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| 1 | Book | Chapter | Verse | ID | SupportReference | OrigQuote | Occurrence | GLQuote | OccurrenceNote |
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| 2 | 1PE | front | intro | c1uv | 0 | # Introduction to 1 Peter<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of 1 Peter<br><br>1. Introduction (1:1-2)<br>1. Praise for God’s salvation of the believers (1:3-2:10)<br>1. Christian living (2:11-4:11)<br>1. Encouragement to persevere when suffering (4:12-5:11)<br>1. Closing (5:12-14)<br><br><br>### Who wrote the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>The Book of 1 Peter was written by the Apostle Peter. He wrote the letter to Gentile Christians scattered throughout Asia Minor.<br><br>### What is the Book of 1 Peter about?<br><br>Peter stated that he wrote this letter for the purpose of “encouraging you and testifying that this is the true grace of God” (5:12).<br>He encouraged Christians to continue obeying God even when they are suffering. He told them to do this because Jesus will return soon. Peter also gave instructions about Christians submitting to persons in authority.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title “1 Peter” or “First Peter.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “The First Letter from Peter” or “The First Letter Peter Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### How were Christians treated in Rome?<br><br>Peter probably was in Rome when he wrote this letter. He gave Rome the symbolic name of “Babylon” (5:13). It appears that when Peter wrote this letter, Romans were badly persecuting Christians.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### Singular and plural “you”<br>In this book, the word “I” refers to Peter, except for two places: [1 Peter 1:16](../01/16.md) and [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). The word “you” is always plural and refers to Peter’s audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of 1 Peter?<br><br>* “You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth. This was for the purpose of sincere brotherly love; so love one another earnestly from the heart” (1:22). The ULT, UST, and most other modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “You made your souls pure by obedience to the truth through the Spirit for the purpose of sincere brotherly love, so love one another earnestly from the heart.”<br><br>If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) | |||
| 3 | 1PE | 1 | intro | ql4i | 0 | # 1 Peter 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Peter formally introduces this letter in verses 1-2. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 1:24-25.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### What God reveals<br><br>When Jesus comes again, everyone will see how good God’s people were to have faith in Jesus. Then God’s people will see how gracious God has been to them, and all people will praise both God and his people.<br><br>### Holiness<br><br>God wants his people to be holy because God is holy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])<br><br>### Eternity<br><br>Peter tells Christians to live for things that will last forever and not to live for the things of this world, which will end. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Paradox<br><br>A paradox is a true statement that appears to describe something impossible. Peter writes that his readers are glad and sad at the same time ([1 Peter 1:6](../01/06.md)). He can say this because they are sad because they are suffering, but they are glad because they know that God will save them “in the last time” ([1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)) | |||
| 4 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | g6b4 | 0 | General Information: | Peter identifies himself as the writer and identifies and greets the believers to whom he is writing. | ||
| 5 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | u3zc | figs-metaphor | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις διασπορᾶς | 1 | to the elect foreigners of the dispersion | Peter speaks of his readers as people who live away from their homes in many different countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 6 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | qkl8 | Καππαδοκίας…Βιθυνίας | 1 | Cappadocia…Bithynia | Along with the other places that Peter mentions, **Cappadocia** and **Bithynia** were Roman provinces located in what is now the country of Turkey. | |
| 7 | 1PE | 1 | 1 | cf7b | ἐκλεκτοῖς παρεπιδήμοις | 1 | to the elect foreigners | “to the chosen foreigners” or “the ones whom God the Father has chosen.” God has chosen them according to his own foreknowledge. | |
| 8 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | ba1h | figs-abstractnouns | πρόγνωσιν Θεοῦ Πατρός | 1 | the foreknowledge of God the Father | The abstract noun **foreknowledge** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Possible meanings are (1) God had determined what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father decided previously” or (2) God knew what would happen ahead of time. Alternate translation: “what God the Father knew beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 9 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | i9kf | figs-metonymy | αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | of the blood of Jesus Christ | Here the **blood** refers to the death of Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 10 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | rwkk | figs-metaphor | ῥαντισμὸν αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | the sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ | Just as Moses sprinkled blood on the people of Israel to symbolize their covenant with God, believers are in covenant with God because of Jesus’ death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 11 | 1PE | 1 | 2 | z7df | figs-abstractnouns | χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη | 1 | May grace be to you, and may your peace increase | This passage speaks of **grace** as if it were an object that believers could possess, and of **peace** as if it were something that could increase in amount. Of course, grace is in reality the kind way God acts toward believers, and peace is how believers live in safety and joy with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 12 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | y6aq | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to talk about the believers’ salvation and faith. Here he elaborates on a metaphor in which what God promises to do for all believers is spoken of as if it were an inheritance that he passes on to them. | ||
| 13 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | cyf6 | figs-exclusive | ἡμῶν…ἡμᾶς | 1 | our…us | The words **our** and **us** refer to Peter and those to whom he is writing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) |
| 14 | 1PE | 1 | 3 | c92y | ἀναγεννήσας ἡμᾶς | 1 | he has given us new birth | “he has caused us to be born again” | |
| 15 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | b2zy | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | for an imperishable and undefiled and unfading inheritance | You can translate **inheritance** using a verb. Alternate translation: “which we confidently expect to receive as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 16 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | cy1g | figs-metaphor | κληρονομίαν | 1 | an…inheritance | Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 17 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | vr9s | figs-metaphor | ἄφθαρτον, καὶ ἀμίαντον, καὶ ἀμάραντον | 1 | imperishable and undefiled and unfading | Peter uses three similar phrases to describe the inheritance as something that is perfect and eternal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 18 | 1PE | 1 | 4 | z6w4 | figs-activepassive | τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς | 1 | reserved in heaven for you | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which God is reserving in heaven for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 19 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | r4es | figs-activepassive | τοὺς ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ φρουρουμένους | 1 | who are protected by the power of God | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and God is protecting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 20 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | fw3p | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν δυνάμει Θεοῦ | 1 | by the power of God | Here, **power** is a way of saying that God is strong and able to protect believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 21 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | a4ab | figs-abstractnouns | διὰ πίστεως | 1 | through faith | Here, **faith** refers to the fact that the believers trust in Christ. Alternate translation: “because of your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 22 | 1PE | 1 | 5 | g4rb | figs-activepassive | ἑτοίμην ἀποκαλυφθῆναι | 1 | that is ready to be revealed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that God is ready to reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 23 | 1PE | 1 | 6 | hy8d | ἐν ᾧ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε | 1 | In this you greatly rejoice | The word **this** refers to all the blessings that Peter mentions in the previous verses. | |
| 24 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | vvp1 | figs-metaphor | ἵνα τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως | 1 | so that the proof of your faith | In the same way in which fire refines gold, hardships test how well believers trust in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 25 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | ct3n | τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως | 1 | the proof of your faith | God wishes to test how well believers trust in Christ. | |
| 26 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | u63m | ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου τοῦ ἀπολλυμένου, διὰ πυρὸς δὲ δοκιμαζομένου | 1 | of your faith, which is more precious than gold that perishes. But, being tested by fire | **Faith** is more valuable than **gold**, because gold does not last forever, even if it is refined in **fire**. | |
| 27 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | a6q4 | εὑρεθῇ εἰς ἔπαινον, καὶ δόξαν, καὶ τιμὴν | 1 | it might be found to result in praise, and glory, and honor | Possible meanings are (1) that “God will honor you very highly” because of your faith or (2) that “your faith will bring praise, glory, and honor” to God. | |
| 28 | 1PE | 1 | 7 | bkr9 | figs-activepassive | ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | at the revealing of Jesus Christ | “when Jesus Christ is revealed.” This refers to the return of Christ. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ appears to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 29 | 1PE | 1 | 8 | eka3 | χαρᾷ ἀνεκλαλήτῳ καὶ δεδοξασμένῃ | 1 | with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory | “with wonderful joy that words cannot describe” | |
