RobH_en_tn/en_tn_06-JOS.tsv

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2JOSfrontintrosyt50# Introduction to Joshua<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Joshua<br><br>1. Conquest of the land of Canaan (1:112:24)<br> * Preparation for conquest; spies; crossing the Jordan River (1:15:1)<br> * Ceremonies at Gilgal; conquest of Jericho and Ai (5:28:29)<br> * The covenant affirmed at Shechem (8:3035)<br> * Southern and central campaigns; northern campaigns (9:112:24)<br>1. Settlement in the Promised Land; division of the land (13:122:34)<br>1. Joshuas final days (23:124:33)<br><br>### What is the Book of Joshua about?<br><br>The Book of Joshua is about the Israelites entering and occupying the Promised Land. Joshua was the leader that replaced Moses. He led the Israelites as they fought the people living in the Promised Land. This book also tells how the Israelites divided the land among the twelve tribes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book traditionally has the title “Joshua” because Joshua leads the people of Israel after Moses dies. Translators may create a title such as “The Book About When Joshua Led Israel.” Translators should avoid a title that suggests Joshua as the writer of the book.<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Joshua?<br><br>The book does not tell who wrote it. However, some verses in the book indicate that Joshua may have written at least part of it. Since ancient times, Jews have thought that Joshua wrote most of the book.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### How does the Book of Joshua present the cause of historical events?<br><br>In the ancient Near East, people assumed that gods caused world events to happen in a certain way. The Book of Joshua has some similarities with this view, but there are important differences. The events in the Book of Joshua occurred because Yahweh promised the Israelites that he would give them the Promised Land. What happened also depended on whether or not the Israelites obeyed Yahweh.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What does the phrase “to this day” mean?<br><br>This phrase was used by the writer to refer to the time when he was writing. The translator should be aware that “to this day” refers to a time already passed. He must avoid giving the impression to readers that “to this day” means “to the present day.” The translator might decide to say “to this day, at the time when this was being written,” or “to this day, at the time of writing.” This Hebrew phrase occurs in Joshua 4:9; 6:25; 7:26; 8:28, 29; 10:27; 13:13; 14:14; 15:63; 16:10.<br><br>### What does the phrase “all Israel” mean?<br><br>This phrase appears many times in the Book of Joshua, but it does not always mean every person in the nation of Israel. At times it means the Israelite army. At other times it means the representatives of the twelve tribes of Israel. In still other passages, it probably means a large number of the people in the nation of Israel.<br><br>### When should Joshua be translated?<br><br>The Book of Joshua should probably not be translated before Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. This is because the historical events of Joshua will not be understood without the information in these previous books.
3JOS1intror7gc0# Joshua 1 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter appears to be a natural continuation of the book of Deuteronomy.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Be strong and Courageous<br><br>Joshua is often told, “Be strong and courageous.” This repeated encouragement is on purpose and may indicate Joshua will need help in the future.
4JOS11s8u5יְהוָ֑ה1YahwehThis is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
5JOS11eka2translate-namesנ֔וּן1NunJoshuas father (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6JOS12le23figs-idiomעֲבֹ֜ר אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַ⁠זֶּ֗ה1cross over this JordanTo “cross over” means “go to the opposite bank of the river.” Alternate translation: “travel from this side to the opposite side of the Jordan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7JOS12vix4figs-youאַתָּה֙ וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה1you and all this peopleThe word “you” here refers to Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
8JOS13v1l7figs-pastforfutureכָּל־מָק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּדְרֹ֧ךְ כַּֽף־רַגְלְ⁠כֶ֛ם בּ֖⁠וֹ לָ⁠כֶ֣ם נְתַתִּ֑י⁠ו1I have given you every placeGod giving the land to the Israelites in the future is spoken of as if he gave it to them in the past. This emphasizes that he will certainly give it to them. Alternate translation: “I will give to you every place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
9JOS13xjc9figs-youבּ֖⁠וֹ לָ⁠כֶ֣ם נְתַתִּ֑י⁠ו1I have given youThe word “you” refers to both Joshua and the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
10JOS13t94efigs-idiomכָּל־מָק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּדְרֹ֧ךְ כַּֽף־רַגְלְ⁠כֶ֛ם1every place where the sole of your foot will walkThis refers to all the places Joshua and the Israelites will travel when they cross the Jordan River. Alternate translation: “everywhere you go in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11JOS14nbe3figs-youגְּבוּלְ⁠כֶֽם1your landThe word “your” refers to the tribes of Israel and not only Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
12JOS15w48wfigs-youיִתְיַצֵּ֥ב…לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ1to stand before youIn verse 5 the words “you” and “your” refer to Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
13JOS15iq2efigs-doubletלֹ֥א אַרְפְּ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠לֹ֥א אֶעֶזְבֶֽ⁠ךָּ1I will not abandon you or leave youThe words “abandon” and “leave” mean basically the same thing. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that he will not do these things. Alternate translation: “I will certainly stay with you always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
14JOS16a5ycfigs-imperative0General Information:Yahweh gives Joshua a series of commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
15JOS16gn34figs-imperativeחֲזַ֖ק וֶ⁠אֱמָ֑ץ1Be strong and courageousYahweh commands Joshua to overcome his fears with courage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
16JOS17db9mfigs-imperativeאַל־תָּס֥וּר מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ יָמִ֣ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹ֑אול1Do not turn from it to the right or to the leftThis can be stated as a positive command. Alternate translation: “Follow it exactly” or “Follow them exactly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
17JOS17jy5xתַּשְׂכִּ֔יל1be successfulAlternate translation: “achieve your goal” or “reach your goal”
18JOS18lcs7figs-doubletתַּצְלִ֥יחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶ֖⁠ךָ וְ⁠אָ֥ז תַּשְׂכִּֽיל1prosperous and successfulThese two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize great prosperity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
19JOS19vt4lfigs-rquestionהֲ⁠ל֤וֹא צִוִּיתִ֨י⁠ךָ֙1Have I not commanded you?This refers to Yahweh commanding Joshua. Alternate translation: “I have commanded you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
20JOS19fnz8figs-imperativeחֲזַ֣ק וֶ⁠אֱמָ֔ץ1Be strong and courageous!Yahweh is commanding Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
21JOS110b59xfigs-explicitהָ⁠עָ֖ם1the peopleThis refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
22JOS111f3rgfigs-quotesinquotesעִבְר֣וּ׀ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶב הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֗ה וְ⁠צַוּ֤וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עָם֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הָכִ֥ינוּ לָ⁠כֶ֖ם צֵידָ֑ה כִּ֞י בְּ⁠ע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים אַתֶּם֙ עֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה לָ⁠בוֹא֙ לָ⁠רֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶ֔ם נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם לְ⁠רִשְׁתָּֽ⁠הּ1Go through the camp and command the people, Prepare … possess.Embedded quotes can be expressed as indirect quotes. Alternate translation: “Go through the camp and command the people to prepare provisions for themselves. In three days they will cross over this Jordan and go in and possess the land that Yahweh their God is giving them to possess.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
23JOS111ck8hבְּ⁠ע֣וֹד׀ שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים1In three daysHere Joshua was counting his present day as day one. Alternate translation: “Two days from now” or “On the day after tomorrow”
24JOS111wg1efigs-idiomעֹֽבְרִים֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֣ן1cross over this Jordan“cross over” refers to going to the opposite side of the river. Alternate translation: “travel to the other side of the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
25JOS112uji6figs-explicit0General Information:The tribes of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Manasseh chose to settle east of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
26JOS112fx7htranslate-namesוְ⁠לָ⁠רֽאוּבֵנִי֙1ReubenitesThese were the descendants of Reuben. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
27JOS112z8vhtranslate-namesוְ⁠לַ⁠גָּדִ֔י1GaditesThese were the decendants of Gad. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
28JOS114tf68טַפְּ⁠כֶם֮1your little onesAlternate translation: “your little children”
29JOS114fb4dfigs-idiomבְּ⁠עֵ֣בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן1beyond the JordanThis refers to the east side of the Jordan River. Later most of the Israelites would live west of the Jordan, so they called the east side “beyond the Jordan.” But at this time they were all still on the east side. Alternate translation: “east of the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
30JOS115b5ytfigs-idiomאֲשֶׁר־יָנִ֨יחַ…לַֽ⁠אֲחֵי⁠כֶם֮1given your brothers restThis refers to Israel defeating all their enemies residing in Canaan that they were to conquer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
31JOS115g4ezוְ⁠שַׁבְתֶּ֞ם לְ⁠אֶ֤רֶץ יְרֻשַּׁתְ⁠כֶם֙ וִֽ⁠ירִשְׁתֶּ֣ם1you will … possess itThis refers to living out their life on the land in peace.
32JOS115rrj2figs-idiomבְּ⁠עֵ֥בֶר הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֖ן מִזְרַ֥ח הַ⁠שָּֽׁמֶשׁ1beyond the Jordan, where the sun risesThis refers to the east side of the Jordan river. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
33JOS116c7t90General Information:These Isrelites were specifically the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh that replied to Joshua.
34JOS118rel4figs-parallelismיַמְרֶ֣ה אֶת־פִּ֗י⁠ךָ וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִשְׁמַ֧ע אֶת־דְּבָרֶ֛י⁠ךָ1rebels against your commands and disobeys your wordsThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that any form of disobedience will be punished. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
35JOS118lbc3figs-activepassiveיוּמָ֑ת1will be put to deathIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “we will put to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
36JOS118zez7figs-parallelismחֲזַ֥ק וֶ⁠אֱמָֽץ1be strong and courageousIsrael and God considered both traits important for Joshua to pursue as their leader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
37JOS2introvg4m0# Joshua 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins the story of the conquest of the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Rahabs faith<br><br>Rahab expressed her faith in Yahweh. The statement “for Yahweh your God, he is God in heaven above and on the earth below” is a recognition of her faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>The Israelites were to completely destroy the evil Canaanites. They are compared to melting snow: “…melting away because of us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
38JOS21ig8ntranslate-namesנ֠וּן1NunThis is Joshuas father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
39JOS21w886translate-namesהַ⁠שִּׁטִּ֞ים1ShittimThis is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
40JOS21z78bמְרַגְּלִים֙1as spiesThese men were to visit the land to gain information on how Israel should conquer the land.
41JOS24k6130General Information:Rahab the prostitute protects the two Israelite spies from harm.
42JOS24l15yוַ⁠תִּקַּ֧ח הָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֛ה אֶת־שְׁנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֖ים וַֽ⁠תִּצְפְּנ֑⁠וֹ1But the woman had taken the two men and hidden themThis happened before the kings messenger spoke to her.
43JOS24am3mהָֽ⁠אִשָּׁ֛ה1the womanThis refers to Rahab, the prostitute.
44JOS25j3x6בַּ⁠חֹ֨שֶׁךְ֙1duskThis is the time that day begins to change to the darkness of night.
45JOS26l5zbwriting-backgroundוְ⁠הִ֖יא הֶעֱלָ֣תַ⁠ם הַ⁠גָּ֑גָ⁠ה וַֽ⁠תִּטְמְנֵ⁠ם֙ בְּ⁠פִשְׁתֵּ֣י הָ⁠עֵ֔ץ הָ⁠עֲרֻכ֥וֹת לָ֖⁠הּ עַל־הַ⁠גָּֽג1But she had taken them … on the roofThis is background information and explains how she had hidden the men in [Joshua 2:4](../02/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
46JOS26st56הַ⁠גָּ֑גָ⁠ה1the roofThe roof was flat and strong, so people could walk around on it.
47JOS26b99cבְּ⁠פִשְׁתֵּ֣י1flaxa plant that is grown for its fibers, which is used in making cloth
48JOS27kdj3וְ⁠הָ⁠אֲנָשִׁ֗ים רָדְפ֤וּ אַֽחֲרֵי⁠הֶם֙1the men pursued themThe men pursued the spies because of what Rahab had told them in [Joshua 2:5](../02/05.md).
49JOS27p4sxהַֽ⁠מַּעְבְּר֑וֹת1fordsplaces where a river or other body of water is shallow enough for people to get to the other side by walking through it
50JOS28ds5efigs-idiomטֶ֣רֶם יִשְׁכָּב֑וּ⁠ן1not yet lain downThis refers to going to sleep for the night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
51JOS29t8zyfigs-youיָדַ֕עְתִּי כִּֽי־נָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ1I know that Yahweh has given you the landThe word “you” refers to the all the Israelite people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
52JOS29xr6afigs-metaphorנָפְלָ֤ה אֵֽימַתְ⁠כֶם֙ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ1fear of you has come upon usBecoming afraid is spoken of as if feat came and attacked them. Alternate translation: “we have become afraid of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
53JOS29u74zfigs-metaphorנָמֹ֛גוּ…מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶֽם1will melt away before youThis compares the fearful people to ice melting and flowing away. Possible meanings are 1) they will be weak in the Israelites presence or 2) they will be scattered. Alternate translation: “will be so afraid that they will not resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
54JOS210bcm2יַם־סוּף֙1the Sea of ReedsThis is another name for the Red Sea.
55JOS210c6i6translate-namesלְ⁠סִיחֹ֣ן וּ⁠לְ⁠ע֔וֹג1Sihon … OgThese are the names of the Amorite kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
56JOS211qx6vfigs-doubletוַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבֵ֔⁠נוּ וְ⁠לֹא־קָ֨מָה ע֥וֹד ר֛וּחַ בְּ⁠אִ֖ישׁ1our hearts melted and there was no courage left in anyoneThese two phrases share similar meanings, combined for emphasis. The phrase “our hearts melted” compares the hearts of the fearful people of Jericho to ice melting and flowing away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
57JOS212nmi4figs-parallelismהִשָּֽׁבְעוּ־נָ֥א לִ⁠י֙…וּ⁠נְתַתֶּ֥ם לִ֖⁠י א֥וֹת אֱמֶֽת1please swear to me … Give me a sure signThese are similar statements of Rahab seeking assurance from the spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
58JOS212nh3tfigs-youעָשִׂ֥יתִי עִמָּ⁠כֶ֖ם חָ֑סֶד1I have been kind to youThe word “you” refers to the two spies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
59JOS213m6i6figs-euphemismוְ⁠הַחֲיִתֶ֞ם אֶת־…וְ⁠הִצַּלְתֶּ֥ם אֶת־נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖י⁠נוּ מִ⁠מָּֽוֶת1spare the lives … save us from deatha polite way of saying “do not to kill us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
60JOS214ji8q0General Information:The Israelite spies make the promise which Rahab asked for in [Joshua 2:12](../02/12.md)
61JOS214yb7ifigs-idiomנַפְשֵׁ֤⁠נוּ תַחְתֵּי⁠כֶם֙ לָ⁠מ֔וּת1Our life for yours, even to deathThis idiom is a way of swearing and asking God to curse them if they do not keep their promise. Alternate translation: “If we do not do what we promise, may Yahweh cause us to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
62JOS215b3dr0General Information:The Israelite spies continue to talk to Rahab.
63JOS217dmh8figs-hypo1This expresses a condition for the promise the spies had made to Rahab. The word, “this,” refers to “tie this scarlet rope in the window” in [Joshua 2:18](../02/18.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
64JOS218e4iw0General Information:The Israelite spies continue talking to Rahab.
65JOS218x2n80Connecting Statement:The Israelite spies clarify the condition they expressed in [Joshua 2:15](../02/15.md).
66JOS219vdc9figs-hypoכֹּ֣ל אֲשֶׁר־יֵצֵא֩ מִ⁠דַּלְתֵ֨י1Whoever goes out of the doors of your houseThis phrase expresses a condition, creating a hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
67JOS219k27wfigs-metonymyדָּמ֥⁠וֹ בְ⁠רֹאשׁ֖⁠וֹ1blood will be upon their own headsHere “blood” represents a persons death. To be responsible for their own death is spoken of as if their blood would be on their heads. Alternate translation: “their death will be their own fault” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
68JOS219m728וַ⁠אֲנַ֣חְנוּ נְקִיִּ֑ם1we will be guiltlessAlternate translation: “we will be innocent”
69JOS219qg47figs-euphemismאִם־יָ֖ד תִּֽהְיֶה־בּֽ⁠וֹ1if a hand is laid upon anyHere “a hand is laid upon” is a polite way of referring to causing someone injury. Alternate translation: “if we cause injury to any” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
70JOS220ew4z0General Information:The two Israelite spies continue to speak to Rahab about their promise to her. The spies required Rahab to remain silent about their visit or they would be free from their oath to protect her family.
71JOS220e659figs-youוְ⁠אִם־תַּגִּ֖ידִי1if you speak“You” refers to Rahab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
72JOS221uxw6כְּ⁠דִבְרֵי⁠כֶ֣ם כֶּן1May what you say be doneRahab agreed to their terms of the oath to protect her family.
73JOS222gjr50General Information:The two Israelites spies leave Jericho.
74JOS222a2i7figs-explicitשָׁ֖בוּ הָ⁠רֹדְפִ֑ים1their pursuers returnedIt may be helpful to say they returned to Jericho. Alternate translation: “their pursuers returned to the city of Jericho” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
75JOS222y2rjוְ⁠לֹ֥א מָצָֽאוּ1found nothingThis refers to the men not finding the spies.
76JOS223zps9figs-explicitוַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֜בוּ שְׁנֵ֤י הָֽ⁠אֲנָשִׁים֙1The two men returnedThe two men returned back to the Israelites camp. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
77JOS223y6etfigs-doubletוַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֜בוּ…וַ⁠יֵּרְד֣וּ…וַ⁠יַּעַבְרוּ֙ וַ⁠יָּבֹ֔אוּ1returned and crossed over and came backThese are similar expressions referring to returning to where the Israelites are camped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
78JOS223u3isfigs-idiomוַ⁠יַּעַבְרוּ֙1crossed over“cross over” means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “traveled from this side to the opposite side of the Jordan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
79JOS223i2bktranslate-namesנ֑וּן1NunThis is a male name; the father of Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
80JOS223cv1wאֵ֥ת כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּצְא֖וֹת אוֹתָֽ⁠ם1everything that had happened to themAlternate translation: “all that the men had experienced and seen.”
81JOS224rk66בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ1ourThis word, “us,” refers to Israel.
82JOS224eh7sfigs-metaphorיֹשְׁבֵ֥י הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ1inhabitants of the land are melting awayThe people of the land toward Israel are like a substance that melts in the presence of heat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
83JOS3introqs850# Joshua 3 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God dries the Jordan River<br><br>Joshua told the people “Dedicate yourselves to Yahweh tomorrow, for Yahweh will do wonders among you.” The conquest of the Promised Land is accomplished through the supernatural power of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
84JOS31ct91וַ⁠יַּשְׁכֵּם֩1got upThe phrase, “got up,” means to “awaken.”
85JOS31y8kdמֵֽ⁠הַ⁠שִּׁטִּ֗ים1ShittimA place in the land of Moab, west of the Jordan River where the Israelites were camped before their entry into the promised land, Canaan.
86JOS32wz25הַ⁠שֹּׁטְרִ֖ים1officersThese are people holding a position of command or authority.
87JOS33ghy1figs-metonymyאֶת־הָ⁠עָ֣ם1peopleThis is the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
88JOS34tn3htranslate-bdistanceכְּ⁠אַלְפַּ֥יִם אַמָּ֖ה1two thousand cubits“2,000 cubits.” The word “cubit” is a measurement equaling the distance from the elbow to the finger tips. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
89JOS35hy6cהִתְקַדָּ֑שׁוּ1Consecrate yourselvesThis refers to a special preparation of being religiously clean before Yahweh.
90JOS35wz6lיַעֲשֶׂ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה בְּ⁠קִרְבְּ⁠כֶ֖ם נִפְלָאֽוֹת1Yahweh will do wondersYahweh will be doing miracles for all to see and experience.
91JOS36ts4pשְׂאוּ֙ אֶת־אֲר֣וֹן1Take up the arkThis is referring to the levites picking up the ark for the purpose of carrying it from one location to another.
92JOS37u6dt0General Information:Yahweh tells Joshua what the priest are to do.
93JOS37q8udfigs-metaphorאָחֵל֙ גַּדֶּלְ⁠ךָ֔ בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֖י כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל1I will make you a great man in the eyes of all IsraelThe eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “the people will see what I do and realize that I have made you a great man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
94JOS38b797קְצֵה֙ מֵ֣י הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן1edge of the waters of the JordanJoshua is to approach the bank or edge of the Jordan River.
95JOS39pd660General Information:Joshua tells Israel what Yahweh is about to do
96JOS310u9w6figs-metaphorוְ⁠הוֹרֵ֣שׁ יוֹרִ֣ישׁ מִ֠⁠פְּנֵי⁠כֶם1drive out from before youYahweh will force the other people living on the land to leave or be killed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
97JOS311zex2figs-idiomעֹבֵ֥ר1crosses over“cross over” means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “will travel from this side to the opposite side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
98JOS312u1wg0General Information:Just as Israels fathers experience crossing the Red Sea, these people will experience crossing the Jordan river on dry land.
99JOS313bej3כַּפּ֣וֹת רַגְלֵ֣י1the soles of the feetThis refers to the bottom of their feet.
100JOS313u9rlמִ⁠לְ⁠מָ֑עְלָ⁠ה1upstreamThis word refers to the direction the Jordan River water is flowing toward Israel.
101JOS313s6udוְ⁠יַעַמְד֖וּ נֵ֥ד אֶחָֽד1stand in one heapThe water will stay in one spot or place. It will not flow around the priests.
102JOS315nhu7figs-synecdocheבִּ⁠קְצֵ֣ה הַ⁠מָּ֑יִם1edge of the waterThis can refer to the surface of the water as well as the bank where the water flows to dry land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
103JOS315mu2bwriting-backgroundוְ⁠הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֗ן מָלֵא֙ עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָ֔י⁠ו כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י קָצִֽיר1now the Jordan overflows all its banks throughout the time of the harvestThis is background information and it emphasizes the scale of what Yahweh is doing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
104JOS317tg4ffigs-explicitהַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֖ן1the JordanThis refers to the Jordan River bed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
105JOS317w7z6figs-idiomעֹֽבְרִים֙1crossed overThis phrase means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “traveled from this side to the opposite side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
106JOS4introeh7p0# Joshua 4 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Gods war<br>The conquering of the Promised Land was a special war. It was Gods war against the people of Canaan and Joshua recognized that they would only be victorious through Yahwehs power. This is why their first act after crossing the Jordan River was to build an altar. This war was a witness to Yahwehs power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])
107JOS41yem9figs-pronouns0General Information:Though Yahweh was speaking directly to Joshua, all occurrences of you include Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
108JOS41h2p6figs-idiomלַ⁠עֲב֖וֹר1crossed overThe words “crossed over” refer to going to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “went across” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
109JOS41lz4afigs-explicitאֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן1the Jordanthe Jordan River (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
110JOS43g6ycfigs-quotesinquotesוְ⁠צַוּ֣וּ אוֹתָ⁠ם֮ לֵ⁠אמֹר֒ שְׂאֽוּ־לָ⁠כֶ֨ם מִ⁠זֶּ֜ה מִ⁠תּ֣וֹךְ הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֗ן מִ⁠מַּצַּב֙ רַגְלֵ֣י הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֔ים הָכִ֖ין שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֣ה אֲבָנִ֑ים וְ⁠הַעֲבַרְתֶּ֤ם אוֹתָ⁠ם֙ עִמָּ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠הִנַּחְתֶּ֣ם אוֹתָ֔⁠ם בַּ⁠מָּל֕וֹן אֲשֶׁר־תָּלִ֥ינוּ ב֖⁠וֹ הַ⁠לָּֽיְלָה1Give them this command: ‘…‘The nested quote can be stated as an indirect quote. Alternate translation: “Give them this command to take up twelve stones from the middle of the Jordan where the priests are standing on the dry ground, and bring them over with you and lay them down in the place where you will spend the night tonight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
111JOS44r99r0General Information:Joshua tells the twelve men what to do.
