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| 1 | Book | Chapter | Verse | ID | SupportReference | OrigQuote | Occurrence | GLQuote | OccurrenceNote |
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| 2 | GAL | front | intro | i6u9 | 0 | # Introduction to Galatians<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Galatians<br><br>1. Paul declares his authority as an apostle of Jesus Christ; he says that he is surprised by the false teachings that the Christians in Galatia have accepted from other people (1:1-10).<br>1. Paul says that people are saved by trusting in Christ alone, not by keeping the law (1:11-2:21).<br>1. God puts people right with himself only when they trust in Christ; the example of Abraham; the curse which the law brings (and not a means of salvation); slavery and freedom compared and illustrated by Hagar and Sarah (3:1-4:31).<br>1. When people are joined to Christ, they become free from having to keep the law of Moses. They are also free to live as the Holy Spirit guides them. They are free to refuse the demands of sin. They are free to bear each other’s burdens (5:1-6:10).<br>1. Paul warns the Christians not to trust in being circumcised and in keeping the law of Moses. Instead, they must trust in Christ (6:11-18).<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Galatians?<br><br>Paul from the city of Tarsus was the author. He had been known as Saul in his early life. Before becoming a Christian, Paul was a Pharisee. He persecuted Christians. After he began to trust in Jesus Christ, he traveled several times throughout the Roman Empire telling people about Jesus.<br><br>It is uncertain when Paul wrote this letter and where he was when he wrote it. Some scholars think Paul was in the city of Ephesus and wrote this letter after the second time he traveled to tell people about Jesus. Other scholars think Paul was in the city of Antioch in Syria and wrote the letter soon after the first time he traveled.<br><br>### What is the Book of Galatians about?<br><br>Paul wrote this letter to both Jewish and non-Jewish Christians in the region of Galatia. He wanted to write against the false teachers who said that Christians need to follow the law of Moses. Paul defended the gospel by explaining that a person is saved by believing in Jesus Christ. People are saved as result of God being kind and not as a result of people doing good works. No person can perfectly obey the law. Any attempt to please God by obeying the law of Moses will only result in God condemning them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “Galatians.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “Paul’s Letter to the Church in Galatia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What does it mean to “live like Jews” (2:14)?<br><br>To “live like Jews” means to obey the law of Moses, even though one trusts in Christ. The people among the early Christians who taught that this was necessary were called “Judaizers.”<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How did Paul use the terms “law” and “grace” in the Book of Galatians?<br><br>These terms are used in a unique way in Galatians. There is an important teaching in Galatians about Christian living. Under the law of Moses, righteous or holy living required a person to obey a set of rules and regulations. As Christians, holy living is now motivated by grace. This means that Christians have freedom in Christ and are not required to obey a specific set of rules. Instead, Christians are to live a holy life because they are thankful that God has been so kind to them. This is called “the law of Christ.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### What did Paul mean by the expression “in Christ,” “in the Lord,” etc.?<br><br>This kind of expression occurs in 1:22; 2:4, 17; 3:14, 26, 28; 5:6, 10. Paul meant to express the idea of a very close union with Christ and the believers. At the same time, he often intended other meanings as well. See, for example, “when we seek for God to justify us in Christ” (2:17), where Paul spoke of being justified by means of Christ.<br><br>Please see the introduction to the Book of Romans for more details about this kind of expression.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of Galatians?<br><br>* “Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? Was not Jesus Christ depicted as crucified before your eyes” (3:1)? The ULT, UST, and the other modern versions have this reading. However, older versions of the Bible add, “[so] that ye should not obey the truth.” Translators are advised not to include this expression. However, if in the translators’ region there are older Bible versions that have the passage, the translators can include it. If it is translated, it should be put inside square brackets ([]) to indicate that it is probably not original to Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |||
| 3 | GAL | 1 | intro | f3n5 | 0 | # Galatians 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul started this letter differently than his other letters. He adds that he was “not an apostle from men nor by human agency, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead ones.” Paul probably included these words because false teachers were opposing him and trying to undermine his authority.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Heresy<br>God eternally saves people only through the true, biblical gospel. God condemns any other version of the gospel. Paul asks God to curse those who teach a false gospel. They might not be saved. They should be treated as non-Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/condemn]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])<br><br>### Paul’s qualifications<br><br>Some people in the early church were teaching that Gentiles needed to obey the law of Moses. To refute this teaching, in verses 13-16 Paul explains how he was formerly a zealous Jew. But God still needed to save him and show him the true gospel. As a Jew, and the apostle to Gentile people, Paul was uniquely qualified to address this issue. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are turning so quickly to a different gospel”<br><br>The Book of Galatians is one of Paul’s earliest letters in Scripture. It shows that heresies troubled even the early church. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |||
| 4 | GAL | 1 | 1 | m4ss | figs-you | 0 | General Information: | Unless noted otherwise, all instances of “you” and “your” in this letter refer to the Galatians and are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) | |
| 5 | GAL | 1 | 1 | d1kd | τοῦ ἐγείραντος αὐτὸν | 1 | who raised him | Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again” | |
| 6 | GAL | 1 | 2 | d737 | figs-gendernotations | ἀδελφοί | 1 | brothers | Here, **brothers** means fellow Christians, including both men and women, since all believers in Christ are members of one spiritual family, with God as their heavenly Father. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
| 7 | GAL | 1 | 3 | nxtz | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, | 1 | After introducing the senders and recipients of the letter, Paul gives a blessing. Use a form that people would recognize as a blessing in your language. Alternate translation: “May God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ give you grace and peace.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-blessing]]) | ||
| 8 | GAL | 1 | 6 | f74p | θαυμάζω | 1 | I am amazed | Alternate translation: “I am surprised” or “I am shocked.” Paul was very saddened that the people in Galatia were not living a life that showed they were trusting in the Messiah. | |
