | To winnow means to separate grain from the unwanted chaff by tossing both the grain and chaff into the air, allowing the wind to blow the chaff away. Your language and culture may have a term for **winnowing** that you could use in your translation. You could also explain the meaning of the term **winnowing** as UST does. | |
| 115 | 3:4 | ln1m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction | וְגִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖יו | 1 | To **uncover his feet** means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet (or legs). Perhaps this action by a woman is part of a symbolic action that could be interpreted as a proposal of marriage. | |
| 116 | 3:4 | zi01 | מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖יו | 1 | The word translated feet could be used as a euphemism for a man's private parts, but here it refers to the man's feet or legs. If your language has a word that works in this way, you can use it here. Otherwise, use a word for “feet” or “legs” and consider putting this information in a footnote. | ||
| 117 | 3:4 | w1u5 | וְהוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂין | 1 | The specific custom of that time is unclear, but Naomi appears to believe that Boaz will understand Ruth’s action as a proposal of marriage. Boaz will then either accept or reject her offer. If it would be helpful, you could include this information in a footnote. | ||
| 118 | 3:6 | ab22 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-inforstructure | וַתַּ֕עַשׂ כְּכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוַּ֖תָּה חֲמוֹתָֽהּ׃ | 1 | This statement summarizes the actions that Ruth will do in [3:7](../03/7.md). If people misunderstand from this that Ruth did these actions in [3:6](../03/6.md) and then did them again in [3:7](../03/7.md), then you could translate this sentence as **and she obeyed her mother-in-law**. Or if it would make the order of events more clear, you could move this sentence to the end of verse [3:7](../03/7.md), then combine the verse numbers as a verse bridge (6–7). | |
| 119 | 3:7 | fz7e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | וַיִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔וֹ | 1 | Here **heart** stands for “emotions” or “disposition.” Boaz’s emotions or feelings were good. This does not imply that Boaz was drunk. Alternate translation: “and he felt good” or “and he was in a good mood” | |
| 120 | 3:8 | pz92 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent | וַיְהִי֙ בַּחֲצִ֣י הַלַּ֔יְלָה | 1 | This clause introduces a new event in the story, explaining when Boaz woke up. | |
| 121 | 3:8 | xun6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive | וַיֶּחֱרַ֥ד | 1 | If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. It is not clear what startled Boaz. Perhaps he suddenly felt the cold air on his feet or legs. Alternate translation: “that the man startled” | |
| 122 | 3:9 | wj9e | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness | אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ & אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ | 1 | Ruth was not one of Boaz’s servants, but she referred to herself as Boaz’s servant as a polite way to express respect to Boaz. Use your language’s way of expressing humility and respect. | |
| 123 | 3:9 | xp1b | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֨ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ | 1 | This was a cultural idiom for marriage. Alternate translation: “Please marry me” | |
| 124 | 3:9 | l5g4 | גֹאֵ֖ל | 1 | See how you translated this term in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f). | ||
| 125 | 3:10 | e7ka | הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן | 1 | This refers to Ruth asking Boaz to marry her. Boaz sees this as Ruth showing unselfish kindness and family loyalty to Naomi. By marrying Naomi’s relative, Ruth would also provide for Naomi, honor Naomi’s son, and continue Naomi’s family line. | ||
| 126 | 3:10 | cbd3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן | 1 | Boaz is using the phrase **at the beginning** to refer to the way that Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for both of them. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “when you first came here with Naomi” | |
| 127 | 3:11 | jdr6 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | וְעַתָּ֗ה | 1 | **So now** indicates that what came before in verse [3:10](../03/10.md) is the reason for what follows here in verse 11. This can be indicated with a word like **Therefore**. If it would be helpful in your language to put the reason after the result, the order would be: Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer (verse 11) because he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi in ([3:10](../03/10.md). If you choose this order, you will need to combine the verses and the verse numbers | |
| 128 | 3:11 | ei93 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-politeness | בִּתִּי֙ | 1 | Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. Use the form of address that would be appropriate in your language. | |
| 129 | 3:12 | ab30 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast | וְגַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ | 1 | This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth [3:11](../03/11.md) and the possibility of another man marrying her instead [3:12](../03/12.md). Alternate translation: “even so, there is” | |
| 130 | 3:12 | fvq5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship | גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי | 1 | It was the duty of the male relative who was closest in family relationship to the man who died to help his widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f) and make sure that it also makes sense here. | |
| 131 | 3:13 | gcl8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ | 1 | The implication of the word **redeem** is that in this culture it means “marry according to our custom concerning widows.” Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name. | |
