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Merge pull request 'Version 19' (#7) from prePubV19 into master
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/Door43-Catalog/en_ta/pulls/7
This commit is contained in:
Robert Hunt
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f2fe9ecb8c
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@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ dublin_core:
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description: 'A modular handbook that provides a condensed explanation of Bible translation and checking principles that the global Church has implicitly affirmed define trustworthy translations. It enables translators to learn how to create trustworthy translations of the Bible in their own language.'
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format: 'text/markdown'
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identifier: 'ta'
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issued: '2021-01-20'
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issued: '2021-02-22'
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language:
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identifier: 'en'
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title: 'English'
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direction: 'ltr'
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modified: '2021-01-20'
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modified: '2021-02-22'
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publisher: 'unfoldingWord®'
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relation:
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- 'en/ust'
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@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ dublin_core:
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-
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identifier: 'ta'
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language: 'en'
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version: '17'
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version: '18'
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subject: 'Translation Academy'
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title: 'unfoldingWord® Translation Academy'
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type: 'man'
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version: '18'
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version: '19'
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checking:
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checking_entity:
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@ -58,7 +58,9 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
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(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
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> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT) By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
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> I hate those who serve **worthless** idols (Psalm 31:6 ULT)
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By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
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>
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> > **Because** **idols are worthless**, I hate those who serve them.
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>
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@ -66,7 +68,9 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
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>
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> > … for your judgments are good **because they are righteous**.
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>
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> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT) The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
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> Can Sarah, **who is 90 years old**, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17b ULT)
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The phrase “who is 90 years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
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>
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> > Can Sarah bear a son **even when** **she is 90 years old**?
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>
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@ -78,5 +82,6 @@ If readers would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider k
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> You are my Son, **whom I love**. I am pleased with you. (Luke 3:22 ULT)
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>
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> > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
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> > You are my Son. **I love you** and I am pleased with you.
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> > **Receiving my love**, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
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@ -14,18 +14,22 @@ The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like En
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### Examples From the Bible
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#### Exclusive
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> They said, “There are not more than five loaves of bread and two fish with us—unless **we** go and buy food for all these people.” (Luke 9:13 ULT)
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In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food, so that “we” would be the exclusive form, since Jesus would not go to buy food.
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In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food. They were speaking to Jesus, but Jesus was not going to buy food. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of “we” would use the **exclusive** form there.
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> **We** have seen it, and **we** bear witness to it. **We** are announcing to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and which has been made known to **us**. (1 John 1:2 ULT)
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John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the exclusive forms in this verse.
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John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the **exclusive** forms in this verse.
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#### Inclusive
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> The shepherds said one to each other, “Let **us** now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to **us**.” (Luke 2:15b ULT)
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The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were **including** the people they were speaking to – one another.
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The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were including the people they were speaking to, so languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the **inclusive** form in this verse.
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> Now it happened that on one of those days, he indeed got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, “Let **us** go over to the other side of the lake.” So they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
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When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.
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When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so languages that have inclusive and exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the **inclusive** form in this verse.
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@ -14,24 +14,38 @@ In this passage Yahweh is telling the people of Israel that when he punishes the
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> But you should not have looked on the day of your brother, on the day of his misfortune. And you should not have rejoiced over the sons of Judah in the day of their perishing. And you should not have made your mouth great in a day of distress. You should not have entered the gate of my people in the day of their calamity. Yes, you! You should not have looked on his evil in the day of his calamity. And you women should not have looted his wealth in the day of his calamity. And you should not have stood at the crossroads to cut down his fugitives. And you should not have delivered up his survivors in a day of distress. (Obadiah 1:12–14)
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In this passage Yahweh is telling the people of Edom all the things they should not have done when the people of Judah were conquered by the Babylonians.
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In this passage Yahweh is telling the people of Edom that they should have helped the people of Judah when they were conquered by the Babylonians.