| 9 | GAL | 1 | 8 | s5uq | παρ’ ὃ εὐηγγελισάμεθα | 1 | other than the one | Alternate translation: “different from the gospel” or “different from the message” | |
| 10 | GAL | 1 | 8 | xb2c | ἀνάθεμα ἔστω | 1 | let him be cursed | If your language has a common way of calling a curse down on someone, you should use that. | |
| 11 | GAL | 1 | 10 | b2vc | figs-rquestion | ἄρτι γὰρ ἀνθρώπους πείθω ἢ τὸν Θεόν? ἢ ζητῶ ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκειν | 1 | For am I now seeking the approval of men or God? Am I seeking to please men? | These rhetorical questions expect the answer “no.” Alternate translation: “I do not seek the approval of men, but instead I seek the approval of God. I am not seeking to please men.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 12 | GAL | 1 | 10 | fl3c | εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην | 1 | If I am still trying to please men, I am not a servant of Christ | This phrase contrary to fact. Alternate translation: “I am not still trying to please men; I am a servant of Christ” | |
| 13 | GAL | 1 | 13 | f3gl | ἀναστροφήν ποτε | 1 | former life | Alternate translation: “my behavior at one time,” or “my prior life,” or “my earlier life,” | |
| 14 | GAL | 1 | 15 | wd26 | καλέσας διὰ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ | 1 | who called me through his grace | This could mean: (1) “God called me to serve him because he is gracious” (2) “he called me by means of his grace.” | |
| 15 | GAL | 1 | 16 | l5bb | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | τὸν Υἱὸν | 1 | Son | This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) |
| 16 | GAL | 1 | 16 | xx4c | εὐαγγελίζωμαι αὐτὸν | 1 | preach him | Alternate translation: “proclaim that Jesus is God’s Son” or “preach the good news about God’s Son” | |
| 17 | GAL | 1 | 16 | qme5 | figs-idiom | προσανεθέμην σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι | 1 | consult with flesh and blood | Here, **Consult with flesh and blood** is an idiom that means talking with other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 18 | GAL | 1 | 17 | qh88 | ἀνῆλθον εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα | 1 | go up to Jerusalem | Jerusalem was in a region of high hills, making it necessary to climb many hills in order to get there, and so it was common to describe travel to Jerusalem as “to **go up to Jerusalem** | |
| 19 | GAL | 1 | 17 | zqih | ἀπῆλθον εἰς Ἀραβίαν | 1 | The region of Arabia was located south of Damascus and Jerusalem. | ||
| 20 | GAL | 1 | 19 | av43 | figs-doublenegatives | ἕτερον δὲ τῶν ἀποστόλων οὐκ εἶδον, εἰ μὴ Ἰάκωβον | 1 | I saw none of the other apostles except James | This double negative emphasizes that James was the only other apostle besides Peter whom Paul saw. Alternate translation: “the only other apostle I saw was James” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) |
| 21 | GAL | 1 | 20 | h3cb | figs-litotes | ἃ δὲ γράφω ὑμῖν, ἰδοὺ, ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ ὅτι οὐ ψεύδομαι | 1 | In what I write to you, I assure you before God, that I am not lying | Paul uses litotes to emphasize that he is telling the truth. Alternate translation: “I am not lying to you in the messages I write to you” or “in the things I write to you, I am telling you the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) |
| 22 | GAL | 1 | 22 | y6l4 | ἤμην δὲ ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις τῆς Ἰουδαίας, ταῖς ἐν Χριστῷ | 1 | I was still not personally known to the churches of Judea that are in Christ | Alternate translation: “None of the people in the churches of Judea that are in Christ had ever met me” | |
| 23 | GAL | 2 | intro | xe28 | 0 | # Galatians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues to defend the true gospel. This began in [Galatians 1:11](../../gal/01/11.md).<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Freedom and slavery<br><br>Throughout this letter, Paul contrasts freedom and slavery. The Christian is free in Christ to do many different things. But the Christian who attempts to follow the law of Moses needs to follow the whole law. Paul describes trying to follow the law as a type of slavery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “I do not negate the grace of God”<br><br>Paul teaches that, if a Christian attempts to follow the law of Moses, they do not understand the grace God has shown to them. This is a fundamental error. But Paul uses the words “I do not negate the grace of God” as a type of hypothetical situation. The purpose of this statement could be seen as, “If you could be saved by following the law, then it would negate the grace of God.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) | |||
| 24 | GAL | 2 | 1 | zt61 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Paul continues to give the history of how he learned the gospel from God, not the apostles. | ||
| 25 | GAL | 2 | 1 | zth5 | ἀνέβην | 1 | went up | Here, **went up** is used because Jerusalem is located in hilly country. The Jews also viewed Jerusalem as the place on earth that is closest to heaven, so Paul may have been speaking figuratively, or it may be that it was reflecting the difficult, uphill, journey to get to Jerusalem. | |
| 26 | GAL | 2 | 2 | t6we | μή πως εἰς κενὸν | 1 | in vain | Paul feared that if he did not explain the gospel privately to the leaders, they could misunderstand the gospel, or others would misrepresent him. The double negative can be represented positively: “I was doing profitable work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) Alternate translation: “for no benefit” or “for nothing” | |
| 27 | GAL | 2 | 3 | xs8k | figs-activepassive | περιτμηθῆναι | 1 | to be circumcised | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to have someone circumcise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 28 | GAL | 2 | 4 | j5ka | τοὺς παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους | 1 | The false brothers came in secretly | Alternate translation: “People who pretended to be Christians came into the church,” or “People who said they were Christians but were not came into our group” | |
| 29 | GAL | 2 | 4 | mzx0 | διὰ δὲ | 1 | **But is was because of** could be: (1) connected to v. 1, which gives the reason for why Paul explained the gospel privately to the leaders in Jerusalem (2) connected to v. 3, which explains why people wanted to circumcise Titus (3) unconnected and begins an unfinished sentence. | ||
| 30 | GAL | 2 | 6 | afy6 | figs-metonymy | ἐμοὶ…οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο | 1 | added nothing to me | Here, **me** represents what Paul was teaching. Alternate translation: “added nothing to what I teach” or “did not add anything to my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 31 | GAL | 2 | 10 | kqq6 | figs-explicit | τῶν πτωχῶν…μνημονεύωμεν | 1 | remember the poor | You may need to make explicit how they were to **remember the poor**. Alternate translation: “remember to take care of the needs of the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 32 | GAL | 2 | 12 | z1kg | figs-explicit | φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς | 1 | He was afraid of those who were demanding circumcision | The reason Peter was **afraid** can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “He was afraid that these men who required circumcision would judge that he was doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 33 | GAL | 2 | 12 | fy79 | τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς | 1 | those who were demanding circumcision | Here, **those from the circumcision** represents Jews who had become Christians, but who demanded that those who believe in Christ live according to Jewish customs like circumcision. | |