| 132 | 3:14 | dwx1 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | בְּטֶ֛רֶם יַכִּ֥יר אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵ֑הוּ | 1 | The idiom **before a man could recognize his friend** means very early in the morning, before there was enough light to recognize the face of a familiar person. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while it was still quite dark” | |
| 133 | 3:15 | f5zg | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume | שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙ | 1 | The actual amount is not stated. We do not know how much barley was in each of the **measures**. It was enough to be considered generous, yet small enough for Ruth to carry alone. Most scholars think it was around 25 to 30 kilograms. | |
| 134 | 3:15 | aj7u | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants | וַיָּבֹ֖א הָעִֽיר | 1 | Many ancient manuscripts read **he went**, referring to Boaz. The ULT follows that reading. Other ancient manuscripts read “she went,” referring to Ruth. If a translation of the Bible exists in your region, you may wish to use the reading that it uses. If a translation of the Bible does not exist in your region, you may wish to use the reading of the ULT. | |
| 135 | 3:16 | ab34 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship | בִּתִּ֑י | 1 | Ruth is actually Naomi’s daughter-in-law, but Naomi calls her **my daughter** as an endearment. Keep this translation if it is acceptable in your culture. Otherwise, use “daughter-in law.” | |
| 136 | 3:17 | abca | שֵׁשׁ־הַשְּׂעֹרִ֥ים | 1 | See how you translated this in [3:15](../03/15/f5zg). | ||
| 137 | 3:18 | ab36 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | שְׁבִ֣י בִתִּ֔י | 1 | Here, **Sit** is an idiom that means to wait patiently and calmly. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. \nAlternate translation: “Wait here” or “Be patient” | |
| 138 | 3:18 | ab35 | בִתִּ֔י | 1 | See how you translated this in 1:11–13; 2:2, 8, 22; 3:1, 10, 11, 16. | ||
| 139 | 4:1 | jdr8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent | וּבֹ֨עַז עָלָ֣ה הַשַּׁעַר֮ | 1 | The writer is using this clause to introduce the next part of the story, in which Boaz takes the leading role as kinsman-redeemer and marries Ruth. Use a word, phrase, or other method in your language that is natural for introducing a new event. | |
| 140 | 4:1 | kz1g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship | הַגֹּאֵ֤ל | 1 | The term **kinsman-redeemer** specifically refers to the closest living male relative to Elimelek. If your language has a specific word for such a person, it would be appropriate to use it here. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f). | |
| 141 | 4:1 | ab38 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י | 1 | Boaz did not actually say **a certain someone**; instead, he called the kinsman-redeemer by his name. This is an idiom that means a specific person, but the name is not given. The narrator has substituted this general term for the person’s name either because the specific name is not important for the story or because the man’s name had been forgotten. If your language has an idiom to refer to a specific person without using his name, use that here. | |
| 142 | 4:1 | ab39 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations | פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י | 1 | In many languages, **a certain someone** is an awkward and unnatural way for someone to address another person. A way to make this more natural could be to turn this into an indirect quotation. A combination of indirect and direct quotation is also possible: Boaz called him by name and asked him to turn aside and sit down here. | |
| 143 | 4:3 | es9g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | חֶלְקַת֙ הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה & מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י | 1 | The implication is that **Naomi selling the portion of the field** will be of great interest to the kinsman-redeemer. You could include this information if that would be helpful to your readers. It was the responsibility of the nearest kinsman to Elimelek to buy back the land that had belonged to Elimelek and to care for Elimelek’s family. | |
| 144 | 4:4 | c6xi | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | נֶ֥גֶד | 1 | Here, **in the presence of those who are sitting here** is an idiom that means “before witnesses.” Having these men as witnesses would make the transaction legal and binding. If this phrase does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. | |
| 145 | 4:4 | ab42 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions | אֵ֤ין זוּלָֽתְךָ֙ לִגְא֔וֹל וְאָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑יךָ | 1 | If, in your language, it would appear that Boaz is making a statement here and then contradicting it, you could reword this to avoid using an exception clause. In some languages, it may be confusing to say these things together: (1) there is no one to redeem the land besides you, (2) I can redeem the land after you. If that is so in your language, see the UST for a way that is more clear. | |
| 146 | 4:4 | u548 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship | וְאָנֹכִ֖י אַחֲרֶ֑יךָ | 1 | Boaz was the next nearest kinsman to Elimelek, and so had the second right to redeem the land. | |
| 147 | 4:5 | ymn8 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | מִיַּ֣ד נָעֳמִ֑י | 1 | Boaz is using one part of a person, the **hand of Naomi**, to represent Naomi herself and her legal possession of the land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” | |
| 148 | 4:5 | ab43 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj | הַמֵּ֖ת | 1 | Luke is using the adjective **dead** as a noun to mean the one who died. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this word with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “the man who died” or “her husband who died” | |
