RobH_en_tn/tn_2TI.tsv

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2front:intros7fk0# Introduction to 2 Timothy\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of the book of 2 Timothy\n\n1. Paul greets Timothy and encourages him to endure hardship as he serves God (1:12:13).\n2. Paul gives general instructions to Timothy (2:1426).\n3. Paul warns Timothy about future events and instructs him about how to carry out his service to God (3:14:8).\n4. Paul makes personal remarks (4:922).\n\n### Who wrote the book of 2 Timothy?\n\nPaul wrote 2 Timothy. He was from the city of Tarsus. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he became a Christian, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.\n\nThis book is the second letter Paul wrote to Timothy. Timothy was his disciple and close friend. Paul wrote this letter while in prison in Rome. Paul would die soon after writing this letter.\n\n### What is the book of 2 Timothy about?\n\nPaul had left Timothy in the city of Ephesus to help the believers there. Paul wrote this letter to instruct Timothy about various matters. The topics he addressed include warnings about false teachers and advice about enduring difficult situations. This letter also shows how Paul was training Timothy to be a leader among the churches.\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nTranslators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “2 Timothy” or “Second Timothy.” Or they may choose a different title, such as “Pauls Second Letter to Timothy” or “The Second Letter to Timothy.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is the soldier imagery in 2 Timothy?\n\nAs Paul waited in prison, knowing he would die soon, he spoke of being a soldier of Jesus Christ. Soldiers have to obey to their leaders. In the same way, Christians have to obey Jesus. As “soldiers” of Christ, believers are to obey his commands, even if they die as a result.\n\n### What does it mean that God inspired Scripture?\n\nGod is the true author of Scripture. He inspired the human authors who wrote the books. That means God in some way caused the people to write what they wrote. This is why the Bible is also referred to as Gods word. This implies several things about it. First, everything that the Bible teaches is free from error and can be trusted. Second, God will always preserve his Scripture for every generation of people. Third, Gods word should be translated into all the worlds languages.\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Singular and plural “you”\n\nIn this book, the word “I” refers to Paul. Here the word “you” is almost always singular and refers to Timothy. The exception to this is 4:22. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])\n\n### Inclusive and exclusive “we” and “us”\n\nIn this book, “we” and “us” include the writer, Paul, the recipient, Timothy, and all believers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])\n\n### What did Paul mean by the expressions “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?\n\nPaul meant to express the idea of a very close union between Christ and the believers. Please see the introduction to the book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.\n\n### What are the major textual issues in the text of the book of 2 Timothy?\n\nFor the following verses, the oldest Greek manuscripts differ from later Greek manuscripts. Modern translations may also differ depending on the Greek manuscript that they translate from. The ULT text translates the Greek from the oldest manuscripts, and puts the differences from later manuscripts in a footnote. If a translation of the Bible already exists in the general region, translators should consider following the decision in that translation. If not, translators are advised to follow the oldest Greek manuscripts as reflected in the ULT text.\n* “Because of this, I was appointed a preacher, an apostle, and a teacher” (1:11). Some later manuscripts read, “Because of this, I was appointed a preacher, an apostle, and a teacher to the Gentiles.”\n* “Warn them before God” (2:14). Some later manuscripts read, “Warn them before the Lord.”\n\n(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])
31:introp5lf0# 2 Timothy 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nPaul formally introduces this letter in verses 12. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Spiritual children\n\nPaul discipled Timothy as a Christian and a church leader. Paul may also have led him to believe in Christ. Therefore, Paul calls Timothy “beloved child.” So even though Paul was not Timothys father, Paul speaks of his relationship with Timothy as that of a father and son in a spiritual sense. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])\n\n## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter\n\n### Persecution\n\nPaul was in prison when he wrote this letter. Paul encourages Timothy to be willing to suffer for the gospel.
41:1ha4lΠαῦλος1This letter follows the normal custom of the time by beginning with the name and identity of the author, then mentioning the recipient (in verse 2). Your language may have a particular way of introducing the author of a letter. If so, you could use it in your translation. Alternate translation: “I, Paul, am writing this letter”
51:1vl2gδιὰ θελήματος Θεοῦ1Paul became an apostle because God wanted him to be an apostle. Alternate translation: “because of Gods will” or “because God wanted it to be so”
61:1e1lgκατ’1This could mean: (1) God appointed Paul to tell others about the promise of life in Jesus. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of announcing” (2) Paul became an apostle because he himself received the promise of life in Jesus. Alternate translation: “as a result of receiving”
71:1m9kvrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorζωῆς τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1Paul speaks of **life** as if it were an object inside of Jesus. This refers to the life people receive as a result of belonging to Christ Jesus. Alternate translation: “of the life that we receive as a result of belonging to Christ Jesus”
81:2rp5uΤιμοθέῳ1Your language may have a particular way of introducing the person who receives a letter. If so, you could use it in your translation. Alternate translation: “This letter is for you, Timothy”
91:2ey7grc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἀγαπητῷ τέκνῳ1Paul was not Timothys father, but he uses the term **child** to express his love and approval of Timothy. It is also likely that Paul introduced Timothy to Christ, and so Paul considered him his child in a spiritual sense. Alternate translation: “who is like a beloved son to me” or “you are like a dear child to me”
101:2w43qrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessingχάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη, ἀπὸ1After stating the name of the author and the person who is receiving it (Timothy), Paul adds a blessing to Timothy. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “may you experience kindness, mercy, and peace within you from” or “I pray that you will have grace, mercy, and peace from”
111:2p003rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsχάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη1Pauls blessing to Timothy includes the three abstract nouns **Grace**, **mercy**, and **peace**. Your language may have a particular way of expressing these concepts, such as with verbs. If so, you could use them in your translation. See the UST.
121:2ub7crc://*/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciplesΘεοῦ Πατρὸς1**Father** is an important title for God. Here, **Father** could refer to: (1) the Father of Christ. (2) the Father of believers. Alternate translation: “God, who is the Father”
131:2dcr3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusiveἡμῶν1In this book, unless otherwise noted, the words **we**, **us**, and **our** refer to Paul (the writer of this letter), Timothy (the one to whom this letter is written), and, by extension, all believers.
141:3p004rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsχάριν ἔχω τῷ Θεῷ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **gratitude** with a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “I thank God” or “I am thankful to God”
151:3tvb7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomᾧ λατρεύω ἀπὸ προγόνων1This is an idiom that means that Pauls family has been serving God for many generations. Alternate translation: “whom my ancestors served and I serve, as well”
161:3ha9drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐν καθαρᾷ συνειδήσει1Paul speaks of his **conscience** as if it could be physically **clean**. A person with a **clean conscience** does not feel guilty because he has always tried to do what was right. Alternate translation: “knowing I have tried my hardest to do what is right”
171:3rz7src://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsὡς ἀδιάλειπτον ἔχω τὴν περὶ σοῦ μνείαν1Paul speaks of the action of remembering by using the abstract noun **remembrance**. Your language may have a particular way of expressing this concept, such as with a verb. If so, you could use it in your translation. Alternate translation: “as I think about you constantly in my prayers”
181:3p005rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingularσοῦ1The word **you** is singular here and throughout the book, since Paul is addressing Timothy. A note will discuss the one exception in 4:22.
191:3pa6qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merismνυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας1Here, **night and day** are used together to refer to all the time included in the night and the day. This means that Paul prays to God often, no matter what time it is. It does not mean that he prays all night and all day without ever stopping. Alternate translation: “at all times” Alternate translation: “always”
201:4p006rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitμεμνημένος σου τῶν δακρύων1It is implied that Paul is referring here to the time when Paul was leaving Timothy. If this is unclear, you could include this information. Alternate translation: “remembering how you cried when I left you”
211:4kk82rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyσου τῶν δακρύων1Here, **your tears** refers to the act of Timothys crying or being very sad. Alternate translation: “that you cried” or “your sadness”
221:4gu8crc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorχαρᾶς πληρωθῶ1Paul speaks of himself as if he were a container that could be **filled**. Alternate translation: “I may be very joyful” or “I may rejoice a lot”
231:4p007rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveχαρᾶς πληρωθῶ1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “joy may fill me”
241:5ayl4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomὑπόμνησιν λαβὼν1This is an idiom that simply means, “remembering.”
251:5buc3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῆς ἐν σοὶ ἀνυποκρίτου πίστεως1Paul refers to Timothys **faith** with an abstract noun. Your language may have a particular way of expressing this concept, such as with a verb. If so, you could use it in your translation. Alternate translation: “that you genuinely believe”
261:5p008rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτῆς ἐν σοὶ ἀνυποκρίτου πίστεως1Paul speaks of **faith** as if it were an object inside of Timothy. Paul is referring to Timothys faith in God here, not to anyones faith in Timothy. Alternate translation: “your genuine faith” or “your faith that is genuine”
271:5vgz2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationἐν σοὶ ἀνυποκρίτου πίστεως, ἥτις ἐνῴκησεν πρῶτον ἐν τῇ μάμμῃ σου, Λωΐδι, καὶ τῇ μητρί σου, Εὐνίκῃ; πέπεισμαι δὲ ὅτι καὶ ἐν σοί1Paul is speaking of their **faith** as if it were something that was alive and lived **in** each of them. Alternate translation: “of the genuine faith that you have. Lois, your grandmother, and then Eunice, your mother, had this faith in God, and now I am confident that you have this same genuine faith as well”
281:5l8wcrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΛωΐδι1**Lois** is the name of a woman, Timothys grandmother, who is probably his mothers mother.
291:5p009rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΕὐνίκῃ1**Eunice** is the name of a woman, Timothys mother.
301:6j58kδι’ ἣν αἰτίαν1Paul writes that the **reason** for asking Timothy to rekindle his gift is that he is confident of Timothys faith in Jesus. Alternate translation: “for this reason” or “because of your faith in Jesus”
311:6h6eqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἀναζωπυρεῖν τὸ χάρισμα1Paul speaks about Timothys need to start using his **gift** again as if he were restarting a fire. Alternate translation: “be eager once more to use the gift”
321:6i977rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symactionτὸ χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὅ ἐστιν ἐν σοὶ διὰ τῆς ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν μου1Paul placed his **hands** on Timothy and prayed that God would give him power from Gods Spirit to enable him to do the work that God had called him to do. Then Timothy received the gift from the Holy Spirit. See how you translated this in 1 Tim 4:14. Alternate translation: “the gift of God that you received when I prayed for you”
331:6p010rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτὸ χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὅ ἐστιν ἐν σοὶ διὰ τῆς ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν μου1Paul speaks of **the gift** as an object inside of Timothy. If the words **that is in you** do not clearly communicate in your language that Timothy received the gift, you could translate it with a verb that expressing the idea of giving or receiving. Alternate translation: “the gift of God that you received when I laid my hands on you”
341:6s6vbrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitτὸ χάρισμα τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὅ ἐστιν ἐν σοὶ διὰ τῆς ἐπιθέσεως τῶν χειρῶν μου1It is implied that this is a spiritual gift that enables Timothy to do the work of ministry that God has called him to do, and that Paul also prayed for Timothy as he laid his hands on him. If these things are not clear, you may want to include this information in your translation.