| 34 | GAL | 2 | 12 | a6gv | ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν | 1 | kept away from | Alternate translation: “stayed away from” or “avoided” | |
| 35 | GAL | 2 | 14 | sg53 | οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | 1 | not following the truth of the gospel | Alternate translation: “they were not living like people who believe the true gospel” or “they were not obeying the true gospel” | |
| 36 | GAL | 2 | 14 | z4fp | figs-rquestion | πῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν | 1 | how can you force the Gentiles to live like Jews? | This rhetorical question is a rebuke and can be translated as a statement. The word **you** is singular and refers to Peter. Alternate translation: “you are wrong to force the Gentiles to live like Jews” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) |
| 37 | GAL | 2 | 16 | j6l1 | figs-exclusive | εἰδότες | 1 | we | The word **knowing** could refer to: (1) Paul and others, but not the Galatians (exclusive), who were primarily Gentiles (2) Paul and includes the Galatians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
| 38 | GAL | 2 | 16 | j7g5 | figs-synecdoche | οὐ…σάρξ | 1 | no flesh | The word **flesh** is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 39 | GAL | 2 | 17 | vnp6 | ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ | 1 | while we seek to be justified in Christ | The phrase **to be justified in Christ** means justified because we are united with Christ and justified by means of what Christ has done. | |
| 40 | GAL | 2 | 17 | sge2 | εὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἁμαρτωλοί | 1 | we too, were found to be sinners | The phrase **were also found to be sinner** could mean: (1) they admit they are sinners (2) they are no longer following the law (3) others view them as sinners for not following the law or eating with non-Jews. | |
| 41 | GAL | 2 | 18 | r52x | παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω | 1 | **I prove myself to be a transgressor** could mean: (1) Paul sinned by trying to obey the law again (2) Paul sinned by leaving the law for a time when he believed in the Messiah (3) the law proves Paul is a sinner when he tries to follow it. | ||
| 42 | GAL | 2 | 19 | xg5q | figs-rquestion | Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι; | 1 | **I have been crucified with Christ** could mean (1) by the Messiah's death, Paul was now separated from the law (2) Paul died spiritually and escaped the dominion of sin and the law. | |
| 43 | GAL | 2 | 20 | bb2x | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | Υἱοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Son of God | This is an important title for Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) |
| 44 | GAL | 2 | 21 | yl3c | figs-hypo | εἰ…διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν | 1 | if righteousness could be gained through the law, then Christ died for nothing | Paul is describing a situation that never existed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) |
| 45 | GAL | 3 | intro | xd92 | 0 | # Galatians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Equality in Christ<br><br>All Christians are equally united to Christ. Ancestry, gender, and status do not matter. All are equal with each other. All are equal in the eyes of God.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>Paul uses many different rhetorical questions in this chapter. He uses them to convince the Galatians of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is possibly a metaphor for our sinful nature. Paul is not teaching that the physical part of man is sinful. “Flesh” is used in this chapter to contrast with that which is spiritual. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]])<br><br>### “Those of faith are children of Abraham”<br>Scholars are divided on what this means. Some believe Christians inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham, so Christians replace the physical descendants of Israel. Others believe Christians spiritually follow Abraham, but they do not inherit the promises that God gave to Abraham. In light of Paul’s other teachings and the context here, Paul is probably writing about the Jewish and Gentile Christians sharing the same faith as Abraham did. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 46 | GAL | 3 | 1 | p7uw | 0 | General Information: | Paul is rebuking the Galatians by asking rhetorical questions. | ||
| 47 | GAL | 3 | 1 | ryu7 | figs-irony | τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν | 1 | Who has put a spell on you? | Paul is using irony and a rhetorical question to say that the Galatians are acting as though someone has put a spell on them. He does not really believe that someone has put a spell on them. Alternate translation: “You behave as if someone has put a spell on you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 48 | GAL | 3 | 1 | dc2j | ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν | 1 | put a spell on you | Alternate translation: “done magic on you” or “done witchcraft on you” | |
| 49 | GAL | 3 | 1 | gwv2 | figs-metaphor | οἷς κατ’ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος | 1 | It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly displayed as crucified | This metaphor describes how the Galatian believers heard the gospel message preached so clearly that it was if Jesus was crucified before their own eyes. Alternate translation: “You yourselves heard the clear teaching about Jesus being crucified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 50 | GAL | 3 | 2 | m1zd | figs-irony | τοῦτο μόνον θέλω μαθεῖν ἀφ’ ὑμῶν | 1 | This is the only thing I want to learn from you | This continues the irony from verse 1. Paul knows the answers to the rhetorical questions he is about to ask. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) |
| 51 | GAL | 3 | 2 | wq9g | figs-rquestion | ἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε, ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως | 1 | Did you receive the Spirit by the works of the law or by believing what you heard? | Alternate translation: “You received the Spirit, not by doing what the law says, but by believing what you heard.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 52 | GAL | 3 | 3 | xu4d | figs-metonymy | σαρκὶ | 1 | by the flesh | The word **flesh** is a metonym and refers to an independent reliance on one's own effort through outward deeds . Alternate translation: “by your own effort” or “by your own work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 53 | GAL | 3 | 4 | iyj1 | figs-rquestion | τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ | 1 | Have you suffered so many things for nothing…? | Paul uses this rhetorical question to remind the Galatians that when they were suffering, they believed that they would receive some benefit. Alternate translation: “Surely you did not think that you were suffering so many things for nothing…!” or “Surely you knew that there was some good purpose for suffering so many things…!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 54 | GAL | 3 | 4 | 0ujz | ἐπάθετε | 1 | This could refer to: (1) suffering from persecution (2) the spiritual benefits they have experienced. | ||