| 149 | 4:6 | sx9k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | אַשְׁחִ֖ית אֶת־נַחֲלָתִ֑י | 1 | The kinsman-redeemer's words, **damaging my own inheritance**, mean that \nthe man would need to give some of his wealth in exchange for the property. Then, if he marries Ruth, that property would belong to her son, not to his own children. In that way, he would be taking away from the wealth that his own children would inherit from him and giving it instead to the children that Ruth might bear. Alternate translation: “taking away from my own children’s inheritance.” | |
| 150 | 4:7 | wga9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background | וְזֹאת֩ | 1 | With the clause, **Now this is how any matter was confirmed**, the writer of the book stops telling the story in order to give some background information that explains the custom of exchange during the time of Ruth. Use your language’s way of giving background information in a story. | |
| 151 | 4:7 | lgf5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background | לְפָנִ֨ים | 1 | The expression **in earlier times** implies that this custom was no longer practiced when the book of Ruth was written. | |
| 152 | 4:7 | d46w | rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background | לְרֵעֵ֑הוּ | 1 | This verse provides background information about how an agreement was sealed to help readers understand what happens next in the story. In your translation, present this information in a way that makes it clear that this is background information. The words **to his friend** refer to the person with whom a man was making the agreement. In this situation the near kinsman gave Boaz his sandal. | |
| 153 | 4:8 | ab44 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential | וַיֹּ֧אמֶר הַגֹּאֵ֛ל | 1 | The word translated **So** at the beginning of this phrase indicates that this event happened after the previous event that the story described. Use a natural form in your language for introducing the next event in a story. The events of the story start again here after the background information of verse 7. Use your language’s way of starting to tell the events of the story again. | |
| 154 | 4:9 | zz42 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole | לַזְּקֵנִ֜ים וְכָל־הָעָ֗ם | 1 | Here, **to the elders and to all the people** refers to all the people who were present at the meeting place, not to everyone in the town. The writer uses it here as a generalization for emphasis. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a different way to express the emphasis. | |
| 155 | 4:9 | lwx9 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche | מִיַּ֖ד נָעֳמִֽי | 1 | The **hand of Naomi** represents Naomi. Since her husband and sons had died, the right to the property belonged to her. Alternate translation: “from Naomi” | |
| 156 | 4:10 | jdr0 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases | וְגַ֣ם | 1 | If the connection, **And**, between this statement and the previous one is not clear, you may want to use a connecting word to show how this statement relates to what came before it. Use a natural form in your language for connecting this statement to the previous one. This connecting phrase indicates that the people sitting at the gate are witnesses to the fact that Boaz is buying back Elimelek’s family land for Naomi [4:9](../04/09.md) and also to the fact that Boaz is claiming Ruth to be his wife (4:10). | |
| 157 | 4:10 | nm32 | לְהָקִ֤ים שֵׁם־הַמֵּת֙ עַל־נַ֣חֲלָת֔וֹ | 1 | See how you translated this phrase in [4:5](../04/05.md). Alternate translation: “so that I might give her a son who will inherit the dead man’s property” | ||
| 158 | 4:10 | gg1m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor | וְלֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֛ת מֵעִ֥ם אֶחָ֖יו | 1 | Being forgotten is spoken of as if one’s name were being cut off from a list of people who had lived earlier. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be forgotten by his brothers’ descendants and by the people of this town” | |
| 159 | 4:10 | ab61 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | וְלֹא־יִכָּרֵ֧ת שֵׁם־הַמֵּ֛ת | 1 | If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative **be cut off**. Alternate translation: “so that his name will be preserved” | |
| 160 | 4:10 | xpu5 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | וּמִשַּׁ֣עַר מְקוֹמ֑וֹ | 1 | Here, **the gate of his place** represents the location where the leaders gathered and made important legal decisions, such as decisions about who owns a piece of land. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language or state the meaning plainly.\nAlternate translation: “and among the important people of his town” | |
| 161 | 4:11 | hg6q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | הַבָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗ךָ | 1 | This has both a literal and a figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his physical house. “House” can be a metonym that represents “family,” so this also refers to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. Alternate translation: “who is becoming part of your family” | |
| 162 | 4:11 | q47m | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing | כְּרָחֵ֤ל ׀ וּכְלֵאָה֙ | 1 | The words **Rachel** and **Leah** are the name of two women, the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. They are considered to be the mothers of the people of Israel., so this is an implied blessing. | |
| 163 | 4:11 | abcb | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה וּקְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּבֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם | 1 | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. Hebrew poetry was based on this kind of repetition, and it would be good to show this to your readers by including both phrases in your translation rather than combining them. However, if it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the phrases with a word other than **and** in order to show that the second phrase is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. \nAlternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and become well-known for them.”. | |