112JOS45wr9dfigs-explicitאֶל־תּ֣וֹךְ הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן וְ⁠הָרִ֨ימוּ לָ⁠כֶ֜ם אִ֣ישׁ אֶ֤בֶן אַחַת֙ עַל־שִׁכְמ֔⁠וֹ1into the middle of the Jordan. Each of you is to take up a stone upon his shoulderEach of the twelve men were to pick up a large stone from the Jordan River bed and carry them to the other side to build a monument. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
113JOS46v6tn0General Information:Joshua tells Israel what the pile of twelve stones mean.
114JOS47bq5mfigs-activepassiveנִכְרְת֜וּ מֵימֵ֤י הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּן֙ מִ⁠פְּנֵי֙ אֲר֣וֹן בְּרִית־יְהוָ֔ה1The waters of the Jordan were cut off before the ark of the covenant of YahwehIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh cut off the waters of the Jordan in front of the ark of his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
115JOS47gsy5נִכְרְת֜וּ מֵימֵ֤י הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּן֙1The waters of the Jordan wereAlternate translation: “The Jordan River was”
116JOS47ew13נִכְרְת֜וּ…מִ⁠פְּנֵי֙ אֲר֣וֹן1were cut off before the arkThe Jordan River was prevented by God from flowing up to the ark that was being carried by the priests.
117JOS47ww74נִכְרְת֜וּ מֵימֵ֤י הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּן֙1the waters of the Jordan were cut offThe water flowing down the Jordan River stopped before the ark so everyone including the ark traveled on the dry river bed.
118JOS48q4qp0General Information:Joshua and Israel continue to do as Yahweh commanded.
119JOS48f69zfigs-explicitוַ⁠יִּשְׂא֡וּ שְׁתֵּֽי־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה אֲבָנִ֜ים מִ⁠תּ֣וֹךְ הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֗ן1they picked up twelve stones from the middle of the JordanThis refers to the twelve men picking up stones from the middle of the Jordan River bed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
120JOS49igh8figs-explicitוּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֧ים עֶשְׂרֵ֣ה אֲבָנִ֗ים הֵקִ֣ים יְהוֹשֻׁעַ֮ בְּ⁠ת֣וֹךְ הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּן֒1Then Joshua set up twelve stones in the middle of the JordanThese were twelve additional stones, not the stones that the twelve men carried from the river bed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
121JOS49yb3yוַ⁠יִּ֣הְיוּ שָׁ֔ם עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה1The memorial is there to this dayThis means the memorial was there to the day that the author was writing this book.
122JOS410reg9הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּן֒1the JordanThis refers to the Jordan River.
123JOS410bl85figs-metonymyהָ⁠עָ֖ם1the peopleThis refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
124JOS410er8cfigs-idiomוַֽ⁠יַּעֲבֹֽרוּ1crossed overThis means to go to the opposite bank of the river. Alternate translation: “traveled from one side to the opposite side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
125JOS411vff8figs-idiomלִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם1before the peopleThis refers to being in front of the people or in the sight of all the people. Everyone saw the ark being carried by the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
126JOS412gp7qfigs-explicitוַ֠⁠יַּעַבְרוּ בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֨ן וּ⁠בְנֵי־גָ֜ד וַ⁠חֲצִ֨י שֵׁ֤בֶט הַֽ⁠מְנַשֶּׁה֙ חֲמֻשִׁ֔ים לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל1The tribe of Reuben, the tribe of Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh passed before the people of Israel formed up as an armyThese were the soldiers of the 3 tribes that were fulfilling their obligation to lead the Israelites into battle for settling on the East side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
127JOS414cc5tכַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר יָרְא֥וּ1just as theyThe word “they” refers to the people of Israel.
128JOS415m7sg0General Information:Yahweh tells Joshua to have the priests exit the Jordan River.
129JOS417xw1x0General Information:The Author was making it clear that parting the Jordan River was no different than parting the Red Sea for the previous generation.
130JOS418m5z1וַ⁠יָּשֻׁ֤בוּ מֵֽי־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּן֙ לִ⁠מְקוֹמָ֔⁠ם וַ⁠יֵּלְכ֥וּ כִ⁠תְמוֹל־שִׁלְשׁ֖וֹם עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָֽי⁠ו1waters of the Jordan returned to their place and overflowed its banksThe Jordan River was overflowing its banks and flooding the area before and after Israel passed through on dry land.
131JOS419bf72עָלוּ֙ מִן־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן1came up out of the JordanThis refers to when Israel crossed the Jordan River on dry ground.
132JOS419zy5rtranslate-hebrewmonthsבֶּ⁠עָשׂ֖וֹר לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן1on the tenth day of the first monthThis is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The tenth day is near the end of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
133JOS420s8s2figs-explicitוְ⁠אֵת֩ שְׁתֵּ֨ים עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה הָֽ⁠אֲבָנִים֙ הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לָקְח֖וּ מִן־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן1The twelve stones that they took out of the JordanEach tribe was to take one stone from the Jordan River so Joshua could build a memorial of the crossing event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
134JOS422p6nkוְ⁠הוֹדַעְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֣ם1Tell your childrenIt was for Israel to teach their children of Gods miracles so that they would honor Yahweh forever.
135JOS424qe29figs-metonymyאֶת־יַ֣ד יְהוָ֔ה כִּ֥י חֲזָקָ֖ה הִ֑יא1the hand of Yahweh is mightyThis refers to the power of Yahweh being strong. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
136JOS5introdv8f0# Joshua 5 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Circumcision<br><br>It would have been very unusual to be circumcised in a time of war. When men are circumcised they are unable to move without pain or to defend themselves in battle for several days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]])<br><br>### Manna<br><br>Yahweh stops providing manna in this chapter and will no longer provide them with their daily allotment of food. This does not mean Yahwehs care and provision will stop.
137JOS51el1pfigs-parallelismוַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗⁠ם וְ⁠לֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥⁠ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ1their hearts melted … there was no longer any spirit in themThese two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of their fear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
138JOS51q8mifigs-metonymyוַ⁠יִּמַּ֣ס לְבָבָ֗⁠ם1their hearts meltedHere “hearts” refers to their courage. They were so afraid that it was as if their courage melted away like wax in a fire. Alternate translation: “they lost all their courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
139JOS51a2whfigs-metonymyוְ⁠לֹא־הָ֨יָה בָ֥⁠ם עוֹד֙ ר֔וּחַ1there was no longer any spirit in themHere “spirit” refers to their will to fight. Alternate translation: “they no longer had any will to fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
140JOS53m1u7figs-explicitוַ⁠יַּעַשׂ־ל֥⁠וֹ יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ חַֽרְב֣וֹת צֻרִ֑ים וַ⁠יָּ֨מָל֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י1Joshua made himself flint knives … he circumcised all the malesThere were over 600,000 males, so it is understood that while Joshua was in charge of this task, many other people helped him. If this would confuse your readers, you may want to make this explicit. Alternate translation: “Joshua and the Israelites made themselves flint knives … they circumcised all the males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
141JOS53jin6translate-namesגִּבְעַ֖ת הָ⁠עֲרָלֽוֹת1Gibeath HaaralothThis is a place name which commemorates Israel rededicating themselves to Yahweh. It means “the hill of the foreskins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
142JOS54i17c0General Information:The reason all the males of Israel had to be circumcised is explained.
143JOS54uz5pאַנְשֵׁ֣י הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָ֗ה1the men of warthe men who were old enough to be soldiers
144JOS56k8wlfigs-metonymyשָׁמְע֖וּ בְּ⁠ק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה1obey the voice of YahwehHere “voice” refers to the things that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “obey the things that Yahweh commanded them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
145JOS56jrp7figs-metaphorאֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָֽשׁ1a land flowing with milk and honeyGod spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. Alternate translation: “a land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
146JOS59x1q8figs-metaphorהַ⁠יּ֗וֹם גַּלּ֛וֹתִי אֶת־חֶרְפַּ֥ת מִצְרַ֖יִם מֵ⁠עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֑ם1This day I have rolled away the disgrace of Egypt from youTheir disgrace is spoken of as if it were a large stone that blocked their path. Here “rolled away” means “removed.” Alternate translation: “This day I have removed the disgrace of Egypt from you” or “You were disgraced when you were slaves in Egypt. But, today I have caused you to no longer be disgraced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
147JOS510tdl1translate-hebrewmonthsבְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֥וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֛דֶשׁ1the fourteenth day of the monthThis is near the end of March on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “the fourteenth day of the first month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
148JOS513iyi7figs-metaphorוַ⁠יִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָי⁠ו֙ וַ⁠יַּ֔רְא וְ⁠הִנֵּה־אִישׁ֙ עֹמֵ֣ד1he lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, a man was standingHere looking up is spoken of as if Joshua literally lifted his eyes in his hands. Alternate translation: “he looked up and saw that a man was standing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
149JOS513x26sוְ⁠הִנֵּה1beholdThe word “behold” alerts us to pay special attention to new information. Your language may have a way of doing this.
150JOS513kk45וְ⁠חַרְבּ֥⁠וֹ שְׁלוּפָ֖ה בְּ⁠יָד֑⁠וֹ1he had drawn his sword and it was in his handHere the words “he” and “his” refer to the man who was standing in front of Joshua.
151JOS514d8u1וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר1He saidThe word “he” refers to the man Joshua saw.
152JOS514ds5lלֹ֗א1NeitherThis is the beginning of the mans answer to Joshuas question, “Are you for us or for our enemies?” This short answer could be clarified. Alternate translation: “I am neither for you nor for your enemies”
153JOS514r42atranslate-symactionוַ⁠יִּפֹּל֩ יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ אֶל־פָּנָ֥י⁠ו אַ֨רְצָ⁠ה֙ וַ⁠יִּשְׁתָּ֔חוּ1Joshua lay facedown on the ground to worshipThis was an act of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
154JOS515ge5ytranslate-symactionשַׁל־נַֽעַלְ⁠ךָ֙ מֵ⁠עַ֣ל רַגְלֶ֔⁠ךָ1Take off your sandals from your feetThis was an act of reverence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
155JOS6introuie90# Joshua 6 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh conquers<br><br>It was God, not the army, who gave them victory. It is said, “Shout! For Yahweh has given you the city.” The circumstances of Israels victory in the battle for Jericho were very unusual. It was never common to march around a city or to shout in order to win a military battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
156JOS61gbz8וִֽ⁠ירִיחוֹ֙1NowThis word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator tells us why the gates of Jericho are closed and locked up.
157JOS62j65ifigs-pastforfutureנָתַ֣תִּי בְ⁠יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֔ אֶת־יְרִיח֖וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־מַלְכָּ֑⁠הּ גִּבּוֹרֵ֖י הֶ⁠חָֽיִל1I have delivered Jericho into your hand, its king, and its trained soldiersYahweh is telling Joshua that he will certainly do this by saying that he has already done it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
158JOS62v4hufigs-metonymyבְ⁠יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֔1into your handThe word “hand” is a metonym for the control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “so that you can control it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
159JOS63fu9e0Connecting Statement:God continues telling Joshua what the people must do.
160JOS63eik2כֹּ֥ה תַעֲשֶׂ֖ה שֵׁ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים1You must do this for six daysAlternate translation: “You must do this once each day for six days”
161JOS64b6mlוְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֣ה כֹהֲנִ֡ים יִשְׂאוּ֩ שִׁבְעָ֨ה שׁוֹפְר֤וֹת הַ⁠יּֽוֹבְלִים֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י הָ⁠אָר֔וֹן1Seven priests must carry seven trumpets of rams horns before the arkThe seven priests are to march in front of other priests who are carrying the ark and marching around the city.
162JOS65zdc70Connecting Statement:God continues telling Joshua what the people must do.
163JOS65d5rgבִּ⁠מְשֹׁ֣ךְ׀ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶן הַ⁠יּוֹבֵ֗ל1they must sound a long blast with the rams horn … of the trumpetThe word “they” refers to the seven priests. The “rams horn” and “trumpet” refer to the trumpets of rams horns that the priests were blowing in [Joshua 6:4](../06/04.md).
164JOS65g97vחוֹמַ֤ת הָ⁠עִיר֙1the wall of the cityAlternate translation: “the outer wall of the city” or “the wall surrounding the city”
165JOS66h9cntranslate-namesנוּן֙1NunThis is Joshuas father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
166JOS66s5neשְׂא֖וּ אֶת־אֲר֣וֹן הַ⁠בְּרִ֑ית1Take up the ark of the covenantAlternate translation: “Pick up the ark of the covenant”
167JOS68l35dfigs-metonymyלִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה1before YahwehPossible meanings are 1) “in obedience to Yahweh” or 2) “in front of Yahwehs ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
168JOS68vk7jוְ⁠תָקְע֖וּ בַּ⁠שּֽׁוֹפָר֑וֹת1they gave a blast on the trumpetsAlternate translation: “they sounded the trumpets loudly” or “the priests blew into the rams horn trumpets”
169JOS68ayf9figs-explicitוַֽ⁠אֲרוֹן֙ בְּרִ֣ית יְהוָ֔ה הֹלֵ֖ךְ אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶֽם1The ark of the covenant of Yahweh followed after themIt can be stated clearly that there were people carrying the ark. Alternate translation: “The priests who were carrying the ark of the covenant of Yahweh followed after them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
170JOS610ls5vfigs-metonymyוְ⁠לֹֽא־תַשְׁמִ֣יעוּ אֶת־קוֹלְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠לֹא־יֵצֵ֥א מִ⁠פִּי⁠כֶ֖ם דָּבָ֑ר1No sound must leave your mouthsSound leaving someones mouth refers to that persons speaking or shouting. Alternate translation: “Do not yell or speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
171JOS610tw9qfigs-eventsוְ⁠אֶת־הָ⁠עָם֩ צִוָּ֨ה יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ1But Joshua commanded the peopleJoshua had commanded the people before they started walking around the city. Alternate translation: “Joshua had commanded the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
172JOS613k64vtranslate-numbersוְ⁠שִׁבְעָ֣ה הַ⁠כֹּהֲנִ֡ים…שִׁבְעָ֨ה שׁוֹפְר֜וֹת1seven priests … seven trumpets“7 priests…7 trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
173JOS613ai87וְ⁠תָקְע֖וּ בַּ⁠שּׁוֹפָר֑וֹת1gave blasts on the trumpetsThis means that they blew into their trumpets, causing them to make loud noises, multiple times. Alternate translation: “continually sounded the trumpets loudly” or “blew into the rams horn trumpets continually”
174JOS614j232translate-ordinalבַּ⁠יּ֤וֹם הַ⁠שֵּׁנִי֙1the second daythe next day (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
175JOS614r4j1כֹּ֥ה עָשׂ֖וּ1They did thisIsrael marched around Jericho once every day.
176JOS614p14utranslate-numbersשֵׁ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים1six days“6 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
177JOS616fp32הָ⁠עָם֙1the peopleThis refers to the people of Israel.
178JOS616sc3sתָּקְע֥וּ…בַּ⁠שּׁוֹפָר֑וֹת1gave a blast with the trumpetsAlternate translation: “sounded the trumpets loudly” or “blew into the rams horn trumpets”
179JOS616fj73figs-pastforfutureנָתַ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם1Yahweh has given youJoshua is saying that Yahweh will definitely give them the city by saying that he has already given it to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
180JOS616wdh6figs-youנָתַ֧ן…לָ⁠כֶ֖ם1given youThe word “you” refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
181JOS617ugl70Connecting Statement:Joshua continues speaking to the people of Israel.
182JOS617w1snfigs-activepassiveוְ⁠הָיְתָ֨ה הָ⁠עִ֥יר חֵ֛רֶם הִ֥יא וְ⁠כָל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֖⁠הּ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה1The city and all that is in it will be set apart to Yahweh for destructionThis can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “You must set apart to Yahweh the city and all that is in it for destruction” or “You must set apart to Yahweh the city and all that is in it by destroying it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
183JOS618ypv3figs-metaphorשִׁמְר֣וּ מִן־הַ⁠חֵ֔רֶם1be on guard about taking the thingsBeing careful is spoken of as if they are to guard themselves. “Be careful that you do not take the things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
184JOS618p8xvfigs-metaphorוַ⁠עֲכַרְתֶּ֖ם אוֹתֽ⁠וֹ1you will bring trouble on itDoing something that makes bad things to happen to the city is spoken of as bringing trouble on it. Alternate translation: “you will cause bad things to happen to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
185JOS619bz6iאוֹצַ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה1the treasury of Yahweha collection of things set apart for the worship of Yahweh
186JOS620fm69וַ⁠יָּרִ֤יעוּ הָ⁠עָם֙ תְּרוּעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה1the people gave a great shoutAlternate translation: “the people of Israel shouted”
187JOS620v2v6וַֽ⁠יִּתְקְע֖וּ בַּ⁠שֹּֽׁפָר֑וֹת1gave blasts with the trumpetsAlternate translation: “sounded the trumpets loudly” or “blew into the rams horn trumpets”
188JOS624ny39וְ⁠הָ⁠עִ֛יר שָׂרְפ֥וּ1They burned the cityThe word “they” refers to the Israelite soldiers. It does not refer only to the two young men who brought Rahab and her family out of the city.
189JOS625w9ikfigs-metonymyוַ⁠תֵּ֨שֶׁב֙ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶב יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל1She lives in IsraelThe word “She” refers to Rahab and represents her descendants. Alternate translation: “Her descendants live in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
190JOS625qlj6עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה1to this day“now” or “even today.” Rahabs descendants are still living in Israel as the original writer writes this story.
191JOS626cq3cfigs-metaphorאָר֨וּר הָ⁠אִ֜ישׁ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר יָקוּם֙ וּ⁠בָנָ֞ה1Cursed is the man in Yahwehs sight who rebuildsBeing cursed in Yahwehs sight represents being cursed by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh curse the man who rebuilds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
192JOS626len7figs-metaphorבִּ⁠בְכֹר֣⁠וֹ יְיַסְּדֶ֔⁠נָּה1At the cost of his firstborn son, he will lay the foundationThe consequence of a man laying a new foundation for Jericho is that his firstborn son would die. This is spoken of as if it were a cost that the man would pay. Alternate translation: “If he lays the foundation, he will lose his firstborn son” or “If he lays the foundation, his firstborn son will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
193JOS626anp8figs-metaphorוּ⁠בִ⁠צְעִיר֖⁠וֹ יַצִּ֥יב דְּלָתֶֽי⁠הָ1at the cost of his youngest son, he will set up its gatesThe consequence of a man setting up new gates for Jericho is that his youngest son would die. This is spoken of as if it were a cost that the man would pay. Alternate translation: “If he sets up its gates, he will lose his youngest son” or “If he sets up it gates, his youngest son will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
194JOS627brx7figs-metaphorוַ⁠יְהִ֥י שָׁמְע֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ1his fame spread throughout the landThis refers to Joshuas fame, not Yahwehs. Becoming known among the people throughout the land is spoken of as if his fame spread. Alternate translation: “Joshua became famous throughout the land” or “people throughout the land learned about Joshua” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
195JOS7introuv410# Joshua 7 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sin brought defeat<br><br>It was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
196JOS71mtm4בַּ⁠חֵ֑רֶם1the things that were set apart for destructionAlternate translation: “the things that God had said they must set apart to him by destroying them”
197JOS71z3zltranslate-namesעָכָ֣ן…כַּרְמִי֩…זַבְדִּ֨י…זֶ֜רַח1Achan … Karmi … Zabdi … ZerahThese are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
198JOS71li2vfigs-metaphorוַ⁠יִּֽחַר־אַ֥ף יְהוָ֖ה1Yahwehs anger burned“anger” and “burned” indicates intensity, not that fire is present. Alternate translation: “Yahwehs anger burned like a fire” or “Yahweh was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
199JOS73ui7fכָּל־הָ⁠עָם֒1all the peopleThis refers to the army of Israel.
200JOS73z2xrמְעַ֖ט הֵֽמָּה1they are few in numberThe word “they” refers to the people of Ai.
201JOS74i5e8וַ⁠יַּעֲל֤וּ מִן־הָ⁠עָם֙ שָׁ֔מָּ⁠ה כִּ⁠שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִ֑ישׁ1three thousand men went up from the armyThese men were part of the army. Alternate translation: “three thousand men belonging to the army went up”
202JOS74ak54translate-numbersכִּ⁠שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִ֑ישׁ1three thousand men“3,000 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
203JOS75nyw2translate-numbersכִּ⁠שְׁלֹשִׁ֤ים וְ⁠שִׁשָּׁה֙ אִ֔ישׁ1thirty-six men“36 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
204JOS75zcr5figs-parallelismוַ⁠יִּמַּ֥ס לְבַב־הָ⁠עָ֖ם וַ⁠יְהִ֥י לְ⁠מָֽיִם1The hearts of the people melted and became like waterThese phrases “melted” and “became like water” share similar meanings and are combined to emphasize that the people were extremely afraid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
205JOS75j2v2figs-synecdocheוַ⁠יִּמַּ֥ס לְבַב־הָ⁠עָ֖ם1The hearts of the people meltedHere the people are represented by their “hearts” to emphasize their emotions. Alternate translation: “The people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
206JOS75h4tcלְבַב־הָ⁠עָ֖ם1The hearts of the peopleThe phrase “the people” refers to the Israelite soldiers.
207JOS76ty1ctranslate-symactionוַ⁠יִּקְרַ֨ע יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ שִׂמְלֹתָ֗י⁠ו וַ⁠יִּפֹּל֩ עַל־פָּנָ֨י⁠ו אַ֜רְצָ⁠ה לִ⁠פְנֵ֨י אֲר֤וֹן יְהוָה֙1tore his garments … put dust on their heads and lay facedown on the ground in front of the ark of YahwehThey did these things to show God how sad and distressed they were. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
208JOS77jb6rfigs-ellipsisלָ֠⁠מָה הֵעֲבַ֨רְתָּ הַעֲבִ֜יר אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֤ם הַ⁠זֶּה֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן לָ⁠תֵ֥ת אֹתָ֛⁠נוּ בְּ⁠יַ֥ד הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י לְ⁠הַאֲבִידֵ֑⁠נוּ1To give us into the hands of the Amorites to destroy us?Joshua was asking if this is the reason God had brought them across the Jordan. Alternate translation: “Did you do it in order to give us into the hands of the Amorites to destroy us?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
209JOS77run5figs-metonymyבְּ⁠יַ֥ד הָ⁠אֱמֹרִ֖י1To give us into the hands of the Amorites to destroy us?The hands of the Amorites represents their control and power. Giving the Israelites into their hands to destroy them represents allowing the Amorites to have control of the Israelites and destroy them. Alternate translation: “To allow the Amorites to destroy us? (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
210JOS77aq5bוְ⁠לוּ֙ הוֹאַ֣לְנוּ1If only we made a different decisionThe words “If only” show that this is a wish for something that had not happened. Alternate translation: “I wish we had made a different decision”
211JOS78x4pf0General Information:Joshua expresses frustration to God.