| 55 | GAL | 3 | 4 | qn1a | figs-explicit | τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ | 1 | Have you suffered so many things for nothing | It can be stated clearly that they had suffered these things because of people who opposed them for their faith in Christ. Alternate translation: “Have you suffered so many things by those who opposed you for your faith in Christ for nothing” or “You believed in Christ, and you suffered many things by those who oppose Christ. Were your belief and suffering for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 56 | GAL | 3 | 4 | nq68 | εἰκῇ | 1 | for nothing | Alternate translation: “uselessly” or “in vain” | |
| 57 | GAL | 3 | 4 | xl9l | figs-rquestion | εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ | 1 | if indeed it was for nothing? | This could mean: (1) Paul warns them not to let their experiences be for nothing. Alternate translation: “Do not let it be for nothing!” or “Do not stop believing in Jesus Christ and let your suffering be for nothing.” (2) their suffering was already in vain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 58 | GAL | 3 | 5 | s3bc | figs-rquestion | ἐξ ἔργων νόμου ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως | 1 | Does he…do so by the works of the law, or by hearing with faith? | Paul asks another rhetorical question to remind the Galatians how people receive the Spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 59 | GAL | 3 | 5 | j4vz | ἐξ ἔργων νόμου | 1 | by the works of the law | This represents people doing the works that the law requires. Alternate translation: “because you do what the law tells us to do” | |
| 60 | GAL | 3 | 5 | e17q | figs-explicit | ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως | 1 | by hearing with faith | Your language may require that what the people heard and whom they trusted be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “because you heard the message and had faith in Jesus” or “because you listened to the message and trusted in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 61 | GAL | 3 | 6 | ahy9 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Paul reminds the Galatian believers that even Abraham received righteousness by faith and not by the law. | ||
| 62 | GAL | 3 | 6 | f7sv | ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην | 1 | it was credited to him as righteousness | God saw Abraham’s faith in God, so then God considered Abraham righteous. | |
| 63 | GAL | 3 | 7 | i9x4 | figs-abstractnouns | οἱ ἐκ πίστεως | 1 | those of faith | Alternate translation: “those who believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 64 | GAL | 3 | 7 | kq1h | figs-metaphor | οὗτοι υἱοί εἰσιν Ἀβραὰμ | 1 | children of Abraham | Since Abraham was saved by faith, Abraham's true children are those who are also saved by faith as he was.This phrase goes against the opponents who claimed that the Galatian believers mustbe circumcised and obey the law in order to be a genuine son of Abraham. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 65 | GAL | 3 | 8 | j83j | πάντα τὰ ἔθνη | 1 | all the nations | God was emphasizing that he was not favoring only the Jewish people, his chosen group. His plan of salvation was for both Jews and non-Jews. | |
| 66 | GAL | 3 | 10 | jhr2 | figs-metaphor | ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν | 1 | All who rely on…the law are under a curse | Here, **under a curse** represents being cursed by God. Here it refers to eternal punishment. Alternate translation: “are cursed” or “God will eternally punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 67 | GAL | 3 | 11 | sn9h | δῆλον | 1 | Now it is clear | Alternate translation: “it is obvious that” or “it is evident that” | |
| 68 | GAL | 3 | 11 | k6k5 | ἐν νόμῳ, οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | no one is justified before God by the law | Alternate translation: “God justifies no one by the law” | |
| 69 | GAL | 3 | 13 | mt6z | ὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου | 1 | hangs on a tree | Paul expected his audience to understand that he was referring to Jesus hanging on the cross. | |
| 70 | GAL | 3 | 14 | brf7 | ἵνα…ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γένηται | 1 | so that the blessing of Abraham might come | Alternate translation: “Because Christ became a curse for us, the blessing of Abraham will come” | |
| 71 | GAL | 3 | 14 | h46q | figs-exclusive | λάβωμεν | 1 | we | The word **we** includes the people who would read the letter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
| 72 | GAL | 3 | 15 | al9b | ἀδελφοί | 1 | Brothers | See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). | |
| 73 | GAL | 3 | 16 | f1xu | δὲ | 1 | Now | This word shows that Paul has stated a general principle and is now beginning to introduce a specific case. | |
| 74 | GAL | 3 | 16 | w3wl | ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν | 1 | referring to many | Alternate translation: “referring to many descendants” | |
| 75 | GAL | 3 | 16 | t25e | figs-you | τῷ σπέρματί σου | 1 | to your descendant | The word **your** is singular and refers to a specific person who is a descendant of Abraham (and that descendant is identified as “Christ”). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) |
| 76 | GAL | 3 | 17 | h36m | translate-numbers | ὁ μετὰ τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη | 1 | 430 years | Alternate translation: “four hundred and thirty years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) |
| 77 | GAL | 3 | 18 | ujg2 | figs-hypo | εἰ γὰρ ἐκ νόμου ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας | 1 | For if the inheritance comes by the law, then it no longer comes by promise | Paul is speaking of a situation that did not exist to emphasize that the inheritance came only by means of the promise. Alternate translation: “the inheritance comes to us by means of the promise, because we could not keep the demands of God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) |
| 78 | GAL | 3 | 18 | c8fu | figs-metaphor | κληρονομία | 1 | inheritance | Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were an **inheritance** of property. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 79 | GAL | 3 | 19 | kx2e | τί οὖν ὁ νόμος | 1 | What, then, was the purpose of the law? | This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what the purpose of the law is.” or “Let me tell you why God gave the law.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) | |
| 80 | GAL | 3 | 19 | uk9m | figs-activepassive | προσετέθη | 1 | It was added | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God added it” or “God added the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 81 | GAL | 3 | 19 | cf66 | figs-activepassive | διαταγεὶς δι’ ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου | 1 | The law was put into force through angels by a mediator | God used angels to give the law to Moses. Moses is referred here as a **mediator** between God and the people of Israel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God issued the law with the help of angels, and a mediator put it into force” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 82 | GAL | 3 | 19 | bgi6 | χειρὶ μεσίτου | 1 | a mediator | Alternate translation: “given through a middleman” | |
| 83 | GAL | 3 | 20 | x9l1 | ὁ δὲ μεσίτης ἑνὸς οὐκ ἔστιν, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς εἷς ἐστιν | 1 | Now a mediator implies more than one person, but God is one | God gave his promise to Abraham without a mediator, but he gave the law to Moses, who was a mediator between God and the people of Israel. | |