| 30 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | j2qe | figs-abstractnouns | σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν | 1 | the salvation of your souls | The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “God saving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 31 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | hw6y | σωτηρίαν | 1 | the salvation | This words presents the idea as if it were an object. In reality, **salvation** refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. | |
| 32 | 1PE | 1 | 9 | uk4a | figs-synecdoche | σωτηρίαν ψυχῶν | 1 | the salvation of your souls | Here the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “your salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 33 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | p4p5 | σωτηρίας…χάριτος | 1 | salvation…grace | These words present two ideas as if they were things or objects. In reality, **salvation** refers to the action of God saving us, or to what happens as a result. Similarly, **grace** refers to the kind way in which God deals with believers. | |
| 34 | 1PE | 1 | 10 | yyz4 | figs-doublet | ἐξεζήτησαν καὶ ἐξηραύνησαν | 1 | searched and inquired carefully | The phrase **inquired carefully** means basically the same thing as “searched.” Together these words emphasize how hard the prophets tried to understand this salvation. Alternate translation: “examined very carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 35 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | x5x8 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues talking about the prophets’ search for salvation. | ||
| 36 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | r5jf | ἐραυνῶντες | 1 | examining | “trying to determine” | |
| 37 | 1PE | 1 | 11 | w3n8 | τὸ…Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ | 1 | the Spirit of Christ | This is a reference to the Holy Spirit. | |
| 38 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | x4b1 | figs-activepassive | οἷς ἀπεκαλύφθη | 1 | It was revealed to them | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God revealed to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 39 | 1PE | 1 | 12 | xi4d | εἰς ἃ ἐπιθυμοῦσιν ἄγγελοι παρακύψαι | 1 | into which things angels long to look | “things that angels want to understand” | |
| 40 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | bjg9 | διὸ | 1 | So | Peter uses the word **So** here to refer back to everything he has said about salvation, their faith, and the Spirit of Christ giving revelations to the prophets. | |
| 41 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | u87y | figs-idiom | ἀναζωσάμενοι τὰς ὀσφύας τῆς διανοίας ὑμῶν | 1 | having girded the loins of your mind | Girding up **the loins** refers to preparing to work hard. It comes from the custom of tucking the bottom of one’s robe into a belt around the waist in order to move with ease. Alternate translation: “after getting your minds ready” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 42 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | i56f | figs-idiom | νήφοντες, τελείως | 1 | being fully sober | Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. Alternate translation: “controlling your thoughts” or “being careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 43 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | y771 | figs-activepassive | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | the grace that is being brought to you | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the grace that God will bring to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 44 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | ut69 | figs-metaphor | τὴν φερομένην ὑμῖν χάριν | 1 | the grace that is being brought to you | Here God’s way of dealing kindly with believers is spoken of as if it were an object that he will bring to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 45 | 1PE | 1 | 13 | l45d | figs-activepassive | ἐν ἀποκαλύψει Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | in the revelation of Jesus Christ | This refers to when Christ returns. This can also be expressed with an active form. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “when Jesus Christ appears to all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 46 | 1PE | 1 | 14 | e4tb | figs-idiom | μὴ συνσχηματιζόμενοι ταῖς πρότερον…ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | not being conformed to your former desires | “not desiring the same things as before” Alternate translation: “not living to gratify the desires you used to have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 47 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | m1q7 | figs-activepassive | διότι γέγραπται | 1 | For it is written | This refers to God’s message in the scripture. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For as God said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 48 | 1PE | 1 | 16 | s8kz | ἅγιοι ἔσεσθε, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος | 1 | You will be holy, because I am holy | Here the word **I** refers to God. | |
| 49 | 1PE | 1 | 17 | s6gv | figs-metaphor | ἐν φόβῳ τὸν τῆς παροικίας ὑμῶν χρόνον ἀναστράφητε | 1 | conduct yourselves in fear during the time of your journey | Peter speaks of his readers as if they were people living in a foreign land away from their home. Alternate translation: “be careful how you use the time you are living away from your true home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 50 | 1PE | 1 | 18 | q4pc | figs-activepassive | ἐλυτρώθητε | 1 | you have been redeemed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has redeemed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 51 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | s4jd | figs-metonymy | τιμίῳ αἵματι…Χριστοῦ | 1 | with the precious blood of Christ | Here, **blood** stands for Christ’s death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 52 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | gk6a | figs-simile | ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου | 1 | as an unblemished and spotless lamb | Jesus died as a sacrifice so that God would forgive people’s sins. Alternate translation: “like the lambs without blemish or spot that the Jewish priests sacrificed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 53 | 1PE | 1 | 19 | smu8 | figs-doublet | ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου | 1 | unblemished and spotless | Peter expresses the same idea in two different ways to emphasize Christ’s purity. Alternate translation: “with no imperfections” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 54 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | msw5 | figs-activepassive | προεγνωσμένου | 1 | He has been chosen | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God chose Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 55 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | ky7a | figs-abstractnouns | πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου | 1 | before the foundation of the world | You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “before God created the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 56 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | dkk2 | figs-activepassive | φανερωθέντος…δι’ ὑμᾶς | 1 | he has been revealed…for your sake | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has revealed him…for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 57 | 1PE | 1 | 20 | u7e3 | figs-metaphor | φανερωθέντος…δι’ ὑμᾶς | 1 | he has been revealed…for your sake | Peter does not mean that his readers actually saw Christ, but that they learned the truth about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 58 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | lt5u | figs-idiom | τὸν ἐγείραντα αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν | 1 | who has raised him from the dead | Here to raise up is an idiom for causing someone who has died to become alive again. Alternate translation: “who caused him to live again so that he was no longer among the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 59 | 1PE | 1 | 21 | f7mn | figs-abstractnouns | δόξαν αὐτῷ δόντα | 1 | has given him glory | The abstract noun **glory** can be stated in verbal form. Alternate translation: “glorified him” or “showed that he is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 60 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | luj3 | figs-synecdoche | τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ἡγνικότες | 1 | Having purified your souls | Here the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Since you made yourselves pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 61 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | hj14 | figs-metaphor | ἡγνικότες | 1 | Having purified | Here the idea of cleanliness refers to being acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 62 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | qyt5 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν τῇ ὑπακοῇ τῆς ἀληθείας | 1 | by obedience to the truth | You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “by obeying the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 63 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | j777 | φιλαδελφίαν | 1 | brotherly love | This refers to love between fellow believers. | |
| 64 | 1PE | 1 | 22 | e9wr | figs-metonymy | ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας, ἀλλήλους ἀγαπήσατε ἐκτενῶς | 1 | love one another earnestly from a pure heart | Here, **heart** is a metonym for a person’s thoughts or emotions. To love someone “from the heart” means to love some one completely with total commitment. Alternate translation: “love one another earnestly and completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 65 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | w4v3 | figs-metaphor | ἀναγεγεννημένοι, οὐκ ἐκ σπορᾶς φθαρτῆς, ἀλλὰ ἀφθάρτου | 1 | having been born again, not from perishable seed, but from imperishable | Possible meanings are that Peter speaks of the word of God either (1) as the seed of a plant that grows and produces new life in believers or (2) as the tiny cells inside a man or woman that combine to cause a baby to grow inside the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 66 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | nh9r | ἀφθάρτου | 1 | from imperishable | seed that will not rot or dry up or die | |
| 67 | 1PE | 1 | 23 | tjq9 | figs-metonymy | διὰ λόγου ζῶντος Θεοῦ, καὶ μένοντος | 1 | through the living and enduring word of God | Peter speaks of the **word of God** as if it were alive forever. In reality, it is God who lives forever, and whose instructions and promises last eternally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 68 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | kyc5 | 0 | General Information: | In these verses Peter quotes a passage from the prophet Isaiah relating to what he has just said about them being born of imperishable seed. | ||