351:7u8vlrc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-resultγὰρ1Here, **For** indicates that this verse provides another reason for Pauls instruction in the previous verse that Timothy should use his spiritual gift. If it would be helpful in your language, you could replace **For** with this information here. Alternate translation: “Another reason why I want you to start using again the gift God that gave you is that”
361:7h1z3οὐ & ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν ὁ Θεὸς πνεῦμα δειλίας, ἀλλὰ δυνάμεως, καὶ ἀγάπης, καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ1Here, **spirit** could refer to: (1) the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “Gods Holy Spirit does not cause us to be afraid. He causes us to have power and love and discipline” (2) the character of a human being. Alternate translation: “God does not cause us to be afraid but to have power and love and discipline”
371:7p011rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsδυνάμεως, καὶ ἀγάπης, καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ1Paul uses abstract nouns to refer to three things that Timothy should be able to do. Your language may have a particular way of expressing these concepts, such as with verbs. If so, you could use them in your translation. Alternate translation: “one that makes us able to obey, to love, and to control ourselves”
381:7k6g7σωφρονισμοῦ1Here, **discipline** could refer to: (1) self-control. Alternate translation: “of the ability to control ourselves” (2) the power to correct or even to control others. Alternate translation: “of the ability to correct others”
391:8fk9zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτὸ μαρτύριον1Paul may be using the word **testimony** to refer to the activity of telling others about the Lord and not to the message itself. Alternate translation: “of testifying” or “of telling others”
401:8blk9τὸν δέσμιον αὐτοῦ1Paul is not being held **prisoner** by the Lord. He is a prisoner because he has testified about the Lord. Alternate translation: “a prisoner for his sake” or “a prisoner for the Lord”
411:8ry82συνκακοπάθησον τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ1The term **together** could mean: (1) Timothy should suffer together with Paul. (2) Timothy should suffer together with all Christians who suffer.
421:8xa86συνκακοπάθησον τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ1Here, **for the gospel** means “for the sake of telling other people the good news about Jesus.” Alternate translation: “along with me, accept the suffering that results from telling other people the good news about Jesus”
431:8hi9aτῷ εὐαγγελίῳ, κατὰ δύναμιν Θεοῦ1Paul is reminding Timothy that God provides people with **power** when they suffer so that they can endure the suffering. Alternate translation: “for the gospel, allowing God to make you strong”
441:9ld55rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyκαλέσαντος κλήσει ἁγίᾳ1Here, **with a holy calling** could refer to: (1) what results from the calling. The call produces holy people or people set apart for God. Alternate translation: “called us with a calling that sets us apart as holy to God” (2) the source of the calling, which is God, who is holy. Alternate translation: “called us by means of his own holy calling”
451:9lmasοὐ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα ἡμῶν1It may be helpful to start a new sentence here. If you do start a new sentence, for clarity you may wish to repeat some words from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “He did not save us and call us because of our works”
461:9kyr5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadysἀλλὰ κατὰ ἰδίαν πρόθεσιν καὶ χάριν1Here the words **purpose** and **grace** work together to mean “gracious purpose.” Paul is saying that Gods purpose or plan for us includes showing us grace or kindness through Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “but because of his gracious purpose” or “but because he planned to show us kindness”
471:9p012rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveκαὶ χάριν, τὴν δοθεῖσαν ἡμῖν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “and grace, which God gave to us in Christ Jesus”
481:9pq1zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1Paul speaks of Gods **purpose and grace** or “gracious purpose” as if it were an object inside of **Christ Jesus**. This refers to Gods plan to save people that Jesus fulfilled. So when people begin a relationship with Jesus, then God saves them. Alternate translation: “through our relationship to Christ Jesus”
491:9zq7mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomπρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων1This is an idiom that indicates that God decided to save through faith in Christ before time and the creation of the world. Alternate translation: “before time began”
501:10h5e5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorφανερωθεῖσαν δὲ νῦν1Paul speaks of Gods gracious plan to save us as if it were an object that could be uncovered and shown to people through the arrival of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “and which now people can know” or “and which now people can experience”
511:10p013rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveφανερωθεῖσαν δὲ νῦν1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “which now God has revealed” or “which now God has allowed people to know”
521:10i3wlrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorφωτίσαντος δὲ ζωὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου1Paul refers to **life** and **immortality** as if they were objects that could be brought from darkness into light so that people could see them. He is speaking of revealing something or making it known to people. Alternate translation: “and revealed life and immortality through the gospel” or “and declared life and immortality through the gospel”
531:10a1n7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadysζωὴν καὶ ἀφθαρσίαν1Here, **life** and **immortality** are probably working together to mean “immortal life.” Alternate translation: “eternal life” or “incorruptible life”
541:11tb9brc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐτέθην ἐγὼ κῆρυξ1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “God chose me to be a herald”
551:11p014rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownκῆρυξ1A **herald** is someone who is sent out to announce a message. If your language does not have a similar term and your readers would not know what a **herald** is, you can use a general expression. Alternate translation: “a messenger”
561:11p015rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorκῆρυξ1Paul compares himself to a **herald** because God has sent him out to announce the gospel message. Alternate translation: “a preacher”
571:12j37gδι’ ἣν αἰτίαν1Paul provides the **reason** for his suffering by referring back to his status as an apostle. Alternate translation: “because I am an apostle”
581:12y8l4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitκαὶ ταῦτα πάσχω1Paul does not mention the specific **things** that he is **suffering**, but from the context of the letter, the implication is that he is referring to suffering as a prisoner. Alternate translation: “I also suffer as a prisoner”
591:12td39πέπεισμαι1Paul expresses that he is **certain** that God will make everything right in the end. Alternate translation: “I am sure”
601:12p6pirc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτὴν παραθήκην μου φυλάξαι1Paul is using a metaphor of a person leaving something with another person who is supposed to protect it until he gives it back to the first person. The two people involved are Jesus and Paul, but it is not clear which one is holding the **deposit**. This could mean: (1) Paul is trusting Jesus to keep something safe that Paul has entrusted to Jesus. This could be Pauls own life, or, more specifically, that Paul would remain faithful to Jesus all of his life. Alternate translation: “to keep me faithful to him” (2) Paul is trusting Jesus to preserve the good news that Jesus has deposited with Paul for Paul to preach. Alternate translation: “to help me keep preaching his message”
611:12hhu5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possessionτὴν παραθήκην μου1The term **my** here conveys the idea that this **deposit** is associated with Paul in some way. The particular association depends on what we consider the deposit to be. This could mean: (1) the deposit is associated with Paul because it is Pauls own life or Pauls faith in Jesus. Alternate translation: “my faithfulness to him” (2) the deposit is associated with Paul because it is the gospel message that Paul preaches. Alternate translation: “the gospel message that he has entrusted to me to preach”
621:12qcu3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν1This refers to the **day** when Jesus returns for judgment. Alternate translation: “the day of judgment”
631:13h1qdrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyὑγιαινόντων λόγων1Paul wants Timothy to teach the things that he taught and thereby to follow his example. The expression **healthy words** means “the correct message” by association, since a healthy mind would recognize that the correct message was reasonable. Alternate translation: “of the correct message”
641:13p016rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyλόγων1Paul uses the term **words** to describe the expression in words of what Christians believe. Alternate translation: “of … message”
651:13p017rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἐν πίστει καὶ ἀγάπῃ τῇ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1Paul uses two abstract nouns, **faith** and **love**, to refer to actions that Timothy should do. Your language may have a particular way of expressing these concepts, such as with verbs. If so, you could use them in your translation. Alternate translation: “trusting in Christ Jesus and loving others because you belong to him”
661:13b2ldἐν πίστει καὶ ἀγάπῃ τῇ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1Here, **love** could refer to: (1) the love that Timothy should show others. Alternate translation: “trusting in Christ Jesus and loving others because you belong to him” (2) the love that Timothy should show to God. Alternate translation: “trusting in Christ Jesus and loving him”
671:13ix6wrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1Paul speaks of **faith** and **love** as if they were objects inside of **Christ Jesus**. This refers to the faith and love that Jesus enables us to have when we belong to him. See how you translated this phrase in 1:9. Alternate translation: “ours through our relationship to Christ Jesus”
681:14i5g5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitτὴν καλὴν παραθήκην1Here, **the good deposit** refers to the gospel message that God has entrusted to Timothy to share with his people. Alternate translation: “the good message entrusted to you for Gods people”
691:14cb5qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitτὴν καλὴν παραθήκην φύλαξον1Timothy needs to be alert to protect the gospel message because people will oppose him and try to distort what he says and teaches, turning it into a different message. Alternate translation: “Protect the good deposit against those who will try to distort it” or “Because people will try to distort the gospel message, guard it”
701:14a3v2διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου1Here, **through** means “by means of” or “by the power of.” Alternate translation: “by means of the Holy Spirit” or “with the help of the Holy Spirit”
711:15p018rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleπάντες οἱ ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ1The word **all** could mean: (1) “many, but not all” in the strict sense, since Timothy and Onesiphorus did not turn away from him. So this would be an example of hyperbole. (2) the men who came to Rome with him from Asia Minor. Alternate translation: “all who came with me from Asia”
721:15p6f4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἀπεστράφησάν με1This is a metaphor that means they left Paul and stopped helping him. Alternate translation: “have deserted me”
731:15p020rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἀπεστράφησάν με1Paul assumes that Timothy would know that the reason that the believers from Asia had abandoned him was because the authorities had put him in prison. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “have deserted me because I am in prison”
741:15x6ccrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΦύγελος & Ἑρμογένης1**Phygelus** and **Hermogenes** are the names of men.