| 84 | GAL | 3 | 21 | wes3 | figs-exclusive | 0 | General Information: | The word **us** in this section is inclusive and refers to all Christians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) | |
| 85 | GAL | 3 | 21 | e43u | κατὰ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν | 1 | against the promises | Alternate translation: “opposed to the promises” or “in conflict with the promises” | |
| 86 | GAL | 3 | 21 | iyg9 | ἐν νόμου ἂν ἦν ἡ δικαιοσύνη | 1 | righteousness would certainly have come by the law | Alternate translation: “we could have become righteous by obeying that law” | |
| 87 | GAL | 3 | 22 | jbn7 | figs-personification | ἡ Γραφὴ | 1 | scripture | This could refer to: (1) a particular passage of Scripture (2) all of scripture (3) a metonymy for God himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 88 | GAL | 3 | 23 | su16 | figs-activepassive | ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα, συνκλειόμενοι | 1 | we were held captive under the law, imprisoned | The way the law controlled us is spoken of as if the law were a prison guard holding us as captives. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the law held us captive in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 89 | GAL | 3 | 23 | t32j | figs-activepassive | εἰς τὴν μέλλουσαν πίστιν ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | 1 | until faith should be revealed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until God would reveal that he justifies those who have faith in Christ” or “until God would reveal that he justifies those who trust in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 90 | GAL | 3 | 24 | ln1s | figs-personification | παιδαγωγὸς | 1 | guardian | A **guardian** was usually a slave who was responsible for enforcing rules and behaviors given by the parent and would report to the parent on the child’s actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 91 | GAL | 3 | 24 | s8g5 | figs-activepassive | ἵνα…δικαιωθῶμεν | 1 | so that we might be justified | Before Christ came, God had planned to justify us. When Christ came, he carried out his plan to justify us. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God would declare us to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 92 | GAL | 3 | 27 | v6n1 | ὅσοι γὰρ εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε | 1 | For as many of you who were baptized into Christ | Alternate translation: “For all of you who were baptized into Christ” | |
| 93 | GAL | 3 | 27 | di9v | figs-metaphor | Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε | 1 | have clothed yourselves with Christ | This is a metaphor that means they have been united to Christ and have put on his character of righteousness and virtue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 94 | GAL | 3 | 29 | qp4z | figs-metaphor | κληρονόμοι | 1 | heirs | The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 95 | GAL | 4 | intro | h6gw | 0 | # Galatians 4 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verse 27, which is quoted from the Old Testament.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sonship<br><br>Sonship is a complex issue. Scholars have many views on Israel’s sonship. Paul uses sonship to teach how being under the law differs from being free in Christ. Not all of Abraham’s physical descendants inherited God’s promises to him. Only his descendants through Isaac and Jacob inherited the promises. And God only adopts into his family those who follow Abraham spiritually through faith. They are children of God with an inheritance. Paul calls them “children of promise.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adoption]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Abba, Father<br>“Abba” is an Aramaic word. In ancient Israel, people used it to informally refer to their fathers. Paul “transliterates” its sounds by writing them with Greek letters. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) | |||
| 96 | GAL | 4 | 1 | fr5u | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Paul continues to remind the Galatian believers that Christ came to redeem those who were under the law, and that he rescued them from their enslavement to the law and to sin and has made them God's children. | ||
| 97 | GAL | 4 | 3 | d6v9 | figs-inclusive | ἦμεν | 0 | General Information: | The word “we” here refers to all Christians, including Paul’s readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) |
| 98 | GAL | 4 | 3 | n21q | figs-metaphor | ὅτε ἦμεν νήπιοι | 1 | when we were children | Here **children** is a metaphor for the time before someone trusts in the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 99 | GAL | 4 | 3 | u462 | τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | 1 | the elemental principles of the world | This could refer to: (1) the laws, knowledge, or moral principles of the world (2) the spiritual beings, which some people thought control what happens on earth (3) the Jewish religion. | |
| 100 | GAL | 4 | 4 | l5tf | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | τὸν Υἱὸν | 1 | Son | This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) |
| 101 | GAL | 4 | 5 | v5cb | figs-metaphor | ἐξαγοράσῃ | 1 | redeem | Paul uses the metaphor of a person buying back lost property or buying the freedom of a slave as a picture of Jesus paying for his people’s sins by dying on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 102 | GAL | 4 | 6 | a274 | ἐστε υἱοί | 1 | you are sons | Paul uses the word for male child here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here. | |
| 103 | GAL | 4 | 6 | xhe6 | guidelines-sonofgodprinciples | τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ | 1 | his Son | This is an important title for Jesus, the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples]]) The Holy Spirit is intimately linked to God's Son. The Spirit was the promise of the Son (Jn. 14) as well as of the Father. It is by the Spirit that Christ lives in our hearts. |
| 104 | GAL | 4 | 6 | nei3 | figs-metonymy | εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν | 1 | sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts | The heart is metonym for the center and source of the whole inner life of a person. It is the source of thinking, feeling, and volition. Alternate translation: “to live in us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 105 | GAL | 4 | 6 | eqx5 | Ἀββά, ὁ Πατήρ | 1 | God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls out, “Abba, Father.” | By calling out **Abba, Father** the Spirit assures us that we are God’s children and he loves us. **Abba** is an Aramaic word that was used by a child to address their father. | |
| 106 | GAL | 4 | 7 | e7tc | υἱός | 1 | you are no longer a slave, but a son | Paul uses **son** here because the subject is inheritance. In his culture and that of his readers, inheritance passed most commonly, but not always, to male children. He was neither specifying nor excluding female children here. | |
| 107 | GAL | 4 | 7 | akb8 | figs-you | εἶ | 1 | you are no longer a slave…you are also an heir | Paul is addressing his readers as though they are one person, so **you** here is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) |
| 108 | GAL | 4 | 7 | d5hu | figs-metaphor | κληρονόμος | 1 | heir | The word **heir** refers to how believers inherit the promises God made to Abraham like a person inherits property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 109 | GAL | 4 | 8 | ukf5 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Paul reminds the Galatian believers that they are again trying to live under God’s laws rather than living by faith. | ||