212JOS78ke9pfigs-rquestionבִּ֖י אֲדֹנָ֑⁠י מָ֣ה אֹמַ֔ר אַ֠חֲרֵי אֲשֶׁ֨ר הָפַ֧ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל עֹ֖רֶף לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י אֹיְבָֽי⁠ו1what can I say, after Israel has turned their backs before their enemies?Joshua said this to show how upset he was that he did not even know what to say. Alternate translation: “I do not know what to say. Israel has turned their backs before their enemies!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
213JOS78s4ebfigs-metonymyהָפַ֧ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל עֹ֖רֶף לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י אֹיְבָֽי⁠ו1Israel has turned their backs before their enemiesDoing this represents running away from their enemies. Alternate translation: “Israel has run away from their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
214JOS79n2kpfigs-metonymyוְ⁠נָסַ֣בּוּ עָלֵ֔י⁠נוּ וְ⁠הִכְרִ֥יתוּ אֶת־שְׁמֵ֖⁠נוּ מִן־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ1They will surround us and make the people of the earth forget our nameMaking people forget the name of the Israelites represents making them forget the Israelites. In this case they would do it by killing the Israelites. Alternate translation: “They will surround us and kill us, and the people of the earth will forget about us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
215JOS79r713figs-metonymyלְ⁠שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֥ הַ⁠גָּדֽוֹל1for your great nameThe phrase “your great name” here represents Gods reputation and power. Alternate translation: “And so what will you do so that people will know that you are great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
216JOS79vd3rfigs-rquestionוּ⁠מַֽה־תַּעֲשֵׂ֖ה לְ⁠שִׁמְ⁠ךָ֥ הַ⁠גָּדֽוֹל1What will you do for your great name?Joshua uses this question to warn God that if the Israelites are destroyed, then the other people will think that God is not great. Alternate translation: “Then there will be nothing you can do for your great name.” or “Then people will not know that you are great.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
217JOS710ev1w0General Information:Yahweh tells Joshua why Israel is cursed.
218JOS710hqu3figs-rquestionלָ֑⁠ךְ לָ֣⁠מָּה זֶּ֔ה אַתָּ֖ה נֹפֵ֥ל עַל־פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ1Why are you lying there on your face?God used this question to rebuke Joshua for lying there on his face. Alternate translation: “Stop lying there with your face in the dirt!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
219JOS711lc29הַ⁠חֵ֔רֶם1the things that were set apartThese are the things “marked for destruction” from [Joshua 6:18-19](../06/18.md). Alternate translation: “the cursed things” or “those things which God has cursed”
220JOS711dd18figs-metaphorגָּֽנְבוּ֙ וְ⁠גַ֣ם כִּֽחֲשׁ֔וּ1They have stolen and then also hidden their sinHiding their sin represents trying to keep others from knowing that they have sinned. Alternate translation: “They have stolen those things, and then they tried to keep people from knowing that they sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
221JOS712yzi5figs-metonymyוְ⁠לֹ֨א יֻכְל֜וּ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל לָ⁠קוּם֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י אֹיְבֵי⁠הֶ֔ם1cannot stand before their enemiesStanding before their enemies represents fighting successfully against their enemies. Alternate translation: “cannot fight successfully against their enemies” or “cannot defeat their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
222JOS712xix1figs-metonymyעֹ֗רֶף יִפְנוּ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י אֹֽיְבֵי⁠הֶ֔ם1They turned their backs from their enemiesDoing this represents running away from their enemies. Alternate translation: “They ran away from their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
223JOS712fs9mfigs-metonymyלֹ֤א אוֹסִיף֙ לִֽ⁠הְי֣וֹת עִמָּ⁠כֶ֔ם1I will not be with you any moreBeing with Israel represents helping Israel. Alternate translation: “I will not help you any more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
224JOS713u4s80Connecting Statement:Yahweh continues speaking to Joshua and tells him what to tell the people.
225JOS713ln4qאֶת־הָ⁠עָ֔ם1the peopleThis refers to the people of Israel.
226JOS713j4kifigs-metonymyלֹ֣א תוּכַ֗ל לָ⁠קוּם֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י אֹיְבֶ֔י⁠ךָ1You cannot stand against your enemiesStanding before their enemies represents fighting successfully against them. Alternate translation: “You cannot fight successfully against your enemies” or “You cannot defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
227JOS714gjw90Connecting Statement:Yahweh continues telling Joshua what he must tell the people.
228JOS714dp8pfigs-idiomוְ⁠נִקְרַבְתֶּ֥ם בַּ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר לְ⁠שִׁבְטֵי⁠כֶ֑ם1you must present yourselves by your tribesThere were twelve tribes that made up the people of Israel. The phrase “by your tribes” means “each tribe.” Alternate translation: “each of your tribes must present themselves to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
229JOS714scj7figs-idiomהַ⁠שֵּׁבֶט֩ אֲשֶׁר־יִלְכְּדֶ֨⁠נּוּ יְהוָ֜ה יִקְרַ֣ב לַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּח֗וֹת1The tribe that Yahweh selects will come near by their clansThe tribe was made up of multiple clans. Alternate translation: “From the tribe that Yahweh selects, each clan will come near” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
230JOS714crt9הַ⁠שֵּׁבֶט֩ אֲשֶׁר־יִלְכְּדֶ֨⁠נּוּ יְהוָ֜ה1The tribe that Yahweh selectsThe leaders of Israel would toss lots, and by doing this, they would learn which tribe Yahweh had selected. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The tribe that Yahweh selects by lot” or “The tribe that Yahweh selects when we toss lots”
231JOS714xl85figs-idiomוְ⁠הַ⁠מִּשְׁפָּחָ֞ה אֲשֶֽׁר־יִלְכְּדֶ֤⁠נָּה יְהוָה֙ תִּקְרַ֣ב לַ⁠בָּתִּ֔ים1The clan that Yahweh selects must come near by each householdThe clan was made up of multiple households. Alternate translation: “From the clan that Yahweh selects, each household must come near” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
232JOS714q8mefigs-idiomוְ⁠הַ⁠בַּ֨יִת֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִלְכְּדֶ֣⁠נּוּ יְהוָ֔ה יִקְרַ֖ב לַ⁠גְּבָרִֽים1The household that Yahweh selects must come near one by oneThe household was made up of multiple people. Alternate translation: “From the household that Yahweh selects, each person must come near” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
233JOS715d5nbfigs-activepassiveהַ⁠נִּלְכָּ֣ד1the one who is selectedThis can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “the one whom Yahweh selects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
234JOS715g1vnfigs-metaphorעָבַר֙ אֶת־בְּרִ֣ית יְהוָ֔ה1he has broken the covenant of YahwehBreaking the covenant represents disobeying it. Alternate translation: “he has disobeyed the covenant of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
235JOS716fdv20General Information:Joshua follows Yahwehs command to bring Israel before Yahweh.
236JOS716lzb4figs-idiomוַ⁠יַּקְרֵ֥ב אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לִ⁠שְׁבָטָ֑י⁠ו1brought Israel near, tribe by tribeThe phrase “tribe by tribe” means each tribe. Alternate translation: “brought each tribe of Israel near” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
237JOS716g7qpfigs-activepassiveוַ⁠יִּלָּכֵ֖ד שֵׁ֥בֶט יְהוּדָֽה1the tribe of Judah was selectedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Yahweh selected the tribe of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
238JOS717br4yfigs-idiomוַ⁠יַּקְרֵ֞ב אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֤חַת הַ⁠זַּרְחִי֙ לַ⁠גְּבָרִ֔ים1He brought near the clan of the Zerahites person by personThe phrase “person by person” is an idiom meaning each person. The persons in this sentence were the leaders of their households. Alternate translation: “He brought near each person of the clan of the Zerahites” or “From the clan of the Zerahites, he brought near each man who was the leader of his household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
239JOS717z419אֶת־מִשְׁפַּ֤חַת הַ⁠זַּרְחִי֙1the clan of the ZerahitesThe clan was named after the man named Zerah.
240JOS717ha7itranslate-namesזַבְדִּֽי1ZabdiThis is a mans name. Translate as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
241JOS718u41utranslate-namesעָכָ֞ן…כַּרְמִ֧י…זַבְדִּ֛י…זֶ֖רַח1Zabdi … Achan … Karmi … ZerahThese are mens names. Translate them as you did in [Joshua 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
242JOS719k521figs-abstractnounsוְ⁠תֶן־ל֣⁠וֹ תוֹדָ֑ה1give your confession to himIf your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea behind the word **confession, you can express the same idea with a verbal form such as “confess.” Alternate translation: “confess to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
243JOS719fv9gfigs-metaphorאַל־תְּכַחֵ֖ד מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי1Do not hide it from meHiding information represents trying to keep someone from knowing it. Alternate translation: “Do not try to prevent me from knowing what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
244JOS721b9nntranslate-bweightוּ⁠מָאתַ֧יִם שְׁקָלִ֣ים1two hundred shekelsThis is over two kilograms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
245JOS721y7vjtranslate-bweightחֲמִשִּׁ֤ים שְׁקָלִים֙1fifty shekelsThis is over 500 grams. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bweight]])
246JOS721xw3jfigs-activepassiveטְמוּנִ֥ים בָּ⁠אָ֛רֶץ1They are hidden in the groundIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I hid them in the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
247JOS723vh7iוַ⁠יַּצִּקֻ֖⁠ם1poured them outUse the word in your language for pouring many small solid things out of a large bag onto the ground.
248JOS724ta3ltranslate-namesעֵ֥מֶק עָכֽוֹר1the Valley of AchorThe name means “Valley of Trouble,” but it is best to translate Achor the way it sounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
249JOS725vd6nfigs-rquestionמֶ֣ה עֲכַרְתָּ֔⁠נוּ1Why have you troubled us?Joshua uses this question to rebuke Achan. Alternate translation: “You have troubled us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
250JOS725i3rqוַ⁠יִּשְׂרְפ֤וּ אֹתָ⁠ם֙ בָּ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וַ⁠יִּסְקְל֥וּ אֹתָ֖⁠ם בָּ⁠אֲבָנִֽים1Then they stoned the rest with stones and burned them with fire.Possible meanings are 1) the Israelites burned Achans family to death and then covered them with stones or 2) the Israelites stoned Achans family to death and then burned the dead bodies or 3) that Achan and his possessions were stoned and then burned.
251JOS726zcp9figs-metaphorוַ⁠יָּ֥שָׁב יְהוָ֖ה מֵ⁠חֲר֣וֹן אַפּ֑⁠וֹ1Yahweh turned away his burning angerTurning away his anger represents stopping being angry. Burning anger represents strong anger. Alternate translation: “Yahweh stopped being angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
252JOS726hfq5עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה1until this present dayIt was still called the valley of Achor at the time the author wrote this. Alternate translation: “even today” or “even now”
253JOS8introf3jc0# Joshua 8 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sin brought defeat<br>It was great sin to take what was to be destroyed. Because of their sin, Yahweh withheld victory from the Israelites. Sin resulted in defeat in battle. Because they repented, Yahweh brought victory to Israel in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>### Built an altar<br>Altars were commonly built in the Ancient Near East to commemorate important events. Several altars were built in the Book of Joshua.
254JOS81l4p8figs-parallelismאַל־תִּירָ֣א וְ⁠אַל־תֵּחָ֔ת1Do not fear; do not be discouragedThese two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh combines them to emphasize that there is no reason to be afraid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
255JOS81den6figs-metonymyנָתַ֣תִּי בְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֗ אֶת־מֶ֤לֶךְ הָ⁠עַי֙ וְ⁠אֶת־עַמּ֔⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־עִיר֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠אֶת־אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ1I have given into your hand the king of Ai … and his landGiving them into Israels hand represents giving Israel victory and control over them. Alternate translation: “I have given you victory over the king of Ai and his people, and I have given you control over his city and his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
256JOS81t7bqfigs-pastforfutureנָתַ֣תִּי1I have givenGod speaks of what he promises to do as though he had already done it, because he will certainly do it. Alternate translation: “I will certainly give” or “I am giving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
257JOS82h3r6figs-personificationוּ⁠לְ⁠מַלְכָּ֗⁠הּ1her kingThe word “her” refers to the city of Ai. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “its king” or “their king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
258JOS83k4ukעַ֥ם הַ⁠מִּלְחָמָ֖ה1the men of warAlternate translation: “the army of Israel”
259JOS87fw9xfigs-metonymyוּ⁠נְתָנָ֛⁠הּ…בְּ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶֽם1will give it into your handHere “hand” symbolizes the control and power the people have over their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
260JOS88aj5t0General Information:Joshua finishes explaining the battle plan to his soldiers.
261JOS89yt5nוַ⁠יִּשְׁלָחֵ֣⁠ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ1Joshua sent them outThis phrase refers to Joshua sending the thirty thousand men who had been selected to ambush Ai to where they would set the ambush.
262JOS89i3lfהַ⁠מַּאְרָ֔ב1the place of ambushAlternate translation: “where they would hide until it was time to attack”
263JOS812ycd3translate-numbersכַּ⁠חֲמֵ֥שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֖ים אִ֑ישׁ1five thousand men“5,000 men.” This group seems to be a portion of the “thirty thousand men” ([Joshua 8:9](../08/09.md)). This smaller group remained in the ambush while the other 25,000 men attacked the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
264JOS813j7b90General Information:The Israelites prepare to fight the people of Ai.
265JOS813s1luאֶת־כָּל־הַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֗ה1the main armyThis refers to the largest group of fighting men, those not in the ambush group.
266JOS813nq1bעֲקֵב֖⁠וֹ1rear guardthose who were “set in ambush on the west side of the city” ([Joshua 8:12](../08/12.md))
267JOS815a83ifigs-metonymyוַ⁠יִּנָּֽגְע֛וּ…לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם1let themselves be defeated before them“let themselves be defeated before the people of Ai.” The phrase “before them” represents what the people of Ai would see and think. The phrase “be defeated” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let the people of Ai think that the Israelites were defeated” or “let the people of Ai think that they had defeated the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
268JOS815w933לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֑ם1before themthe army of Ai
269JOS815bri5וַ⁠יָּנֻ֖סוּ1they fledThe army of Israel fled.
270JOS816dr3aוַֽ⁠יִּרְדְּפוּ֙1they went after … they were drawn awayThese occurrences of “they” refer to the army of Ai.
271JOS816m6sqלִ⁠רְדֹּ֖ף אַחֲרֵי⁠הֶ֑ם1to go after themto go after the army of Isreal
272JOS816lcb5figs-activepassiveוַ⁠יִּזָּעֲק֗וּ כָּל־הָ⁠עָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ב⁠עיר1All the people who were in the city were called togetherIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The city leaders called all the people in the city together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
273JOS816k8fffigs-hyperboleכָּל־הָ⁠עָם֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר ב⁠עיר1All the people who were in the cityThe writer speaks in a general way about all the people, but “all the people” refers only to those who could fight. Alternate translation: “all the people in the city who could help chase the army of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
274JOS817zip6וַ⁠יַּעַזְב֤וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עִיר֙ פְּתוּחָ֔ה1left it openAlternate translation: “left the city gates open”
275JOS818xe2mfigs-metonymyבְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ אֶתְּנֶ֑⁠נָּה1I will give Ai into your handGiving Ai into Israels hand represents giving Israel victory and control over Ai. Alternate translation: “I will give you victory over Ai” or “I will cause you to capture Ai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
276JOS824v2gffigs-parallelismכְּ⁠כַלּ֣וֹת יִשְׂרָאֵ֡ל לַ⁠הֲרֹג֩ אֶת־כָּל־יֹשְׁבֵ֨י…וַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב1when Israel had finished killing all the inhabitants … when all of them … had fallen by the edge of the swordThe writer uses both of these sentences, which mean almost the same thing, to strongly say that the Israelites had obeyed Gods command to kill everyone in Ai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
277JOS824dd98figs-euphemismוַֽ⁠יִּפְּל֥וּ כֻלָּ֛⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב1had fallen by the edge of the swordHere “fallen” is a euphemism for dying. Also, “the edge of the sword” represents whole swords, and swords represent either battle or the army of Israel. Alternate translation: “had died in battle” or “had died when the army of Israel attacked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
278JOS825d2udtranslate-numbersשְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר אָ֑לֶף1twelve thousand“12,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
279JOS828uiv3שְׁמָמָ֔ה1an abandoned placeIt is a place where people once lived, but now, no one lives there.
280JOS829wd9uעַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה1to this dayAlternate translation: “today” or “even now”
281JOS830xev4translate-namesבְּ⁠הַ֖ר עֵיבָֽל1Mount Ebala mountain in Canaan (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
282JOS835ym6ufigs-doublenegativesלֹֽא־הָיָ֣ה דָבָ֔ר מִ⁠כֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה מֹשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־קָרָ֜א יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ1There was not one word from all that Moses commanded that Joshua did not readThis can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Joshua read every word of all that Moses commanded” or “Joshua read the entire law of Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
283JOS835kdu7figs-metonymyיִשְׂרָאֵל֙1IsraelThis refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
284JOS9introw1cx0# Joshua 9 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Israels mistake<br><br>Israel was deceived because “they did not consult with Yahweh for guidance.” Instead of consulting Yahweh, they attempted to achieve victory under their own power. This was sinful. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
285JOS91g4h4translate-namesהַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֜ן1the Jordana shortened name for the Jordan River (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
286JOS92uj94figs-metonymyפֶּ֖ה אֶחָֽד1under one commandHere “command” represents the one who commanded them. Being under him represents obeying his commands. Alternate translation: “obeying the commands of one leader” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
287JOS94r5ybבְּ⁠עָרְמָ֔ה1cunning plana crafty scheme intended to trick Joshua and the Israelites
288JOS95q9v6יָבֵ֖שׁ הָיָ֥ה נִקֻּדִֽים1dry and moldyAlternate translation: “dry and filled with fungus” or “stale and ruined”
289JOS96rz8efigs-synecdocheאִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל1men of IsraelThis refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
290JOS97w599translate-namesהַ⁠חִוִּ֑י1the HivitesThis is another name for the Gibeonites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
291JOS97t1r4figs-rquestionאוּלַ֗י בְּ⁠קִרְבִּ⁠י֙ אַתָּ֣ה יוֹשֵׁ֔ב וְ⁠אֵ֖יךְ אֶֽכְרָת־לְ⁠ךָ֥ בְרִֽית1Perhaps you live near us. How can we make a covenant with you?Joshua is emphasizing that the people of Israel have to follow the command of Yahweh above all else. Alternate translation: “If you do live near us, we cannot make a covenant with you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
292JOS910kam4translate-namesלְ⁠סִיחוֹן֙1SihonThis is the name of the defeated Amorite king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
293JOS910s17htranslate-namesחֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן1HeshbonThis is the name of the royal city of the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
294JOS910pz6ytranslate-namesוּ⁠לְ⁠ע֥וֹג1OgThis is the name of the defeated king of Bashan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
295JOS910p9edtranslate-namesבְּ⁠עַשְׁתָּרֽוֹת1AshtarothThis is the name of a city known for worshiping the goddess of the same name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
296JOS911hq3mfigs-synecdocheבְ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶ֤ם1in your handThis phrase means “take with you.” Here the word “hand” represents the possession by the Gibeonites of the provisions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
297JOS911k7feלִ⁠קְרָאתָ֑⁠ם וַ⁠אֲמַרְתֶּ֤ם אֲלֵי⁠הֶם֙1meet them and say to themThe word “them” refers to the people of Israel.
298JOS915f67zfigs-parallelismוַ⁠יַּ֨עַשׂ לָ⁠הֶ֤ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ שָׁל֔וֹם וַ⁠יִּכְרֹ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֛ם בְּרִ֖ית לְ⁠חַיּוֹתָ֑⁠ם וַ⁠יִּשָּׁבְע֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֔ם נְשִׂיאֵ֖י הָ⁠עֵדָֽה1Joshua made peace with them and made a covenant with them, to let them live. The leaders of the people also made a vow to them.These two sentences are saying that the same thing occurred. Joshua, the leader of the nation of Israel, promised not to kill the Gibeonites. The leaders of the nation of Israel, likewise, made the same covenant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
299JOS915je8pfigs-metonymyהָ⁠עֵדָֽה1the peopleHere this refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
300JOS917s1u5translate-numbersבַּ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֑י1third dayThis refers to number three in order. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
301JOS917q18qtranslate-namesוְ⁠הַ⁠כְּפִירָ֔ה1KephirahThis is one of the cities of the Gibeonites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
302JOS917j671translate-namesוּ⁠בְאֵר֖וֹת1BeerothThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
303JOS917alr9translate-namesוְ⁠קִרְיַ֥ת יְעָרִֽים1Kiriath JearimThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
304JOS919a168הָ֣⁠עֵדָ֔ה1the peopleHere this phrase refers to the nation of Israel.
305JOS921wg7nוַ֠⁠יִּֽהְיוּ חֹטְבֵ֨י עֵצִ֤ים וְ⁠שֹֽׁאֲבֵי־מַ֨יִם֙1the Gibeonites became cutters of wood and drawers of waterAlternate translation: “the Gibeonites became woodcutters and water carriers”
306JOS923zlp7figs-metonymyלְ⁠בֵ֥ית אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י1house of my GodHere this phrase refers to the dwelling place of Yahweh, the Tabernacle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
307JOS925a5unfigs-doubletכַּ⁠טּ֨וֹב וְ⁠כַ⁠יָּשָׁ֧ר1Whatever seems good and rightThe words “good” and “right” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Whatever seems fair and just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
308JOS926gy9cלָ⁠הֶ֖ם1for themThe word “them” here refers to the Gibeonites.
309JOS927p81sעַד־הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה1to this day“even up to now.” This means that the people had continued to do these things even up to the day that the writer was living.
310JOS10introuy1f0# Joshua 10 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The ULT sets the lines in 10:12-13 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a poem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “For Yahweh was waging war on behalf of Israel”<br>Israels conquest of the Promised Land was Yahwehs war on the ungodly Canaanites more than Israels war. This type of war was different from other wars and God gave Israel special instructions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Idiom<br><br>The people of Gibeon used an idiom when they called for help from Israel: “Do not withdraw your hands,” meaning “do not stop protecting.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
311JOS101au8pוַ⁠יְהִי֩1NowThis word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about a new person in the story, Adoni-Zedek.