751:16izk9rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessingδῴη ἔλεος ὁ Κύριος τῷ Ὀνησιφόρου οἴκῳ1Paul is asking God to bless the family of **Onesiphorus**. You can express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I pray that the Lord will be kind to the family of Onesiphorus” or “May the Lord bless the family of Onesiphorus”
761:16e6hlrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesὈνησιφόρου1**Onesiphorus** is the name of a man.
771:16zz44rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτῷ Ὀνησιφόρου οἴκῳ1The word **household** refers to **Onesiphorus** and to all the people in his family, possibly even his servants. Alternate translation: “to Onesiphorus and everyone who lives with him”
781:16td1qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτὴν ἅλυσίν μου οὐκ ἐπησχύνθη1The word **chain** refers to being in prison. Onesiphorus was not ashamed that Paul was in prison but came to visit him frequently. Alternate translation: “was not ashamed of my imprisonment” or “was not ashamed of my being in prison” or “was not ashamed of me, even though I was in prison”
791:17xfg1rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrastἀλλὰ1Here, **but** indicates a contrast between the previous verse and this verse. Instead of being ashamed that Paul was in prison, Onesiphorus searched for Paul and found him there. Use whatever form is most natural in your language to show this contrast.
801:18p3dirc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-blessingδῴη αὐτῷ ὁ Κύριος, εὑρεῖν ἔλεος παρὰ Κυρίου1Paul is again asking for the Lord to **grant mercy** to Onesiphorus. You can express this as either a blessing or a prayer, in whichever way is more natural in your language. See how you translated this in [1:16](../01/16.md). Alternate translation: “I pray that the Lord will be merciful to Onesiphorus” or “May the Lord have mercy on Onesiphorus”
811:18x0eorc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result(δῴη αὐτῷ ὁ Κύριος, εὑρεῖν ἔλεος παρὰ Κυρίου ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ), καὶ ὅσα ἐν Ἐφέσῳ διηκόνησεν, βέλτιον σὺ γινώσκεις1If it would be helpful in your language, you could reverse the order of these sentences, since the second sentence gives the reason for the action that the first sentence describes. See the UST.
821:18r54trc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronounsδῴη αὐτῷ ὁ Κύριος, εὑρεῖν ἔλεος παρὰ Κυρίου1If it would be helpful in your language, you could use the name “Onesiphorus” instead of the pronoun **him** to make it clear who is receiving mercy. Alternate translation: “May Onesiphorus receive mercy from the Lord”
831:18x2dkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorεὑρεῖν ἔλεος παρὰ Κυρίου1Paul speaks of **mercy** as if it were an object that could be found. Paul is expressing his desire that God show **mercy** to Onesiphorus on the day of judgment. Alternate translation: “to receive mercy from the Lord”
841:18f3eprc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ1The expression **that day** refers to the day when God will judge all people; at that time they will receive mercy from the Lord, as Paul mentions, or wrath. Alternate translation: “on the day of judgment”
851:18p025rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitὅσα ἐν Ἐφέσῳ διηκόνησεν, βέλτιον σὺ γινώσκεις1Paul is reminding Timothy that Onesiphorus helped him earlier, **in Ephesus**. So, Paul is asking the Lord to bless Onesiphorus because he helped Paul several times. Alternate translation: “you know well how much he also helped me earlier when I was in Ephesus”
862:introk3zn0# 2 Timothy 2 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nIn verses 11b13, Paul may be quoting a poem or hymn. To show the reader that this may be a quotation, in your translation you may choose to set these verses farther to the right than the other verses in the chapter.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### We will reign with him\n\nFaithful Christians will reign with Christ in the future. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Analogies\n\nIn this chapter, Paul makes several analogies to teach about living as a Christian. He uses analogies of soldiers, athletes, and farmers. Later in the chapter, he uses the analogy of different kinds of containers in a house.
872:1bll5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτέκνον μου1Here, **child** is a term of great love and approval. Timothy is not Pauls biological child. It is also likely that Paul introduced Timothy to Christ, and so this is why Paul considered him like his own child. Alternate translation: “who are like my child”
882:1p026rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐνδυναμοῦ1You could express this with an active form, and you could state who would do the action. Alternate translation: “let God make you strong”
892:1e6exrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἐν τῇ χάριτι τῇ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1Paul wants Timothy to experience the strength that God provides through his **grace** or kindness. Believers experience Gods grace through knowing Jesus Christ. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **grace** with an adjective. Alternate translation: “as you allow Christ Jesus to kindly empower you through your relationship to him”
902:2ig9vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitδιὰ πολλῶν μαρτύρων1Paul is referring to teaching in a public setting with others present. The implication is that those others could testify as to what he taught. Alternate translation: “in the presence of people who can testify to what I said”
912:2kv1mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorταῦτα παράθου1Paul speaks of his instructions to Timothy as if they were objects that Timothy could give to other people and trust them to use correctly. Alternate translation: “commit them” or “teach them”
922:2p027rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotationsπιστοῖς ἀνθρώποις1Here the term **men** has a generic sense that may include women. Alternate translation: “to faithful people”
932:3yc1jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitσυνκακοπάθησον1Here, **together** could mean: (1) Timothy should suffer together with Paul. Alternate translation: “Suffer together with me” (2) Timothy should suffer together with all Christians who suffer. Alternate translation: “Suffer together with all believers”
942:3juu2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorὡς καλὸς στρατιώτης Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ1Paul compares suffering for Christ Jesus to the suffering that a good soldier endures. Alternate translation: “as if you were a soldier and Jesus Christ were your commander”
952:4a4x7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorοὐδεὶς στρατευόμενος ἐμπλέκεται ταῖς τοῦ βίου πραγματίαις1To help Timothy understand something important about following Jesus, Paul introduces the metaphor of a **soldier** who has to decide between pleasing his leader or pleasing those outside the army. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this. Alternate translation: “Consider that no dedicated soldier allows the affairs of life to distract him”
962:4p7n5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐμπλέκεται ταῖς τοῦ βίου πραγματίαις1Paul speaks of being involved in other matters as if they were a net that trapped people and kept them from being able to move freely. Alternate translation: “allows the affairs of life to distract him”
972:4p028rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐμπλέκεται ταῖς τοῦ βίου πραγματίαις1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “allows the affairs of life to distract him”
982:4p029rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitτοῦ βίου1By **life**, Paul means, in the context of this metaphor, “civilian life.” The implication is that Timothy and all believers should not allow competing concerns to keep them from serving Christ. Alternate translation: “of everyday life”
992:4d2lgτῷ στρατολογήσαντι1Alternate translation: “his leader” or “the one who commands him”
1002:5d483rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐὰν & ἀθλῇ τις, οὐ στεφανοῦται, ἐὰν μὴ νομίμως ἀθλήσῃ1To help Timothy understand something important about following Jesus, Paul introduces the metaphor of an athlete who has to decide between competing **lawfully** or not lawfully. The athlete will only receive the crown given to the winner if he competes lawfully. By making this comparison with an athlete competing in games, Paul is implicitly telling Timothy that Christ will not reward him unless he serves him **lawfully**, that is, unless he obeys him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this directly. Alternate translation: “consider that the officials only crown an athlete as the winner if he competes according to the rules”
1012:5p031rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypoἐὰν & ἀθλῇ τις, οὐ στεφανοῦται, ἐὰν μὴ νομίμως ἀθλήσῃ1Paul is also using a hypothetical situation to teach Timothy. Alternate translation: “suppose an athlete did not compete by the rules. Then he would not be crowned”
1022:5p032ἐὰν & ἀθλῇ τις1Here, **competes** refers to competing in an athletic event. Alternate translation: “if an athlete competes in an event”
1032:5xbn6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegativesοὐ στεφανοῦται, ἐὰν μὴ νομίμως ἀθλήσῃ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this double negative by translating it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “the officials will only crown him if he competes by the rules”
1042:5p033rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveοὐ στεφανοῦται1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “the officials will not crown him”
1052:5p034rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitοὐ στεφανοῦται1Paul assumes that Timothy will know that in this culture crowning indicated the winner of a competition. Alternate translation: “the officials will not crown him as the winner”
1062:5lea8rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownοὐ στεφανοῦται1In Pauls time, when athletes won competitions, they were **crowned** with wreaths made from the leaves of plants. You can express this idea in your translation by referring to the comparable custom in your own culture, or by using a general expression. Alternate translation: “the officials will not give him an award” or “the officials will not declare him to be the winner”
1072:5reg6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitμὴ νομίμως ἀθλήσῃ1Paul is referring to the rules that governed a competition. The athletes had to obey the rules or they would be removed from the competition and not have an opportunity to win. If it would be helpful in your language, you could mention these rules. Alternate translation: “he does not compete according to the rules”
1082:6wz35rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτὸν κοπιῶντα γεωργὸν δεῖ πρῶτον τῶν καρπῶν μεταλαμβάνειν1To help Timothy understand something important about following Jesus, Paul introduces the metaphor of a **farmer** who has to decide between working hard or not working hard. The farmer will receive a share of the harvest if he is working hard. By making this comparison, Paul is encouraging Timothy to work hard in his service to Christ so that God will reward him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate this directly. Alternate translation: “Consider that a farmer who works hard should receive a share of the crops before anyone else”
1092:6p035rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitπρῶτον τῶν καρπῶν μεταλαμβάνειν1In this illustration, it seems that the hardworking farmer is working with other farmers who will all receive a part of the crop after the harvest. But since this farmer works harder than the others, he should receive before the others. It is implied that receiving first is best, possibly because the quality of the crop is better. Alternate translation: “receive the best share of the crops”
1102:7bdk9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitνόει ὃ λέγω, δώσει γάρ σοι ὁ Κύριος σύνεσιν1Paul gave Timothy three metaphors in verses 36, but he did not completely explain their implications. He expected Timothy to figure out, with Gods help, the lesson of these metaphors for Christs servants. For that reason, if you want to include an explanation of the meaning of the metaphors, we recommend that you state the meaning in a footnote rather than in the Bible text. Alternate translation: “you will have to think carefully about what I have just told you to understand it completely, but you can depend on God to help you to do that”
1112:7p036rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyὃ λέγω1Paul refers to what he has just written in his letter with the verb **saying** to express the idea of communicating. Alternate translation: “what I have just told you”
1122:7a22qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐν πᾶσιν1Here, **in everything** refers to everything related to the three metaphors that Paul has written just before this. Alternate translation: “about everything that I have just said” or “about all that I said”
1132:8mh1krc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐκ σπέρματος Δαυείδ1The phrase **from the seed of** refers to Jesus being descended from King David. Alternate translation: “who is a descendant of David”
1142:8wt31rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomἐγηγερμένον ἐκ νεκρῶν1The expression **raised from the dead** is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “whom God caused to live again”