| 110 | GAL | 4 | 8 | cj5i | τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσι θεοῖς | 1 | those who are | The phrase, **those, by nature, not being gods** refers to the beings which the Galatians served when they were pagans and were considered by them to be gods, but they were not really gods | |
| 111 | GAL | 4 | 9 | b8ue | figs-metaphor | ἐπιστρέφετε πάλιν | 1 | how is it that you are turning back to…principles? | Here, **turning again** is a metaphor for starting to follow and obey their former false religion practices. This is the first of two rhetorical questions Paul gives. Alternate translation: “you should not start obeying again.” or “you should not follow again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 112 | GAL | 4 | 9 | n5ie | τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ πτωχὰ στοιχεῖα | 1 | elemental principles | See how you translated this phrase in [Galatians 4:3](../04/03.md). | |
| 113 | GAL | 4 | 9 | w28k | figs-rquestion | οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε | 1 | Do you want to be enslaved all over again? | Paul uses this rhetorical question to rebuke the Galatian believers for behaving in a way that would make them like slaves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 114 | GAL | 4 | 9 | s77e | figs-metaphor | οἷς πάλιν ἄνωθεν δουλεύειν θέλετε | 1 | Do you want to be enslaved all over again? | Here, **to be enslaved again** is a metaphor for being obligated to obey certain rules or customs. Alternate translation: “Do you want to have to obey rules again like a slave must obey his master?” or “It seems that you want to be controlled by these rules all over again!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 115 | GAL | 4 | 10 | w7d5 | ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθε, καὶ μῆνας, καὶ καιροὺς, καὶ ἐνιαυτούς | 1 | You observe days and new moons and seasons and years | Paul is speaking of their being careful to celebrate certain times, thinking that doing that will make them right with God. Alternate translation: “You carefully celebrate days and new moons and seasons and years” | |
| 116 | GAL | 4 | 11 | bsv1 | εἰκῇ | 1 | may have been for nothing | Alternate translation: “may have been useless” or “has not had any effect” | |
| 117 | GAL | 4 | 12 | ql14 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Paul reminds the Galatian believers how kindly they treated him when he was with them, and he encourages them to continue to trust him while he is not there with them. | ||
| 118 | GAL | 4 | 12 | p9gn | ἀδελφοί | 1 | brothers | See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2] and [Galatians 3:15] (../01/02.md). | |
| 119 | GAL | 4 | 12 | n3wf | οὐδέν με ἠδικήσατε | 1 | You did me no wrong | This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You treated me well” or “You treated me as you should have.” | |
| 120 | GAL | 4 | 14 | tk1l | καὶ τὸν πειρασμὸν ὑμῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου | 1 | Though my physical condition put you to the test | This could mean: (1) they endured the difficulty of welcoming Paul when he was sick (2) they resisted the temptation to reject Paul when he was sick. | |
| 121 | GAL | 4 | 17 | s9kn | ἀλλὰ ἐκκλεῖσαι ὑμᾶς | 1 | to shut you out | Alternate translation: “to shut you out from us” or “to make you stop being loyal to us” | |
| 122 | GAL | 4 | 19 | u3eb | figs-metaphor | τέκνα μου | 1 | My little children | This is a metaphor and points to the fact that it was through Paul that the Galatians had become Christians. Alternate translation: “You who are disciples because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 123 | GAL | 4 | 19 | yf9e | figs-metaphor | οὓς…ὠδίνω, μέχρις οὗ μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν | 1 | I am in the pains of childbirth for you until Christ is formed in you | Paul uses childbirth as a metaphor for his concern about the Galatians. Alternate translation: “I am in pain as though I were a woman giving birth to you, and I will continue to be in pain until Christ truly controls you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 124 | GAL | 4 | 21 | z1um | λέγετέ μοι | 1 | Tell me | Alternate translation: “I want to ask a question” or “I want to tell you something”. | |
| 125 | GAL | 4 | 21 | u6fs | figs-rquestion | τὸν νόμον οὐκ ἀκούετε | 1 | do you not listen to the law? | Paul is introducing what he will say next. Alternate translation: “you need to learn what the law really says.” or “let me tell you what the law really says.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 126 | GAL | 4 | 24 | k5qu | ἀλληγορούμενα | 1 | as an allegory | An **allegory** is a historical event that represents something else. In Paul’s allegory, the two women referred to in [Galatians 4:22](../04/22.md) represent two different covenants. | |
| 127 | GAL | 4 | 24 | u4hr | figs-synecdoche | Ὄρους Σινά | 1 | Mount Sinai | **Mount Sinai** is a synecdoche for the law that Moses gave to the Israelites there. Alternate translation: “Mount Sinai, where Moses gave the law to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 128 | GAL | 4 | 24 | u3u9 | figs-metaphor | δουλείαν γεννῶσα | 1 | she gives birth to children who are slaves | Paul treats the law as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “The people under this covenant are like slaves who have to obey the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 129 | GAL | 4 | 25 | ck7v | figs-metaphor | δουλεύει…μετὰ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς | 1 | she is in slavery with her children | Hagar is a slave and her children are slaves with her. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem, like Hagar, is a slave, and her children are slaves with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 130 | GAL | 4 | 28 | ad75 | ἀδελφοί | 1 | brothers | See how you translated this word in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). | |
| 131 | GAL | 4 | 28 | ct63 | ἐπαγγελίας τέκνα | 1 | children of promise | Here, **children of promise** could refer to: (1) Abraham's children (2) God's children. | |
| 132 | GAL | 4 | 29 | c9lf | figs-metaphor | κατὰ σάρκα | 1 | according to the flesh | This refers to how Abraham became Ishmael’s father by taking Hagar as a wife. Alternate translation: “by means of human action” or “the natural way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 133 | GAL | 4 | 31 | sy8u | ἀδελφοί | 1 | brothers | See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). | |
| 134 | GAL | 5 | intro | bcg3 | 0 | # Galatians 5 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Paul continues writing about the law of Moses as something that traps or enslaves a person. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fruit of the Spirit<br>The phrase “the fruit of the Spirit” is not plural, even though it begins a list of several things. Translators should keep the singular form if possible. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/fruit]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Illustrations<br>Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter to illustrate his points and help explain complicated issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “You are cut off from Christ, you who would be justified by the law; you no longer experience grace.”<br>Some scholars think Paul teaches that being circumcised causes a person to lose their salvation. Other scholars think Paul means that obeying the law to try to get right with God will keep a person from being saved by grace. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) | |||