312JOS101y65ktranslate-namesאֲדֹֽנִי־צֶ֜דֶק1Adoni-ZedekThis is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
313JOS103y6sstranslate-namesיַרְמ֜וּת…לָכִ֛ישׁ…עֶגְל֖וֹן1Jarmuth … Lachish … EglonThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
314JOS103k9rgtranslate-namesהוֹהָ֣ם…פִּרְאָ֨ם…יָפִ֧יעַ…דְּבִ֥יר1Hoham … Piram … Japhia … DebirThese are the names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
315JOS104ct5kעֲלֽוּ־אֵלַ֣⁠י1Come up to me“Travel to where I am.” Jerusalem was higher in elevation than other cities in Canaan.
316JOS105d9vytranslate-numbersחֲמֵ֣שֶׁת׀ מַלְכֵ֣י1five kings“5 kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
317JOS105m422translate-namesיַרְמוּת֙…לָכִ֣ישׁ…עֶגְל֔וֹן1Jarmuth … Lachish … EglonThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
318JOS105vs78וַֽ⁠יַּחֲנוּ֙ עַל1They set up their positions against GibeonThis means they set up their camp around their city. This was a way of weakening those in the city. It prevented people from escaping the city, and it prevented others from bringing food and water to them in the city.
319JOS106wk68לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר1They saidThe word “They” here refers to Gibeonites.
320JOS106zhx9figs-litotesאַל־תֶּ֥רֶף יָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ מֵֽ⁠עֲבָדֶ֑י⁠ךָ1Do not withdraw your hands from your servantsThis humble request is stated with two negatives to emphasize the need for a positive action. Alternate translation: “Please come and use your strength to protect us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
321JOS106am1xfigs-metonymyיָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ1your handsThe word “hands” here refers to the people of Israels strength. Alternate translation: “your strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
322JOS108c4uwfigs-metonymyבְ⁠יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ נְתַתִּ֑י⁠ם1I have given them into your handHere “hand” represents the people of Israels strength and their ability to defeat their enemy. The word “them” refers to the attacking army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
323JOS108du96נְתַתִּ֑י⁠ם1I have given themHere the word “them” refers to the attacking armies.
324JOS109ecq8figs-synecdocheוַ⁠יָּבֹ֧א אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֛ם יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ1Joshua cameThe entire army of Israel is referred to here by the name of their commander, Joshua. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
325JOS1010sq89וַ⁠יְהֻמֵּ֤⁠ם יְהוָה֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל1Yahweh confused the enemy before IsraelHere “Israel” refers to the entire army of Israel.
326JOS1010yr7ytranslate-namesבֵית־חוֹרֹ֔ן…עֲזֵקָ֖ה…מַקֵּדָֽה1Beth Horon … Azekah … MakkedahThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
327JOS1011fbf9translate-namesבֵּית־חוֹרֹן֙…עֲזֵקָ֖ה1Beth Horon … AzekahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
328JOS1011tuc9הִשְׁלִ֣יךְ עֲלֵי⁠הֶם֩ אֲבָנִ֨ים גְּדֹל֧וֹת מִן־הַ⁠שָּׁמַ֛יִם1threw large stones down from heavenAlternate translation: “threw large hailstones from the sky”
329JOS1012si1efigs-parallelismשֶׁ֚מֶשׁ בְּ⁠גִבְע֣וֹן דּ֔וֹם וְ⁠יָרֵ֖חַ בְּ⁠עֵ֥מֶק אַיָּלֽוֹן1Sun, be still at Gibeon, and moon, in the Valley of AijalonJoshua is praying that Yahweh would make the progression of time stop on this day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
330JOS1012j9ztfigs-personificationשֶׁ֚מֶשׁ…וְ⁠יָרֵ֖חַ1Sun … moonJoshua commands the sun and moon as if these were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
331JOS1012ug8mtranslate-namesבְּ⁠עֵ֥מֶק אַיָּלֽוֹן1Valley of AijalonThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
332JOS1013dq14figs-metonymyגּוֹי֙1the nationThis refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
333JOS1013b91lfigs-rquestionהֲ⁠לֹא־הִ֥יא כְתוּבָ֖ה עַל־סֵ֣פֶר הַ⁠יָּשָׁ֑ר1Is this not written in the Book of Jashar?The writer uses this question as background information to remind the reader that the incident is well-documented. Alternate translation: “This is written in The Book of Jashar.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
334JOS1016wcb9translate-namesבְּ⁠מַקֵּדָֽה1MakkedahThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
335JOS1017mns8figs-activepassiveוַ⁠יֻּגַּ֖ד לִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ1It was told to JoshuaMessengers came and told Joshua. Alternate translation: “Someone told Joshua” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
336JOS1019l8tlfigs-metonymyבְּ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶֽם1into your handThe phrase “your hand” here means “your control.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
337JOS1021kb3wtranslate-namesמַקֵּדָ֖ה1MakkedahTranslate the same way as you did in [Joshua 10:10](../10/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
338JOS1021py6wלֹֽא־חָרַ֞ץ לִ⁠בְנֵ֧י יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל לְ⁠אִ֖ישׁ אֶת־לְשֹׁנֽ⁠וֹ1No one dared to say one word againstAlternate translation: “No one dared to say anything against” or “No one dared to complain or protest against”
339JOS1022zs9nfigs-idiomפִּתְח֖וּ אֶת־פִּ֣י הַ⁠מְּעָרָ֑ה1Open the mouth of the caveHere “mouth” is an idiom that means “entrance.” Alternate translation: “Open the entrance of the cave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
340JOS1023g4tetranslate-namesיַרְמ֔וּת…לָכִ֖ישׁ…עֶגְלֽוֹן1Jarmuth … Lachish … EglonThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
341JOS1024dnc1figs-synecdocheכָּל־אִ֣ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל1every man of IsraelHere the men of Israel represent only those who were soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
342JOS1027e9z9עַד־עֶ֖צֶם הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה1to this very dayAlternate translation: “until the author wrote this story”
343JOS1028e1nctranslate-namesמַקֵּדָ֔ה1MakkedahThis is the name of a city. See how you translated it in [Joshua 10:10](../10/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
344JOS1028nhk6figs-parallelismהֶחֱרִ֣ם אוֹתָ֗⁠ם וְ⁠אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠נֶּ֨פֶשׁ֙ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֔⁠הּ לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד1He completely destroyed everyone in it. He left no survivor in itThe second sentence summarizes the first sentence to emphasize that Joshua left no person or animal alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
345JOS1029k439translate-namesלִבְנָ֑ה1LibnahThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
346JOS1031dsk6translate-namesמִ⁠לִּבְנָ֖ה לָכִ֑ישָׁ⁠ה1Libnah … LachishThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
347JOS1032yw79figs-metonymyבְּ⁠יַ֣ד יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל1into the hand of IsraelHere their “hand” represents their control. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave Lachish into the control of the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
348JOS1033rff2translate-namesהֹרָם֙1HoramThis is the name of a man who is an important king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
349JOS1033lp2ctranslate-namesגֶּ֔זֶר…אֶת־לָכִ֑ישׁ1Gezer … LachishThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
350JOS1034y3g9translate-namesמִ⁠לָּכִ֖ישׁ עֶגְלֹ֑נָ⁠ה1Lachish … EglonThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
351JOS1035dqi7figs-doubletוַ⁠יַּכּ֣וּ⁠הָ לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֔רֶב וְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל־הַ⁠נֶּ֣פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־…הַ⁠ה֖וּא הֶחֱרִ֑ים1struck it with the edge of the sword … completely destroyed everyone in itThese two phrases have similar meanings. Together they show the completeness of the destruction of Eglon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
352JOS1036a6ngtranslate-namesמֵ⁠עֶגְל֖וֹנָ⁠ה1EglonThis is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
353JOS1037gba2figs-metonymyוַ⁠יִּלְכְּד֣וּ⁠הָ וַ⁠יַּכּֽוּ⁠הָ־לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֠רֶב1They captured it and struck it with the edge of the swordThe sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They captured and killed and destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
354JOS1038mr8btranslate-namesדְּבִ֑רָ⁠ה1DebirThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
355JOS1039g2tatranslate-namesלִ⁠דְבִ֨רָ⁠ה֙…לְ⁠לִבְנָ֖ה1Debir … LibnahThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
356JOS1039m8bffigs-metonymyוַ⁠יַּכּ֣וּ⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֔רֶב1They struck them with the edge of the swordThe sword represents the army of Israel and striking expresses the idea of slaughter and destruction. Alternate translation: “They killed and destroyed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
357JOS1040u843figs-parallelismוְ⁠אֵת֙ כָּל־מַלְכֵי⁠הֶ֔ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖יר שָׂרִ֑יד וְ⁠אֵ֤ת כָּל־הַ⁠נְּשָׁמָה֙ הֶחֱרִ֔ים1Of all their kings he left not one survivor. He completely destroyed every living thingThese two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize the complete destruction that the people of Israel accomplished at Yahwehs command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
358JOS1042qy8iכָּל־הַ⁠מְּלָכִ֤ים הָ⁠אֵ֨לֶּה֙ וְ⁠אֶת־אַרְצָ֔⁠ם לָכַ֥ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ1Joshua captured all these kings and their landThis refers to the kings and lands that were listed beginning in [Joshua 10:28](../10/28.md).
359JOS1042rbp2figs-synecdocheלָכַ֥ד יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ1Joshua capturedHere Joshua represents his whole army. Alternate translation: “Joshua and his soldiers captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
360JOS1042f9txפַּ֣עַם אֶחָ֑ת1at one timeThis does not mean in one day. It means during one military campaign, which may have lasted many days or weeks.
361JOS11introg8mw0# Joshua 11 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh overcomes the united forces of the northern kingdoms<br><br>Yahweh said to Joshua, “Do not be afraid in their presence, because tomorrow at this time I am giving them all to Israel as dead men.” Even when the kingdoms of Canaan joined forces, they were not able to overcome the power of Yahweh.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br>### “Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of Israel”<br>This phrase may present difficulties in translation. The translator should ensure that Yahweh receives credit for Israels victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
362JOS111a1catranslate-namesיָבִ֣ין…יוֹבָב֙1Jabin … JobabThese are names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
363JOS111zi5utranslate-namesחָצ֑וֹר…מָד֔וֹן…שִׁמְר֖וֹן…אַכְשָֽׁף1Hazor … Madon … Shimron … AkshaphThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
364JOS112gz61translate-namesכִּֽנֲר֖וֹת…וּ⁠בְ⁠נָפ֥וֹת דּ֖וֹר1Kinnereth … Naphoth DorThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
365JOS113rds6translate-namesחֶרְמ֔וֹן1Mount HermonThis is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
366JOS114d9fb0General Information:All the Canaanite kings attack Joshua and the nation of Israel.
367JOS114e5l4figs-hyperboleוְ⁠כָל־מַֽחֲנֵי⁠הֶם֙ עִמָּ֔⁠ם עַם־רָ֕ב כַּ⁠ח֛וֹל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל־שְׂפַת־הַ⁠יָּ֖ם לָ⁠רֹ֑ב1a great number of soldiers, in number like the sand on the seashoreNo one can count the grains of sand on the seashore. This exaggeration emphasizes the very large number of soldiers that these kings assembled. Alternate translation: “such a great number of soldiers that there appeared to be as many of them as there are grains of sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
368JOS115kc2etranslate-namesמֵר֔וֹם1MeromThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
369JOS116n348figs-metaphorאָנֹכִ֞י נֹתֵ֧ן אֶת־כֻּלָּ֛⁠ם חֲלָלִ֖ים לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל1I am giving them all to Israel as dead menYahweh enabling Israel to conquer the enemy army and kill all of the soldiers is spoken of as if Yahweh killed the soldiers and then gave them to Israel. Alternate translation: “I will enable Israel to kill all of them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
370JOS116lgk2אֶת־סוּסֵי⁠הֶ֣ם תְּעַקֵּ֔ר1hamstring their horses“cripple their horses by cutting their legs.” This is a practice where the tendons in the backs of the legs are cut so that the horses cannot walk.
371JOS117sm9ktranslate-namesמֵר֖וֹם1MeromThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
372JOS118cw9yfigs-metaphorוַ⁠יִּתְּנֵ֨⁠ם יְהוָ֥ה בְּ⁠יַֽד־יִשְׂרָאֵל֮1Yahweh gave the enemy into the hand of IsraelHere the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh enabling the army of Israel to conquer their enemy is spoken of as if Yahweh had put the enemy army into Israels hand. Alternate translation: “Yahweh enabled Israel to conquer the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
373JOS118n4ubוַ⁠יַּכּוּ⁠ם֒…וַ⁠יַּכֻּ֕⁠ם1struck them … struck themAlternate translation: “attacked them … attacked them”
374JOS118m9b1translate-namesמִשְׂרְפ֣וֹת מַ֔יִם1Misrephoth MaimThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
375JOS119q7dnעִקֵּ֔ר1hamstrungThis is a practice where the tendons in the backs of the legs are cut so that the horses cannot run. See how you translated this word in [Joshua 11:6](../11/06.md).
376JOS1110pbp8מַלְכָּ֖⁠הּ הִכָּ֣ה בֶ⁠חָ֑רֶב1He struck its king with the swordAlternate translation: “Joshua killed the king of Hazor with his sword”
377JOS1110cjd1figs-metaphorחָצ֣וֹר לְ⁠פָנִ֔ים הִ֕יא רֹ֖אשׁ כָּל־הַ⁠מַּמְלָכ֥וֹת הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה1Hazor had been head of all these kingdomsHazor being the most important city is spoken of as Hazor being the head of the other kingdoms. Alternate translation: Hazor had been the most important of all these kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
378JOS1111be72figs-parallelismוַ֠⁠יַּכּוּ אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠נֶּ֨פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֤⁠הּ לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֨רֶב֙ הַֽחֲרֵ֔ם לֹ֥א נוֹתַ֖ר כָּל־נְשָׁמָ֑ה1They struck with the sword every living creature that was there … so there was not any living creature left aliveThese two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
379JOS1111z2mdfigs-synecdocheהַֽחֲרֵ֔ם1he set them apart to be destroyedThe word “he” refers to Joshua and represents himself and his army. Completely destroying every living thing in the city is spoken of as if those living things were dedicated for destruction. Alternate translation: “the army completely destroyed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
380JOS1112i5tzוַ⁠יַּכֵּ֥⁠ם לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֖רֶב1struck them with the edge of the swordAlternate translation: “killed them”
381JOS1113f8kvהֶ⁠עָרִ֗ים הָ⁠עֹֽמְדוֹת֙ עַל־תִּלָּ֔⁠ם1cities built on moundsAlternate translation: “cities built on small hills”
382JOS1114grk1figs-rpronounsלָ⁠הֶ֖ם1for themselvesThis phrase refers to the army of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
383JOS1114n215figs-parallelismאֶֽת־כָּל־הָ⁠אָדָ֞ם הִכּ֣וּ לְ⁠פִי־חֶ֗רֶב עַד־הִשְׁמִדָ⁠ם֙ אוֹתָ֔⁠ם לֹ֥א הִשְׁאִ֖ירוּ כָּל־נְשָׁמָֽה1They killed every human being with the edge of the sword until all were dead. They left alive no creature that breathed.These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
384JOS1115ta4xfigs-litotesלֹֽא־הֵסִ֣יר דָּבָ֔ר מִ⁠כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־מֹשֶֽׁה1He left nothing undone of all that Yahweh commanded Moses to doThis negative phrase emphasizes that Joshua did everything that Yahweh commanded. Alternate translation: “Joshua did everything that Yahweh commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
385JOS1117yr6btranslate-namesהָ⁠הָ֤ר הֶֽ⁠חָלָק֙…בַּ֤עַל גָּד֙1Mount Halak … Baal GadThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
386JOS1120pq7vfigs-metaphorמֵ⁠אֵ֣ת יְהוָ֣ה׀ הָיְתָ֡ה לְ⁠חַזֵּ֣ק אֶת־לִבָּ⁠ם֩1it was Yahweh who hardened their heartsYahweh causing the people of the cities to be stubborn is spoken of as if Yahweh had hardened their hearts. Alternate translation: “it was Yahweh who caused them to act stubbornly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
387JOS1121im1qtranslate-namesאֶת־הָֽ⁠עֲנָקִים֙1AnakimThese are the descendants of Anak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
388JOS1121p6cdtranslate-namesדְּבִ֣ר…עֲנָ֔ב1Debir … AnabThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
389JOS1123qe5vfigs-metaphorוַ⁠יִּתְּנָ⁠הּ֩ יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ לְ⁠נַחֲלָ֧ה לְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל1Joshua gave it as an inheritance to IsraelJoshua giving the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if he had given the Israelites an inheritance as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “Joshua gave the land to the Israelites as a permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
390JOS1123x695figs-personificationוְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ שָׁקְטָ֖ה מִ⁠מִּלְחָמָֽה1the land had rest from the warsThe people no longer fighting wars is spoken of as if the land were a person who rested from war. Alternate translation: “the people no longer fought wars in the land” or “there was peace in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
391JOS12introga6k0# Joshua 12 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The ULT sets the lines in 12:2-5 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long list.
392JOS121e45xwriting-backgroundוְ⁠אֵ֣לֶּה1NowThis word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer begins to provide background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
393JOS121fe2cוְ⁠אֵ֣לֶּה׀ מַלְכֵ֣י1these are the kingsThis refers to the list of kings that continues through verse 24.
394JOS121g8jutranslate-namesהָ⁠עֲרָבָ֖ה1the ArabahThese are the names of a region of land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
395JOS122uv1mtranslate-namesמֵ⁠עֲרוֹעֵ֡ר1AroerThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
396JOS122ts6sסִיחוֹן֙…בְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן1Sihon … HeshbonSee how you translated these words in [Joshua 9:10](../09/10.md).
397JOS123dh7dיָ֨ם כִּנְר֜וֹת1Sea of KinnerethThis is a place. See how you translated this in [Joshua 11:2](../11/02.md).
398JOS123gc3xtranslate-namesבֵּ֣ית הַיְשִׁמ֑וֹת…הַ⁠פִּסְגָּֽה1Beth Jeshimoth … Mount PisgahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
399JOS124zb6dע֚וֹג מֶ֣לֶךְ הַ⁠בָּשָׁ֔ן1Og, king of BashanSee how you translated this mans name in [Joshua 9:10](../09/10.md).
400JOS124m4cttranslate-namesהָ⁠רְפָאִ֑ים1the RephaimThese are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
401JOS124t7hytranslate-namesבְּ⁠עַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶדְרֶֽעִי1Ashtaroth … EdreiThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
402JOS125vu4ftranslate-namesוּ⁠בְ⁠סַלְכָה֙1SalekahThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
403JOS125sbq3translate-namesוְ⁠הַ⁠מַּעֲכָתִ֑י1MaacathitesThis is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
404JOS126bsj6לָ⁠רֻֽאוּבֵנִי֙1ReubenitesThese are the descendants of Reuben.
405JOS126p8ztוְ⁠לַ⁠גָּדִ֔י1GaditesThese are the descendants of Gad.
406JOS126zk48וְ⁠לַ⁠חֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֥בֶט הַֽ⁠מְנַשֶּֽׁה1half tribe of ManassehThey are called a half tribe because the other half of the tribe received an inheritance in the land of Canaan.
407JOS127nie7translate-namesמִ⁠בַּ֤עַל גָּד֙…הָ⁠הָ֥ר הֶ⁠חָלָ֖ק1Baal Gad … Mount HalakThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
408JOS128z37ztranslate-namesוּ⁠בָֽ⁠עֲרָבָה֙1the ArabahThis is the name of a region of land. Translate as in [Joshua 12:1](./01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
409JOS1210ps2mtranslate-namesחֶבְר֖וֹן1EnaimThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
410JOS1211aj97translate-namesיַרְמוּת֙…לָכִ֖ישׁ1Jarmuth … LachishThese are the names of cities. Translate in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
411JOS1212bgl2translate-namesעֶגְלוֹן֙…גֶּ֖זֶר1Eglon … GezerThese are the names of cities. Translate “Eglon” in the same way you did in [Joshua 10:3](../10/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
412JOS1213mgg8translate-namesדְּבִר֙…גֶּ֖דֶר1Debir … GederThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
413JOS1214e9batranslate-namesחָרְמָה֙…עֲרָ֖ד1Hormah … AradThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
414JOS1215nec9translate-namesלִבְנָה֙…עֲדֻלָּ֖ם1Libnah … AdullamThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
415JOS1216se49translate-namesמַקֵּדָה֙1MakkedahThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
416JOS1217g346translate-namesתַּפּ֨וּחַ֙…חֵ֖פֶר1Tappuah … HepherThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
417JOS1218m8vltranslate-namesאֲפֵק֙…לַ⁠שָּׁר֖וֹן1Aphek … LasharonThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
418JOS1219ga17translate-namesמָדוֹן֙…חָצ֖וֹר1Madon … HazorThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
419JOS1220cq4itranslate-namesשִׁמְר֤וֹן מְראוֹן֙…אַכְשָׁ֖ף1Shimron Meron … AkshaphThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
420JOS1221pv5ntranslate-namesתַּעְנַךְ֙…מְגִדּ֖וֹ1Taanach … MegiddoThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
421JOS1222z2b9translate-namesקֶ֨דֶשׁ֙…יָקְנֳעָ֥ם1Kedesh … JokneamThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
422JOS1223a6eqtranslate-namesדּ֛וֹר לְ⁠נָפַ֥ת דּ֖וֹר…גּוֹיִ֥ם1Dor … Naphoth Dor … GoyimThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
423JOS1224kv8wtranslate-namesתִּרְצָ֖ה1TirzahThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
424JOS1224aeg5translate-numbersכָּל־מְלָכִ֖ים שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠אֶחָֽד1thirty-one in all“31 in all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
425JOS13introzl7s0# Joshua 13 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins a section about dividing the land between the tribes of Israel.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Division of the land<br><br>There was still much land to be captured west of the Jordan River, but the tribe of Reuben, Gad and half of the tribe of Mannasah received their land east of the Jordan. This land had been promised to them in Numbers 32.<br><br>### Driving out the people<br><br>While Yahweh achieved many great victories through Joshua, Israel was still supposed to drive out the rest of the Canaanites. Israels success in this would depend on their faith in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
426JOS132s51zfigs-explicitזֹ֥את הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ הַ⁠נִּשְׁאָ֑רֶת1This is the land that still remainsYou may clarify that this is the land that Israel still needs to capture. Alternate translation: “This is the land that still remains for Israel to capture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
427JOS133q1nvtranslate-namesהַ⁠שִּׁיח֞וֹר1ShihorThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
428JOS133a3iwfigs-activepassiveלַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֖י תֵּחָשֵׁ֑ב1which is considered property of the CanaanitesIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which the Canaanites now consider their property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
429JOS133jnl3translate-namesוְ⁠הָ⁠עַוִּֽים1AvvitesThis is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
430JOS134b13stranslate-namesוּ⁠מְעָרָ֛ה…אֲפֵ֑קָ⁠ה1Arah … AphekThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
431JOS135bj71translate-namesמִ⁠בַּ֣עַל גָּ֔ד…הַר־חֶרְמ֑וֹן1Baal Gad … Mount HermonThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
432JOS135jd8rtranslate-namesהַ⁠גִּבְלִ֗י1GebalitesThis is the name of a people group who lived in Geba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
433JOS136b7pktranslate-namesמִשְׂרְפֹ֥ת מַ֨יִם֙1Misrephoth Maimthis is the name of a place (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
434JOS136si8ifigs-metaphorלְ⁠יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ בְּֽ⁠נַחֲלָ֔ה1land … as an inheritanceThe land that Israel will claim is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they will receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
435JOS139gfc4translate-namesמֵ⁠עֲרוֹעֵ֡ר…מֵידְבָ֖א…דִּיבֽוֹן1Aroer … Medeba … DibonThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
436JOS139lk8dהַ⁠נַּ֛חַל1gorgea place where the river is far below the land on the sides
437JOS139t2anהַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֥ר1plateauflat land high above rivers
438JOS1310zm4wtranslate-namesבְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן1HeshbonThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
439JOS1311whz4translate-namesסַלְכָֽה1SalekahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
440JOS1311kc79וּ⁠גְב֧וּל הַ⁠גְּשׁוּרִ֣י וְ⁠הַ⁠מַּעֲכָתִ֗י1the region of the Geshurites and MaacathitesAlternate translation: “the land where the Geshurites and Maacathites lived”
441JOS1311l98jtranslate-namesוְ⁠הַ⁠מַּעֲכָתִ֗י1MaacathitesThese are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
442JOS1312hw24translate-namesבְּ⁠עַשְׁתָּר֖וֹת וּ⁠בְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֑עִי1Ashtaroth … EdreiThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
443JOS1312u2dntranslate-namesהָ⁠רְפָאִ֔ים1RephaimThis is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
444JOS1312l1cufigs-synecdocheוַ⁠יַּכֵּ֥⁠ם מֹשֶׁ֖ה1Moses struck themHere “Moses” represents himself and the Israelite army that Moses led. Alternate translation: “Moses and the Israelites attacked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
445JOS1313zb9ltranslate-namesאֶת־הַ⁠גְּשׁוּרִ֖י וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠מַּעֲכָתִ֑י1the Geshurites or the MaacathitesThese are the names of people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
446JOS1313hu1nfigs-explicitגְּשׁ֤וּר וּ⁠מַֽעֲכָת֙ בְּ⁠קֶ֣רֶב יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל1Geshur and Maacath live among Israel“Geshur” and “Maacath” are either the names of the ancestors of “the Geshurites” and “the Maacathites” or are the names of the cities in which they lived. Alternate translation: “those people live among Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
447JOS1313xw7dעַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה1to this dayThis refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book.