1152:8p038rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐγηγερμένον ἐκ νεκρῶν1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “whom God raised from the dead”
1162:8s4vhrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possessionκατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν μου1The term **my** conveys the idea that it is the gospel associated with Paul because he preaches it. Alternate translation: “according to the gospel message that I preach”
1172:9t2axrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyμέχρι δεσμῶν1Paul uses the expression **unto chains** to express how far his suffering has gone: from being beaten, to being arrested, to being in chains in prison. Alternate translation: “to the point of being imprisoned”
1182:9p039rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileὡς κακοῦργος1Paul compares his situation to the shameful one that a person would be in who had actually committed a crime. Alternate translation: “as if I were a criminal”
1192:9pc6trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται1Here, **bound** means being held in chains as a prisoner, referring to Pauls condition. Paul contrasts himself, an actual prisoner, with Gods message, which can never be held prisoner. Alternate translation: “nothing is holding back the message from God”
1202:9p040rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this idea. Alternate translation: “nothing is holding back the message from God”
1212:9p041rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyὁ λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ1Paul uses the term **word** to describe the message from God that he and others are communicating with words. Alternate translation: “the message from God”
1222:10p042rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleπάντα ὑπομένω1Here the term **all** is a generalization that likely refers to the sufferings that Paul describes in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “I endure all of these sufferings”
1232:10aa1xrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjδιὰ τοὺς ἐκλεκτούς1The term **chosen** is an adjective that functions as a noun here and refers to a group of people. If your language would not use an adjective in that way, you could translate this term with an equivalent phrase. Alternate translation: “for the people whom God has chosen”
1242:10j2bkκαὶ αὐτοὶ σωτηρίας τύχωσιν τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1The phrase **obtain salvation** could also be expressed with Christ Jesus, who grants salvation, as the subject. Alternate translation: “Christ Jesus may grant them salvation”
1252:10p043rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsκαὶ αὐτοὶ σωτηρίας τύχωσιν τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** with a verb. Alternate translation: “Christ Jesus may save them”
1262:10el68rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsμετὰ δόξης αἰωνίου1The abstract noun **glory** refers to the wonderful condition that people will experience when they are in the presence of God. It comes from God himself and he shares it with those who are saved by Jesus Christ, and this condition is **eternal**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **glory** with an adjective. Alternate translation: “and know how glorious it is to be with God forever” or “and experience Gods wonderful presence forever”
1272:11nr7uπιστὸς ὁ λόγος1In this context, the term **word** refers to the statement of doctrine that follows. See how you translated this phrase in [1 Timothy 1:15](../1ti/01/15.md) Alternate translation: “This statement is dependable”
1282:11p044πιστὸς ὁ λόγος1You could represent the meaning of the adjective **trustworthy** with an active verb, if that would be helpful to your readers. Alternate translation: “you could trust this statement”
1292:11p045rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarksπιστὸς ὁ λόγος1Paul uses this phrase to introduce a direct quotation. The words that follow in the rest of this verse and in [2:12](../02/12.md) and [2:13](../02/13.md) are a poem or hymn that expresses the message that Paul says is trustworthy. It may be helpful to your readers if you indicate this by marking these words as a direct quotation or by setting them farther to the right, as the General Notes at the beginning of this chapter suggest.
1302:11g6e4rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetryεἰ γὰρ συναπεθάνομεν, καὶ συνζήσομεν1This is the beginning of a poem or hymn that Paul is probably quoting. If your language has a way of indicating that this is poetry, such as by setting individual phrases on separate lines, you could use it here and in [2:12](../02/12.md) and [2:13](../02/13.md). If not, you could translate this material as regular prose rather than as poetry.
1312:11in38rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorεἰ & συναπεθάνομεν1Paul is speaking since he and Timothy and other believers who should trust this statement have not actually **died**. This could refer to: (1) the way that believers accept Jesus death for their sins when they trust him for salvation. This means that they have “died” to their old life of sin. Alternate translation: “if we have ended our old way of life by accepting Jesus death for us” (2) the way that people who believe in Jesus may suffer for him, possibly to the point of dying for him. Alternate translation: “if we are prepared to die for Jesus”
1322:11p046καὶ συνζήσομεν1Although Paul is referring to dying with Christ in a figurative sense, **live** is probably not figurative, but could refer to: (1) life after physical death. This seems most likely given Pauls mention of “eternal glory” in the previous verse and “we will reign with him” in the next. Alternate translation: “then God will raise us from the dead to live with Jesus” (2) how believers will act in this life before physical death. Alternate translation: “we will not pursue our own desires, instead we will do what Jesus wants us to do”
1332:12p048εἰ ἀρνησόμεθα1Paul uses the term **deny** to refer to the action of believers saying that they do not know Jesus Christ during this present life. It is presented as the opposite of **endure**, so it refers to someone who gives in to persecution and denies being a follower of Jesus. Alternate translation: “if we say now that we do not know him”
1342:12p049κἀκεῖνος ἀρνήσεται ἡμᾶς1In this second usage of the word **deny**, Paul is referring to the action of Jesus Christ on the day of final judgment. On that day, Jesus will either receive a faithful believer or reject those who are not true followers. Those who deny that they are followers of Jesus while on earth are not true followers. Alternate translation: “he will reject us on the day of judgment”
1352:13ke4wεἰ ἀπιστοῦμεν1Paul uses the word **unfaithful** to express the condition of believers who do not continue to obey Jesus, but rather disobey him. Alternate translation: “if we disobey Jesus” or “if we do not do what Jesus wants us to do”
1362:13p050rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐκεῖνος πιστὸς μένει1This could mean : (1) he remains faithful to them. (2) he remains true to himself.
1372:13ihd4ἀρνήσασθαι & ἑαυτὸν οὐ δύναται1Paul states that Jesus is not able to **deny himself**, meaning that Jesus is not able to go against his character and will remain true to what he said he would do. Paul may have one or both of the following ideas in mind. (1) Jesus character includes being the Savior who can forgive our unfaithfulness when we repent of it, as Peter experienced (John 21:1519). This favors the interpretation of the previous phrase as “he remains faithful to us.” (2) Jesus character also includes being the holy God who judges people for their sin when they do not repent. This favors the interpretation of the previous phrase as “he remains true to himself.” Alternate translation: “he must always act according to his character”
1382:14u661ὑπομίμνῃσκε1The word **{them}**, which is implicit in the Greek verb, probably refers to the people that Timothy has responsibility over. Alternate translation: “Remind the people there”
1392:14p051rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ1Paul uses the expression **before God**, which means “in front of God,” to mean “where God can see.” Seeing, in turn, means attention and judgment. Alternate translation: “as God is watching”
1402:14r5lqrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ1The implication is that Paul is telling Timothy to tell the believers, when he gives them this command, that God will be watching what they do. Alternate translation: “with God as their witness”
1412:14g6p7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorμὴ λογομαχεῖν1Paul uses the term **battle** to describe arguments. This could mean: (1) the believers are not to argue about unimportant things such as the words that someone uses to present the gospel message. That only distracts people from talking about important things, such as the gospel message itself. Alternate translation: “not to fight about small things like words” (2) the believers are not to argue about what words mean. Again, this causes disunity among the believers for no good reason. Alternate translation: “not to fight about the meanings of words”
1422:14rke6ἐπ’ οὐδὲν χρήσιμον1Paul adds that battling about words has no benefit for those involved. Alternate translation: “it does not benefit anyone”
1432:14ywtyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἐπὶ καταστροφῇ τῶν ἀκουόντων1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **destruction** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “it destroys those who hear”
1442:14x7gxrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyἐπὶ καταστροφῇ τῶν ἀκουόντων1Here, **destruction** refers not to physical harm, but to the spiritual harm that is done to believers who hear their teachers foolishly arguing about unimportant things. This teaches the believers that being seen as right about small things is more important than love and unity, and can cause them to have wrong ideas about the faith or to stop following Jesus altogether. Alternate translation: “and can make those who hear it want to stop following Jesus”
1452:15m3vyσπούδασον σεαυτὸν, δόκιμον παραστῆσαι τῷ Θεῷ1Alternate translation: “Do your best to please God”
1462:15rj6yrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐργάτην1Paul says that Timothy will be a skilled workman if he correctly teaches Gods word. Alternate translation: “like a craftsman”
1472:15xgz9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorὀρθοτομοῦντα τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας1Paul refers to **the word of truth** as if it were a path that someone was cutting through difficult terrain. When such a path is **straight**, travelers can follow it directly to their destination. By contrast, the useless discussions that Paul describes in [2:14](../02/14.md) and [2:16](../02/16.md) would be needless detours in terms of this same metaphor. Alternate translation: “show people how to follow the Scriptures directly” or “teach the Scriptures correctly so that people can follow them”
1482:15p052rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας1Paul uses the term **word** to refer to something that is expressed in words. This could refer to: (1) the message that Timothy is to teach. Alternate translation: “the true message” (2) the Scriptures. Alternate translation: “the true things that God has said in the Scriptures”
1492:15p053rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **truth** with an adjective. Alternate translation: “the true message” or “the true things that God has said in the Scriptures”
1502:16e27qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐπὶ πλεῖον & προκόψουσιν ἀσεβείας1Paul speaks of these discussions as if they could physically progress in a certain direction, and he speaks of **ungodliness** as that direction. Paul is describing the effect that these discussions have on people. Alternate translation: “they cause people to become more and more ungodly”
1512:17i73trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simileὁ λόγος αὐτῶν ὡς γάγγραινα νομὴν ἕξει1This is a simile. It means that something will spread from person to person and harm the faith of all those who hear it. The thing that will spread could refer to: (1) the habit of having useless and godless discussions. (2) the things that the people were saying in these empty discussions, or both. Alternate translation: “these empty discussions will spread quickly and cause destruction like an infectious disease”
1522:17p054rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyὁ λόγος αὐτῶν1Paul uses the term **word** to refer to something that is expressed in words. Alternate translation: “these discussions” or “what people who take part in these discussions say”
1532:17p055rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownὡς γάγγραινα1“Gangrene” is type of tissue death caused by infection or lack of blood circulation. It quickly spreads in a persons body and can lead to death. If your readers would not know what **gangrene** is, you could use a general expression. Alternate translation: “like an infectious disease”
1542:17p056rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronounsὧν ἐστιν Ὑμέναιος, καὶ Φίλητος1Paul gives Timothy the names of **Hymenaeus** and **Philetus** examples of ungodliness and foolish talk. To make the relationship between these names and the preceding **their word** clear in your language, you may have to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “Hymeneus and Philetus are such people”
1552:17x2k6rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesὙμέναιος, καὶ Φίλητος1**Hymenaeus** and **Philetus** are names of men.