| 69 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | dr75 | figs-metonymy | πᾶσα σὰρξ | 1 | All flesh | The word **flesh** refers to humanity. Alternate translation: “All people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 70 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | r0fd | figs-metonymy | πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος…ἐξηράνθη ὁ χόρτος | 1 | All flesh is like grass…The grass dries up | The prophet Isaiah compares humanity to grass that grows and dies quickly. Alternate translation: “All people are temporary like grass…They will die like the grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 71 | 1PE | 1 | 24 | hd2f | figs-simile | πᾶσα δόξα αὐτῆς ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου…τὸ ἄνθος ἐξέπεσεν | 1 | all its glory is like the flower of the grass…its flower falls off | Here the word **glory** refers to beauty or goodness. Isaiah compares the things that people consider to be good or beautiful about humanity to flowers that die quickly. Alternate translation: “all their goodness is as temporary as a flower…it will fall away like a dying flower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 72 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | aba2 | τὸ…ῥῆμα Κυρίου | 1 | the word of the Lord | “the message that comes from the Lord” | |
| 73 | 1PE | 1 | 25 | s11j | figs-activepassive | τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν | 1 | the word that has been proclaimed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the gospel that we proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 74 | 1PE | 2 | intro | a121 | 0 | # 1 Peter 02 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 2:6, 7, 8, and 22.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Stones<br><br>The Bible uses a building made of large stones as a metaphor for the church. Jesus is the cornerstone, the most important stone. The apostles and prophets are the foundation, the part of the building on which all the other stones rest. In this chapter, Christians are the stones that make up the walls of the building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cornerstone]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/foundation]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Milk and babies<br><br>When Peter tells his readers to “long for pure spiritual milk,” he is using the metaphor of a baby craving his mother’s milk. Peter wants Christians to crave God’s word the same way a baby craves milk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 75 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | cch5 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues teaching his readers about holiness and obedience. | ||
| 76 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | n3x5 | grammar-connect-logic-result | οὖν | 1 | Therefore | The word **Therefore** here refers back to everything that Peter has said about being holy and obedient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 77 | 1PE | 2 | 1 | g65y | figs-metaphor | ἀποθέμενοι…πᾶσαν κακίαν, καὶ πάντα δόλον, καὶ ὑποκρίσεις, καὶ φθόνους, καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς | 1 | having put aside all evil, and all deceit and hypocrisy and envy, and all slander | These sinful actions are spoken of as if they were objects that people could throw away. Alternate translation: “get rid of everything that is evil, and hypocrisy, and envy, and all slander” or “stop being evil, or being deceptive, or being hypocritical, or envying, or slandering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 78 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | y6fv | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφη τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε | 1 | As newborn infants, long for pure spiritual milk | Peter speaks of his readers as if they were babies. Babies requires very pure food, which they can digest easily. In the same way, believers need pure teaching from God’s word. Alternate translation: “Just as babies long for their mother’s breast milk, so you must yearn for pure spiritual milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 79 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | rm71 | ἐπιποθήσατε | 1 | long for | “desire intensely” or “yearn for” | |
| 80 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | fn81 | figs-metaphor | τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα | 1 | pure spiritual milk | Peter speaks of the word of God as if it were **spiritual milk** that nourished children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 81 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | vg76 | figs-abstractnouns | εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | to salvation | Here the word **salvation** refers to when God brings the salvation of his people to completion when Jesus returns (see [1 Peter 1:5](../01/05.md)). Alternate translation: “until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 82 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | ypy6 | figs-metaphor | αὐξηθῆτε | 1 | you may grow up | Peter speaks of believers advancing in knowledge of God and faithfulness to him as if they were children growing up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 83 | 1PE | 2 | 2 | scbe | figs-explicit | αὐξηθῆτε εἰς σωτηρίαν | 1 | you may grow up to salvation | They were to increasingly act in ways that were consistent with this salvation. You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you may grow up spiritually until God saves you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 84 | 1PE | 2 | 3 | tui9 | figs-metaphor | εἰ ἐγεύσασθε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος | 1 | if you have tasted that the Lord is kind | Here to taste means to experience something personally. Alternate translation: “if you have experienced the Lord’s kindness toward you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 85 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | sa2z | figs-metaphor | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to tell a metaphor about Jesus and the believers being living stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |
| 86 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | c4lu | figs-metaphor | πρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι λίθον ζῶντα | 1 | coming to him, a living stone | Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a stone in a building. Alternate translation: “coming to him who is like a stone in a building, but alive, not a dead stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 87 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | ihq2 | ὃν…λίθον ζῶντα | 1 | him, a living stone | Possible meanings are (1) “who is a stone that is alive” or (2) “who is a stone that gives life.” | |
| 88 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | e8sy | figs-activepassive | ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένον | 1 | having been rejected by men | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that people have rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 89 | 1PE | 2 | 4 | a438 | figs-activepassive | παρὰ δὲ Θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν | 1 | but chosen by God | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but that God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 90 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | z11h | figs-metaphor | αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς | 1 | you, like living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house | Just as people used **stones** to build the temple in the Old Testament, believers are the materials that God is using to build a house in which he will live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 91 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | g33x | figs-simile | αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες | 1 | you, like living stones | Peter compares his readers to **stones** that are alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 92 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | v3jw | figs-activepassive | λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε, οἶκος πνευματικὸς | 1 | living stones, are being built up as a spiritual house | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “living stones that God is building into a spiritual house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 93 | 1PE | 2 | 5 | i4bn | figs-metonymy | ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας | 1 | a holy priesthood to offer the spiritual sacrifices | Here the position of **priesthood** stands for the priests who fulfill its duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 94 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | ibi1 | figs-metaphor | περιέχει ἐν Γραφῇ | 1 | it stands in scripture | **Scripture** is spoken of as if it were a container. This passage refers to the words that a person reads in scripture. Alternate translation: “this is what a prophet wrote in the scriptures long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 95 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | q7jx | ἰδοὺ | 1 | Behold | The word **behold** here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. | |
| 96 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | klv2 | figs-explicit | λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον | 1 | a cornerstone, chosen, precious | God is the one who chose the stone. Alternate translation: “a most important cornerstone, which I have chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 97 | 1PE | 2 | 6 | xsx8 | figs-metaphor | λίθον, ἀκρογωνιαῖον | 1 | a cornerstone | The prophet speaks of the Messiah as the most important stone in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 98 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | ze1c | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues quoting from the scriptures. | ||
| 99 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | uu3j | figs-metaphor | λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν…ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας | 1 | The stone that was rejected by…has become the head of the corner | This is a metaphor that means people, like builders, **rejected** Jesus, but God has made him the most important **stone** in a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 100 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | i4jl | figs-activepassive | λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες | 1 | The stone that was rejected by the builders | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The stone that the builders rejected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 101 | 1PE | 2 | 7 | ql12 | κεφαλὴν γωνίας | 1 | the head of the corner | This refers to the most important stone in a building and means basically the same thing as “cornerstone” in [1 Peter 2:6](../02/06.md). | |
| 102 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | ptx5 | figs-parallelism | λίθος προσκόμματος, καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου | 1 | A stone of stumbling and a rock of offense | These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that people will take **offense** at this “stone,” which refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “a stone or a rock over which people will stumble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 103 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | h7ta | προσκόπτουσιν τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες | 1 | stumble because they disobey the word | Here, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To **disobey** means that they do not believe. Alternate translation: “stumble because they are not believing the message about Jesus” | |
| 104 | 1PE | 2 | 8 | sm6s | figs-activepassive | εἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν | 1 | to which also they were appointed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for which God also appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 105 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | dc8m | 0 | General Information: | In verse 10 Peter quotes a verse from the prophet Hosea. Some modern versions do not format this as a quote, which is also acceptable. | ||
