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5.2 KiB
Markdown
75 lines
5.2 KiB
Markdown
## Logical Relationships
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Some connectors establish logical relationships between two phrases, clauses, sentences, of chunks of text.
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### Reason-and-Result Relationships
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#### Definition
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A Reason-and-Result Relationship is a logical relationship in which one event is the **reason** or cause for another event. The second event, then, is the **result** of the first event.
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#### Reason this is a translation issue
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A Reason-and-Result Relationship can look forward - “I did Y because I wanted X to happen.” But usually it is looking backward - “X happened, and so I did Y.” Also, it is possible to state the Reason either before or after the Result. Many languages have a preferred order for the Reason and the Result, and it is confusing for the reader if they are in the opposite order. Common words used to indicate a Reason-and-Result Relationship in English are “because,” “so,” “therefore,” and “for.” Some of these words can also be used to indicate a Goal relationship, so translators need to be aware of the difference between a Goal relationship and a Reason-and-Result relationship. It is necessary for translators to understand how the two events are connected and then communicate them clearly in their language.
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If the reason and result are stated in different verses, it is still possible to put them in a different order. If you change the order of the verses, then put the verse numbers together at the beginning of the group of verses that were rearranged like this: 1-2. This is called a [Verse Bridge](../translate-versebridge/01.md).
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#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
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> The Jews were amazed, **because** Saul had tried to kill believers, and now he believed in Jesus! (Story 46 Frame 6 OBS)
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The **Reason** is the change in Saul - that he had tried to kill people who believed in Jesus, and now he himself believed in Jesus. The **Result** is that the Jews were amazed. “Because” connects the two ideas and indicates that what follows it is a Reason.
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> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, **so that** the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
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The **Reason** is the great storm, and the **Result** is that the boat was covered with the waves. The two events are connected by “so that.” Notice that the term “so that” often indicates a Goal relationship, but here the relationship is Reason-and-Result. This is because the sea cannot think and therefore does not have a Goal.
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> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, **because** in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
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The **Result** is that God blessed and sanctified the seventh day. The **Reason** is because he rested on the seventh day from his work.
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> “Blessed are the poor, **for** yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
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The **Result** is that the poor are blessed. The **Reason** is that the kingdom of God is theirs.
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> It was their children that Yahweh raised up in their place that Joshua circumcised, **because** they had not been circumcised on the way (Joshua 5:7 ULT)
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The **Result** is that Joshua circumcised the boys and men who had been born in the wilderness. The **Reason** was that they had not been circumcised while they were journeying.
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#### Translation Strategies
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If your language uses Reason-and-Result relationships in the same way as in the text, then use them as they are.
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1. If the order of the clauses is confusing for the reader, then change the order.
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1. If the relationship between the clauses is not clear, then use a more clear Connecting Word.
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1. If it is more clear to put a Connecting Word in the clause that does not have one, then do so.
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#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, **because** in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
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(1) God rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done in his creation. **That is why** he blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.
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> Blessed are the poor, **for** yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
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(1) The kingdom of God belongs to you who are poor. **Therefore**, the poor are blessed.
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(2) Blessed are the poor, **because** yours is the kingdom of God.
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(3) **The reason that** the poor are blessed **is because** yours is the kingdom of God.
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> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, **so that** the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
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(1) Behold, the boat was covered with the waves **because** a great storm arose on the sea.
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(2) Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, **with the result that** the boat was covered with the waves.
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(3) Behold, **because** a great storm arose on the sea, the boat was covered with the waves.
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> **Since** the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. (Acts 21:34 ULT)
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(1) The captain ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress, **because** he could not tell anything because of all the noise.
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(2) **Because** the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
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(3) The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, **so** he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. |