1562:18fi9zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorοἵτινες περὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἠστόχησαν1Paul uses this expression to speak of faith in Christ as if it were a target at which people should aim. Those who have **missed the mark** do not believe or teach what is true. Alternate translation: “who are teaching things that are not true”
1572:18p057rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsοἵτινες περὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἠστόχησαν1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **truth** with an adjective. Alternate translation: “who teach things that are not true”
1582:18pu22rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **resurrection** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “God has already raised the dead”
1592:18ura5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἀνατρέπουσιν τήν τινων πίστιν1Paul refers to **faith** as though it were an object that could be destroyed. Alternate translation: “they are causing some people to stop believing”
1602:19ir1zrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorὁ & στερεὸς θεμέλιος τοῦ Θεοῦ ἕστηκεν1Paul uses the image of the **foundation** of a building to explain that even though a false and destructive message has been destroying the faith of some people, God has nevertheless given people who want to continue to follow him a true message, which provides for them a safe and secure “place to stand.” Alternate translation: “God has provided a secure basis for people to continue to believe in him”
1612:19p058rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyἔχων τὴν σφραγῖδα ταύτην1Paul speaks of the inscription on this foundation as if it were a **seal**, since seals on the outside of documents often bore inscriptions describing their contents. Alternate translation: “having this inscription” or “which can be described in this way”
1622:19p059rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarksἔχων τὴν σφραγῖδα ταύτην1Paul uses this phrase to introduce two direct quotations. The statements that follow in the rest of this verse describe two aspects of the basis that God has provided for people to continue to believe in him. It may be helpful to your readers if you indicate this by marking these statements as quotations.
1632:19nd7trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomὁ ὀνομάζων τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου1The expression **names the name of the Lord** is an idiom that refers to saying the name of the Lord in order to declare that one belongs to him. Alternate translation: “who says he believes in the Lord”
1642:19y3bcrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἀποστήτω ἀπὸ ἀδικίας1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **unrighteousness** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “must stop doing evil things”
1652:20p060rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐν μεγάλῃ δὲ οἰκίᾳ, οὐκ ἔστιν μόνον σκεύη χρυσᾶ καὶ ἀργυρᾶ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ξύλινα καὶ ὀστράκινα1To help Timothy understand something important about following Jesus, Paul introduces the metaphor that compares the **containers** that are in the home of a wealthy person with people in the church. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that this is a metaphor or illustration. Alternate translation: “Consider this illustration: in the home of a wealthy person, there are containers made of gold and silver, and there are also containers made of wood and clay”
1662:20p061rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisἀλλὰ καὶ ξύλινα καὶ ὀστράκινα1Paul leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. Alternate translation: “and there are also containers made of wood and clay”
1672:20j75lσκεύη1The word **container** is a general term for items used to hold other things, such as grain, food, drink, or refuse. If your language does not have a general word, you can use a specific word such as “bowl” or “pot.”
1682:20mt5erc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἃ μὲν εἰς τιμὴν, ἃ δὲ εἰς ἀτιμίαν1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the abstract nouns **honor** and **dishonor** by stating the ideas behind them with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “he uses the former at events to honor people and he uses the latter to do things that no one wants to see”
1692:21jm3prc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐκκαθάρῃ ἑαυτὸν ἀπὸ τούτων1Here Paul continues the metaphor that compares people in the church to containers in a great house that have different uses. Paul speaks of a person washing himself clean as though he had been a pot full of something bad. By this he means that the person has given up certain associations or activities. Here, **these** could refer to: (1) the false teachers who are destroying the faith of some people. Alternate translation: “has disassociated himself from these false teachers” (2) the activities of quarreling and false teaching that Paul has warned Timothy about. Alternate translation: “has stopped doing these ungodly actions”
1702:21g79frc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἔσται σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν1Paul speaks of a person who has given up these associations or activities as if he were a particular kind of **container**. Alternate translation: “he will be like a dish for special occasions” or “he will be like a dish that is used to honor people”
1712:21p062rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἔσται σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν1The implication is that God will be able to give important assignments to a person who is free from wrong associations or activities. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “he will be someone to whom God can give important assignments”
1722:21mh63ἔσται σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν, ἡγιασμένον εὔχρηστον τῷ Δεσπότῃ, εἰς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἡτοιμασμένον1These four phrases could mean: (1) the ones beginning with **having been** give the reason for the phrase before them. Alternate translation: “he will be a container for honor because he has been sanctified, and he will be useful to the Master because he has been prepared for every good work” (2) all four phrases could simply be describing the person. Alternate translation: “he will be a container for honor, someone who is sanctified, useful to the Master, and ready for every good work”
1732:21p063rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἡγιασμένον1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea, and you can state who did the action. Alternate translation: “whom God has set apart for himself” or “whom God has set apart for a special purpose”
1742:21nl5drc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἡγιασμένον1If this phrase is continuing the metaphor of objects in a house, then Paul is referring to a person who is free from wrong associations or activities as if he were a precious object whose owner keeps it in a special place. Whether this phrase is continuing the metaphor or not, it still expresses the idea of being “dedicated” for a special purpose. Alternate translation: “whom God has set apart for a special purpose”
1752:21p064rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorεὔχρηστον τῷ Δεσπότῃ1In the context of the metaphor of the house, Paul speaks of God as the head of the household. Alternate translation: “useful to God”
1762:21p065rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveεἰς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἡτοιμασμένον1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “who has gotten himself ready to do any good work”
1772:22h9p6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτὰς & νεωτερικὰς ἐπιθυμίας φεῦγε1Paul speaks about **youthful** desires as if they were a dangerous person or animal that Timothy should run away from. Alternate translation: “control your youthful desires”
1782:22p066rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτὰς & νεωτερικὰς ἐπιθυμίας φεῦγε1Paul speaks of immoral activities by association with the desires that lead a person to engage in them. Alternate translation: “refuse to do the wrong things that young people want to do”
1792:22srb7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorδίωκε δὲ δικαιοσύνην, πίστιν, ἀγάπην, εἰρήνην1Paul is using the verb **pursue** in contrast to **flee**. He speaks of these positive things as if Timothy should run towards them because they will do him good. Alternate translation: “be eager to do what is right, to believe in God, to love God and others, and to live in peace with people”
1802:22p067rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsδικαιοσύνην, πίστιν, ἀγάπην, εἰρήνην1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the abstract nouns **righteousness**, **faith**, **love**, and **peace** by stating the ideas behind them with equivalent expressions. Alternate translation: “do what is right, believe in God, love other people, and live peacefully with other people”
1812:22hg99μετὰ τῶν ἐπικαλουμένων τὸν Κύριον ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας1This likely means that Paul wants Timothy to pursue these positive things together with others who are sincere in their faith. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could put this phrase at the beginning of Pauls command to Timothy, as in the UST, before **pursue**. Alternate translation: “together with those who worship the Lord with sincere intentions”
1822:22gl3qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomτῶν ἐπικαλουμένων τὸν Κύριον1The expression **calling on the Lord** is an idiom that means to trust and worship the Lord. Alternate translation: “those who worship the Lord”
1832:22p068rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας1Paul uses a physical part of the body, the **heart**, to represent the intentions and desires of a person. Alternate translation: “with sincere intentions”
1842:22b2tirc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας1Paul uses the word **clean** to describe the intentions or thoughts of a person as though they were an object that could be made clean. Alternate translation: “with sincere intentions”
1852:23tmf7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτὰς & μωρὰς καὶ ἀπαιδεύτους ζητήσεις παραιτοῦ1Paul refers to certain kinds of discussions by association with the kind of **questions** that people might ask that would lead to these discussions or by association with the kind of people that would ask these questions. Alternate translation: “do not become involved in foolish and ignorant discussions” or “do not allow people to involve you in discussions that they start because they are foolish and ignorant”
1862:23p069rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doubletμωρὰς καὶ ἀπαιδεύτους ζητήσεις1Paul may be using the words **foolish** and **ignorant** together to emphasize a single idea. Alternate translation: “very stupid questions”
1872:23kh6prc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorγεννῶσι μάχας1Paul speaks of the **questions** as if they were women giving birth to children (the **battles**). Alternate translation: “they cause arguments”
1882:23p070rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorμάχας1Paul uses the term **battles** to describe arguments. Alternate translation: “they cause arguments”
1892:24p071rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorδοῦλον & Κυρίου1Paul is using the expression **slave of the Lord** to refer to leaders in the church, including Timothy, who do what God tells them to do. This includes teaching the believers and interacting with the quarrelsome teachers who challenge their authority and the truth. Alternate translation: “a leader in the church”
1902:24p072rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorοὐ δεῖ μάχεσθαι1Paul uses the term **battle** to describe arguments. Alternate translation: “must not argue”
1912:25un9lrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsἐν πραΰτητι1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **meekness** in this expression with an adverb. Alternate translation: “meekly” or “gently”
1922:25u6rpπαιδεύοντα1Paul presents **educating** as the godly response to quarrels. This term can mean “teach” or “correct.” Alternate translation: “teaching” or “correcting”
1932:25jt1rrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorμήποτε δώῃ αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς μετάνοιαν1Paul speaks of **repentance** as if it were an object that God could give people. Alternate translation: “God may cause them to repent”
1942:25u8dyεἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας1Paul speaks of the result of **repentance** as knowing the **truth**. Alternate translation: “so that they will know the truth”
1952:26p073rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisἀνανήψωσιν ἐκ τῆς τοῦ διαβόλου παγίδος1As Paul moves from one metaphor into another, he leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. Alternate translation: “they may become sober again and escape from the trap of the devil”
1962:26ef3qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἀνανήψωσιν1Paul speaks of sinners learning to think correctly about God as if they were drunk people becoming **sober again**.