448JOS1314zs6yfigs-metaphorלֹ֥א נָתַ֖ן נַחֲלָ֑ה1Moses gave no inheritanceThe land that Moses assigned to the tribes of Israel is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
449JOS1314v9zcfigs-metaphorאִשֵּׁ֨י יְהוָ֜ה…ה֣וּא נַחֲלָת֔⁠וֹ1The offerings of Yahweh … are their inheritanceThe writer speaks of the great honor that the Levites had by serving Yahweh as priests as if the offerings were something that they would inherit. Alternate translation: “The offerings of Yahweh … are what they will have for their provision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
450JOS1314br61אִשֵּׁ֨י יְהוָ֜ה1offerings of YahwehAlternate translation: “offerings that the people were to bring to Yahweh”
451JOS1314lz8afigs-activepassiveאִשֵּׁ֨י1made by fireIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that the priests burned with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
452JOS1316f1uvtranslate-namesמֵ⁠עֲרוֹעֵ֡ר…מֵידְבָֽא1Aroer … MedebaThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
453JOS1316s5yvנַ֨חַל…הַ⁠מִּישֹׁ֖ר1gorge … plateauSee how you translated these words in [Joshua 13:9](../13/09.md).
454JOS1317y6iutranslate-namesחֶשְׁבּ֥וֹן…דִּיבוֹן֙ וּ⁠בָמ֣וֹת בַּ֔עַל וּ⁠בֵ֖ית בַּ֥עַל מְעֽוֹן1Heshbon … Dibon … Bamoth Baal … Beth Baal MeonThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
455JOS1318i4fetranslate-namesוְ⁠יַ֥הְצָ⁠ה וּ⁠קְדֵמֹ֖ת וּ⁠מֵפָֽעַת1Jahaz … Kedemoth … MephaathThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
456JOS1319f1h3translate-namesוְ⁠קִרְיָתַ֣יִם וְ⁠שִׂבְמָ֔ה וְ⁠צֶ֥רֶת הַשַּׁ֖חַר1Kiriathaim … Sibmah … Zereth ShaharThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
457JOS1320is7vtranslate-namesוּ⁠בֵ֥ית פְּע֛וֹר…הַ⁠פִּסְגָּ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֥ית הַיְשִׁמֽוֹת1Beth Peor … Pisgah … Beth JeshimothThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
458JOS1321uld7translate-namesבְּ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֑וֹן1HeshbonThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
459JOS1321j6hqtranslate-namesסִיחוֹן֙…אֶת־אֱוִ֤י וְ⁠אֶת־רֶ֨קֶם֙ וְ⁠אֶת־צ֤וּר וְ⁠אֶת־חוּר֙ וְ⁠אֶת־רֶ֔בַע1Sihon … Evi … Rekem … Zur … Hur … RebaThese are the names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
460JOS1321x56eאֹת֣⁠וֹ׀ וְ⁠אֶת־נְשִׂיאֵ֣י מִדְיָ֗ן1together with the leaders of MidianAlternate translation: “as he had defeated the leaders of Midian”
461JOS1323gc1rוּ⁠גְב֑וּל זֹ֣את1this is their boundaryThe Jordan River was the western border of the land that the tribe of Reuben received.
462JOS1323x56mfigs-metaphorוּ⁠גְב֑וּל זֹ֣את נַחֲלַ֤ת בְּנֵֽי־רְאוּבֵן֙1This was the inheritance of the tribe of ReubenThe land that Moses assigned to the tribe of Reuben is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribe of Reuben received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
463JOS1323ud8mfigs-activepassiveלְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔⁠ם1given to each of their clansIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “that Moses gave to each of their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
464JOS1325fmp2translate-namesיַעְזֵר֙…עֲרוֹעֵ֕ר…רַבָּֽה1Jazer … Aroer … RabbahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
465JOS1326mr54translate-namesוּ⁠מֵ⁠חֶשְׁבּ֛וֹן…רָמַ֥ת הַ⁠מִּצְפֶּ֖ה וּ⁠בְטֹנִ֑ים וּ⁠מִֽ⁠מַּחֲנַ֖יִם…לִדְבִֽר1Heshbon … Ramath Mizpah … Betonim … Mahanaim … DebirThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
466JOS1327ie4mtranslate-namesבֵּ֣ית הָרָם֩ וּ⁠בֵ֨ית נִמְרָ֜ה וְ⁠סֻכּ֣וֹת וְ⁠צָפ֗וֹן…חֶשְׁבּ֔וֹן1Beth Haram … Beth Nimrah … Zaphon … HeshbonThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
467JOS1328hla2figs-metaphorזֹ֛את נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵי־גָ֖ד1This is the inheritance of the tribe of GadThe land that Moses assigned to the tribe of Gad is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribe of Gad received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
468JOS1329we69figs-metaphorוַ⁠יִּתֵּ֣ן מֹשֶׁ֔ה לַ⁠חֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה1Moses gave an inheritance to the half tribe of ManassehThe land that Moses assigned to the half tribe of Manasseh is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he gave to them as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
469JOS1329gs84לַ⁠חֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה1half tribe of ManassehOnly half of the tribe received this land because the other half received land on the other side of the Jordan River.
470JOS1329p8ywfigs-activepassiveוַ⁠יְהִ֗י לַ⁠חֲצִ֛י1It was assignedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Moses assigned it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
471JOS1330s32gtranslate-namesמִ⁠מַּחֲנַ֨יִם…יָאִ֛יר1Mahanaim … JairThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
472JOS1331b2aatranslate-namesוְ⁠עַשְׁתָּר֣וֹת וְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֔עִי1Ashtaroth … EdreiThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
473JOS1331zde9figs-activepassiveלִ⁠בְנֵ֤י1These were assignedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Moses assigned these” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
474JOS1331g5sitranslate-namesמָכִ֖יר1MachirThis is a mans name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
475JOS1332hh57figs-metaphorאֵ֕לֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נִחַ֥ל מֹשֶׁ֖ה1This is the inheritance that Moses assigned to themThe land that Moses assigned to the tribes of Israel on the east side of the Jordan is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Moses gave to them as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This is the land that Moses assigned to them as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
476JOS1333ce57figs-metaphorיְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ ה֣וּא נַחֲלָתָ֔⁠ם1Yahweh, the God of Israel, is their inheritanceThe writer speaks of the great honor that the Levites had by serving Yahweh as priests as if Yahweh were something that they would inherit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, the God of Israel, is what they have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
477JOS14introdsn70# Joshua 14 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Drive them out<br>The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
478JOS141u4tcfigs-metaphorוְ⁠אֵ֛לֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נָחֲל֥וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל1the areas of land that the people of Israel received as their inheritanceThe land that the people of Israel acquired is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
479JOS141ql64אֲב֥וֹת הַ⁠מַּטּ֖וֹת1tribal leadersAlternate translation: “leaders of the tribes”
480JOS142f1uxfigs-activepassiveבְּ⁠גוֹרַ֖ל נַחֲלָתָ֑⁠ם1Their inheritance was selected by lotIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Eleazar, Joshua, and the tribal leaders cast lots to determine the inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
481JOS142ti9lfigs-synecdocheבְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה1by the hand of MosesHere the word “hand” refers to Moses himself and means that Yahweh used Moses as the agent to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “through Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
482JOS143ptq4figs-metaphorכִּֽי־נָתַ֨ן מֹשֶׁ֜ה נַחֲלַ֨ת שְׁנֵ֤י הַ⁠מַּטּוֹת֙ וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י הַ⁠מַּטֶּ֔ה מֵ⁠עֵ֖בֶר לַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֑ן וְ⁠לַ֨⁠לְוִיִּ֔ם לֹֽא־נָתַ֥ן נַחֲלָ֖ה בְּ⁠תוֹכָֽ⁠ם1Moses had given the inheritance of the two and one-half tribes beyond the Jordan, but to the Levites he gave no inheritanceThe land that Moses gave to the tribes is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
483JOS144tye1figs-activepassiveוְ⁠לֹֽא־נָתְנוּ֩ חֵ֨לֶק לַ⁠לְוִיִּ֜ם בָּ⁠אָ֗רֶץ1The Levites were given no portion of the inheritance in the landIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And Moses did not give a portion of the inheritance to the Levites in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
484JOS144c5l6חֵ֨לֶק1portionAlternate translation: “part”
485JOS144tj8sfigs-ellipsisכִּ֤י אִם־עָרִים֙ לָ⁠שֶׁ֔בֶת1but only certain cities to live inThe verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “but he gave to them only certain cities to live in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
486JOS144m4nvוּ⁠מִ֨גְרְשֵׁי⁠הֶ֔ם1pasturelandsfields of grass for the livestock to eat
487JOS144j8ysוּ⁠לְ⁠קִנְיָנָֽ⁠ם1material resourcesphysical things they needed so they could provide for their families
488JOS146b9tctranslate-namesיְפֻנֶּ֖ה1JephunnehThis is a mans name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
489JOS146g6g8translate-namesהַ⁠קְּנִזִּ֑י1KenizziteThis is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
490JOS147wqe2figs-idiomוָ⁠אָשֵׁ֤ב אֹת⁠וֹ֙ דָּבָ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר עִם־לְבָבִֽ⁠י1I brought him a report again as it was in my heart to makeHere the word “heart” represents the thoughts. The phrase is an idiom that refers to a report that is given honestly. Alternate translation: “I brought back to him an honest report” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
491JOS148q6zsfigs-metaphorהִמְסִ֖יו אֶת־לֵ֣ב הָ⁠עָ֑ם1made the heart of the people melt with fearMaking the people very afraid is spoken of as if it were making the hearts of the people melt. Alternate translation: “made the people very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
492JOS148d53afigs-metaphorוְ⁠אָנֹכִ֣י מִלֵּ֔אתִי אַחֲרֵ֖י יְהוָ֥ה1I completely followed YahwehBeing loyal to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were completely following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I remained loyal to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
493JOS149ew2rfigs-metaphorהָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙…בָּ֔⁠הּ לְ⁠ךָ֨ תִֽהְיֶ֧ה לְ⁠נַחֲלָ֛ה וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ עַד־עוֹלָ֑ם1the land … will be an inheritance for you and for your children foreverThe land that Caleb and his descendants would have is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
494JOS149shc9figs-synecdocheהָ⁠אָ֨רֶץ֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר דָּרְכָ֤ה רַגְלְ⁠ךָ֙1the land on which your foot has walkedHere “your foot” represents Caleb. Alternate translation: “the land on which you have walked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
495JOS1410m9snהִנֵּה֩1lookAlternate translation: “pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important”
496JOS1410c4maאֲשֶׁר־הָלַ֥ךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּ֑ר1while Israel walked in the wildernessAlternate translation: “while the people of Israel traveled in the wilderness”
497JOS1411q443כְּ⁠כֹ֥חִ⁠י אָ֖ז וּ⁠כְ⁠כֹ֣חִ⁠י עָ֑תָּה1My strength is now as my strength was thenAlternate translation: “I am still as strong now as I was then”
498JOS1411y4nffigs-idiomוְ⁠לָ⁠צֵ֥את וְ⁠לָ⁠בֽוֹא1for going and comingThis is an idiom that refers to daily activities. Alternate translation: “for the things I do every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
499JOS1412r8kaאֶת־הָ⁠הָ֣ר1hill countryPossible meanings are 1) many large hills or small mountains or 2) one mountain.
500JOS1412ner3translate-namesעֲנָקִ֣ים1AnakimThis is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
501JOS1413q6aefigs-metaphorוַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן אֶת־חֶבְר֛וֹן לְ⁠כָלֵ֥ב1gave Hebron as an inheritance to CalebHebron is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that Caleb received as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
502JOS1414gji6עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה1to this dayThis refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book.
503JOS1414zii3figs-metaphorמִלֵּ֔א אַחֲרֵ֕י יְהוָ֖ה1he completely followed YahwehBeing loyal to Yahweh is spoken of as if it were completely following Yahweh. Alternate translation: “he remained loyal to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
504JOS1415hyh6translate-namesקִרְיַ֣ת אַרְבַּ֔ע1Kiriath ArbaThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
505JOS1415wv1zfigs-personificationוְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ שָׁקְטָ֖ה מִ⁠מִּלְחָמָֽה1Then the land had rest from warThe people no longer fighting wars is spoken of as if the land were a person who rested from war. See how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 11:23](../11/23.md). Alternate translation: “Then the people no longer fought wars in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
506JOS15introght50# Joshua 15 General Notes<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Judah. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
507JOS151ex51translate-namesצִ֛ן1ZinThis is the name of the wilderness area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
508JOS152k5zaמִ⁠קְצֵ֖ה יָ֣ם הַ⁠מֶּ֑לַח מִן־הַ⁠לָּשֹׁ֖ן הַ⁠פֹּנֶ֥ה נֶֽגְבָּ⁠ה1from the end of the Salt Sea, from the bay that faces to the south“from the bay that faces south at the end of the Salt Sea.” These two phrases refer to the same location. The second phrase clarifies the point at which the southern border begins.
509JOS152j6xnמִן־הַ⁠לָּשֹׁ֖ן הַ⁠פֹּנֶ֥ה נֶֽגְבָּ⁠ה1from the bay that faces to the southAlternate translation: “from the bay that extends to the south” or “from the southern bay”
510JOS152qj2gהַ⁠לָּשֹׁ֖ן1baysmaller part of the sea that extends into the land
511JOS153kb99translate-namesעַקְרַבִּים֙…צִ֔נָ⁠ה…חֶצְרוֹן֙…אַדָּ֔רָ⁠ה…הַ⁠קַּרְקָֽעָ⁠ה1Akrabbim … Zin … Hezron … Addar … KarkaThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
512JOS154nzh3translate-namesעַצְמ֗וֹנָ⁠ה1AzmonThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
513JOS154d1b1translate-namesנַ֣חַל מִצְרַ֔יִם1brook of Egypta small river of water at the southwestern edge of the land, near Egypt (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
514JOS155xrg4figs-metaphorמִ⁠קְצֵ֖ה הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּֽן1at the mouth of the JordanThe point at which the river empties into the sea is spoken of as if it were the mouth of the river. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
515JOS155bl5cוּ⁠גְב֞וּל1border … ranAlternate translation: “border … was”
516JOS156lbt5translate-namesבֵּ֣ית חָגְלָ֔ה…לְ⁠בֵ֣ית הָעֲרָבָ֑ה1Beth Hoglah … Beth ArabahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
517JOS156eqi7translate-namesאֶ֥בֶן בֹּ֖הַן1the Stone of BohanThis was likely a large stone that someone set up as a landmark and named after the man, Bohan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
518JOS157n7k5translate-namesדְּבִרָ⁠ה֮ מֵ⁠עֵ֣מֶק עָכוֹר֒…הַ⁠גִּלְגָּ֗ל…לְ⁠מַעֲלֵ֣ה אֲדֻמִּ֔ים…מֵי־עֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶ…עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל1Debir … the Valley of Achor … the hill of Adummim … En Shemesh … En RogelThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
519JOS158qa4utranslate-namesגֵּ֣י בֶן־הִנֹּ֗ם…עֵֽמֶק־רְפָאִ֖ים1the Valley of Ben Hinnom … the Valley of RephaimThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
520JOS159hb3jtranslate-namesנֶפְתּ֔וֹחַ…הַר־עֶפְר֑וֹן…קִרְיַ֥ת יְעָרִֽים1Nephtoah … Mount Ephron … Baalah … Kiriath JearimThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
521JOS1510h92vtranslate-namesמִ⁠בַּעֲלָ֥ה…הַ֣ר שֵׂעִ֔יר…הַר־יְעָרִ֛ים…כְסָל֑וֹן…בֵּֽית־שֶׁ֖מֶשׁ…תִּמְנָֽה1Baalah … Mount Seir … Mount Jearim … Kesalon … Beth Shemesh … TimnahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
522JOS1511n6qttranslate-namesשִׁכְּר֔וֹנָ⁠ה…הַר־הַֽ⁠בַּעֲלָ֖ה…יַבְנְאֵ֑ל1Shikkeron … Mount Baalah … JabneelThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
523JOS1513gx9ftranslate-namesאֶת־קִרְיַ֥ת אַרְבַּ֛ע1Kiriath ArbaThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
524JOS1513v154translate-namesאַרְבַּ֛ע…הָ⁠עֲנָ֖ק1Arba … AnakThese are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
525JOS1514jp1ifigs-explicitאֶת־שְׁלוֹשָׁ֖ה בְּנֵ֣י הָ⁠עֲנָ֑ק אֶת־שֵׁשַׁ֤י וְ⁠אֶת־אֲחִימַן֙ וְ⁠אֶת־תַּלְמַ֔י יְלִידֵ֖י הָ⁠עֲנָֽק1the three sons of Anak: Sheshai, Ahiman and Talmai, descendants of AnakThese names represent clans of people who were descendants of Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai. The words “sons” and “descendants” in this context mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the three clans, Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai, who were descendants of Anak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
526JOS1514q23ktranslate-namesהָ⁠עֲנָ֑ק אֶת־שֵׁשַׁ֤י וְ⁠אֶת־אֲחִימַן֙ וְ⁠אֶת־תַּלְמַ֔י1Anak … Sheshai … Ahiman … TalmaiThese are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
527JOS1515n52jוַ⁠יַּ֣עַל מִ⁠שָּׁ֔ם אֶל1He went up from there againstAlternate translation: “He went up from there to fight against”
528JOS1515k99vtranslate-namesדְּבִ֥ר…קִרְיַת־סֵֽפֶר1Debir … Kiriath SepherThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
529JOS1516hs9ctranslate-namesאֶת־קִרְיַת־סֵ֖פֶר1Kiriath SepherThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
530JOS1516z82qtranslate-namesאֶת־עַכְסָ֥ה1AksahThis is a womans name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
531JOS1517kvc1translate-namesעָתְנִיאֵ֥ל…קְנַ֖ז1Othniel … KenazThese are mens names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
532JOS1518d6qffigs-idiomבְּ⁠בוֹאָ֗⁠הּ1Aksah came to OthnielThis is an idiom that refers to Aksah becoming Othniels wife. Alternate translation: “when Aksah became Othniels wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
533JOS1518ia6dfigs-quotationsוַ⁠תְּסִיתֵ֨⁠הוּ֙ לִ⁠שְׁא֤וֹל מֵֽ⁠אֵת־אָבִ֨י⁠הָ֙ שָׂדֶ֔ה1she urged him to ask her father for a field.This can be translated as direct speech. Alternate translation: “she urged him, Ask my father to give me a field.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
534JOS1519nun3אֵ֚ת גֻּלֹּ֣ת עִלִּיּ֔וֹת וְ⁠אֵ֖ת גֻּלֹּ֥ת תַּחְתִּיּֽוֹת1the upper springs and lower springsThe words “upper” and “lower” likely refer to the geographical altitude of the water springs.
535JOS1520q76cfigs-metaphorזֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־יְהוּדָ֖ה1This was the inheritance of the tribe of JudahThe land that the tribe of Judah received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Judah received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
536JOS1546dfe2וְ⁠חַצְרֵי⁠הֶֽן1settlementsvillages
537JOS1547hsx1translate-namesנַ֣חַל מִצְרָ֑יִם1brook of Egypta small river of water at the southwestern edge of the land near Egypt (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
538JOS1563j68zעַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה1to this dayThis refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book.