| 106 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | zla9 | figs-activepassive | γένος ἐκλεκτόν | 1 | a chosen people | You can clarify that God is the one who has **chosen** them. Alternate translation: “a people whom God has chosen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 107 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | g39z | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | 1 | a royal priesthood | Possible meanings are (1) “a group of kings and a group of priests” or (2) “a group of priests who serve the king.” | |
| 108 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | qk7f | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν | 1 | a people for possession | “a people who belong to God” | |
| 109 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | ra7z | ἐκ…ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος | 1 | who called you from | “who called you to come out of” | |
| 110 | 1PE | 2 | 9 | nvf5 | figs-metaphor | ἐκ σκότους…εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς | 1 | from darkness into his marvelous light | Here, **darkness** refers to their condition as sinful people who did not know God, and **light** refers to their condition as people who do know God and practice righteousness. Alternate translation: “from a life of sin and ignorance of God to a life of knowing and pleasing him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 111 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | jnr9 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to talk about how to live Christian lives. | ||
| 112 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | ve9u | figs-doublet | παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους | 1 | foreigners and exiles | These two words mean basically the same thing.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 113 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | hjuk | figs-metaphor | παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμους | 1 | foreigners and exiles | Peter speaks of his readers as people who are living in foreign lands away from their home. See how you translated “foreigners” in [1 Peter 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 114 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | ubn9 | figs-metaphor | ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν | 1 | to abstain from fleshly desires | Here the idea of flesh refers to the sinful nature of humanity in this fallen world. Alternate translation: “to not to give in to sinful desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 115 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | x3q5 | figs-metonymy | τῆς ψυχῆς | 1 | your soul | Here the word **soul** refers to a person’s spiritual life. Alternate translation: “your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 116 | 1PE | 2 | 11 | q4zn | figs-metaphor | στρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς | 1 | make war against your soul | Peter speaks of sinful desires as soldiers that are trying to destroy the spiritual life of believers. Alternate translation: “seek to destroy your spiritual life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 117 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | b5nv | figs-abstractnouns | τὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν | 1 | keeping your behavior among the Gentiles good | The abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “you should behave well among the Gentiles” or “you should behave in a good way in the presence of the Gentiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 118 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | mkt4 | ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς | 1 | in whatever they speak about you as | “even if they accuse you of being” | |
| 119 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | w3yn | figs-abstractnouns | ἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες | 1 | from observing your good works | The abstract noun **works** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “they may observe the good things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 120 | 1PE | 2 | 12 | s2ji | figs-explicit | ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς | 1 | in the day of visitation | “on the day when he comes.” This refers to the day when God will judge all people. Alternate translation: “when he comes to judge everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 121 | 1PE | 2 | 13 | c484 | διὰ τὸν Κύριον | 1 | for the sake of the Lord | Possible meanings are (1) that by obeying human authorities, they are obeying the Lord who established those authorities or (2) that by obeying human authorities, they will honor Jesus who also obeyed human authorities. | |
| 122 | 1PE | 2 | 13 | al6q | βασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι | 1 | to the king as supreme | “to the king as the highest human authority” | |
| 123 | 1PE | 2 | 14 | y1l2 | figs-activepassive | δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις | 1 | through him having been sent | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the king has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 124 | 1PE | 2 | 15 | mh6s | ἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν | 1 | doing good to silence the ignorant talk of foolish people | “by doing good you stop foolish people from speaking about things that they do not know” | |
| 125 | 1PE | 2 | 16 | y9pg | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἐπικάλυμμα…τῆς κακίας | 1 | as a covering for wickedness | Peter speaks of their condition as free people as something that they should not use to hide sinful behavior. Alternate translation: “as an excuse to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 126 | 1PE | 2 | 17 | gwy8 | τὴν ἀδελφότητα | 1 | the brotherhood | This refers to all Christian believers. | |
| 127 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | w2nc | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak specifically to people who are servants in people’s houses. | ||
| 128 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | xgk8 | figs-doublet | τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν | 1 | the good and gentle | Here the words **good** and **gentle** share similar meanings and emphasize that such masters treat their servants kindly. Alternate translation: “the very kind masters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 129 | 1PE | 2 | 18 | a6gc | τοῖς σκολιοῖς | 1 | to the perverse | “to the cruel ones” or “to the mean ones” | |
| 130 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | r1h1 | τοῦτο…χάρις | 1 | this is praiseworthy | “this is deserving of praise” or “it is pleasing to God” | |
| 131 | 1PE | 2 | 19 | zm8e | διὰ συνείδησιν Θεοῦ, ὑποφέρει…λύπας | 1 | endures sorrow…because of awareness of God | Possible meanings of the original passage are (1) that this person accepts suffering because he knows he is obeying God or (2) that this person is able to endure unjust punishment because he knows that God knows how he is suffering. | |
| 132 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | y5ue | figs-rquestion | ποῖον γὰρ κλέος, εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε? | 1 | For what kind of credit is there if, sinning and being tormented, you will endure? | Peter asks this question to emphasize that there is nothing praiseworthy about suffering for doing something wrong. Alternate translation: “For God will not reward you if you are punished because you sinned.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 133 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | pr8b | figs-activepassive | ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι | 1 | sinning and being tormented | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “while someone punishes you because you sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 134 | 1PE | 2 | 20 | ly9f | figs-activepassive | ἀγαθοποιοῦντες καὶ πάσχοντες ὑπομενεῖτε | 1 | doing good and suffering, you will endure | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you endure when someone punishes you for doing good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 135 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | c1jn | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues speaking to people who are servants in people’s houses. | ||
| 136 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | xit1 | figs-activepassive | εἰς τοῦτο…ἐκλήθητε | 1 | to this you were called | Here the word **this** refers to believers enduring while suffering for doing good, as Peter has just described. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has called you to this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 137 | 1PE | 2 | 21 | si3l | figs-metaphor | ὑμῖν…ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ | 1 | for you so that you might follow in his footsteps | Peter speaks of following Jesus’ example in the way that they suffer as if one were walking on the same path that Jesus had taken. Alternate translation: “so that you would imitate his behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 138 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | tyz4 | figs-activepassive | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | neither was deceit found in his mouth | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “neither did anyone find deceit in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 139 | 1PE | 2 | 22 | lw1u | figs-metonymy | οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ | 1 | neither was deceit found in his mouth | Here, **deceit** refers to words that a person speaks that are intended to deceive other people. Alternate translation: “neither did he speak any lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 140 | 1PE | 2 | 23 | lj4a | figs-activepassive | ὃς λοιδορούμενος, οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει | 1 | He, being reviled, did not revile back | To **revile** someone is to speak abusively to another person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When people insulted him, he did not insult them back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 141 | 1PE | 2 | 23 | gqb5 | παρεδίδου…τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως | 1 | he comitted himself to the one who judges justly | “he entrusted himself to the one who judges justly.” This means that he trusted God to take away his shame, which had been put on him by those who treated him harshly. | |
| 142 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | k5fm | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues talking about Jesus Christ. He is still speaking to people who are servants. | ||
| 143 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | k632 | figs-rpronouns | ὃς…αὐτὸς | 1 | He himself | This refers to Jesus, with emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) |