| 164 | 4:11 | ab65 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative | וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה וּקְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּבֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם | 1 | This is an imperative, but it communicates a polite request rather than a command. Use a form in your language that communicates a polite request. It may be helpful to add an expression such as “please” to make this clear. These phrases are also a form of blessing. Use the style of blessing that is appropriate in your language. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and may you become well-known for them.” | |
| 165 | 4:11 | uk9q | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism | וַעֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּאֶפְרָ֔תָה | 1 | These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The area around the town of Bethlehem was known as Ephrathah, and that became another name for the town. Presumably, this name came from the Israelite clan that settled in and around the city of Bethlehem. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. | |
| 166 | 4:12 | fn52 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy | וִיהִ֤י בֵֽיתְךָ֙ כְּבֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה | 1 | Here, **house** refers to “family” or “clan.” Perez had many descendants who became large clans in Israel, including the clan of Ephrathah. Also, many of his descendants became important people. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. | |
| 167 | 4:12 | a433 | יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה | 1 | Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, who continued the family name of her dead husband. | ||
| 168 | 4:12 | xym8 | rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing | מִן־הַזֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְךָ֔ | 1 | The people are asking for a blessing from Yahweh, that through Ruth he would give Boaz many children who would do good things, just as he did for Perez. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language. | |
| 169 | 4:13 | u21g | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | וַיִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ | 1 | The word translated as **So** indicates that Boaz did what he said he would do in verse [4:10](../04/10.md). Use a connector in your language that makes it clear that what follows is a reason for what came before. This phrase does not imply any form of violence. Along with the following phrase, it simply means that Boaz married Ruth. Use a connecting word that indicates that this action by Boaz is a result of the agreement in verse [4:10](../04/10.md). | |
| 170 | 4:13 | gw77 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism | וַיָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑יהָ | 1 | The euphemism, **he went in to her** refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “and he had sexual relations with her” | |
| 171 | 4:14 | ab46 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit | הַנָּשִׁים֙ | 1 | These are **the women** of the town as mentioned in [1:19](../01/19.md). This can be made clear if necessary. | |
| 172 | 4:14 | qj8v | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives | לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַיּ֑וֹם | 1 | If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a positive expression to translate this double negative that consists of the negative particle **not** and the negative preposition **without**. Alternate translation: “has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you” | |
| 173 | 4:14 | p8p3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing | וְיִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ | 1 | This is a blessing, stating that the women desire that Naomi’s grandson will have a good reputation and character. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language. | |
| 174 | 4:15 | hz3e | לְמֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ | 1 | This phrase, **a restorer of life**, refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having this grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young and strong again” | ||
| 175 | 4:15 | ab48 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result | כִּ֣י | 1 | **For** indicates that what follows this word gives the reason for what came before it. Here, **For** indicates that what follows (the fact that Ruth has borne him) is the reason for the women’s confident prediction of his character. Use a connection word or other way to indicate that the second sentence of this verse explains the first one. Alternate translation: “We know this because” or “It is certain because” (See also: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-result]]) | |
| 176 | 4:15 | rpc3 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom | ט֣וֹבָה לָ֔ךְ מִשִּׁבְעָ֖ה בָּנִֽים | 1 | In this culture, the number **seven** represented the idea of completeness or perfection. This is a way to praise Ruth for how she has provided for Naomi by bearing a grandson for her by Boaz, when Naomi’s husband and sons could not provide for her because they had died. Alternate translation: “better to you than any son” or “worth more to you than many sons” | |
| 177 | 4:16 | k1w4 | rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish | וַתִּקַּ֨ח נָעֳמִ֤י אֶת־הַיֶּ֨לֶד֙ | 1 | The phrase **And Naomi took the child** does not mean that she took him away from Ruth in any hostile way. Be sure that this distinction is clear in your translation. | |
| 178 | 4:19 | rl3k | rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names | וְחֶצְרוֹן֙ & עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃ | 1 | Use forms of these names that are natural in your language. |