539JOS16introbpv30# Joshua 16 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Drive them out<br>The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Ephraim, one of Josephs sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their location without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the location of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
540JOS161b1k9figs-explicitלִ⁠בְנֵ֤י יוֹסֵף֙1the tribe of JosephThe “tribe of Joseph” consisted of the tribes of Josephs two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim. Since half of the tribe of Manasseh had settled east of the Jordan, this phrase refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Ephraim and the other half of the tribe of Manasseh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
541JOS162g9tdtranslate-namesל֑וּזָ⁠ה…עֲטָרֽוֹת1Luz … AtarothThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
542JOS162zs9ftranslate-namesהָ⁠אַרְכִּ֖י1ArkitesThis is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
543JOS163w8gitranslate-namesהַ⁠יַּפְלֵטִ֗י1JaphletitesThis is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
544JOS163id59translate-namesבֵּית־חוֹרֹ֛ן תַּחְתּ֖וֹן…גָּ֑זֶר1Lower Beth Horon … GezerThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
545JOS164u6fyבְנֵי־יוֹסֵ֖ף מְנַשֶּׁ֥ה וְ⁠אֶפְרָֽיִם1the tribes of Joseph, Manasseh and EphraimAlternate translation: “the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim, the sons of Joseph”
546JOS164r4qwfigs-metaphorוַ⁠יִּנְחֲל֥וּ1received their inheritanceThe land that the tribes of Manasseh and Ephraim possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “received this land as their inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
547JOS165f2i9figs-activepassiveגְּב֥וּל בְּנֵֽי־אֶפְרַ֖יִם לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֑⁠ם1The territory of the tribe of Ephraim, clan by clanIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The territory … that Joshua assigned to their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
548JOS165m6lutranslate-namesעַטְר֣וֹת אַדָּ֔ר…בֵּ֥ית חוֹרֹ֖ן עֶלְיֽוֹן1Ataroth Addar … Upper Beth HoronThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
549JOS166vg46translate-namesהַֽ⁠מִּכְמְתָת֙…תַּאֲנַ֣ת שִׁלֹ֑ה…יָנֽוֹחָ⁠ה1Mikmethath … Taanath Shiloh … JanoahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
550JOS167uyw7translate-namesמִ⁠יָּנ֖וֹחָ⁠ה עֲטָר֣וֹת וְ⁠נַעֲרָ֑תָ⁠ה1Janoah … NaarahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
551JOS168at1ttranslate-namesמִ⁠תַּפּ֜וּחַ…קָנָ֔ה1Tappuah … KanahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
552JOS168mb6ifigs-metaphorזֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־אֶפְרַ֖יִם לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽ⁠ם1This was the inheritance of the tribe of EphraimThe land that Ephraim possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Ephraim received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
553JOS168ke41figs-activepassiveלְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽ⁠ם1clan by clanIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Joshua assigned to their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
554JOS169y6xsfigs-activepassiveוְ⁠הֶ⁠עָרִ֗ים הַ⁠מִּבְדָּלוֹת֙1the cities that were chosenIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the cities that Joshua had chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
555JOS169f1ycfigs-metaphorבְּ⁠ת֖וֹךְ נַחֲלַ֣ת בְּנֵֽי־מְנַשֶּׁ֑ה1within the inheritance of the tribe of ManassehThe land that the tribe of Manasseh possessed is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “within the land that the tribe of Manasseh had received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
556JOS1610au8eעַד־הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה1to this dayThis refers to the period of time in which the author wrote this book.
557JOS1610fth4figs-activepassiveוַ⁠יְהִ֖י לְ⁠מַס־עֹבֵֽד1these people were made to do forced laborIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the Israelites forced these people to work as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
558JOS17introm3nk0# Joshua 17 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Manassehs lack of faith<br>Even though they were one of the largest and most powerful tribes of Israel, the tribe of Manasseh lacked faith in the power of Yahweh. This caused them many problems. It would also cause their descendants many problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Manasseh, one of Josephs sons. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
559JOS171j2sjtranslate-namesלְ⁠מָכִיר֩1MakirThese are mens names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
560JOS171zuz5figs-activepassiveוַֽ⁠יְהִי־ל֖⁠וֹ הַ⁠גִּלְעָ֥ד וְ⁠הַ⁠בָּשָֽׁן1Makirs descendants were assigned the land of Gilead and BashanIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned the land of Gilead and Bashan to Makirs descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
561JOS172al47translate-namesאֲבִיעֶ֜זֶר…חֵ֗לֶק…אַשְׂרִיאֵל֙…שֶׁ֔כֶם…חֵ֖פֶר…שְׁמִידָ֑ע1Abiezer, Helek, Asriel, Shechem, Hepher, and ShemidaThese are mens names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
562JOS172us2lfigs-activepassiveוַ֠⁠יְהִי1Land was assigned … given to their clansIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned land … and gave them to their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
563JOS173u2e9translate-namesוְ⁠לִ⁠צְלָפְחָד֩…חֵ֨פֶ1Zelophehad … HepherThese are mens names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
564JOS173k5z5translate-namesמַחְלָ֣ה וְ⁠נֹעָ֔ה חָגְלָ֥ה מִלְכָּ֖ה וְ⁠תִרְצָֽה1Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milkah, and TirzahThese are womens names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
565JOS174x2q2translate-namesאֶלְעָזָ֨ר1EleazarThis is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
566JOS174q55mfigs-metaphorלָֽ⁠תֶת־לָ֥⁠נוּ נַחֲלָ֖ה1to give to us an inheritanceThe land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the people received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “to give to us some land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
567JOS174s6fdוַ⁠יִּתֵּ֨ן לָ⁠הֶ֜ם…נַֽחֲלָ֔ה1he gave those women an inheritancePossible meanings are 1) “Joshua gave those women an inheritance” or 2) “Eleazar gave those women an inheritance.”
568JOS175d1c3figs-activepassiveוַ⁠יִּפְּל֥וּ חַבְלֵֽי־מְנַשֶּׁ֖ה עֲשָׂרָ֑ה1Ten parcels of land were assignedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned ten parcels of land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
569JOS175z7zrחַבְלֵֽי…עֲשָׂרָ֑ה1Ten parcelsAlternate translation: “Ten portions”
570JOS176d9gbfigs-metaphorנָחֲל֥וּ נַחֲלָ֖ה1received an inheritanceThe land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “received land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
571JOS176qbx1figs-activepassiveהַ⁠גִּלְעָ֔ד הָיְתָ֥ה לִ⁠בְנֵֽי1The land of Gilead was assignedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua assigned the land of Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
572JOS177jln6אֶל־הַ⁠יָּמִ֔ין1southwardtoward the south
573JOS177dfe9translate-namesהַֽ⁠מִּכְמְתָ֔ת…תַּפּֽוּחַ1Mikmethath … TappuahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
574JOS179k7gpהַ⁠גְּבוּל֩1The borderAlternate translation: “The border of Manassehs land”
575JOS179l2afנַ֨חַל1brooka very small river
576JOS179qvi8translate-namesקָנָ֜ה1Kanahname of a brook (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
577JOS1710mi9bfigs-activepassiveוּ⁠בְ⁠אָשֵׁר֙ יִפְגְּע֣וּ⁠ן מִ⁠צָּפ֔וֹן1On the north side Asher can be reachedPossible meanings are 1) that the border of Manassehs land on the north side touched the land that belonged to the tribe of Asher or 2) that one can travel north to reach Asher. Alternate translation: “Asher was on the north side” or “One can travel north to reach Asher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
578JOS1710fj36figs-ellipsisוּ⁠בְ⁠יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר מִ⁠מִּזְרָֽח1to the east, IssacharThe verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “to the east, one can reach Issachar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
579JOS1711s1sntranslate-namesבֵּית־שְׁאָ֣ן…וְ⁠יִבְלְעָ֨ם…דֹ֣אר…עֵֽין־דֹּר֙…תַעְנַךְ֙…מְגִדּ֖וֹ…הַ⁠נָּֽפֶת1Beth Shan … Ibleam … Dor … Endor … Taanach … Megiddo … NaphethThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
580JOS1714b4j6figs-explicitבְּנֵ֣י יוֹסֵ֔ף1the descendants of JosephThis refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
581JOS1714sk37figs-rquestionמַדּוּעַ֩ נָתַ֨תָּה לִּ֜⁠י נַחֲלָ֗ה גּוֹרָ֤ל אֶחָד֙ וְ⁠חֶ֣בֶל אֶחָ֔ד וַֽ⁠אֲנִ֣י עַם־רָ֔ב עַ֥ד אֲשֶׁר־עַד־כֹּ֖ה בֵּֽרְכַ֥⁠נִי יְהוָֽה1Why have you given us only one … Yahweh has blessed us?The people of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh ask this question to emphasize that Joshua should have assigned to them more land. Alternate translation: “You should have given us more than one … Yahweh has blessed us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
582JOS1714ju22figs-doubletגּוֹרָ֤ל אֶחָד֙ וְ⁠חֶ֣בֶל אֶחָ֔ד1one assignment of land and one portion for an inheritanceThese two phrases mean basically the same thing. In the second, the land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the people received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “one assignment of land as our inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
583JOS1714dg92וְ⁠חֶ֣בֶל1portionpart
584JOS1714p7z5עַם־רָ֔ב עַ֥ד1people great in numberAlternate translation: “many people”
585JOS1715d24lאִם־עַם־רַ֤ב אַתָּה֙1If you are a people great in numberAlternate translation: “Since you are a people great in number”
586JOS1715psc4translate-namesוְ⁠הָֽ⁠רְפָאִ֑ים1RephaimThis is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
587JOS1716g788translate-namesבְּ⁠בֵית־שְׁאָן֙…יִזְרְעֶֽאל1Beth Shan … JezreelThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
588JOS1717wa3yfigs-metonymyבֵּ֣ית יוֹסֵ֔ף1the house of JosephHere the word “house” refers to the descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
589JOS1718w4m4וּ⁠בֵ֣רֵאת֔⁠וֹ1you will clear itAlternate translation: “you will clear the forest of trees” or “you will cut down its trees”
590JOS18introj38i0# Joshua 18 General Notes<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
591JOS181fkg2figs-eventsוְ⁠הָ⁠אָ֥רֶץ נִכְבְּשָׁ֖ה לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶֽם1and they conquered the landThey had conquered the people who lived in the land before they set up the tent of meeting. Alternate translation: “after they had conquered the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
592JOS182ynk6figs-metaphorאֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־חָלְק֖וּ אֶת־נַֽחֲלָתָ֑⁠ם1whose inheritance had not been assignedThe land that the tribes would receive is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they would receive as a permanent possession. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to whom Joshua had not assigned land as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
593JOS183bia9figs-rquestionעַד־אָ֨נָה֙ אַתֶּ֣ם מִתְרַפִּ֔ים לָ⁠בוֹא֙ לָ⁠רֶ֣שֶׁת אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר֙ נָתַ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֔ם יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶֽם1How long will you put off … has given you?Joshua asks this question in order to encourage the Israelites to take possession of the land. Alternate translation: “For long enough, you have put off … has given you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
594JOS184p7hgfigs-idiomוְ⁠יִֽתְהַלְּכ֥וּ בָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ1the land up and downThe words “up and down” mean in every direction. Alternate translation: “the land in every direction” or “throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
595JOS184zry7וְ⁠יִכְתְּב֥וּ אוֹתָ֛⁠הּ לְ⁠פִ֥י נַֽחֲלָתָ֖⁠ם1write out a description of it with a view to their inheritancesThis means that they will describe the portions of land that each tribe would like to receive for an inheritance.
596JOS184lh9wfigs-metaphorנַֽחֲלָתָ֖⁠ם1their inheritancesThe land that they are to survey is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that each of the tribes would receive as a permanent possession. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
597JOS185e13l0General Information:Joshua is continuing his speech to the children of Israel.
598JOS185dmy4וְ⁠הִֽתְחַלְּק֥וּ אֹתָ֖⁠הּ1They will divide itAlternate translation: “They will divide the land”
599JOS185y5gnיְהוּדָ֞ה יַעֲמֹ֤ד1Judah will remainAlternate translation: “The tribe of Judah will remain”
600JOS185d41lfigs-metonymyוּ⁠בֵ֥ית יוֹסֵ֛ף1the house of JosephHere the word “house” represents the descendants of Joseph. The phrase refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. Alternate translation: “the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
601JOS187v3qr0General Information:Joshua is continuing his speech to the children of Israel.
602JOS187e6s8אֵֽין־חֵ֤לֶק1no portionAlternate translation: “no portion of land”
603JOS187kus7figs-metaphorכִּֽי־כְהֻנַּ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה נַחֲלָת֑⁠וֹ1for the priesthood of Yahweh is their inheritanceJoshua speaks of the great honor that the Levites have by serving Yahweh as priests as if it were something that they inherited. Alternate translation: “for the priesthood of Yahweh is what they have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
604JOS187eqg6וַ⁠חֲצִי֩ שֵׁ֨בֶט הַֽ⁠מְנַשֶּׁ֜ה1the half tribe of ManassehAlternate translation: “half of the tribe of Manasseh”
605JOS187cyc8figs-metaphorלָקְח֣וּ נַחֲלָתָ֗⁠ם1have received their inheritanceThe land that the tribes received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “have received land as their inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
606JOS188t1cr0General Information:Joshua speaks to the twenty-one men who were to go look at the land.
607JOS188p238figs-idiomוְ⁠הִתְהַלְּכ֨וּ בָ⁠אָ֜רֶץ1up and down in the landThe words “up and down” mean in every direction. See how you translated this in [Joshua 18:4](../18/04.md). Alternate translation: “in every direction in the land” or “throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
608JOS1810pz3nfigs-activepassiveכְּ⁠מַחְלְקֹתָֽ⁠ם1to each was given his portion of the landIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to each tribe Joshua gave their portion in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
609JOS1811hd7vבֵּ֚ין בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וּ⁠בֵ֖ין בְּנֵ֥י יוֹסֵֽף1between the descendants of Judah and the descendants of JosephAlternate translation: “between the land that belonged to the descendants of Judah and the land that belonged to the descendants of Joseph”
610JOS1811ib4ffigs-explicitבְּנֵ֥י יוֹסֵֽף1the descendants of JosephThis refers to the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
611JOS1812ij99translate-namesבֵּ֥ית אָֽוֶן1Beth AvenThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
612JOS1813hx15translate-namesל֨וּזָ⁠ה֙…בֵּֽית־אֵ֑ל…עַטְר֣וֹת אַדָּ֔ר…לְ⁠בֵית־חֹר֖וֹן1Luz … Ataroth Addar … Beth HoronThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
613JOS1814h4e6הַ⁠גְּבוּל֩1The boundaryThis refers to the same thing as “the border” in verse 13.
614JOS1814eq7xtranslate-namesקִרְיַת־בַּ֨עַל֙…קִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֔ים1Kiriath Baal … Kiriath JearimThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
615JOS1815ulq2translate-namesקִרְיַ֣ת יְעָרִ֑ים…נֶפְתּֽוֹחַ1Kiriath Jearim … Ephron … NephtoahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
616JOS1816br6ttranslate-namesבֶן־הִנֹּ֔ם…רְפָאִ֖ים…הִנֹּ֜ם…עֵ֥ין רֹגֵֽל1Ben Hinnom … Rephaim … Hinnom … En RogelThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
617JOS1817d8dttranslate-namesעֵ֣ין שֶׁ֔מֶשׁ…גְּלִיל֔וֹת…אֲדֻמִּ֑ים1En Shemesh … Geliloth … AdummimThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
618JOS1817z2mhtranslate-namesאֶ֥בֶן בֹּ֖הַן1the Stone of BohanThis was likely a large stone that someone set up as a landmark and named after the man, Bohan. See how you translated this in [Joshua 15:6](../15/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
619JOS1818g6tdfigs-metaphorכֶּ֥תֶף מוּל־הָֽ⁠עֲרָבָ֖ה1the shoulder of Beth ArabahLand that is in the form of a slope or ridge is spoken of as if it were a shoulder. Alternate translation: “the slope of Beth Arabah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
620JOS1818b98ytranslate-namesמוּל־הָֽ⁠עֲרָבָ֖ה1Beth ArabahThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
621JOS1819k48gfigs-metaphorכֶּ֣תֶף בֵּית־חָגְלָה֮ צָפוֹנָ⁠ה֒1the north shoulder of Beth HoglahLand that is in the form of a slope or ridge is spoken of as if it were a shoulder. Alternate translation: “the north slope of Beth Hoglah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
622JOS1819xy3itranslate-namesבֵּית־חָגְלָה֮1Beth HoglahThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
623JOS1820ywb2figs-metaphorזֹ֡את נַחֲלַת֩ בְּנֵ֨י בִנְיָמִ֧ן1This was the inheritance of the tribe of BenjaminThe land that the tribe of Benjamin received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
624JOS1820pe6efigs-activepassiveלְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽ⁠ם1it was given clan by clanIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Joshua gave it to each of their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
625JOS1821i6aftranslate-names0General Information:The writer lists the cities that were in the land that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
626JOS1824jsu9וְ⁠חַצְרֵי⁠הֶֽן1their villagesAlternate translation: “the villages around them”
627JOS1828t3aafigs-metaphorזֹ֛את נַֽחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־בִנְיָמִ֖ן1This was the inheritance of BenjaminThe land and cities that the tribe of Benjamin received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Benjamin received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
628JOS19introj62l0# Joshua 19 General Notes<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>This chapter is about the land given to the tribes of Israel. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
629JOS191s149וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֞א הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֤ל הַ⁠שֵּׁנִי֙ לְ⁠שִׁמְע֔וֹן1The second casting of lots fell to SimeonAlternate translation: “The second time Joshua cast lots, the lot indicated the tribe of Simeon”
630JOS191gl7xtranslate-ordinalהַ⁠שֵּׁנִי֙1The secondnumber two in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
631JOS191z9r9לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחוֹתָ֑⁠ם1clan by clanAlternate translation: “and Joshua assigned the land to each of their clans”
632JOS191u57yfigs-metaphorוַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ נַֽחֲלָתָ֔⁠ם בְּ⁠ת֖וֹךְ נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־יְהוּדָֽה1Their inheritance was in the middle of the inheritance that belonged to the tribe of JudahThe land is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that the tribes received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “The land that they received as an inheritance was in the middle of the land that the tribe of Judah received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
633JOS192kg51translate-names0General Information:The writer lists cities that were in the land that the tribe of Simeon received as an inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
634JOS192eu6hfigs-metaphorוַ⁠יְהִ֥י לָ⁠הֶ֖ם בְּ⁠נַֽחֲלָתָ֑⁠ם1They had for their inheritanceThe land and cities that the tribe of Simeon received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “They had the following cities for their inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
635JOS195f4vbוְ⁠צִֽקְלַ֥ג1ZiklagSee how you translated the name of this city in [Joshua 15:31](../15/31.md).
636JOS198uc1cfigs-metaphorזֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־שִׁמְע֖וֹן1This was the inheritance of the tribe of SimeonThe land and cities that the tribe of Simeon received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Simeon received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
637JOS198q586figs-activepassiveלְ⁠מִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽ⁠ם1clan by clanIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “which Joshua gave to their clans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
638JOS199lep5figs-activepassiveמֵ⁠חֶ֨בֶל֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה1the portion of land assigned to the tribe of JudahIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the portion of land which Joshua assigned to the tribe of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
639JOS199p2jiבְּ⁠ת֥וֹךְ נַחֲלָתָֽ⁠ם1the middle of their portionAlternate translation: “the middle of Judahs portion of land”
640JOS1910f5guוַ⁠יַּ֨עַל֙ הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֣ל הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֔י1The third casting of lotsSee how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
641JOS1910s2j1translate-ordinalהַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֔י1The thirdnumber three in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
642JOS1910vde5translate-namesשָׂרִֽיד1SaridThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
643JOS1911v9gptranslate-namesוּ⁠מַרְעֲלָ֖ה…בְּ⁠דַבָּ֑שֶׁת…יָקְנְעָֽם1Maralah … Dabbesheth … JokneamThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
644JOS1911gx7vעַל־פְּנֵ֥י יָקְנְעָֽם1opposite JokneamAlternate translation: “across from Jokneam”
645JOS1912n9dctranslate-namesמִ⁠שָּׂרִ֗יד…כִּסְלֹ֖ת תָּבֹ֑ר…הַ⁠דָּֽבְרַ֖ת…יָפִֽיעַ1Sarid … Kisloth Tabor … Daberath … JaphiaThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
646JOS1913dqd5translate-namesגִּתָּ֥⁠ה חֵ֖פֶר עִתָּ֣ה קָצִ֑ין…רִמּ֥וֹן…הַ⁠נֵּעָֽה1Gath Hepher … Eth Kazin … Rimmon … NeahThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
647JOS1914ja4stranslate-namesחַנָּתֹ֑ן…יִפְתַּח־אֵֽל1Hannathon … Iphtah ElThese are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
648JOS1915xk4utranslate-namesוְ⁠קַטָּ֤ת וְ⁠נַֽהֲלָל֙ וְ⁠שִׁמְר֔וֹן וְ⁠יִדְאֲלָ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ית לָ֑חֶם1Kattath … Nahalal … Shimron … Idalah … BethlehemThese are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
649JOS1915yn5ntranslate-namesוּ⁠בֵ֣ית לָ֑חֶם1BethlehemThis is not the same “Bethlehem” that is south of Jerusalem in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
650JOS1916a4eefigs-metaphorזֹ֛את נַחֲלַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־זְבוּלֻ֖ן1This was the inheritance of the tribe of ZebulunThe land and cities that the tribe of Zebulun received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Zebulun received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
651JOS1917fum5יָצָ֖א הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֣ל הָֽ⁠רְבִיעִ֑י1The fourth casting of lotsSee how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
652JOS1917l33xtranslate-ordinalהָֽ⁠רְבִיעִ֑י1The fourthnumber four in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
653JOS1918qmg4translate-namesוְ⁠הַ⁠כְּסוּלֹ֖ת וְ⁠שׁוּנֵֽם1Chesulloth … ShunemThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
654JOS1919c3titranslate-namesוַ⁠חֲפָרַ֥יִם וְ⁠שִׁיאֹ֖ן וַ⁠אֲנָחֲרַֽת1Hapharaim … Shion … AnaharathThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
655JOS1920mft4translate-namesוְ⁠הָֽ⁠רַבִּ֥ית וְ⁠קִשְׁי֖וֹן וָ⁠אָֽבֶץ1Rabbith … Kishion … EbezThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
656JOS1921b1extranslate-namesוְ⁠רֶ֧מֶת וְ⁠עֵין־גַּנִּ֛ים וְ⁠עֵ֥ין חַדָּ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֥ית פַּצֵּֽץ1Remeth … En Gannim … En Haddah … Beth PazzezThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
657JOS1922hs7itranslate-namesבְּ⁠תָב֤וֹר1TaborThis is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
658JOS1922ht1etranslate-namesו⁠שחצומ⁠ה1ShahazumahThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
659JOS1923yll2figs-metaphorזֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־יִשָּׂשכָ֖ר1This was the inheritance of the tribe of IssacharThe land and cities that the tribe of Issachar received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Issachar received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
660JOS1924lhr4וַ⁠יֵּצֵא֙ הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֣ל הַֽ⁠חֲמִישִׁ֔י1The fifth casting of lotsSee how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
661JOS1924xa5atranslate-ordinalהַֽ⁠חֲמִישִׁ֔י1The fifthnumber five in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
662JOS1925prg9translate-namesחֶלְקַ֥ת וַ⁠חֲלִ֖י וָ⁠בֶ֥טֶן וְ⁠אַכְשָֽׁף1Helkath, Hali, Beten, AkshaphThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
663JOS1926v6t4translate-namesוְ⁠אַֽלַמֶּ֥לֶךְ וְ⁠עַמְעָ֖ד וּ⁠מִשְׁאָ֑ל…וּ⁠בְ⁠שִׁיח֖וֹר לִבְנָֽת1Allammelek, Amad, and Mishall … Shihor LibnathThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
664JOS1927pbh2translate-namesבֵּ֣ית דָּגֹן֒…וּ⁠בְ⁠גֵ֨י יִפְתַּח־אֵ֥ל…בֵּ֥ית הָעֵ֖מֶק וּ⁠נְעִיאֵ֑ל…כָּב֖וּל1Beth Dagon … Valley of Iphtah El … Beth Emek … Neiel … KabulThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
665JOS1928ht1ltranslate-namesוְ⁠עֶבְרֹ֥ן וּ⁠רְחֹ֖ב וְ⁠חַמּ֣וֹן וְ⁠קָנָ֑ה1Abdon … Rehob … Hammon … KanahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
666JOS1929q8wztranslate-namesחֹסָ֔ה…אַכְזִֽיבָ⁠ה1Hosah … AkzibThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
667JOS1930y1g5translate-namesוְ⁠עֻמָ֥ה וַ⁠אֲפֵ֖ק וּ⁠רְחֹ֑ב1Ummah … Aphek … RehobThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
668JOS1931x4aqfigs-metaphorזֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־אָשֵׁ֖ר1This was the inheritance of the tribe of AsherThe land and cities that the tribe of Asher received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Asher received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
669JOS1932jy7gיָצָ֖א הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֣ל הַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֑י1The sixth casting of lotsSee how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
670JOS1932jjm6translate-ordinalהַ⁠שִּׁשִּׁ֑י1The sixthnumber six in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
671JOS1933syr4translate-namesמֵ⁠חֵ֨לֶף…בְּ⁠צַעֲנַנִּ֗ים וַ⁠אֲדָמִ֥י הַנֶּ֛קֶב וְ⁠יַבְנְאֵ֖ל…לַקּ֑וּם1Heleph … Zaanannim … Adami Nekeb … Jabneel … LakkumThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
672JOS1934lu5stranslate-namesאַזְנ֣וֹת תָּב֔וֹר…חוּקֹ֑קָ⁠ה1Aznoth Tabor … HukkokThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
673JOS1935h8p6translate-namesהַ⁠צִּדִּ֣ים צֵ֔ר וְ⁠חַמַּ֖ת רַקַּ֥ת וְ⁠כִנָּֽרֶת1Ziddim … Zer … Hammath … Rakkath … KinnerethThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
674JOS1935lq51וְ⁠חַמַּ֖ת1HammathThis is not the same location as “Hamath,” but is located on the west shore of the Sea of Galilee.