1972:26mql8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐκ τῆς τοῦ διαβόλου παγίδος1Paul refers to the deception of **the devil** as a physical trap that sinners are captured in. Alternate translation: “and escape from the devils deception” or “and reject the devils deception”
1982:26p074rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐζωγρημένοι ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ, εἰς τὸ ἐκείνου θέλημα1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “after the devil has captured them and made them do what he wanted”
1992:26dj4jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐζωγρημένοι ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ, εἰς τὸ ἐκείνου θέλημα1Paul speaks of the devils deception as if the devil had physically **captured** them and made them do what he wanted. Alternate translation: “after the devil has deceived them and made them do what he wanted”
2003:introk2cr0# 2 Timothy 3 General Notes\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\nMany scholars understand the **last days** to mean the entire time from when Jesus first came to when he will return, which includes Pauls time. If so, then what Paul teaches in this chapter about being persecuted applies to all believers. But some scholars understand the **last days** to mean a time in the future just before Jesus returns. If that is the meaning, then Paul is prophesying in verses 19 and 13 about those days. If possible, translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate these verses. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
2013:1g65rrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις1Paul is using the term **days** to refer to a particular time. Alternate translation: “during the period of time before the end”
2023:1n7gsrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐνστήσονται καιροὶ χαλεποί1The implication from what Paul goes on to say about people becoming ungodly and violent is that it will be difficult for believers in this time period. Alternate translation: “believers will face difficult situations”
2033:2p075rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotationsοἱ ἄνθρωποι1Here Paul is using the term **men** in a generic sense that includes all people. Alternate translation: “people”
2043:2jb27φίλαυτοι1Here, **self-loving** refers to loving oneself more than loving family or friends with a natural human love. This is not the kind of love that comes from God. Alternate translation: “self-centered”
2053:3u3n7ἄστοργοι1The term **unloving** means that they will not love other people whom they should love. Alternate translation: “they will not love their own families”
2063:3r2uvἄσπονδοι1The term **irreconcilable** means they will not agree to make peace with others and will insist on living in a state of conflict in order to have their own way. Alternate translation: “they will not agree with anyone” or “they will not live in peace with anyone”
2073:3ks9yἀφιλάγαθοι1The phrase **not good-loving** could be translated by removing the negative **not** and replacing **loving** with the opposite term “hating.” Alternate translation: “They will hate what is good”
2083:4dw5zπροπετεῖς1The adjective **reckless** conveys the idea of doing things without thinking about the negative things that could happen as a result. Alternate translation: “heedless of consequences”
2093:4d6ngrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτετυφωμένοι1The expression **puffed up** is a metaphor for being proud and considering oneself better than others. Alternate translation: “haughty” or “conceited”
2103:4p076rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveτετυφωμένοι1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “haughty” or “conceited”
2113:5k5dcrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomἔχοντες μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας1The expression **a form of** indicates that their **godliness** is not genuine or true. Alternate translation: “appearing to have godliness” or “appearing to honor God”
2123:5p077rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-resultκαὶ1Paul uses the word **And** to introduce the results of what the previous sentence described. Alternate translation: “So”
2133:5p078rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjτούτους ἀποτρέπου1The term **these** is a demonstrative adjective that refers to the people who show the ungodly qualities that Paul lists in the previous verses. Paul is using the term as a noun. If your language does not use adjectives in that way, you can add the word “people” in your translation. Alternate translation: “avoid these people” or “avoid such people”
2143:5xm1crc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτούτους ἀποτρέπου1The expression **turn away** is a metaphor for avoiding someone. Alternate translation: “avoid these people” or “avoid such people”
2153:6gu4brc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorαἰχμαλωτίζοντες1Here Paul uses the term **captivating** to mean greatly influencing someone by the use of deception. Alternate translation: “manipulating”
2163:6u9m5γυναικάρια1The term **foolish women** refers to women who are spiritually weak and immature. They allow these men into their homes and listen to them because they are weak, idle, and have many sins. Alternate translation: “women who are spiritually weak”
2173:6e9exrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorσεσωρευμένα ἁμαρτίαις1Paul speaks of these **sins** as if they were heaped up on the backs of these women. Paul is explaining why these men can easily influence these women. This could mean: (1) these women sin often or even continually. Alternate translation: “who sin often” (2) these women feel terrible guilt because they sin. Alternate translation: “who feel terrible guilt for their sins”
2183:6p079rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveσεσωρευμένα ἁμαρτίαις1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “who sin often” or “who feel terrible guilt for their sins”
2193:6p080rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἀγόμενα ἐπιθυμίαις ποικίλαις1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “various desires lead them away”
2203:6izz9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationἀγόμενα ἐπιθυμίαις ποικίλαις1Paul speaks about these **various desires** as if they could physically lead a person away. He means that the women decide to do evil things in order to satisfy their desires. Alternate translation: “they decide to sin in various ways”
2213:7p082rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorμηδέποτε εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας ἐλθεῖν δυνάμενα1Paul speaks of the **knowledge of the truth** as if it were a destination at which people could arrive. Alternate translation: “never able to understand the truth”
2223:8p083ὃν τρόπον δὲ1Alternate translation: “Just as”
2233:8b8elrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesἸάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς1**Jannes** and **Jambres** are names of men.
2243:8p084rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἸάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς1Paul assumes that Timothy will know that he is referring here to the magicians in Pharaohs court who tried to duplicate the miracles that Moses was doing. The Bible does not record their names, but according to Jewish tradition their names were Jannes and Jambres. These men wanted to show that Pharaoh did not have to listen to Moses or obey Yahweh. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could identify them more explicitly. Alternate translation: “Jannes and Jambres, Pharaohs magicians,”
2253:8p085rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjοὗτοι1As in [3:5](../03/05.md), the term **these** is a demonstrative adjective that refers to the people who show the ungodly qualities that Paul has described. Paul is using the term as a noun. If your language does not use adjectives in that way, you can add the word “people” in your translation. Alternate translation: “these people”
2263:8p086rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῇ ἀληθείᾳ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **truth** with an adjective. Alternate translation: “what is true”
2273:8g4kkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyἄνθρωποι κατεφθαρμένοι τὸν νοῦν1Paul uses the word **mind** to refer to the way these evil men think. Alternate translation: “men who cannot think rightly”
2283:8p087rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἄνθρωποι κατεφθαρμένοι τὸν νοῦν1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “men who cannot think rightly”
2293:8pfh1ἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν1Paul uses the adjective **unapproved** to convey the idea that these men have been tested regarding how well they trust in Christ and obey him, and they have failed the test because their faith is not real. Alternate translation: “without sincere faith” or “whose faith is not genuine”
2303:8sppyrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἀδόκιμοι περὶ τὴν πίστιν1If it would be helpful in your language, you could start a new sentence here and say who does not approve of these men. Alternate translation: “God does approve of these men because they do not have a genuine faith in Jesus”
2313:9x9kxrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἀλλ’1The word **But** indicates a contrast between this verse and the previous idea from [3:06](../03/06.md) that these men were able to sneak into homes and persuade people to believe wrong things. If you need to make this contrast clear, you could remind your readers of the previous idea here. Alternate translation: “But even though they have persuaded some people to believe wrong things”
2323:9c6xxrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorοὐ προκόψουσιν ἐπὶ πλεῖον1Paul uses an expression about physical movement to mean that the false teachers will not continue to have much success among the believers. Alternate translation: “they will not be able to continue teaching falsely”
2333:9mv4jrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleἡ & ἄνοια αὐτῶν ἔκδηλος ἔσται πᾶσιν1The word **all** is a generalization. Paul has just said that these men will have a little success in deceiving some people. But ultimately their foolishness will become widely apparent, as happened to Jannes and Jambres, who were publicly discredited when they were not able to equal the powerful miracles of Moses. Alternate translation: “their foolishness will become widely apparent”
2343:9z4furc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjἐκείνων1The term **those** is a demonstrative adjective that refers to Jannes and Jambres. Paul is using the term as a noun. If your language does not use adjectives in that way, you can supply the names of the two men. Alternate translation: “of Jannes and Jambres”
2353:10vw42rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorσὺ & παρηκολούθησάς1Paul speaks of giving close attention to the things he lists in this verse as if one were physically following them as they moved. The idea is that Timothy is giving close attention to these things and imitating them. Alternate translation: “you have observed” or “you have paid close attention to”
2363:10wma6rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsμου τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **teaching** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “what I have taught others to do”
2373:10lq3vrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῇ ἀγωγῇ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **conduct** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “how I live my life”
2383:10p088rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῇ προθέσει1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **purpose** with a verbal clause. Alternate translation: “what I try to do with my life”
2393:10p089rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῇ πίστει1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **faith** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “what I believe”
2403:10p091rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῇ μακροθυμίᾳ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **patience** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “how I am patient with others”
2413:10p090rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῇ ἀγάπῃ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **love** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “how I love others”
2423:10l4pprc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsτῇ ὑπομονῇ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **endurance** with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “how I endure when I suffer”
2433:11p093οἵους διωγμοὺς ὑπήνεγκα1Paul is reminding Timothy that he knows of the various ways in which Paul suffered and how he endured until God rescued him. Alternate translation: “how I endured various persecutions”
2443:11r9vkrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐκ πάντων, με ἐρρύσατο ὁ Κύριος1Paul speaks as if God had physically removed him from a situation of danger. Alternate translation: “the Lord preserved me through them all”
2453:12ke7fζῆν εὐσεβῶς1The term **piously** means in an obedient way that honors God. Alternate translation: “to live in a godly way”
2463:12xm9lrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveδιωχθήσονται1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “people will persecute”
2473:13p094rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotationsἄνθρωποι1Here Paul is using the term **men** in a generic sense that can include both men and women. Alternate translation: “people”
2483:13xo4qrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadysπονηροὶ & ἄνθρωποι καὶ γόητες1This is probably a hendiadys, and the **evil men and impostors** are not two groups of people, but one group of people. Alternate translation: “evil people who only pretend to follow Jesus”
2493:13s7f2γόητες1The term **impostors** refers here to a person who wants other people to think he is a true Christian when he is not. Alternate translation: “people who are pretending to be believers”
2503:13imc8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorπροκόψουσιν ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον1Paul speaks of evil people and their character as something that moves forward physically, making gradual progress in a direction. Alternate translation: “will become worse and worse” or “will become even more evil”
2513:13p095rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον1This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “worse and worse”
2523:13eyx5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorπλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι1The expression **leading astray** uses the image of physically taking a person to a place that he didnt think he was going to. This is a figurative reference to persuading someone to believe something that is not true. Alternate translation: “teaching lies and believing lies”
2533:13p096rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveπλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “teaching lies and believing lies”
2543:14ytg9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorμένε ἐν οἷς ἔμαθες1Paul speaks of biblical instruction as if it were a place in which Timothy could stay. Alternate translation: “continue doing what you have learned” or “continue believing what you have learned”
2553:14p097rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐπιστώθης1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “are confident about”