| 135 | GAL | 5 | 1 | up16 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Paul applies the allegory of the two women to remind believers that the are free from having to obey the law. | ||
| 136 | GAL | 5 | 1 | kuu9 | figs-explicit | τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ, ἡμᾶς Χριστὸς ἠλευθέρωσεν | 1 | For freedom Christ has set us free | **For freedom Christ set us free** implies that Christ sets believers free from the law and that they are not obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “Christ has set us free from the old covenant so that we might be free” or “Christ has set us free so that we might live as free people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 137 | GAL | 5 | 1 | j679 | figs-metaphor | στήκετε | 1 | Stand firm | **Stand firm** is a metaphor for being strongly resolute. Here, it is implied that the Galatian believers are continue to be determined to live a life free from the law. Alternate translation: “Do not give in {to the arguments of people who teach something else}” or “Be determined {to stay free}” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 138 | GAL | 5 | 2 | vk9o | Χριστὸς ὑμᾶς οὐδὲν ὠφελήσει. | 1 | Paul means that if a person is circumcised in order to receive salvation, then all that Christ has done for them is for nothing. No one can be justified by faith in Christ and at the same time by their own efforts. | ||
| 139 | GAL | 5 | 4 | h4yu | figs-metaphor | κατηργήθητε ἀπὸ Χριστοῦ | 1 | You are cut off from Christ | Here **cut off** is a metaphor for separation from Christ. Alternate translation: “You have ended your relationship with Christ” or “You are no longer united with Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 140 | GAL | 5 | 4 | ipf7 | οἵτινες ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθε | 1 | you who would be justified by the law | The phrase **being justified by the law** describes the attempt or pursuit to be justified by the law. Alternate translation: “all of you who think you can be justified by doing the deeds required by the law” or “you who want to be justified by the law” | |
| 141 | GAL | 5 | 5 | qg9m | ἡμεῖς…ἐκ πίστεως ἐλπίδα δικαιοσύνης ἀπεκδεχόμεθα | 1 | by faith, we eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness | This could mean: (1) “we are waiting by faith for the hope of righteousness” (2) “we are waiting for the hope of righteousness that comes by faith.” | |
| 142 | GAL | 5 | 6 | y2ww | figs-metonymy | οὔτε περιτομή…οὔτε ἀκροβυστία | 1 | neither circumcision nor uncircumcision | The words **circumcision** and **uncircumcision** refer to being a Jew or a non-Jew. Alternate translation: “neither being a Jew nor not being a Jew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 143 | GAL | 5 | 9 | q926 | μικρὰ ζύμη | 1 | **A little leaven** describes the teaching of circumcision, which threaten to ruin the entire lives of the Galatian believers. | ||
| 144 | GAL | 5 | 10 | jc72 | ταράσσων ὑμᾶς | 1 | is troubling you | Alternate translation: “is causing you to be uncertain about the truth” or “stirs up trouble among you” | |
| 145 | GAL | 5 | 10 | llh5 | ὅστις ἐὰν ᾖ | 1 | whoever he is | This could mean: (1) Paul does not know the names of the people who are telling the Galatians that they need to obey the law of Moses (2) Paul does not want the Galatians to care about whether they are important or influential. | |
| 146 | GAL | 5 | 11 | d4mm | figs-hypo | ἐγὼ δέ, ἀδελφοί, εἰ περιτομὴν ἔτι κηρύσσω, τί ἔτι διώκομαι | 1 | Brothers, if I still proclaim circumcision, why am I still being persecuted? | Paul is describing a situation that does not exist to emphasize the fact that people are persecuting him. This can be stated in active form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) |
| 147 | GAL | 5 | 11 | nv5x | ἀδελφοί | 1 | Brothers | See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2], [Galatians 3:15], [Galatians 4:12] (../01/02.md). | |
| 148 | GAL | 5 | 11 | y3ug | figs-activepassive | κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ | 1 | the stumbling block of the cross has been removed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross has no stumbling block” or “there is nothing in the teaching of the cross that would cause people to stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 149 | GAL | 5 | 11 | arj5 | figs-metaphor | κατήργηται τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ | 1 | the stumbling block of the cross has been removed | Stumbling represents sinning, and a stumbling block represents something that causes people to sin. In this case the sin is to reject the truth of the teaching that in order to be made right with God, people only need to believe that Jesus died on the cross for us. Alternate translation: “the teaching about the cross that causes people to reject the truth has been removed” or “there is nothing in the teaching about Jesus dying on the cross that would lead people to reject the teaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 150 | GAL | 5 | 12 | sfl2 | figs-metaphor | ἀποκόψονται | 1 | castrate themselves | This could be: (1) literal, to cut off their male organs so as to become eunuchs (2) metaphorical, completely withdraw from the Christian community. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 151 | GAL | 5 | 13 | y1g7 | γὰρ | 1 | For | Paul is giving the reason for his words in [Galatians 5:12](../05/12.md). | |
| 152 | GAL | 5 | 13 | ekb2 | figs-metaphor | ὑμεῖς…ἐπ’ ἐλευθερίᾳ ἐκλήθητε | 1 | you were called to freedom | It is implied that Christ has set believers free from the old covenant. Here freedom from the old covenant is a metaphor for not being obligated to obey it. Alternate translation: “You were called to freedom from the old covenant” or “Christ has chosen you to not be obligated to the old covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 153 | GAL | 5 | 13 | yp6r | ἀδελφοί | 1 | brothers | See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). | |
| 154 | GAL | 5 | 14 | ct8i | ὁ…πᾶς νόμος ἐν ἑνὶ λόγῳ πεπλήρωται | 1 | the whole law is fulfilled in one command | This could mean: (1) “you can state the whole law in just one commandment” (2) “by obeying one commandment, you obey all the commandments.” | |
| 155 | GAL | 5 | 14 | qt9c | figs-yousingular | ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν | 1 | You must love your neighbor as yourself | The words **your** and **yourself** are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
| 156 | GAL | 5 | 16 | yb58 | figs-metaphor | Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε | 1 | walk by the Spirit | Here, **walk** is a metaphor for living. Alternate translation: “conduct your life in the power of the Holy Spirit” or “live your life in dependence on the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 157 | GAL | 5 | 16 | rl5s | figs-personification | ἐπιθυμίαν σαρκὸς | 1 | the desires of the sinful nature | The sinful nature is spoken of as if it were a person and wanted to sin. Alternate translation: “what you want to do because of your sinful nature” or “the things you want to do because you are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]). See how you translated this **flesh** in [Galatians 5:13]. |