| 144 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | w49m | figs-metonymy | τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν…ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον | 1 | carried our sins in his body to the tree | Here, **carried our sins** means he suffered the punishment for our sins. Alternate translation: “suffered the punishment for our sins in his body on the tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 145 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | zl8e | figs-metonymy | τὸ ξύλον | 1 | the tree | This is a reference to the cross on which Jesus died, which was made of wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 146 | 1PE | 2 | 24 | ep4s | figs-activepassive | οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε | 1 | of whose wounds you were healed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has healed you because people bruised him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 147 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | sgt9 | figs-simile | ἦτε…ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι | 1 | you as sheep are being led astray | Peter speaks about his readers before they believed in Christ as if they had been similar to lost sheep wandering around aimlessly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 148 | 1PE | 2 | 25 | i5lu | figs-metaphor | τὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν | 1 | the shepherd and guardian of your souls | Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd**. Just as a shepherd protects his sheep, Jesus protects those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 149 | 1PE | 3 | intro | cqf4 | 0 | # 1 Peter 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 3:10-12.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “Outward ornaments”<br><br>Most people want to look good so other people will like them and think they are good people. Women are especially careful to look good by wearing nice clothes and jewels. Peter is saying that what a woman thinks and says and does are more important to God than how she looks.<br><br>### Unity<br><br>Peter wanted his readers to agree with each other. More importantly, he wanted them to love each other and be patient with each other.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>Peter quotes a psalm that describes God as if he were a person with eyes, ears, and a face. However, God is a spirit, so he does not have physical eyes or ears or a physical face. But he does know what people do, and he does act against wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 150 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | p454 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak specifically to women who are wives. | ||
| 151 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | cj7z | ὁμοίως, γυναῖκες, ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν | 1 | In the same way, wives, submit to your own husbands | Just as believers are to “obey every human authority” ([1 Peter 2:13](../02/13.md)) and servants are to “be subject” to their masters ([1 Peter 2:18](../02/18.md)), wives are to **submit** to their **husbands**. The words “obey,” “be subject,” and “submit” translate the same word. | |
| 152 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | wp5p | figs-metonymy | τινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ | 1 | some are disobedient to the word | Here, **the word** refers to the gospel message. To disobey means that they do not believe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [1 Peter 2:8](../02/08.md). Alternate translation: “some men do not believe the message about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 153 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | bs56 | figs-idiom | κερδηθήσονται | 1 | they will be won | This means that the unbelieving husbands will become believers. Alternate translation: “they will be persuaded to believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 154 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | kbis | figs-activepassive | κερδηθήσονται | 1 | they will be won | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will become believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 155 | 1PE | 3 | 1 | qp4q | figs-ellipsis | ἄνευ λόγου | 1 | without a word | “without the wife saying a word.” Here, **a word** refers to anything the wife might speak about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) |
| 156 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | zft4 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐποπτεύσαντες τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν | 1 | having seen your pure behavior with respect | The abstract noun **behavior** can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “having seen that you behave sincerely and respectfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 157 | 1PE | 3 | 2 | ng3s | τὴν ἐν φόβῳ ἁγνὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν | 1 | your pure behavior with respect | Possible meanings are (1) “your sincere behavior toward them and the way that you honor them” or (2) “your pure behavior toward them and the way that you honor God.” | |
| 158 | 1PE | 3 | 3 | p1bg | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues speaking to women who are wives. | ||
| 159 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | l2yq | figs-metonymy | ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | the inner person of the heart | Here the words **inner man** and **heart** refer to the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 160 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | x6us | figs-doublet | ὁ κρυπτὸς τῆς καρδίας ἄνθρωπος | 1 | the inner man of the heart | Here the words **inner man** and **heart** both refer to the inward character and personality of a person. Alternate translation: “what you really are on the inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 161 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | gbw9 | τοῦ πραέως καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος | 1 | of a gentle and quiet spirit | “of a gentle and peaceful attitude.” Here the word **quiet** means “peaceful” or “calm.” The word **spirit** refers to a person’s attitude or temperament. | |
| 162 | 1PE | 3 | 4 | j5bu | figs-metaphor | ὅ ἐστιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ πολυτελές | 1 | which is precious before God | Peter speaks of God’s opinion of a person as if that person were standing directly in front of him. Alternate translation: “which God considers to be precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 163 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | j1tp | κύριον, αὐτὸν καλοῦσα | 1 | called him lord | saying that he was her lord, that is, her master | |
| 164 | 1PE | 3 | 6 | t3xl | figs-metaphor | ἧς ἐγενήθητε τέκνα | 1 | whose children you have become | Peter says that believing women who act as Sarah acted can be thought of as if they were her actual **children**. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 165 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | lbc2 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak specifically to men who are husbands. | ||
| 166 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | f5ay | ὁμοίως | 1 | in the same way | This refers back to how Sarah and other godly women obeyed their husbands in [1 Peter 3:5](../03/05.md) and [1 Peter 3:6](../03/06.md). | |
| 167 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | lulz | figs-abstractnouns | συνοικοῦντες κατὰ γνῶσιν, ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει τῷ γυναικείῳ | 1 | live with your wife according to understanding, as with a weaker container | The abstract noun **understanding** can also be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “live with your wife, understanding that she is the weaker partner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 168 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | eq1z | figs-metaphor | ὡς ἀσθενεστέρῳ σκεύει | 1 | as with a weaker container | Peter speaks of women as if they were containers, as men are sometimes also spoken of. Alternate translation: “knowing that she is not as strong as you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 169 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | a88w | figs-abstractnouns | ἀπονέμοντες τιμήν ὡς καὶ συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | assigning her honor as also fellow heirs of the grace of life | You can translate this using verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “honor her because she will also receive by grace the eternal life that God gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 170 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | n4rf | figs-metaphor | συνκληρονόμοις χάριτος ζωῆς | 1 | fellow heirs of the grace of life | Eternal **life** is often spoken of as if it were something that people inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 171 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | dv7t | grammar-connect-logic-result | εἰς τὸ | 1 | so that | Here this phrase introduces the result that will happen if husbands treat their wives well. Alternate translation: “Live with your wives in this way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]) |
| 172 | 1PE | 3 | 7 | dwm6 | figs-activepassive | εἰς τὸ μὴ ἐνκόπτεσθαι τὰς προσευχὰς ὑμῶν | 1 | so that your prayers will not be hindered | To “hinder” is to prevent something from happening. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that nothing will hinder your prayers” or “so that nothing will keep you from praying as you should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 173 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | nk97 | 0 | General Information: | Peter begins to speak again to all of the believers. | ||
| 174 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | f5y7 | ὁμόφρονες | 1 | be likeminded | “have the same opinion and be” or “have the same attitude and be” | |
| 175 | 1PE | 3 | 8 | rut5 | εὔσπλαγχνοι | 1 | tenderhearted | being gentle and compassionate towards others | |
| 176 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | z5u3 | figs-metaphor | μὴ ἀποδιδόντες κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ, ἢ λοιδορίαν ἀντὶ λοιδορίας | 1 | Do not pay back evil in exchange for evil or insult in exchange for insult | Peter speaks of responding to the actions of another person as remitting payment for those actions. Alternate translation: “Do not do evil to someone who does evil to you or insult someone who insults you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 177 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | t6il | figs-explicit | εὐλογοῦντες | 1 | blessing | You can clarify the object of **blessing**. Alternate translation: “continue to bless those who do evil to you or insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 178 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | w5df | figs-activepassive | εἰς τοῦτο ἐκλήθητε | 1 | to this you were called | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God called you for this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 179 | 1PE | 3 | 9 | n3xc | figs-metaphor | ἵνα εὐλογίαν κληρονομήσητε | 1 | so that you might inherit a blessing | Peter speaks of receiving God’s **blessing** as receiving an inheritance. Alternate translation: “that you might receive God’s blessing as your permanent possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 180 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | dpf2 | figs-explicit | 0 | General Information: | In these verses Peter quotes from the Psalms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) | |