2563:15w9l5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personificationτὰ δυνάμενά σε σοφίσαι1Paul speaks of the Scriptures as if they were a teacher who could instruct people and help them become **wise**. It may be convenient in your translation to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “By studying them you can become wise”
2573:15p098rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsεἰς σωτηρίαν διὰ πίστεως τῆς ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ1If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** with a verb such as “save.” Alternate translation: “so that you will know enough to trust Christ Jesus to save you”
2583:16s274rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorπᾶσα Γραφὴ θεόπνευστος καὶ1The term **God-breathed** uses the image of breathing to indicate that the Scriptures come directly from God through his Spirit. Characteristically in the Bible, the breath of God represents the Spirit of God. Alternate translation: “God produced all Scripture as his Spirit directed people what to write, and it”
2593:16hvr1πᾶσα Γραφὴ θεόπνευστος1By **All Scripture**, Paul is referring to every part of Scripture, which, at that time, was what we know as the Old Testament. If it is confusing to refer to all of the books of the Old Testament with the singular word **Scripture**, you could change it to a plural word as in the UST and make the verbs plural. Alternate translation: “All of the Holy Writings are God-breathed”
2603:16uv35ὠφέλιμος1Paul refers to the Scripture as **profitable** to convey the idea that Timothy and all believers will benefit when they use the Scripture to teach, reprove, correct, and train. Alternate translation: “you will benefit from it as you use it” or “it benefits everyone when we use it”
2613:16vl2nrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsπρὸς ἐλεγμόν1Paul instructs Timothy to use the Scriptures as the standard for knowing what is right and wrong and showing people that they are wrong. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **reproof** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “for showing people that they are wrong” or “for helping us to know when we are wrong”
2623:16e5h9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsπρὸς ἐπανόρθωσιν1Paul instructs Timothy to use the Scriptures as the standard for showing people how to make something right. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **correction** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “for showing people how to make things right” or “for showing us how to fix errors”
2633:16y1hfrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnounsπρὸς παιδείαν τὴν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ1Paul instructs Timothy to use the Scriptures as the standard for training people how to live lives that are right with God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **righteousness** with an equivalent expression. Alternate translation: “and for training people how to do what is right” or “and for training us to do what is right”
2643:17nb12rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotationsὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος1Paul is using the word **man** here in a generic sense that includes all believers in God, whether male or female. Of course, Paul also intends for Timothy to apply this to himself. Alternate translation: “the person who serves God”
2653:17uu7iἄρτιος1Alternate translation: “fully capable”
2663:17p099rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐξηρτισμένος1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “and have everything he needs”
2674:introk2xa0# 2 Timothy 4 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Paul gives a solemn charge to Timothy (4:18)\n2. Paul tells Timothy how he is doing (4:918)\n3. Paul sends personal greetings (4:1922)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### “I adjure you”\n\nWith these words Paul challenges Timothy in the most serious way possible to do what he is telling him to do. It is a way of commanding Timothy, not by Pauls own authority, but by the authority that he then refers to, that of God and Jesus Christ. In other words, Paul is saying that God and Jesus Christ are commanding Timothy through Paul.\n\n### Crown\n\nScripture uses the image of a crown to represent different things. In this chapter, Paul describes Christ as awarding a crown to believers as a metaphor for the reward that Christ will give them for having lived rightly on this earth.
2684:1eh3xδιαμαρτύρομαι1The word translated **adjure** is used to place someone under a serious and binding obligation. Think about the words that you use to do this in your language. This could refer to: (1) placing someone under an oath to do something. Alternate translation: “I place you under an oath” or “I hereby obligate you” (2) solemnly commanding someone with great authority. Alternate translation: “I solemnly urge you”
2694:1cb15rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ1Here the word **before** means “in front of,” that is, “in the presence of.” The implication is that God and Christ Jesus will witness and approve this command or oath. Alternate translation: “in the presence of God and Christ Jesus” or “with God and Christ Jesus as the witnesses”
2704:1u32grc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merismζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς1Paul refers to **the living** and **the dead** together to mean all people, whether they are alive at the time of judgment or have died. Alternate translation: “those who are still alive and those who have died”
2714:1p100rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladjζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς1The terms **living** and **dead** are adjectives that Paul is using as nouns to refer to groups of people. If your language does not use adjectives in that way, you can translate these terms with equivalent phrases. Alternate translation: “those who are still alive and those who have died”
2724:1lwt2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyκαὶ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ1Paul refers to Christs return by association to the fact that he will appear once again to people on earth when he returns, and he refers to Christs rule as king by association to the **kingdom** that he will rule. It may be helpful to begin a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “and on Christs return and on his rule as king”
2734:1anqhκαὶ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ1This can be understood in two different ways, depending on if Paul is placing Timothy under an oath or giving Timothy a command. (1) If Paul is placing Timothy under an oath, then he is saying that these are the things that Timothy would be denying if he fails to fulfill the oath. Alternate translation: “with an oath as strong as your desire for Christs return and for his rule as king” (2) If Paul is introducing a command in this verse, then Paul is appealing to these things to strengthen his command. Alternate translation: “and as surely as Christ will return and rule as king”
2744:2j2z7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτὸν λόγον1Paul is using the term **word** to refer to the whole message about Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “the Gospel message” or “the Good News”
2754:2zzh4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merismεὐκαίρως, ἀκαίρως1Paul uses the opposite words **opportunely** and**inopportunely** to say that Timothy should be ready to preach about Jesus when it seems like a good time to do so and also when it does not seem like a good time. He is using the two types of occasions together to indicate all occasions. Alternate translation: “when it is convenient and when it is not convenient” or “at all times”
2764:2g7axrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἔλεγξον1The command to **reprove** implies that the action is directed toward people who have done something wrong and are in need of correction. Alternate translation: “correct those who have sinned”
2774:2p101ἐπιτίμησον1The word **rebuke** involves telling someone that they have done something wrong and warning them not to do it again. Alternate translation: “tell them not to sin”
2784:2p102rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadysἐν πάσῃ μακροθυμίᾳ καὶ διδαχῇ1Here, **patience and teaching** is a hendiadys, with **patience** modifying **teaching**. Alternate translation: “do these things by teaching very patiently” or “always do these things by teaching patiently”
2794:2g5r0rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐν πάσῃ μακροθυμίᾳ καὶ διδαχῇ1The implication is that this is how Timothy should preach, reprove, rebuke, and exhort. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “do these things by teaching very patiently” or “always do these things by teaching patiently”
2804:2p103rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleἐν πάσῃ μακροθυμίᾳ καὶ διδαχῇ1Here, **all** could mean: (1) Timothy should always be patient when he teaches. Alternate translation: “always teaching patiently” (2) a generalization for emphasis, meaning that Timothy should be very patient. Alternate translation: “by teaching very patiently”
2814:3jv7aἔσται & καιρὸς ὅτε1Alternate translation: “the time will come when”
2824:3u2ccοὐκ ἀνέξονται1Alternate translation: “they will no longer listen patiently to”
2834:3ilx7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitοὐκ ἀνέξονται1The context indicates that **they** means people who are a part of the community of believers. Alternate translation: “some believers will no longer listen patiently to”
2844:3fyl3rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτῆς ὑγιαινούσης διδασκαλίας1The expression **healthy teaching** means “correct teaching” by association, since a healthy mind would recognize that correct teaching was reasonable. Alternate translation: “correct teaching”
2854:3e5t2rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorκατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας, ἑαυτοῖς ἐπισωρεύσουσιν διδασκάλους1Paul speaks of how people will obtain many teachers as if they were putting them into a heap or pile. They will want many teachers, but not value these teachers for how they live godly lives or how accurately they teach. Alternate translation: “they will gather many teachers for themselves who will teach what they want”
2864:3s375rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomκνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν1Paul speaks of people badly wanting to hear something as if their ears itched and could only be relieved if they found many teachers who would tell them what they wanted to hear. Alternate translation: “because they want to hear it so badly”
2874:3p104rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyκνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν1Paul uses the **ear** to mean hearing. Alternate translation: “because they want to hear it so badly”
2884:4rh2irc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἀπὸ μὲν τῆς ἀληθείας τὴν ἀκοὴν ἀποστρέψουσιν1Paul speaks about people no longer paying attention as if they were physically turning their ears away so that they could not hear. Alternate translation: “will no longer pay attention to the truth”
2894:4p105rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyἀπὸ μὲν τῆς ἀληθείας τὴν ἀκοὴν ἀποστρέψουσιν1Paul uses the **ear** to mean listening. Listening, in turn, means paying attention. Alternate translation: “will no longer pay attention to the truth”
2904:4xrv7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐπὶ & τοὺς μύθους ἐκτραπήσονται1Paul speaks about people starting to pay attention to **myths** as if someone were getting them to wander off in the wrong direction. Alternate translation: “these teachers will get them to pay attention to stories that are not true”
2914:4p106rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐπὶ & τοὺς μύθους ἐκτραπήσονται1If your language does not use this passive form, you can express this with an active form, and you can state who would do the action. Alternate translation: “these teachers will get them to pay attention to stories that are not true”
2924:5ehz7rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorνῆφε1Paul wants his readers to think correctly about everything, and so he speaks as if he wanted them to **be sober** rather than drunk. Alternate translation: “think clearly”
2934:5tv3kεὐαγγελιστοῦ1Alternate translation: “of a person who proclaims the good news about Jesus”
2944:6p107ἐγὼ & ἤδη σπένδομαι1While Paul speaks of his death as **already** happening, he means that it is an event that will happen soon. Alternate translation: “I will soon be poured out”
2954:6sh23rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐγὼ & ἤδη σπένδομαι1Paul speaks of himself as if he were wine in a cup that was **being poured out** as a sacrifice to God. Alternate translation: “the sacrifice of my life to God will soon be complete”
2964:6p108rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐγὼ & ἤδη σπένδομαι1If your language does not use this passive form, you can express this with an active form. Alternate translation: “My life will soon end as a sacrifice to God”
2974:6fb7lrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemismὁ καιρὸς τῆς ἀναλύσεώς μου ἐφέστηκεν1Paul refers to his death as a **departure**. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. Alternate translation: “soon I will die and leave this world”
2984:7d9tsrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι1Paul speaks of himself as if he has been competing in an athletic contest. Here, **good** could mean: (1) the kind of effort Paul has made. Alternate translation: “I have done my best” (2) Paul has pursued a worthwhile endeavor. Alternate translation: “I have worked hard for what really matters”
2994:7kq83rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα1Paul speaks of his life of service to God as if he had been running a **race** on foot. Alternate translation: “I have completed what I needed to do”
3004:7vk2prc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα1Paul speaks of **the faith**, by which he means his trust in Christ and his obedience to God, as if they were valuable objects that he has kept safe in his possession. This could mean: (1) Paul was faithful to do what God told him to do. Alternate translation: “I have remained faithful in doing my ministry” (2) Paul was faithful to teach the truth. Alternate translation: “I have preserved the teachings from any error”
3014:8ujg5rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἀπόκειταί μοι ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “God has reserved the crown of righteousness for me”
3024:8hg8irc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorτῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος1Here, the **crown** could: (1) represent the reward that God gives to people who have lived the right way. Alternate translation: “the reward for the righteous” (2) represent righteousness itself. Just as the judge of a race gives a crown to the winner, when Paul finishes his life, God will declare that Paul is righteous. Alternate translation: “the reward that is righteousness”
3034:8dwn6rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownστέφανος1See how you translated **crown** in [2:5](../02/05.md). The **crown** that Paul is using as an illustration of the future award from God was a wreath made of laurel tree leaves that was given to winners of athletic contests. You can use a word in your language that would refer to a prize for winning a contest.