| 158 | GAL | 5 | 18 | san8 | οὐκ ἐστὲ ὑπὸ νόμον | 1 | not under the law | Alternate translation: “you are not obligated to obey the law of Moses” | |
| 159 | GAL | 5 | 21 | rs9b | figs-metaphor | κληρονομήσουσιν | 1 | inherit | The word **inherit** is used as a metaphor to refer to how believers will receive what God has promised believers like someone who inherits property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 160 | GAL | 5 | 22 | hez3 | figs-metaphor | ὁ δὲ καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματός | 1 | the fruit of the Spirit is love…faith | Here, **fruit** is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “But what the Spirit produces” or “But the Spirit makes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 161 | GAL | 5 | 25 | h9hd | εἰ ζῶμεν Πνεύματι | 1 | If we live by the Spirit | Alternate translation: “Since God’s Spirit has caused us to be alive” | |
| 162 | GAL | 6 | intro | bv8h | 0 | # Galatians 6 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter concludes Paul’s letter. His final words address some issues that do not seem to be connected to the rest of his letter.<br><br>### Brothers<br>Paul writes the words in this chapter to Christians. He calls them “brothers.” This refers to Paul’s Christian brothers and not his Jewish brothers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### New Creation<br><br>People who are born again are a new creation in Christ. Christians have been given new life in Christ. They have a new nature in them after they come to faith in Christ. To Paul, this is more significant than a person’s ancestry. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bornagain]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Flesh<br><br>This is a complex issue. “Flesh” is contrasted with “spirit.” In this chapter, flesh is also used to refer to the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/flesh]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]]) | |||
| 163 | GAL | 6 | 1 | x8zg | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Paul teaches believers how they should treat other believers and how God rewards someone who is faithful. | ||
| 164 | GAL | 6 | 1 | ss7l | ἀδελφοί | 1 | Brothers | See how you translated **brothers** in [Galatians 1:2], [Galatians 3:15], [Galatians 4:12], and [Galatians 5:11] (../01/02.md). | |
| 165 | GAL | 6 | 1 | rrg9 | figs-yousingular | σκοπῶν σεαυτόν | 1 | Be concerned about yourself | These words treat the Galatians as though they are all one person to emphasize that he is talking to each of them. Alternate translation: “Be concerned about yourselves” or “I say to each one of you, ‘Be careful for yourself’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]]) |
| 166 | GAL | 6 | 1 | ljx6 | figs-activepassive | μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς | 1 | so you also may not be tempted | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that you are tempted and also sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 167 | GAL | 6 | 2 | m6jz | ἀναπληρώσετε τὸν νόμον τοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | Here, **the law of Christ** does not refer to a set of rules, but most likely to the Messiah's command to love one another in [John 13:34](1jn/13/34). It involves submission to the person of Jesus and not to a code or list of commandments. This is similar to Paul's statement that the law can be summarized by loving one another in [Galatians 5:14]. | ||
| 168 | GAL | 6 | 3 | v6ts | εἰ γὰρ | 1 | For if | **For** could be connected to: (1) **carry one another’s burdens** ([Galatians 6:2](../06/02.md)) (2) **lest you also might be tempted** ([Galatians 6:1](../06/01.md)) (3) *Let us not become conceited** ([Galatians 5:26](../05/26.md)). | |
| 169 | GAL | 6 | 3 | m4wk | εἶναί τι | 1 | he is something | Alternate translation: “he is better than others” | |
| 170 | GAL | 6 | 3 | zz1g | μηδὲν ὤν | 1 | he is nothing | Alternate translation: “he is not better than others” | |
| 171 | GAL | 6 | 7 | x5pi | figs-metaphor | ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει | 1 | for whatever a man plants, that he will also gather in | Here, **sow** represents doing things that end in some kind of result, and **reap** represents experiencing the results of what one has done. Alternate translation: “for just as a farmer gathers in the fruit of whatever kind of seeds he plants, so everyone experiences the results of whatever he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 172 | GAL | 6 | 7 | gii9 | figs-gendernotations | ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος | 1 | whatever a man plants | Alternate translation: “whatever a person plants” or “whatever someone plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) |
| 173 | GAL | 6 | 10 | ax66 | ἄρα οὖν | 1 | So then | Alternate translation: “As a result of this” or “Because of this” | |
| 174 | GAL | 6 | 10 | jz9i | τοὺς οἰκείους τῆς πίστεως | 1 | those who belong to the household of faith | Alternate translation: “those who are members of God’s family through faith in Christ” | |
| 175 | GAL | 6 | 11 | i7ap | 0 | Connecting Statement: | As Paul closes this letter, he gives one more reminder that the law does not save and that they should remember the cross of Christ. | ||
| 176 | GAL | 6 | 11 | d6rk | τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί | 1 | with my own hand | This could mean: (1) Paul had someone write most of this letter as Paul told him what to write, but Paul himself wrote this last part of the letter (2) Paul wrote the whole letter himself. | |
| 177 | GAL | 6 | 12 | kmd7 | εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί | 1 | make a good impression | Alternate translation: “others will think well of them” or “others will think that they are good people” | |
| 178 | GAL | 6 | 12 | jd4x | figs-metonymy | τῷ σταυρῷ | 1 | the cross | Here, **for the cross** represents what Christ did for us when he died on the cross. Alternate translation: “the work Jesus did on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 179 | GAL | 6 | 14 | v2qs | figs-ellipsis | κἀγὼ κόσμῳ | 1 | I to the world | The words **has been crucified** are understood from the previous phrase. This means that the natural world has stopped having any claims or influence on Paul. Alternate translation: “and I have been crucified to the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 180 | GAL | 6 | 15 | n6n7 | καινὴ κτίσις | 1 | a new creation | Here, **a new creation** refers to the whole process of conversion when someone trusts in the Messiah and the Holy Spirit gives that person new life. | |
| 181 | GAL | 6 | 16 | b4al | τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | peace and mercy be upon them, even upon the Israel of God | This could refer to: (1) believers in general are the Israel of God (2) Jewish believers are the Israel of God (3) the Jews in general are the Israel of God | |
| 182 | GAL | 6 | 17 | cz8a | κόπους μοι | 1 | trouble me | This means Paul does not want the Galatian believers to doubt his authority or continue to cause him trouble by following teachers who demand them to become circumcised. | |
| 183 | GAL | 6 | 17 | j729 | ἐγὼ γὰρ τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματί μου βαστάζω | 1 | for I carry on my body the marks of Jesus | Here, **the marks** were scars from people who beat and whipped Paul because they did not like him teaching about Jesus. Alternate translation: “for the scars on my body show that I serve Jesus” | |
| 184 | GAL | 6 | 18 | pk25 | ἀδελφοί | 1 | brothers | See how you translated this in [Galatians 1:2](../01/02.md). |