| 181 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | p9bl | figs-parallelism | ζωὴν ἀγαπᾶν, καὶ ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | to love life and to see good days | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the desire to have a good life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 182 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | btkp | figs-metaphor | ἰδεῖν ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | to see good days | Here experiencing good things is spoken of as seeing good things. Alternate translation: “experience good things during life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 183 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | t5en | figs-metonymy | ἡμέρας ἀγαθὰς | 1 | good days | The word **days** refers to one’s lifetime. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 184 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | wq2b | figs-parallelism | παυσάτω τὴν γλῶσσαν ἀπὸ κακοῦ, καὶ χείλη τοῦ μὴ λαλῆσαι δόλον | 1 | Let…stop his tongue from evil and his lips from speaking deceit | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the command not to lie. Alternate translation: “stop saying evil and deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 185 | 1PE | 3 | 10 | rqa9 | figs-synecdoche | τὴν γλῶσσαν…χείλη | 1 | his tongue…his lips | The words **tongue** and **lips** refer to the person who is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 186 | 1PE | 3 | 11 | n5sr | figs-metaphor | ἐκκλινάτω…ἀπὸ κακοῦ | 1 | let him turn away from evil | Here, **turn away** is a metaphor that means to stop doing something. Alternate translation: “let him stop doing what is bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 187 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | yn5l | figs-synecdoche | ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους | 1 | the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous | The word **eyes** refers to the Lord’s ability to know things. Alternate translation: “The Lord knows the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 188 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | m2a0 | figs-metaphor | ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπὶ δικαίους | 1 | the eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous | The Lord’s approval of the righteous is spoken of as his seeing them. Alternate translation: “The Lord approves of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 189 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | r5xf | figs-synecdoche | ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν | 1 | his ears are upon their requests | The word “ears” refers to the Lord’s awareness of what people say. Alternate translation: “he hears their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 190 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | tytz | figs-explicit | ὦτα αὐτοῦ εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν | 1 | his ears are upon their requests | That the Lord hears their requests implies that he also responds to them. Alternate translation: “he grants their requests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 191 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | t22b | figs-metaphor | πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ | 1 | But the face of the Lord is against | Opposing someone is spoken of as setting one’s face against that person. Alternate translation: “the Lord opposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 192 | 1PE | 3 | 12 | es9n | figs-synecdoche | πρόσωπον δὲ Κυρίου ἐπὶ | 1 | But the face of the Lord is against | The word **face** refers to the Lord’s will to oppose his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 193 | 1PE | 3 | 13 | wkw4 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues teaching the believers how to live Christian lives. | ||
| 194 | 1PE | 3 | 13 | e1ma | figs-rquestion | τίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς, ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε? | 1 | who is the one who will harm you if you are a zealot of what is good? | Peter asks this question to emphasize that it is unlikely that someone would harm them if they do good things. Alternate translation: “no one will harm you if you do good things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 195 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | f6ch | figs-abstractnouns | πάσχοιτε διὰ δικαιοσύνην | 1 | you suffer because of righteousness | You can translate this with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you suffer because you do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 196 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | xg3m | figs-activepassive | μακάριοι | 1 | you are blessed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 197 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | f9u8 | figs-parallelism | τὸν δὲ φόβον αὐτῶν, μὴ φοβηθῆτε μηδὲ ταραχθῆτε | 1 | But do not fear their fear, nor be troubled | These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that believers should not be afraid of those who persecute them. Alternate translation: “But do not be afraid of what people might do to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 198 | 1PE | 3 | 14 | yz6y | τὸν…φόβον αὐτῶν | 1 | their fear | Here the word **their** refers to anyone who might try to harm those to whom Peter is writing. | |
| 199 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | ju58 | δὲ…ἁγιάσατε | 1 | Instead, sanctify | “Instead of being troubled, set apart” | |
| 200 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | vgv7 | figs-metaphor | Κύριον…τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν | 1 | sanctify the Lord Christ in your hearts | The phrase “sanctify the Lord Christ” is a metaphor for acknowledging Christ’s holiness. Alternate translation: “acknowledge in your hearts that the Lord Christ is holy” or “honor the Lord Christ as holy within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 201 | 1PE | 3 | 15 | qjg3 | figs-metonymy | ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν | 1 | in your hearts | Here, **hearts** is a metonym for the “inner person.” Alternate translation: “within yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 202 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | me4u | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter explains how Christ suffered and what Christ accomplished by suffering. | ||
| 203 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | g1xd | figs-metaphor | ἵνα ὑμᾶς προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ | 1 | so that he might bring us to God | Peter probably means here that Christ died in order to create a close relationship between us and God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 204 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | j5lh | figs-metaphor | θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ | 1 | having been put to death in the flesh | Here, **flesh** refers to Christ’s body; Christ was physically put to death. Alternate translation: “having been killed physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 205 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | q9fa | figs-activepassive | θανατωθεὶς…σαρκὶ | 1 | having been put to death in the flesh | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “since people put Christ to death physically” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 206 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | h6v4 | figs-activepassive | ζῳοποιηθεὶς…πνεύματι | 1 | having been made alive in the spirit | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God made him alive spiritually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 207 | 1PE | 3 | 18 | n7nh | πνεύματι | 1 | in the spirit | Possible meanings are (1) in a spiritual existence or (2) by the Holy Spirit’s power. | |
| 208 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | hp82 | ἐν ᾧ | 1 | in which | Possible meanings are (1) “in his spiritual existence” or (2) “by the Holy Spirit’s power.” | |
| 209 | 1PE | 3 | 19 | ez3d | τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν | 1 | to the spirits in prison | Possible meanings of the word **spirits** are (1) “evil spirits” or (2) “spirits of the dead people.” | |
| 210 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | s7qm | figs-metonymy | ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | the patience of God | The word **patience** is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “God himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 211 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | qxah | figs-personification | ὅτε ἀπεξεδέχετο ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμία | 1 | when the patience of God was waiting | Peter writes of God’s patience as if it is a person. Alternate translation: “when God was waiting patiently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 212 | 1PE | 3 | 20 | c6mi | figs-activepassive | ἐν ἡμέραις Νῶε, κατασκευαζομένης κιβωτοῦ | 1 | in the days of Noah, while an ark was being constructed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “during the time of Noah, when he was building an ark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 213 | 1PE | 3 | 21 | jti3 | δι’ ἀναστάσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ | 1 | through the resurrection of Jesus Christ | “because of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.” This phrase completes the thought, “This is a symbol of the baptism that saves you now.” | |
| 214 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | g4qh | figs-metonymy | ὅς ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ Θεοῦ | 1 | who is at the right hand of God | To be at the **right hand of God** is a symbol that God has given Jesus greatest honor and authority over all others. Alternate translation: “who is beside God in the place of honor and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 215 | 1PE | 3 | 22 | f6jq | ὑποταγέντων αὐτῷ | 1 | after…had been subjected to him | “when…had submitted to Jesus Christ” | |
| 216 | 1PE | 4 | intro | zh5n | 0 | # 1 Peter 04 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry that is quoted from the Old Testament in 4:18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ungodly Gentiles<br><br>This passage uses the term “Gentiles” to refer to all ungodly people who are not Jews. It does not include Gentiles who have become Christians. “Sensuality, passion, drunkenness, carousings, wild parties, and disgusting acts of idolatry” were actions that characterized or typified the ungodly Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Martyrdom<br>It is apparent that Peter is speaking to many Christians who are experiencing great persecution and are facing death for their beliefs.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “Let it” and “Let none” and “Let him” and “Let those”<br><br>Peter uses these phrases to tell his readers what he wants them to do. They are like commands because he wants his readers to obey. But it is as if he is telling one person what he wants other people to do. | |||
| 217 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | b8d4 | 0 | Connecting Statement: | Peter continues to teach the believers about Christian living. He begins by giving a conclusion to his thoughts from the previous chapter about Christ’s sufferings. | ||
| 218 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | ess6 | σαρκὶ | 1 | in the flesh | “in his body” | |