675JOS1936e379translate-namesוַ⁠אֲדָמָ֥ה וְ⁠הָ⁠רָמָ֖ה וְ⁠חָצֽוֹר1Adamah … Ramah … HazorThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
676JOS1937vez5translate-namesוְ⁠קֶ֥דֶשׁ וְ⁠אֶדְרֶ֖עִי וְ⁠עֵ֥ין חָצֽוֹר1Kedesh … Edrei … En HazorThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
677JOS1938jp9vtranslate-namesוְ⁠יִרְאוֹן֙ וּ⁠מִגְדַּל־אֵ֔ל חֳרֵ֥ם וּ⁠בֵית־עֲנָ֖ת וּ⁠בֵ֣ית שָׁ֑מֶשׁ1Yiron … Migdal El … Horem … Beth AnathThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
678JOS1939s9enfigs-metaphorזֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵֽי־נַפְתָּלִ֖י1This was the inheritance of the tribe of NaphtaliThe land and cities that the tribe of Naphtali received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Naphtali received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
679JOS1940q3a2יָצָ֖א הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֥ל הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִֽי1The seventh casting of lotsSee how you translated this phrase in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
680JOS1940b1tttranslate-ordinalהַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִֽי1The seventhnumber seven in a list (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
681JOS1941d7itfigs-metaphorגְּב֣וּל נַחֲלָתָ֑⁠ם1The territory of its inheritanceThe land that the tribe of Dan received is spoken of as if it was an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “The territory of land that the tribe of Dan received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
682JOS1941b8bgtranslate-namesצָרְעָ֥ה וְ⁠אֶשְׁתָּא֖וֹל וְ⁠עִ֥יר שָֽׁמֶשׁ1Zorah, Eshtaol, Ir ShemeshThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
683JOS1942q637translate-namesוְ⁠שַֽׁעֲלַבִּ֥ין וְ⁠אַיָּל֖וֹן וְ⁠יִתְלָֽה1Shaalabbin, Aijalon, and IthlahThese are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
684JOS1943sht1translate-namesוְ⁠אֵיל֥וֹן וְ⁠תִמְנָ֖תָ⁠ה וְ⁠עֶקְרֽוֹן1Elon, Timnah, EkronThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
685JOS1944gca7translate-namesוְ⁠אֶלְתְּקֵ֥ה וְ⁠גִבְּת֖וֹן וּ⁠בַעֲלָֽת1Eltekeh, Gibbethon, BaalathThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
686JOS1945yan4translate-namesוִ⁠יהֻ֥ד וּ⁠בְנֵֽי־בְרַ֖ק וְ⁠גַת־רִמּֽוֹן1Jehud, Bene Berak, Gath RimmonThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
687JOS1946ddh6translate-namesוּ⁠מֵ֥י הַיַּרְק֖וֹן וְ⁠הָֽ⁠רַקּ֑וֹן1Me Jarkon … RakkonThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
688JOS1946w42cמ֥וּל יָפֽוֹ1across from JoppaAlternate translation: “opposite Joppa” or “beside Joppa”
689JOS1947i8zhtranslate-namesלֶ֜שֶׁם1LeshemThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
690JOS1948cx9hfigs-metaphorזֹ֗את נַחֲלַ֛ת מַטֵּ֥ה בְנֵי־דָ֖ן1This was the inheritance of the tribe of DanThe land and cities that the tribe of Dan received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “This was the land and the cities that the tribe of Dan received as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
691JOS1949jzi6figs-metaphorוַ⁠יִּתְּנ֨וּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל נַחֲלָ֛ה לִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֥עַ בִּן־נ֖וּן בְּ⁠תוֹכָֽ⁠ם1gave an inheritance among themselves to Joshua son of NunThe city that Joshua received is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “gave a city within their own land as an inheritance to Joshua son of Nun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
692JOS1950ac8rtranslate-namesאֶת־תִּמְנַת־סֶ֖רַח1Timnath SerahThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
693JOS1951cs47figs-metaphorאֵ֣לֶּה הַ⁠נְּחָלֹ֡ת אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִחֲל֣וּ1These are the inheritances … assignedThe land and cities that the various tribes received are spoken of as if they were an inheritance that they received as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “These are the portions of land and the cities … assigned as inheritances” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
694JOS20introvg5f0# Joshua 20 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Cities of Refuge<br><br>If a person was killed, it was the duty of his relatives to kill the killer. If the death was an accident, this would be unfair. Therefore, God told the Israelites to make cities of refuge for a person who killed someone accidentally. In the city where he sought refuge, his case would be solved legally: “Do this so that one who unintentionally kills a person can go there. These cities will be a place of refuge from anyone who seeks to avenge the blood of a person who was killed.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/refuge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]])
695JOS202qhs6figs-metonymyבְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶֽׁה1by the hand of MosesHere “hand of Moses” refers to the scriptures that Moses wrote down. Alternate translation: “through the things that Moses wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
696JOS203a1vgמַכֵּה־נֶ֥פֶשׁ בִּ⁠שְׁגָגָ֖ה1unintentionally killsThis happens when a person accidentally kills another person, without intending to do so.
697JOS203h73bfigs-metonymyמִ⁠גֹּאֵ֖ל הַ⁠דָּֽם1avenge the blood of a person who was killedHere the shed blood of a person represents their death. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “avenge a persons death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
698JOS204u2dhוְ⁠נָ֞ס1He will runHere the word “he” refers to the person who unintentionally killed someone.
699JOS204p1sgוְ⁠דִבֶּ֛ר בְּ⁠אָזְנֵ֛י זִקְנֵ֥י־הָ⁠עִֽיר הַ⁠הִ֖יא אֶת־דְּבָרָ֑י⁠ו1explain his case to the elders of that city“convince the elders of that city that he had not intentionally killed the person.
700JOS204dhh4וְ⁠אָסְפ֨וּ אֹת֤⁠וֹ1Then they will take himThe word “they” refers to the elders and “him” refers to the person who unintentionally killed someone.
701JOS204k969וְ⁠יָשַׁ֥ב עִמָּֽ⁠ם1live among themThis refers to the city as a whole, not to the elders only.
702JOS205x945figs-metonymyגֹּאֵ֤ל הַ⁠דָּם֙1avenge the blood of the person who was killedHere the shed blood of a person represents their death. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated this in [Joshua 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: “avenge a persons death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
703JOS205u27sבִ⁠בְלִי־דַ֨עַת֙ הִכָּ֣ה אֶת־רֵעֵ֔⁠הוּ1killed his neighbor unintentionallyaccidentally killed his neighbor
704JOS206c6feעָמְד֞⁠וֹ לִ⁠פְנֵ֤י הָֽ⁠עֵדָה֙1stood before the assemblyThis is a phrase that describes standing to seek justice from a court of the assembly of his fellow citizens.
705JOS207lyr5translate-names0General Information:There are a lot of names in this section. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
706JOS208cy8eלְ⁠יַרְדֵּ֤ן1the JordanThis is a short name for the Jordan River.
707JOS209b89xfigs-idiomוְ⁠לֹ֣א יָמ֗וּת בְּ⁠יַד֙ גֹּאֵ֣ל הַ⁠דָּ֔ם1would not die by the hand of the oneHere “by the hand” is an idiom that means to be the specific cause of something. Alternate translation: “would not be killed by the one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
708JOS209j61zfigs-metonymyגֹּאֵ֣ל הַ⁠דָּ֔ם1avenge the blood that was shedIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Joshua 20:3](../20/03.md). Alternate translation: “avenge a persons death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
709JOS21intropp5c0# Joshua 21 General Notes<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>This chapter is about the land given to the tribe of Levi. Even though they did not receive a large piece of land like the other tribes, they did receive small pieces of land to live on and for their animals. It will be difficult to fully understand their locations without a map. Further research may be needed to understand the locations of their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
710JOS211js4ytranslate-namesאֶלְעָזָר֙…נ֑וּן1Eleazar … NunThese are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
711JOS212wk1tוַ⁠יְדַבְּר֨וּ אֲלֵי⁠הֶ֜ם1They said to themAlternate translation: “The Levites said to them”
712JOS212wk1mfigs-idiomיְהוָה֙ צִוָּ֣ה בְ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה1Yahweh commanded you by the hand of MosesThe phrase “by the hand of” is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Moses to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “Yahweh told Moses to command you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
713JOS213f9eiאֶת־הֶ⁠עָרִ֥ים1following citiesThis refers to the cities to be listed in the next verses.
714JOS214r4ryוַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֖ל1casting of lotsA random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leaders will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
715JOS214fl2ytranslate-namesהַ⁠קְּהָתִ֑י1KohathitesThis priests in this group were descendants of Levis son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohaths grandson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
716JOS215iwh3וּ⁠מֵ⁠חֲצִ֨י1half tribeHalf the tribe because the other half received their inheritance before crossing the Jordan River.
717JOS216bk5gtranslate-namesגֵרְשׁ֗וֹן1GershonGershon was one of the sons of Levi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
718JOS216ezu2בַּ⁠גּוֹרָ֔ל1casting of lotsA random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leaders will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
719JOS217cg61translate-namesמְרָרִ֜י1MerariMerari was one of the sons of Levi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
720JOS218qe5yfigs-metonymyצִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֖ה1Yahweh had commanded by the hand of MosesThe phrase “by the hand of” here means that Yahweh used Moses as the agent to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “Yahweh had told Moses to command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
721JOS2110t6l2translate-namesמִ⁠מִּשְׁפְּח֥וֹת הַ⁠קְּהָתִ֖י1clans of the KohathitesThe priests in this group were descendants of Levis son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohaths grandson. See how you translated this in [Joshua 21:2](../21/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
722JOS2110tnp1הַ⁠גּוֹרָ֖ל1casting of lotsA random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leaders will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
723JOS2111vkd2writing-backgroundאַרְבַּ֨ע אֲבִ֧י הָֽ⁠עֲנ֛וֹק1Arba had been the father of AnakThis is background information about the name of the man who founded the city of Kiriath Arba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
724JOS2111mn2gtranslate-namesהָֽ⁠עֲנ֛וֹק1AnakThis is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
725JOS2111vd7dבְּ⁠הַ֣ר1hill countryAn area of land with natural elevations, smaller than mountains.
726JOS2111kwe7מִגְרָשֶׁ֖⁠הָ1pasturelandsAn area covered with grass or plants suitable for the grazing of livestock or cattle.
727JOS2112aj9sשְׂדֵ֥ה הָ⁠עִ֖יר1fields of the cityAreas of open land, usually, planted with crops, belonging to and surrounding the city.
728JOS2112uz84חֲצֵרֶ֑י⁠הָ1villagesSmall communities, usually smaller than a town.
729JOS2113p1nrtranslate-namesלִבְנָ֖ה1LibnahThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
730JOS2114q8gltranslate-namesיַתִּר֙…אֶשְׁתְּמֹ֖עַ1Jattir … EshtemoaThese are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
731JOS2115cb4ttranslate-namesחֹלֹן֙…דְּבִ֖ר1Holon … DebirThese are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
732JOS2116bx8itranslate-namesעַ֣יִן…יֻטָּה֙1Ain … JuttahThese are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
733JOS2117e8r4figs-activepassiveוּ⁠מִ⁠מַּטֵּ֣ה בִנְיָמִ֔ן1From the tribe of Benjamin were given GibeonIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Benjamin gave Gibeon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
734JOS2117fd6ztranslate-namesאֶת־גֶּ֖בַע1GebaThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
735JOS2118sk7ntranslate-namesאֶת־עֲנָתוֹת֙…עַלְמ֖וֹן1Anathoth … AlmonThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
736JOS2119ha9ftranslate-numbersשְׁלֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה עָרִ֖ים1thirteen cities“13 cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
737JOS2120lfp9translate-namesוּ⁠לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּח֤וֹת בְּנֵֽי־קְהָת֙1the Kohathite clansThe priests in this group were descendants of Levis son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohaths grandson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
738JOS2120x8eufigs-activepassiveוַֽ⁠יְהִי֙ עָרֵ֣י גֽוֹרָלָ֔⁠ם1they had cities given to themIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they received cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
739JOS2120tg75גֽוֹרָלָ֔⁠ם1casting of lotsA random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leaders will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
740JOS2121kz7ktranslate-namesגֶּ֖זֶר1GezerThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
741JOS2122tv2mtranslate-namesקִבְצַ֨יִם֙…בֵּ֥ית חוֹרֹ֖ן1Kibzaim … Beth Horonnames of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
742JOS2122r4hltranslate-numbersעָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע1four cities in allThis refers to the list by the total number. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
743JOS2123dw9xfigs-activepassiveוּ⁠מִ⁠מַּ֨טֵּה־דָ֔ן1From the tribe of Dan, the clan of Kohath was given EltekehIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Dan gave to the clan of Kohath Eltekeh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
744JOS2123r7qrtranslate-namesאֶֽת־אֶלְתְּקֵ֖א…גִּבְּת֖וֹן1Eltekeh … GibbethonThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
745JOS2124g45wtranslate-namesאֶת־אַיָּלוֹן֙…אֶת־גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן1Aijalon … Gath RimmonThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
746JOS2124g4matranslate-numbersעָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע1four citiesThis refers to the number of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
747JOS2125e6clfigs-activepassiveוּ⁠מִֽ⁠מַּחֲצִית֙ מַטֵּ֣ה מְנַשֶּׁ֔ה אֶת־תַּעְנַךְ֙1From the half tribe of Manasseh, the clan of Kohath was given TaanachIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The half tribe of Manasseh gave to the clan of Kohath Taanach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
748JOS2125yn8htranslate-namesאֶת־תַּעְנַךְ֙…גַּת־רִמּ֖וֹן1Taanach … Gath RimmonThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
749JOS2126hn9jtranslate-namesלְ⁠מִשְׁפְּח֥וֹת בְּנֵֽי־קְהָ֖ת1clans of the KohathitesThe priests in this group were descendants of Levis son Kohath. A portion of them were also descendants of Aaron, Kohaths grandson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
750JOS2127knk6translate-namesאֶת־גּוֹלָ֤ן…אֶֽת־בְּעֶשְׁתְּרָ֖ה1Golan … Be Eshterahnames of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
751JOS2127bmc9הָ⁠רֹצֵ֔חַ1killed another unintentionallyThis refers to a death resulting from an action not intended to harm a person.
752JOS2127a1zstranslate-numbersעָרִ֖ים שְׁתָּֽיִם1two citiesnumber of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
753JOS2128r9hctranslate-namesאֶת־קִשְׁי֖וֹן…אֶת־דָּֽבְרַ֖ת1Kishion … Daberathnames of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
754JOS2129u8z9translate-namesאֶת־יַרְמוּת֙…עֵ֥ין גַּנִּ֖ים1Jarmuth … En Gannimnames of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
755JOS2130rbf6figs-activepassiveוּ⁠מִ⁠מַּטֵּ֣ה אָשֵׁ֔ר אֶת־מִשְׁאָ֖ל1From the tribe of Asher, they gave MishalIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “They received from the tribe of Asher Mishal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
756JOS2130px1stranslate-namesאֶת־מִשְׁאָ֖ל…אֶת־עַבְדּ֖וֹ1Mishal … Abdonnames of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
757JOS2131ziw8translate-namesאֶת־חֶלְקָת֙…רְחֹ֖ב1Helkath … Rehobnames of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
758JOS2132h2j8translate-namesחַמֹּ֥ת דֹּאר֙…קַרְתָּ֖ן1Hammoth Dor … KartanThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
759JOS2133c7dttranslate-numbersשְׁלֹשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֥ה עִ֖יר1thirteen cities in all“13 cities in total” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
760JOS2134yuv3figs-activepassiveוּ⁠לְ⁠מִשְׁפְּח֣וֹת בְּנֵֽי־מְרָרִי֮ הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֣ם הַ⁠נּוֹתָרִים֒ מֵ⁠אֵת֙ מַטֵּ֣ה זְבוּלֻ֔ן אֶֽת־יָקְנְעָ֖ם1To the rest of the Levites—the clans of Merari—were given out of the tribe of Zebulun: JokneamIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: The rest of the Levites—the clans of Merari—received from the tribe of Zebulun Jokneam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
761JOS2134ws8gtranslate-namesמְרָרִי֮1MerariThis is a mans name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
762JOS2134ng32translate-namesאֶֽת־יָקְנְעָ֖ם…אֶת־קַרְתָּ֖ה1Jokneam … KartahThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
763JOS2135ek4ftranslate-namesאֶת־דִּמְנָה֙…אֶֽת־נַהֲלָ֖ל1Dimnah … Nahalalnames of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
764JOS2136dh5ctranslate-namesאֶת־בֶּ֖צֶר…וְ⁠אֶת־יַ֖הְצָ⁠ה1Bezer … Jahaznames of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
765JOS2137jbp6translate-numbersעָרִ֖ים אַרְבַּֽע1four citiesThis refers to the total number of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
766JOS2137e538translate-namesאֶת־קְדֵמוֹת֙…מֵיפָ֖עַת1Kedemoth … Mephaathnames of cities (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
767JOS2138r7m5translate-namesאֶת־רָמֹ֥ת…מַחֲנַ֖יִם1Ramoth … MahanaimThese are the names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
768JOS2139a2l1translate-namesאֶת־חֶשְׁבּוֹן֙…אֶת־יַעְזֵ֖ר1Heshbon … JazerThese are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
769JOS2140x17xtranslate-numbersעָרִ֖ים שְׁתֵּ֥ים עֶשְׂרֵֽה1twelve cities in all“12 cities in total” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
770JOS2140q83efigs-activepassiveוַ⁠יְהִי֙ גּוֹרָלָ֔⁠ם עָרִ֖ים שְׁתֵּ֥ים עֶשְׂרֵֽה1twelve cities in all were given to them by the casting of lotsIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “they received these twelve cities by the casting of lots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
771JOS2140at28גּוֹרָלָ֔⁠ם1casting of lotsA random method of choosing to remove the choice from the leaders will, often done with the idea that God will decide the outcome. See how you translated this in [Joshua 19:1](../19/01.md).
772JOS2141g7z1figs-activepassiveכֹּ֚ל עָרֵ֣י הַ⁠לְוִיִּ֔ם בְּ⁠ת֖וֹךְ אֲחֻזַּ֣ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל1The cities of the Levites taken from the middle of the landIf your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The Levites received their cities from the middle of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
773JOS2141z9gjtranslate-numbersעָרִ֛ים אַרְבָּעִ֥ים וּ⁠שְׁמֹנֶ֖ה1forty-eight cities“48 cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
774JOS2143q5naנִשְׁבַּ֖ע1he sworeAlternate translation: “he gave an oath”
775JOS2144t1a4figs-litotesוְ⁠לֹא־עָ֨מַד אִ֤ישׁ בִּ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶם֙ מִ⁠כָּל־אֹ֣יְבֵי⁠הֶ֔ם1Not one of their enemies could defeat themThis is stated in a negative way to strengthen the statement. Alternate translation: “They defeated every one of their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
776JOS2144lg6dfigs-metonymyאֵ֚ת כָּל־אֹ֣יְבֵי⁠הֶ֔ם נָתַ֥ן יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠יָדָֽ⁠ם1gave all their enemies into their handHere “into their hand” means “into their power.” Alternate translation: “gave them power to defeat all their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
777JOS2145u1ikfigs-litotesלֹֽא־נָפַ֣ל דָּבָ֔ר מִ⁠כֹּל֙ הַ⁠דָּבָ֣ר הַ⁠טּ֔וֹב אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל1Not one thing among all the good promises that Yahweh had spoken to the house of Israel failed to come trueThis is stated in a negative way to strengthen the statement. Alternate translation: “Every one of the good promises that Yahweh had spoken to the house of Israel came true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
778JOS22introl4hr0# Joshua 22 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The division of the land is completed in this chapter. Additionally, the soldiers who received land on the east side of the Jordan River were released to go home.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The tribes east of the Jordan River build a monument<br><br>The tribes east of the Jordan River said, “Let us now build an altar, not for burnt offerings nor for any sacrifices, but to be a witness between us and you, and between our generations after us, that we will perform the service of Yahweh before him, with our burnt offerings and with our sacrifices and with our peace offerings, so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, You have no share in Yahweh.’” They went home even though the Israelites had not fully conquered the land.
779JOS221ic3etranslate-namesלָ⁠רֽאוּבֵנִ֖י1Reubenitespeople of the tribe of Reuben (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
780JOS221w3xdtranslate-namesוְ⁠לַ⁠גָּדִ֑י1Gaditespeople of the tribe of Gad (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
781JOS222x8l8figs-metonymyוַ⁠תִּשְׁמְע֣וּ בְ⁠קוֹלִ֔⁠י1obeyed my voiceHere “my voice” refers to the things that Joshua had said. Alternate translation: “obeyed everything I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
782JOS223a89lfigs-litotesלֹֽא־עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ם אֶת־אֲחֵי⁠כֶ֗ם1You have not deserted your brothersThis can be stated in a positive way. Alternate translation: “You have remained with your brothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
783JOS225zh9ufigs-metaphorוְ⁠לָ⁠לֶ֧כֶת בְּ⁠כָל־דְּרָכָ֛י⁠ו1to walk in all his waysA person obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if he were walking on Yahwehs ways or roads. Alternate translation: “to obey everything he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
784JOS225r5dhfigs-synecdocheבְּ⁠כָל־לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֖ם וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־נַפְשְׁ⁠כֶֽם1with all your heart and with all your soulThe terms “heart” and “soul” are here used together to refer to the entire person. Alternate translation: “with all you think and feel” or “with your entire being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
785JOS227k89dהַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֖ן1the JordanThis was a short name for the Jordan River.