3044:8n3k8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitἐν, ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ1As in [1:12](../01/12.md), this refers to the **day** when Jesus returns to judge people. Alternate translation: “on the day of judgment”
3054:8uh88πᾶσιν τοῖς ἠγαπηκόσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ1Alternate translation: “to all those who are looking forward to his return”
3064:8p109rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ1See how you translated **his appearing** in [4:1](../04/01.md). Paul is referring to Christs return by association with the fact that he will appear once again to people on earth when he returns. Alternate translation: “his return”
3074:9t8b7σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν & ταχέως1Alternate translation: “Come … as soon as possible”
3084:10e4xxrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΔημᾶς & Κρήσκης & Τίτος1**Demas**, **Crescens**, and **Titus** are names of men.
3094:10ji2lrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτὸν νῦν αἰῶνα1The expression **the present age** refers to worldly things as opposed to the things of God. Paul refers to these worldly things by association with the present time when people generally desire them, as opposed to the future time when the things of God will be established throughout the earth. Alternate translation: “the temporary comforts of this world”
3104:10u2qbrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisΚρήσκης εἰς Γαλατίαν, Τίτος εἰς Δαλματίαν1Here Paul leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. He means that like Demas, **Crescens** and **Titus** have left him. However, he is probably not saying that they did this because they also “loved this present age” like Demas. It is more likely that they are traveling to help the churches. Alternate translation: “Crescens has left me and gone to Galatia, and Titus has left me and gone to Dalmatia”
3114:10gs61rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΓαλατίαν & Δαλματίαν1This are the names of parts of the Roman empire. **Galatia** is an official Roman province and **Dalmatia** is an area in the southern part of the province of Illyricum.
3124:11w21uμοι εὔχρηστος εἰς διακονίαν1This could mean: (1) Mark is **useful** in helping Paul to take care of his personal needs. Alternate translation: “he can help take care of my needs” (2) Mark is **useful** in helping Paul minister to others, especially by preaching and teaching. Alternate translation: “he is helpful to me in my ministry”
3134:12y60rἀπέστειλα1Timothy is at Ephesus when he receives this letter. It may be that Tychicus is the one who carried this letter to Timothy at Ephesus. If so, then Paul is writing from Timothys perspective, who would view Pauls sending of Tychicus as a past event. If this is confusing in your language and you want to include this possibility, you may need to change the tense of the verb to future. Alternate translation: “soon I will be sending”
3144:13d5rwrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownφελόνην1The term **cloak** refers to a heavy garment worn over clothes. Alternate translation: “coat”
3154:13v9b6rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΚάρπῳ1**Carpus** is the name of a man.
3164:13k6tjrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownτὰ βιβλία1The term **books** refers to scrolls. A scroll was a type of book made of a long sheet of papyrus or leather. After writing on a scroll or reading it, people would roll it up using rods on the ends. Alternate translation: “the scrolls”
3174:13e395rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownμάλιστα τὰς μεμβράνας1The term **parchments** may refer to a specific type of scroll. Alternate translation: “especially those made from animal skins”
3184:14un4vrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknownἈλέξανδρος ὁ χαλκεὺς1The term **coppersmith** refers to a person who worked with things made of copper and other metals. Alternate translation: “Alexander, who works with metal”
3194:14kv94rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesἈλέξανδρος1**Alexander** is the name of a man.
3204:14wbx4rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἀποδώσει αὐτῷ ὁ Κύριος κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ1Paul speaks of punishment as if it were repayment. Alternate translation: “the Lord will give him the right punishment for what he has done”
3214:15i4ajrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyἀντέστη τοῖς ἡμετέροις λόγοις1The term **words** refers to the message that Paul and Timothy and their co-workers teach. Alternate translation: “he … opposed the message that we teach”
3224:16v847ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ μου ἀπολογίᾳ1Paul is referring to the opening session of his trial. By writing **first**, he is likely indicating that he will have to appear in court again. Alternate translation: “At the opening session of my trial” or “When I first appeared in court and explained my actions”
3234:16f2c3οὐδείς μοι παρεγένετο1Paul explains to Timothy that he had to go to court alone, without any supporters. Alternate translation: “no one testified on my behalf”
3244:16rm2trc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveμὴ αὐτοῖς λογισθείη1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “May God not hold it against them” or “I pray that God does not punish those believers for deserting me”
3254:17t1fwrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorὁ & Κύριός μοι παρέστη1Paul is speaking as if **the Lord** had physically **stood** with him. Alternate translation: “the Lord helped me”
3264:17y69mrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἵνα δι’ ἐμοῦ τὸ κήρυγμα πληροφορηθῇ1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. This could mean: (1) at his trial, Paul was able to explain the entire message God had given him to proclaim. Alternate translation: “so that I was able to proclaim all of the Lords message” (2) Paul was able to continue proclaiming Gods message right through to this time when he expected to lose his life. Alternate translation: “so that I was able to continue proclaiming the Lords message right to the end”
3274:17p113rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperboleκαὶ ἀκούσωσιν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη1Here, **all** could be: (1) a figurative generalization. Alternate translation: “so that as many Gentiles as possible could hear it” (2) a reference to all the Gentiles in the court. Alternate translation: “so that all the Gentiles who were there might hear”
3284:17gsr8rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphorἐρύσθην ἐκ στόματος λέοντος1Paul speaks as if he had been in danger of being killed by a **lion** at his court appearance. He could mean the physical danger of being sentenced to execution, or the spiritual danger of being tempted not to speak boldly for Jesus, or both. It would probably be best to leave both possibilities open in your translation. Alternate translation: “I was rescued from great danger”
3294:17p114rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassiveἐρύσθην ἐκ στόματος λέοντος1If your language does not use passive verbal forms, you can use an active form to express this same idea. Alternate translation: “God rescued me from great danger”
3304:18p115rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiomεἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων1This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “forever and ever”
3314:19n4zcrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymyτὸν Ὀνησιφόρου οἶκον1See how you translated this phrase in [1:16](../01/16.md). The word **household** refers to **Onesiphorus** and all the people in his family, possibly even his servants. Alternate translation: “Onesiphorus and everyone who lives with him”
3324:19mef8rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesὈνησιφόρου1**Onesiphorus** is the name of a man. See how you translated this name in [1:16](../01/16.md).
3334:20lie9rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesἜραστος & Τρόφιμον1**Erastus** and **Trophimus** are the names of men.
3344:20wp9hrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΜιλήτῳ1**Miletus** is the name of a city to the south of Ephesus.
3354:21cvc7σπούδασον & ἐλθεῖν1Alternate translation: “Do your best to come” or “Try as hard as you can to come”
3364:21eh95rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicitπρὸ χειμῶνος1The implication is that Timothy should try to come to Paul before the cold weather arrives and makes travel difficult or even impossible. If **winter** is the warm season in your area and summer is the cold season, or if your area does not have a cold season but a rainy season, you could use a more general expression. Alternate translation: “before the cold weather makes travel difficult” or “before the weather changes and makes travel difficult”
3374:21z1j9rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsisἀσπάζεταί σε Εὔβουλος, καὶ Πούδης, καὶ Λίνος, καὶ Κλαυδία, καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ1Here Paul leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages in order to be complete. To make sure that the meaning is clear, you could supply these words. The people listed after Eubulus are also greeting Timothy. Eubulus is not greeting them. Alternate translation: “Eubulus greets you, and so do Pudens, Linus, Claudia, and all the believers here”
3384:21p7pxrc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΕὔβουλος & Πούδης & Λίνος1**Eubulus**, **Pudens**, and **Linus** are the names of three men.
3394:21er77rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-namesΚλαυδία1**Claudia** is the name of a woman.
3404:21mk26rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotationsοἱ ἀδελφοὶ1The word **brothers** means all believers, whether male or female. Alternate translation: “all the believers here”
3414:22tx26rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youὁ Κύριος μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματός σου1Paul ends his letter with a blessing for Timothy. Here, **you** is singular and refers to Timothy. Alternate translation: “I pray that the Lord makes your spirit strong”
3424:22p119rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdocheὁ Κύριος μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματός σου1Paul describes Timothy as a whole person by reference to his **spirit**, perhaps because he is wishing particularly for Timothy to receive spiritual strengthening. Alternate translation: “I pray that the Lord makes you strong” or “I pray that the Lord will strengthen you spiritually”
3434:22k85yrc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν1Paul ends his letter with a second blessing. The **you** here is plural and refers to all of the believers who are with Timothy. Alternate translation: “May grace be with all of you there”
3444:22p120ἡ χάρις μεθ’ ὑμῶν1If it would be helpful in your language, you could state explicitly who Paul wishes will make this happen. Alternate translation: “May God give grace to all of you”