| 219 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | p2rv | figs-metaphor | ὑμεῖς τὴν αὐτὴν ἔννοιαν ὁπλίσασθε | 1 | arm yourselves with the same intention | The phrase **arm yourselves** makes readers think of soldiers who get their weapons ready for battle. It also pictures **the same intention** as a weapon or perhaps as a piece of armor. Here this metaphor means that believers should be determined in their mind to suffer as Jesus did. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves with the same thoughts that Christ had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 220 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | vjw2 | σαρκὶ | 1 | in the flesh | Here “flesh” means “body.” Alternate translation: “in his body” or “while here on earth” | |
| 221 | 1PE | 4 | 1 | d66g | πέπαυται ἁμαρτίας | 1 | has ceased from sin | “has stopped sinning” | |
| 222 | 1PE | 4 | 2 | gbb6 | ἀνθρώπων ἐπιθυμίαις | 1 | for the desires of men | for the things that sinful people normally desire | |
| 223 | 1PE | 4 | 3 | rp5p | κώμοις, πότοις | 1 | carousing, drunken parties | These terms refer to activities in which people gather to drink alcohol excessively and behave in a shameful manner. | |
| 224 | 1PE | 4 | 4 | q6k6 | τῆς ἀσωτίας ἀνάχυσιν | 1 | outpouring of their reckless behavior | These examples of wild, boundless sin are spoken of as if they were great floods of water that were being poured out. | |
| 225 | 1PE | 4 | 4 | w1d8 | τῆς ἀσωτίας | 1 | of their reckless behavior | doing everything they can to satisfy the desires of their bodies | |
| 226 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | xw39 | τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι | 1 | to the one who is ready to judge | Possible meanings are (1) “to God, who is ready to judge” or (2) “to Christ, who is ready to judge” | |
| 227 | 1PE | 4 | 5 | dx7v | figs-merism | ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς | 1 | the living and the dead | This means all people, whether they are still alive or have died. Alternate translation: “every person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) |
| 228 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | u54m | καὶ νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη | 1 | the gospel was preached also to the dead | Possible meanings are (1) “the gospel was preached also to people who had already died” or (2) “the gospel was preached also to those who were alive but are now dead” | |
| 229 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | ql11 | figs-activepassive | εὐηγγελίσθη | 1 | the gospel was preached | This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) Christ preached. Alternate translation: “Christ preached the gospel” or (2) men preached. Alternate translation: “men preached the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 230 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | hsg6 | figs-activepassive | κριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ | 1 | they were judged in the flesh according to men | This can be stated in active form. Possible meanings are (1) God judged them in this life on earth. Alternate translation: “God judged them in their bodies as humans” or (2) men judged them according to human standards. Alternate translation: “men judged them in their bodies as humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 231 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | s72f | figs-euphemism | κριθῶσι…κατὰ ἀνθρώπους σαρκὶ | 1 | they were judged in the flesh according to men | This is a reference to death as the ultimate form of judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) |
| 232 | 1PE | 4 | 6 | h154 | ζῶσι…κατὰ Θεὸν πνεύματι | 1 | they may live in the spirit according to God | Possible meanings are (1) “live spiritually as God lives because the Holy Spirit will enable them to do so” or (2) “live according to God’s standards by the power of the Holy Spirit” | |
| 233 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | e445 | πάντων…τὸ τέλος | 1 | the end of all things | This refers to the end of the world at Christ’s second coming. | |
| 234 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | qs1t | figs-metaphor | ἤγγικεν | 1 | has come near | The end that will happen soon is spoken of as if it has physically come closer in distance. Alternate translation: “will soon happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 235 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | ubd4 | figs-parallelism | σωφρονήσατε…καὶ νήψατε | 1 | be of sound mind, and be sober | These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Peter uses them to emphasize the need to think clearly about life since the end of the world is near. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 236 | 1PE | 4 | 7 | k5hh | figs-idiom | νήψατε | 1 | be sober | Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “control your thoughts” or “be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 237 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | x6ac | πρὸ πάντων | 1 | above all | “most importantly of all” | |
| 238 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | f1lr | figs-personification | ὅτι ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | 1 | for love covers a multitude of sins | Peter describes **love** as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) |
| 239 | 1PE | 4 | 8 | b7p0 | figs-metaphor | ἀγάπη καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | 1 | for love covers a multitude of sins | Peter speaks of **love** as a person who places a cover over the sins of others. Possible meanings are (1) “for a person who loves will not try to find out if another person has sinned” or (2) “for a person who loves will forgive the sins of other people, even if those sins are many” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 240 | 1PE | 4 | 9 | g3vw | φιλόξενοι | 1 | hospitable | showing kindness to and welcoming guests and travelers | |
| 241 | 1PE | 4 | 10 | xvj3 | figs-explicit | ἕκαστος καθὼς ἔλαβεν χάρισμα | 1 | Just as each one has received a gift | This refers to special spiritual abilities that God gives to believers. Alternate translation: “Because each one of you has received a special spiritual ability as a gift from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) |
| 242 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | ir6x | figs-activepassive | ἵνα ἐν πᾶσιν δοξάζηται ὁ Θεὸς | 1 | so that in all God may be glorified | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that in all ways you will glorify God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 243 | 1PE | 4 | 11 | wq9e | δοξάζηται | 1 | may be glorified | may be praised and honored | |
| 244 | 1PE | 4 | 12 | vw9s | figs-metaphor | τῇ ἐν ὑμῖν πυρώσει πρὸς πειρασμὸν ὑμῖν γινομένῃ | 1 | the fiery trial among you that is happening for a testing to you | In the same way that fire refines gold, trials test and refine a person’s faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 245 | 1PE | 4 | 13 | rgb5 | figs-doublet | χαρῆτε ἀγαλλιώμενοι | 1 | you may rejoice, being full of joy | These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “rejoice even more” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 246 | 1PE | 4 | 13 | mhj1 | ἐν τῇ ἀποκαλύψει τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ | 1 | at the revealing of his glory | “when God reveals Christ’s glory” | |
| 247 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | i6ul | figs-metonymy | εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ | 1 | If you are reviled for the name of Christ | Here the word **name** refers to Christ himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 248 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | kswc | figs-activepassive | εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ | 1 | If you are reviled for the name of Christ | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If people insult you because you believe in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 249 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | i1kq | figs-parallelism | τὸ τῆς δόξης καὶ τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ Πνεῦμα | 1 | the Spirit of glory and of God | Both of these refer to the Holy Spirit. Alternate translation: “the Spirit of glory, who is the Spirit of God” or “the glorious Spirit of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) |
| 250 | 1PE | 4 | 14 | nx6p | ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται | 1 | is resting on you | is staying with you | |
| 251 | 1PE | 4 | 15 | nr6n | ἀλλοτριεπίσκοπος | 1 | a meddler | This refers to a person who gets involved with the affairs of others without having a right to do so. | |
| 252 | 1PE | 4 | 16 | xm8z | ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τούτῳ | 1 | in this name | “because he bears the name Christian” or “because people have recognized him as a Christian.” The words **this name** refer to the word “Christian.” | |
| 253 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | x9np | figs-metaphor | τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | the household of God | This phrase refers to believers, whom Peter speaks of as God’s family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 254 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | c8ke | figs-rquestion | εἰ δὲ πρῶτον ἀφ’ ἡμῶν, τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ? | 1 | but if first with us, what will be the end of those disobeying the gospel of God? | Peter use this question to emphasize that God’s judgment will be more severe for people who reject the gospel than for believers. Alternate translation: “If it begins with us, the outcome for those who do not obey God’s gospel will be much worse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 255 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | z9zc | τί τὸ τέλος τῶν ἀπειθούντων | 1 | what will be the end of those disobeying | “what will happen to those who disobey” | |
| 256 | 1PE | 4 | 17 | l3db | τῶν ἀπειθούντων τῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ εὐαγγελίῳ | 1 | of those disobeying the gospel of God | “of those who do not believe God’s gospel.” Here the word **disobeying** means they do not believe. | |
| 257 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | t762 | figs-activepassive | εἰ ὁ δίκαιος μόλις σῴζεται | 1 | If with difficulty the righteous are being saved | Here the word **saved** refers to final salvation when Christ returns. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If the righteous person experiences many difficulties before God saves him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 258 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | w8ke | figs-rquestion | ὁ δίκαιος…ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται? | 1 | the righteous…where will the ungodly and the sinner appear? | Peter use this question to emphasize that sinners will suffer much more than believers do. Alternate translation: “the righteous man…the outcome will be much worse for the ungodly and the sinner.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) |
| 259 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | ms54 | ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς ποῦ φανεῖται | 1 | where will the ungodly and the sinner appear | “what will happen to the ungodly and the sinner” | |
| 260 | 1PE | 4 | 18 | wb4v | figs-doublet | ὁ ἀσεβὴς καὶ ἁμαρτωλὸς | 1 | the ungodly and the sinner | The words **ungodly** and **sinner** mean basically the same thing and emphasize the wickedness of these people. Alternate translation: “ungodly sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) |
