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ဖော်ပြချက်
လူများပုံပြင်ပြောကြသောအခါ အဖြစ်အပျက်တစ်ခု သို့မဟုတ် အဖြစ်အပျက်အတွဲလိုက် အကြောင်းပြောကြသည်။ တစ်ခါတစ်ရံ သူတို့သည် ပုံပြင်၏အစတွင် ပုံပြင်သည် မည်သူ၏အကြောင်းဖြစ်ကြောင်း၊ မည်သည့်အချိန်တွင်ညဖြစ်ခဲ့သည့်အကြောင်းနှင့် မည်သည့်နေရာတွင် ဖြစ်ခဲ့ကြောင်း စသည့်တိကျသောအချက်အလက်များအားထည့်သွင်းထားလေ့ရှိကြသည်။ပုံပြင်၏အကြောင်းအရာမစခင်တွင် စာရေးသူပေးထားသော အချက်အလက်များသည် ပုံပြင်၏နောက်ခံဖြစ်သည်။ပုံပြင်ထဲတွင် ပါဝင်သောအချို့ အဖြစ်အပျက်အသစ်များတွင်လည်း လူအသစ်များ၊အချိန်အသစ်များနှင့် နေရာအသစ်များ ပါဝင်တတ်သောကြောင့် နောက်ခံရှိတတ်သည်။ အချို့သော ဘာသာစကားများတွင် လူတို့သည် အကြောင်းအရာအားဖြင့်တွေ့ ၍ဖြစ်စေ အခြားတစ်ယောက်ထံမှ ပြန်ကြား၍ဖြစ်စေ ပြောလေ့ရှိကြသည်။
သင်၏လူများသည် အဖြစ်အပျက်များအကြောင်းပြောရာတွင် မည်ကဲ့သို့ အချက်အလက်များအား အစ၌ပြောပြတတ်သနည်း။ သူတို့သည် ထိုအရာများကို တိကျသောအစီအစဉ်အတိုင်း ဖေါ်ပြပါသလား။ သင်၏ဘာသာပြန်ခြင်း၌ ပုံပြင်၏အစတွင်ဖေါ်ပြထားသော အချက်အလက်အသစ်များ သို့မဟုတ် အကြောင်းအရာအသစ်များအား မူလဘာသာစကား၏ နည်းလမ်းထက် သင်၏နည်းလမ်းအား အသုံးပြုရန်လိုအပ်ပါလိမ့်မည်။ ထိုမှသာ သင်၏ဘာသာပြန်ခြင်းသည် သင်၏ဘာသာသကား၌ သဘာဝကျကျနှင့် ရှင်းရှင်းလင်းလင်း ဖော်ပြနိုင်မည်ဖြစ်သည်။
သမ္မာကျမ်းစာမှဥပမာများ
ယုဒပြည်ကို အစိုးရသော ဟေရုဒ်မင်းကြီးလက်ထက် အဘိသအသင်းဝင်ဖြစ်၍ ထာခရိ အမည်ရှိသော ယဇ်ပုရောဟိတ်တစ်ပါးရှိ၏။ သူ၏ဇနီးသည် အာရုန်အမျိုးအနွယ်ဖြစ်၏။ သူမအမည်ကား ဧလိရှမက် တည်း။
အထက်ပါစာပိုဒ်သည် ထခရို၏ပုံပြင်အား မိတ်ဆက်ထားခြင်းဖြစ်သည်။ မျဉ်တားထားသော အစောပိုဒ်သည် မည်သည့်အချိန်တွင် ဖြစ်ခဲ့သည်ကို ဖေါ်ပြ၍ နောက်ထပ်မျဉ်းတားထားသော စာပိုဒ်နှစ်ခုသည် အဓိကလူများအား မိတ်ဆက်သည်။ နောက်ထပ်စာပိုဒ်နှစ်ခုသည် ထာခရိနှင့် ဧလိရှမက္ တို့သည် အသက်ကြီးပြီဖြစ်၍ ကလေးမရှိ ကြောင်း ကိုဆက်စပ်၍ ရှင်းပြထားသည်။ထိုအကြောင်း
And it happened that in his performing as priest before God, in the order of his division, according to the custom of the priesthood, he came up by lot to enter into the temple of the Lord to burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULT)
The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way. His mother, Mary, was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULT)
The bolded sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is being introduced. The story will tell about how the birth of Jesus happened.
Now after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, behold, learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem. (Matthew 2:1 ULT)
The bolded phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men happened after Jesus was born.
Now in those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea. (Matthew 3:1-22 ULT)
The bolded phrase above shows that John the Baptist came preaching around the time of the previous events. It is probably very general and refers to when Jesus lived in Nazareth.
Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River to John, to be baptized by him. (Matthew 3:13 ULT)
The word “then” shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the events in the previous verses.
Now there was a man from the Pharisees whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader. This man came to Jesus at night. (John 3:1-2a ULT)
The author first introduced the new person and then told about what he did and when he did it. In some languages, it might be more natural to tell about the time first.
6 Noah was 600 years old when the flood came upon the earth. 7 Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULT)
Verse 6 is a statement of the events that happen in the rest of chapter 7. Chapter 6 already told about how God told Noah that there would be a flood, and how Noah prepared for it. Chapter 7 verse 6 introduces the part of the story that tells about Noah and his family and the animals going into the ship, the rain starting, and the rain flooding the earth. Some languages might need to make it clear that this verse simply introduces the event, or move this verse after verse 7. Verse 6 is not one of the events of the story. The people went into the ship before the flood came.
Translation Strategies
If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to your readers, consider translating it as it is in the ULT or UST. If not, consider one of these strategies:
(1) Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
(2) If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase to fill in that information, such as: “another time” or “someone.”
(3) If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language’s way of showing that it is a summary.
(4) If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, indicate that the event would actually happen later in the story.
Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
Now there was a man from the Pharisees whose name was Nicodemus, a Jewish leader. This man came to Jesus at night. (John 3:1-2a ULT)
There was a man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council. One night he came to Jesus.
One night a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council, came to Jesus.
As he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, sitting at the tax collector’s tent, and he said to him … (Mark 2:14a ULT)
As he passed by, Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting at the tax collector’s tent. Jesus saw him and and said to him …
As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collector’s tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him …
As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collector’s tent. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him …
(2) If readers would expect certain information, but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as “another time,” or “someone.”
Noah was 600 years old when the flood came upon the earth. (Genesis 7:6 ULT) — If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase “after that” can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned.
After that, when Noah was 600 years old, the flood came upon the earth.
Again he began to teach beside the sea. (Mark 4:1a ULT) — In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone’s house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the sea.
Another time Jesus began to teach people again beside the sea.
Jesus went to the sea and began to teach people again there.
(3) If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language’s way of showing that it is a summary.
Noah was 600 years old when the flood came upon the earth. (Genesis 7:6 ULT)
Now this is what happened when Noah was 600 years old and the flood came upon the earth.
This part tells about what happened when the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was 600 years old.
(4) If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event will actually happen later in the story.
Noah was 600 years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood. (Genesis 7:6-7 ULT)
Now this is what happened when Noah was 600 years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because God had said that the waters of the flood would come.