786JOS228w4reוּ⁠בְ⁠בַרְזֶ֛ל1irona strong, hard, magnetic metal
787JOS228k79cשְׁלַל1plunderThe winning army would take everything of value from the people they conquered.
788JOS229cmc4figs-idiomפִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶֽׁה1the commandment of Yahweh, by the hand of MosesThe phrase “by the hand of” is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Moses to deliver his command. Alternate translation: “the commandment that Yahweh told Moses to give to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
789JOS2210iy3pהַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן1the JordanThis was a short name for the Jordan River.
790JOS2211ww1zfigs-metaphorאֶל־מוּל֙ אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן1at the front of the land of CanaanThe Israelite tribes who lived across the Jordan River would enter Canaan at the place where they built the altar. This place is spoken of as if it was the “front” or “entrance” to Canaan where the other tribes lived. Alternate translation: “at the entrance to the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
791JOS2211yqa5translate-namesגְּלִילוֹת֙1GelilothThis is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
792JOS2212v3q5לַ⁠צָּבָֽא1wara state of armed conflict between two nations or people groups
793JOS2213t232translate-namesאֶלְעָזָ֥ר1Eleazarname of man (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
794JOS2216sy2yכֹּ֣ה אָמְר֞וּ כֹּ֣ל׀ עֲדַ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה1The whole assembly of Yahweh says thisAll the people of Israel are spoken of together in the singular as if they were one person. Alternate translation: “All the other Israelites are asking”
795JOS2217lcv2figs-rquestionהַ⁠מְעַט־לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן פְּע֔וֹר אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־הִטַּהַ֨רְנוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ עַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה1Was our sin at Peor not enough for us?This question emphasizes how serious their previous sin was. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “We had already sinned terribly at Peor!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
796JOS2217b18vtranslate-namesפְּע֔וֹר1PeorThis is name of a place. Translate the same way as in [Joshua 13:20](../13/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
797JOS2217ie2tfigs-litotesאֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־הִטַּהַ֨רְנוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נּוּ1we have not even now cleansed ourselves from itThis can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we are still dealing with the guilt of that sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
798JOS2220kyw7translate-namesעָכָ֣ן…זֶ֗רַח1Achan … Zerahnames of men (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
799JOS2220v3qyfigs-rquestionהֲ⁠ל֣וֹא׀ עָכָ֣ן בֶּן־זֶ֗רַח מָ֤עַל מַ֨עַל֙ בַּ⁠חֵ֔רֶם1Did not Achan son of Zerah break faith in the matter of those things that had been reserved for God? Did not wrath fall on all the people of Israel?These questions are used to remind the people of the punishment for past sins. These questions can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “Achan son of Zerah sinned by taking things that had been reserved for God. And because of that God punished all the people of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
800JOS2222x5pmfigs-hypoאִם־בְּ⁠מֶ֤רֶד וְ⁠אִם־בְּ⁠מַ֨עַל֙ בַּֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה אַל־תּוֹשִׁיעֵ֖⁠נוּ הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה1If it was in rebellion … on this dayThe three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar in rebellion or breach of faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
801JOS2223sku4figs-hypoלִ⁠בְנ֥וֹת לָ֨⁠נוּ֙ מִזְבֵּ֔חַ לָ⁠שׁ֖וּב מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה וְ⁠אִם־לְ⁠הַעֲל֨וֹת עָלָ֜י⁠ו עוֹלָ֣ה וּ⁠מִנְחָ֗ה וְ⁠אִם־לַ⁠עֲשׂ֤וֹת עָלָי⁠ו֙ זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֔ים יְהוָ֖ה ה֥וּא יְבַקֵּֽשׁ1If we built … let Yahweh make us pay for itThe three tribes are making a hypothetical statement that they insist is not true. They did not build the altar to worship another god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
802JOS2224cei90General Information:The tribes of Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh now give their answer.
803JOS2224xpn5figs-hypoיֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵי⁠כֶ֤ם לְ⁠בָנֵ֨י⁠נוּ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר מַה־לָּ⁠כֶ֕ם וְ⁠לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל1your children might say to our children … God of Israel?This is a hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
804JOS2224qr6zfigs-rquestionמַה־לָּ⁠כֶ֕ם וְ⁠לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל1What have you to do with Yahweh, the God of Israel?The three tribes use this rhetorical question to emphasize the situation they are trying to avoid. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express this question as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have nothing to do with Yahweh, the God of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
805JOS2225qfc40General Information:The tribes of Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh continue their answer.
806JOS2225w2svfigs-hypoוּ⁠גְב֣וּל נָֽתַן־יְ֠הוָה בֵּינֵ֨⁠נוּ וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶ֜ם בְּנֵי־רְאוּבֵ֤ן וּ⁠בְנֵי־גָד֙ אֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן אֵין־לָ⁠כֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק בַּֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה1For Yahweh has made the Jordan … nothing to do with YahwehThis is the continuation of the hypothetical accusation that the three tribes think the children of the other tribes may make sometime in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
807JOS2225w3azאֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן1the JordanThis is a short name for the Jordan River.
808JOS2225iy97figs-hypoוְ⁠הִשְׁבִּ֤יתוּ בְנֵי⁠כֶם֙ אֶת־בָּנֵ֔י⁠נוּ לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י יְרֹ֥א אֶת־יְהוָֽה1So your children might make our children cease to worship YahwehThe three tribes built the altar to avoid this hypothetical situation from happening in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
809JOS2226ueg60General Information:The tribes of Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh now give their answer.
810JOS2227m97ufigs-metaphorעֵ֨ד ה֜וּא בֵּינֵ֣י⁠נוּ וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶ֗ם1to be a witness between us and youThe altar is spoken of as if it were a witness that could testify to the rights of the three tribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
811JOS2227gs6kfigs-hypoוְ⁠לֹא־יֹאמְר֨וּ בְנֵי⁠כֶ֤ם מָחָר֙ לְ⁠בָנֵ֔י⁠נוּ אֵין־לָ⁠כֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק בַּ⁠יהוָֽה1so that your children will never say to our children in time to come, “You have no share in Yahweh.”This is the hypothetical situation that the three tribes did not want to happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
812JOS2227n3i9אֵין־לָ⁠כֶ֥ם חֵ֖לֶק1no shareAlternate translation: “no portion” or “no inheritance”
813JOS2228bf3h0General Information:The tribes of Reuben, Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh now finish their answer.
814JOS2228kuu5figs-hypoוְ⁠הָיָ֗ה כִּֽי־יֹאמְר֥וּ אֵלֵ֛י⁠נוּ וְ⁠אֶל־דֹּרֹתֵ֖י⁠נוּ מָחָ֑ר וְ⁠אָמַ֡רְנוּ רְא֣וּ אֶת־תַּבְנִית֩ מִזְבַּ֨ח יְהוָ֜ה אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֣וּ אֲבוֹתֵ֗י⁠נוּ לֹ֤א לְ⁠עוֹלָה֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א לְ⁠זֶ֔בַח כִּי־עֵ֣ד ה֔וּא בֵּינֵ֖י⁠נוּ וּ⁠בֵינֵי⁠כֶֽם1If this should be said … a witness between us and you.”The three tribes are describing their potential answer to an accusation that might or might not be made at a future time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
815JOS2229b4w1figs-idiomחָלִילָ⁠ה֩ לָּ֨⁠נוּ מִמֶּ֜⁠נּוּ לִ⁠מְרֹ֣ד1May it be far from us that we should rebelThe unlikely chance that they would rebel is spoken of as if it is something that is a great distance away from them. Alternate translation: “We would certainly not rebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
816JOS2229i8y4figs-metaphorוְ⁠לָ⁠שׁ֤וּב הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ מֵ⁠אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה1turn away from following himTo stop following Yahweh is spoken of as if they were turning away from him. Alternate translation: “stop following him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
817JOS2230ysf8וַ⁠יִּשְׁמַ֞ע…אֶת־הַ֨⁠דְּבָרִ֔ים1heard the wordsAlternate translation: “heard the message”
818JOS2230i3xpfigs-idiomוַ⁠יִּיטַ֖ב בְּ⁠עֵינֵי⁠הֶֽם1was good in their eyesHere “in their eyes” means “in their opinion.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
819JOS2231ab6hלֹֽא־מְעַלְתֶּ֥ם בַּֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה הַ⁠מַּ֣עַל הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה1committed this breach of faith against himAlternate translation: “broken your promise to him”
820JOS2231w1fnfigs-metonymyהִצַּלְתֶּ֛ם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מִ⁠יַּ֥ד יְהוָֽה1you have rescued the people of Israel out of the hand of YahwehHere “the hand of Yahweh” refers to his punishment. Protecting the people is spoken of as rescuing them from his hand. Alternate translation: “you have kept Yahweh from punishing us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
821JOS2233pn48figs-idiomוַ⁠יִּיטַ֣ב הַ⁠דָּבָ֗ר בְּ⁠עֵינֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל1Their report was good in the eyes of the peopleHere “good in the eyes” means “accepted.” Alternate translation: “The people accepted the report of the leaders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
822JOS2233h5hkלְ⁠שַׁחֵת֙ אֶת־הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ1destroy the landAlternate translation: “destroy everything in the land”
823JOS2234xf56figs-metaphorעֵ֥ד הוּא֙ בֵּֽינֹתֵ֔י⁠נוּ1It is a witness between usThe altar is spoken of as if it were a witness that could testify for the three tribes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
824JOS23introv3r60# Joshua 23 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Joshuas final words to Israel (Joshua 23-24)<br><br>“Do not marry with the heathen people but drive them out.” ##### Drive them out<br>The Israelites were to completely drive out the Canaanites. If they did not drive them out completely, the Canaanites would cause the Israelites to worship other gods. It was sinful to allow the Canaanites to remain in the land because if the Israelites married the Canaanites, the Canaanites would cause them to worship other gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
825JOS232vyz9figs-doubletזָקַ֔נְתִּי בָּ֖אתִי בַּ⁠יָּמִֽים1old and well advanced in yearsThis doublet can be translated as “very old.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
826JOS234t22fהַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֗ן1the JordanThis is a short name for the Jordan River.
827JOS234bf99מְב֥וֹא הַ⁠שָּֽׁמֶשׁ1in the westThis indicates the direction of the setting sun.
828JOS236w84ifigs-metaphorלְ⁠בִלְתִּ֥י סוּר־מִמֶּ֖⁠נּוּ יָמִ֥ין וּ⁠שְׂמֹֽאול1turning aside from it neither to the right hand nor to the leftDisobeying the commands of the law of Moses is spoken of as turning to the right or to the left away from a path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
829JOS237mc72לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־בוֹא֙ בַּ⁠גּוֹיִ֣ם הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה1you may not mixPossible meanings are 1) having close friendship with them or 2) intermarrying with them.
830JOS237vkw6תַזְכִּ֨ירוּ֙1mentionto speak of
831JOS237wbj7אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶ֤ם1their godsThis refers to the gods of the remaining nations.
832JOS238k6myfigs-metaphorבַּ⁠יהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם תִּדְבָּ֑קוּ1cling to Yahweh“hold tightly to Yahweh.” Believing in Yahweh is spoken of as if they were holding tightly onto him. Alternate translation: “continue to believe in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
833JOS238q6qxעַ֖ד הַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠זֶּֽה1to this dayAlternate translation: “until the present time”
834JOS239wf3vfigs-metonymyלֹא־עָ֤מַד אִישׁ֙ בִּ⁠פְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם1to stand before youHere “stand” represents holding ground in a battle. The word “you” refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
835JOS2310iar1אֶחָ֥ד1singleonly one
836JOS2310lx1ztranslate-numbersאָ֑לֶף1a thousand“1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
837JOS2312i2mffigs-metaphorוּ⁠דְבַקְתֶּם֙ בְּ⁠יֶ֨תֶר֙ הַ⁠גּוֹיִ֣ם הָ⁠אֵ֔לֶּה1cling to the survivors of these nationsAccepting the beliefs of these nations is spoken of as holding tightly to them. Alternate translation: “accept the beliefs of the survivors of these nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
838JOS2313pdx3figs-doubletלְ⁠פַ֣ח וּ⁠לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֗שׁ1a snare and a trapThe words “snare” and “trap” mean basically the same thing. Together they speak of the other nations as if they were a deadly trap that will cause trouble for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
839JOS2313ut82figs-metaphorוּ⁠לְ⁠שֹׁטֵ֤ט בְּ⁠צִדֵּי⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠לִ⁠צְנִנִ֣ים בְּ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶ֔ם1whips on your backs and thorns in your eyesThese phrases speak of the troubles these nations will cause Israel as if they were as painful as whips and thorns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
840JOS2314ba62figs-euphemismאָנֹכִ֤י הוֹלֵךְ֙ הַ⁠יּ֔וֹם בְּ⁠דֶ֖רֶךְ כָּל־הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ1I am going the way of all the earthJoshua uses a polite term to refer to his death. Alternate translation: “I am going to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
841JOS2314x3c7figs-doubletוִ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֞ם בְּ⁠כָל־לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֣ם וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־נַפְשְׁ⁠כֶ֗ם1know with all your hearts and soulsHere the words “hearts” and “souls” have similar meanings. Together they emphasize deep personal knowledge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
842JOS2314vtt2figs-doublenegativesלֹֽא־נָפַל֩ דָּבָ֨ר אֶחָ֜ד1not one word has failed to come trueThese words emphasize that Yahwehs promises have all occurred. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “every word has come true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
843JOS2316xwa3figs-parallelismוַ⁠עֲבַדְתֶּם֙ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֔ים וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶ֖ם לָ⁠הֶ֑ם1worship other gods and bow down to themThese two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second describes how the people “worship other gods.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
844JOS2316wz7dfigs-metaphorוְ⁠חָרָ֤ה אַף־יְהוָה֙ בָּ⁠כֶ֔ם1the anger of Yahweh will be kindled against you“Kindled” here is a metaphor for the beginning of Yahwehs anger, like a fire is “kindled” or started with “kindling” or very easy to start burning like dried grass or small twigs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will begin to be angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
845JOS24introyqa80# Joshua 24 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Joshuas instructions<br>In this chapter, Joshua gives the leaders and people instructions in preparation for his death. It was common in the Ancient Near East for important leaders to do this. Unfortunately, the people of Israel did not listen to Joshuas instructions.
846JOS241e4nqfigs-metaphorוַ⁠יֶּאֶסֹ֧ף יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ אֶת־כָּל־שִׁבְטֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל1Joshua gathered all the tribes of IsraelJoshuas summons to the tribes is spoken of as if he gathered them together in a basket. Alternate translation: “Joshua asked all the tribes of Israel to meet with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
847JOS241c7ptוַ⁠יִּֽתְיַצְּב֖וּ לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י1presented themselves beforeAlternate translation: “came and stood in front of” or “came before”
848JOS242tn5xמֵֽ⁠עוֹלָ֔ם1long agoAlternate translation: “many years ago”
849JOS242y8s6כֹּֽה־אָמַ֣ר1This is whatJoshua begins to quote what Yahweh had said previously. The quotation continues until the end of verse 13.
850JOS242uke1translate-namesתֶּ֛רַח…נָח֑וֹר1Terah … NahorThese are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
851JOS244z8e8translate-namesשֵׂעִיר֙1SeirThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
852JOS244azj7יָרְד֥וּ1went downEgypt was lower in elevation that the land of Canaan. Alternate translation: “traveled”
853JOS245shc6figs-youהוֹצֵ֥אתִי אֶתְ⁠כֶֽם1brought you outThe word “you” is plural and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
854JOS246uxu8figs-youוָֽ⁠אוֹצִ֤יא אֶת־אֲבֽוֹתֵי⁠כֶם֙1brought your ancestors outThe word “your” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
855JOS247t8kgfigs-youוַ⁠יִּצְעֲק֣וּ…בֵּינֵי⁠כֶ֣ם1your ancestors … youYahweh continually alternates between these two phrases, which both refer to all the Israelites, past and present. The word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
856JOS247rv8qאֶת־הַ⁠יָּם֙1the seaThis refers to the Sea of Reeds.
857JOS247gqs1בַ⁠מִּדְבָּ֖ר1in the wildernessan uninhabited area, a desert
858JOS248xwk4figs-youאֶתְ⁠כֶ֗ם1youThe word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
859JOS248ew9gהַ⁠יַּרְדֵּ֔ן1the JordanThis is a short name for the Jordan River.
860JOS248wu3tfigs-metonymyוָ⁠אֶתֵּ֨ן אוֹתָ֤⁠ם בְּ⁠יֶדְ⁠כֶם֙1gave them into your handHere “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “enabled you to conquer them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
861JOS249eb7htranslate-namesבָּלָ֤ק…צִפּוֹר֙1Balak … Zippormens names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
862JOS249l9gdfigs-youאֶתְ⁠כֶֽם1youThe word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
863JOS2410jr3ffigs-metonymyוָ⁠אַצִּ֥ל אֶתְ⁠כֶ֖ם מִ⁠יָּדֽ1rescued you out of his handHere “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “enabled you to overcome him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
864JOS2411b324figs-youוַ⁠תַּעַבְר֣וּ1YouThe word “you” is plural throughout this speech and refers to the entire nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
865JOS2411jx4uאֶת־הַ⁠יַּרְדֵּן֮1the JordanThis is a short name for the Jordan River.
866JOS2412d1wrאֶת־הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֔ה1the hornetA small fast flying stinging insect that lives in colonies. Here, many “hornets” are spoken of as only one.
867JOS2413qv5z0General Information:Joshua finishes quoting what Yahweh said about his dealings with his people.
868JOS2415gei6figs-metaphorוְ⁠אִם֩ רַ֨ע בְּֽ⁠עֵינֵי⁠כֶ֜ם1If it seems wrong in your eyesThe eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or desire. Alternate translation: “If you do not want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
869JOS2415bff7figs-metonymyוּ⁠בֵיתִ֔⁠י1my houseThis represents his family that lives in his house. Alternate translation: “my family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
870JOS2417uf71figs-pronounsאֹתָ֧⁠נוּ וְ⁠אֶת־אֲבוֹתֵ֛י⁠נוּ1us and our ancestors … weThe people speak as if they were present with their ancestors, and interchange the words “us” and “we” with “our ancestors.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
871JOS2417n1g2figs-idiomמִ⁠בֵּ֣ית עֲבָדִ֑ים1house of slaveryHere “house” is an idiom that refers to the location of their slavery. Alternate translation: “place where we were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
872JOS2417v2lcהָֽ⁠עַמִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָבַ֖רְנוּ1nations through whom we passedAlternate translation: “nations that we passed through”
873JOS2419in4pהָ⁠עָ֗ם1peopleThis refers to the Israelites.
874JOS2419di8zאֵֽל־קַנּ֣וֹא ה֔וּא1he is a jealous GodGod wants his people to worship only him.
875JOS2420l4yifigs-metaphorוְ⁠שָׁ֨ב…וְ⁠כִלָּ֣ה אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם1He will consume youYahwehs anger is spoken of as if he was a fire that would destroy them. Alternate translation: “He will destroy you as with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
876JOS2421mt8sהָ⁠עָ֖ם1peopleThis refers to the Israelites.
877JOS2423h48gfigs-metaphorוְ⁠הַטּוּ֙ אֶת־לְבַבְ⁠כֶ֔ם אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה1turn your heart to YahwehDeciding to obey Yahweh only is spoken of as turning their heart towards him. Here “heart” represents the whole person. In this case, “heart” is plural because it refers to all the Israelites as a single group. However, it may be best to translate it in the plural since “your” is plural. Alternate translation: “turn yourselves to Yahweh” or “decide to obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
878JOS2424ut8cהָ⁠עָ֖ם1peopleThis refers to the Israelites.
879JOS2424yq9gfigs-metonymyוּ⁠בְ⁠קוֹל֖⁠וֹ נִשְׁמָֽע1We will listen to his voiceHere “listen” means to obey. Alternate translation: “We will obey everything he tells us to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
880JOS2425g8byfigs-metaphorוַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם ל֛⁠וֹ חֹ֥ק וּ⁠מִשְׁפָּ֖ט1He put in place decrees and lawsEstablishing laws is spoken of as if Joshua physically set them in place like monuments. Alternate translation: “He established decrees and laws” or “He gave them laws and decrees to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
881JOS2426n7acבְּ⁠סֵ֖פֶר תּוֹרַ֣ת אֱלֹהִ֑ים1the Book of the law of GodThis appears to be a continuation of the writings of Moses.
882JOS2426ct9gוַ⁠יְקִימֶ֣⁠הָ שָּׁ֔ם1set it up thereAlternate translation: “placed it there”
883JOS2427u7adהָ⁠עָ֗ם1peopleThis refers to the Israelites.
884JOS2427mkt9figs-personificationהָ⁠אֶ֤בֶן הַ⁠זֹּאת֙ תִּֽהְיֶה־בָּ֣⁠נוּ לְ⁠עֵדָ֔ה כִּֽי־הִ֣יא שָׁמְעָ֗ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־אִמְרֵ֣י1this stone will be a testimony … It has heard all the wordsThe stone that Joshua set up is spoken of as if it were a person who heard what was spoken and would be able to testify about what was said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
885JOS2427h23iפֶּֽן־תְּכַחֲשׁ֖וּ⁠ן1should you everAlternate translation: “if you ever”
886JOS2429e9uytranslate-numbersבֶּן־מֵאָ֥ה וָ⁠עֶ֖שֶׂר שָׁנִֽים1110 years old“one hundred and ten years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
887JOS2430iyt3translate-namesבְּ⁠תִמְנַת־סֶ֖רַח…לְ⁠הַר־גָּֽעַשׁ1Timnath Serah … Mount Gaashnames of places (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
888JOS2431gf2qfigs-idiomכֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֣י יְהוֹשֻׁ֑עַ1all of Joshuas daysThis is an idiom that refers to Joshuas entire life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
889JOS2431r7xzהֶאֱרִ֤יכוּ יָמִים֙ אַחֲרֵ֣י יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ1outlived JoshuaAlternate translation: “lived longer than Joshua”
890JOS2432a3ikעַצְמ֣וֹת י֠וֹסֵף…קָבְר֣וּ בִ⁠שְׁכֶם֒1The bones of Joseph … they buried them at Shechem,It may be helpful to change the order of the beginning of this sentence. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel brought the bones of Joseph up out of Egypt and buried them at Shechem”
891JOS2432ve2gtranslate-numbersבְּ⁠מֵאָ֣ה קְשִׂיטָ֑ה1one hundred pieces“100 pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
892JOS2433ur16translate-namesוְ⁠אֶלְעָזָ֥ר1EleazarThis is a mans name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
893JOS2433rv7jtranslate-namesבְּ⁠גִבְעַת֙1GibeahThis is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])