| 261 | 1PE | 4 | 19 | qm3u | figs-synecdoche | παρατιθέσθωσαν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν | 1 | let…entrust their souls | Here the word **souls** refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “let…entrust themselves” or “let…entrust their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) |
| 262 | 1PE | 4 | 19 | wih1 | figs-abstractnouns | ἐν ἀγαθοποιΐᾳ | 1 | in well-doing | The abstract noun **well-doing** can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “while they do good” or “while they live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 263 | 1PE | 5 | intro | a6d9 | 0 | # 1 Peter 05 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Most people in the ancient Near East would end a letter the way Peter ends this one.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Crowns<br><br>The crown that the Chief Shepherd will give is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Lion<br><br>All animals are afraid of lions because they are fast and strong, and they eat almost every other kind of animal. They also eat people. Satan wants to make God’s people afraid, so Peter uses the simile of a lion to teach his readers that Satan can harm their bodies, but if they trust in God and obey him, they will always be God’s people, and God will care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Babylon<br><br>Babylon was the evil nation that in Old Testament times had destroyed Jerusalem, taken the Jews away from their homes, and ruled over them. Peter uses Babylon as a metaphor for the nation that was persecuting the Christians he was writing to. He could have been referring to Jerusalem because the Jews were persecuting the Christians. Or he could have been referring to Rome because the Romans were persecuting the Christians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) | |||
| 264 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | s8fr | 0 | General Information: | Peter speaks specifically to men who are elders. | ||
| 265 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | yb3l | figs-metonymy | τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης | 1 | of the glory that is about to be revealed | This is a reference to Christ’s second coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 266 | 1PE | 5 | 1 | a6ve | figs-activepassive | τῆς μελλούσης ἀποκαλύπτεσθαι δόξης | 1 | of the glory that is about to be revealed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “of the glory of Christ that God will soon reveal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 267 | 1PE | 5 | 2 | a5s7 | figs-metaphor | ποιμάνατε τὸ…ποίμνιον τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | Shepherd the flock of God | Peter speaks of the believers as a **flock** of sheep and the elders as the shepherds who care for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 268 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | lta9 | figs-metaphor | μηδ’ ὡς κατακυριεύοντες τῶν κλήρων, ἀλλὰ τύποι γινόμενοι | 1 | And not as lording it over those who are allotted to you, but be examples | Elders are to lead by example and not act toward the people as a harsh master would toward his servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 269 | 1PE | 5 | 3 | xwr3 | figs-abstractnouns | τῶν κλήρων | 1 | those who are allotted to you | You can translate this using a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “those whom God has placed in your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) |
| 270 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | td11 | figs-metaphor | φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | Peter speaks of Jesus as if he were a **shepherd** who had authority over all other shepherds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 271 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | qlek | figs-activepassive | φανερωθέντος τοῦ ἀρχιποίμενος | 1 | when the Chief Shepherd has been revealed | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when Jesus, the Chief Shepherd, appears” or “when God reveals Jesus, the Chief Shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 272 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | ll4r | figs-metaphor | τὸν ἀμαράντινον τῆς δόξης στέφανον | 1 | the unfading crown of glory | Here the word **crown** represents the reward that someone receives as a symbol of victory. The word **unfading** means that it is eternal. Alternate translation: “a glorious prize that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 273 | 1PE | 5 | 4 | c6h3 | τῆς δόξης στέφανον | 1 | crown of glory | glorious crown | |
| 274 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | qm2h | 0 | General Information: | Peter gives an instruction specifically to younger men and then continues to instruct all of the believers. | ||
| 275 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | x6c2 | ὁμοίως | 1 | In the same way | This refers back to the way the elders were to submit to the Chief Shepherd as Peter described in [1 Peter 5:1](../05/01.md) through [1 Peter 5:4](../05/04.md). | |
| 276 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | uh4n | πάντες | 1 | all of you | This refers to all believers, not just the younger men. | |
| 277 | 1PE | 5 | 5 | r6s6 | figs-metaphor | τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε | 1 | clothe yourselves with humility | Peter speaks of having the moral quality of **humility** as putting on a piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “act humbly toward each other” or “act with humility” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 278 | 1PE | 5 | 6 | bie6 | figs-metonymy | ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖρα τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | under the mighty hand of God | Here the word **hand** refers to God’s power to save the humble and punish the proud. Alternate translation: “under God’s great power” or “before God, realizing that he has great power,” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 279 | 1PE | 5 | 7 | c1uu | figs-metaphor | πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπ’ αὐτόν | 1 | having cast all your anxiety on him | Peter speaks of **anxiety** as if it were a heavy burden that a person places on God, rather than carrying it himself. Alternate translation: “trusting him with everything that worries you” or “letting him take care of all the things that trouble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 280 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | k9nt | figs-idiom | νήψατε | 1 | Be sober | Here the word **sober** refers to mental clarity and alertness. See how you translated this in [1 Peter 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Control your thoughts” or “Be careful about what you think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) |
| 281 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | tl7i | figs-simile | διάβολος, ὡς λέων ὠρυόμενος περιπατεῖ, ζητῶν τινα καταπιεῖν | 1 | the devil, is walking around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour | Peter compares the **devil** to a **roaring lion**. Just as a hungry lion completely devours its prey, the devil is **seeking** to completely destroy the faith of believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) |
| 282 | 1PE | 5 | 8 | l4u5 | περιπατεῖ | 1 | is walking around | “walking about” or “walking about and hunting” | |
| 283 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | v451 | ὑμῶν ἀδελφότητι | 1 | your brotherhhood | “your fellow believers” | |
| 284 | 1PE | 5 | 9 | i4ur | ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ | 1 | in the world | “in various places throughout the world” | |
| 285 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | eex1 | 0 | General Information: | This is the end of Peter’s letter. Here he gives his final remarks about his letter and his closing greetings. | ||
| 286 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | suu9 | ὀλίγον | 1 | for a little while | “for a short time” | |
| 287 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | p648 | ὁ…Θεὸς πάσης χάριτος | 1 | the God of all grace | Here the word **grace** may refer either to the things that **God** gives or to God’s character. Possible meanings are (1) “the God who always gives us what we need” or (2) “the God who is always gracious.” | |
| 288 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | lwz6 | ὁ καλέσας ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν ἐν Χριστῷ | 1 | who has called you to his eternal glory in Christ | “who has chose you to share his eternal glory in heaven because you are joined to Christ” | |
| 289 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | qf2h | καταρτίσει | 1 | will perfect | “make perfect” or “restore” or “make well again” | |
| 290 | 1PE | 5 | 10 | j2nt | figs-metaphor | σθενώσει, θεμελιώσει | 1 | strengthen, and establish you | These two expressions have similar meanings, that is, that God will enable the believers to trust in him and to obey him regardless of any suffering they may experience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 291 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | an6q | διὰ Σιλουανοῦ, ὑμῖν…δι’ ὀλίγων ἔγραψα | 1 | Through Silvanus…I wrote to you briefly | Silvanus wrote the words that Peter told him to write in the letter. | |
| 292 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | g1t6 | figs-metonymy | ταύτην εἶναι ἀληθῆ χάριν τοῦ Θεοῦ | 1 | this is the true grace of God | This refers back to what Paul has written. Here the word **grace** refers to the gospel message, which tells of the kind things that God has done for believers. Alternate translation: “I have written about the true grace of God” or “the gospel message I have written is God's grace to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) |
| 293 | 1PE | 5 | 12 | nm72 | figs-metaphor | εἰς ἣν στῆτε | 1 | Stand in it | The word **it** refers to “the true grace of God.” Being strongly committed to this grace is spoken of as standing firmly in one place, refusing to move. Alternate translation: “Remain strongly committed to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 294 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | muq7 | writing-symlanguage | ἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι | 1 | She who is in Babylon | Here, **she** probably refers to the group of believers who live in **Babylon**. Possible meanings for **Babylon** are (1) it is a symbol for the city of Rome, (2) it is a symbol for anywhere that Christians are suffering, or (3) it refers literally to the city of Babylon. It most likely refers to the city of Rome. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) |
| 295 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | rpf5 | figs-activepassive | συνεκλεκτὴ | 1 | chosen together with you | This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God has chosen as he has chosen you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) |
| 296 | 1PE | 5 | 13 | ws2x | figs-metaphor | ὁ υἱός μου | 1 | my son | Peter speaks of Mark as if he is his spiritual **son**. Alternate translation: “my spiritual son” or “who is like a son to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) |
| 297 | 1PE | 5 | 14 | fc7b | φιλήματι ἀγάπης | 1 | a kiss of love | “a loving kiss” or “a kiss to show your love for each other” |