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### Translation Strategies
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(1). A good strategy for showing how a litany conveys its meaning may be to format it on the page in a certain way. Often in the Bible there will be a general statement at the beginning or end of a litany that sums up its overall meaning. You can format that statement and the litany in a way appropriate to your language that will show that by listing all of the components of a thing, the litany is making a comprehensive statement equivalent to this general statement.<br>
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(2) Also in terms of formatting, if each sentence in the litany has two parts, you can decide whether it would be clearer to put both of these parts on the same line or to put them on separate lines.<br>
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(3) You can eliminate words like “and,” “but,” and “or” at the beginning of sentences so that it will be clearer that the component parts of a thing are all being listed in a row.
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If the litany is understood as it is in the ULT, then translate the litany as it is. If it is not understood, then try one or more of the following strategies.
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(1) Often in the Bible there will be a general statement at the beginning or end of a litany that sums up its overall meaning. You can format that statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that gives the meaning of the litany.<br>
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(2) You can put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. Also, if each sentence in the litany has two parts, you can format the litany so that the equivalent parts of each sentence line up. Use this or any other type of formatting that will show that each sentence is reinforcing the same meaning.<br>
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(3) You can eliminate words like “and,” “but,” and “or” at the beginning of sentences so that it will be clearer that the component parts of the litany are all being listed in a row.
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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(1) The verse before the litany explains its overall meaning. That verse can be placed as an introduction. In English, a colon would indicate that what follows elaborates on this meaning. The accusation in the middle of the litany can be placed on a line of its own so that readers will see that the sentence that follows is like all the others in the litany.
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(1) combined with (3):<br>
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Often in the Bible there will be a general statement at the beginning or end of a litany that sums up its overall meaning. You can format that statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that gives the meaning of the litany;<br>
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You can eliminate words like “and,” “but,” and “or” at the beginning of sentences so that it will be clearer that the component parts of the litany are all being listed in a row.<br>
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> > You did nothing to help the Israelites when strangers carried away their wealth. They conquered all the cities of Judah, and they even plundered Jerusalem. And you were just as bad as those foreigners, because you did nothing to help:
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>
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> You should not have looked on the day of your brother, on the day of his misfortune. You should not have rejoiced over the sons of Judah in the day of their perishing. You should not have made your mouth great in a day of distress. You should not have entered the gate of my people in the day of their calamity. Yes, you! You should not have looked on his evil in the day of his calamity. You women should not have looted his wealth in the day of his calamity. You should not have stood at the crossroads to cut down his fugitives. You should not have delivered up his survivors in a day of distress. (Obadiah 1:12-14)
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> You should not have looked on the day of your brother, on the day of his misfortune. You should not have rejoiced over the sons of Judah in the day of their perishing. You should not have made your mouth great in a day of distress. You should not have entered the gate of my people in the day of their calamity. Yes, you! You should not have looked on his evil in the day of his calamity. You women should not have looted his wealth in the day of his calamity. You should not have stood at the crossroads to cut down his fugitives. You should not have delivered up his survivors in a day of distress. (Obadiah 1:11-14)
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(2) The sentence before the litany explains its overall meaning. That sentence can be placed as an introduction. In English, a colon would indicate that what follows elaborates on this meaning. Because the first three sentences are shorter, they can be presented on a single line, so that the way the litany develops may be recognized more clearly.
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In the above example, verse 11 provides the summary and meaning for the litany that follows in verses 12-14.
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> Not one of them will get away, not one of them will escape:
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(1) combined with (2):<br>
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Often in the Bible there will be a general statement at the beginning or end of a litany that sums up its overall meaning. You can format that statement in a way that will show that it is a summary statement that gives the meaning of the litany;<br>
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You can put each sentence of the litany on a separate line. Also, if each sentence in the litany has two parts, you can format the litany so that the equivalent parts of each sentence line up. Use this or any other type of formatting that will show that each sentence is reinforcing the same meaning.<br>
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> > Not one of them will get away, not one of them will escape:
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>
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> Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them. Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down. Though they hide on the top of Carmel, there I will search and take them. Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea, there will I give orders to the serpent, and it will bite them. Though they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them, there will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them. (Amos 9:1b–4 ULT)
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> Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them.<br>
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Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down.<br>
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Though they hide on the top of Carmel, there I will search and take them.<br>
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Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea, there will I give orders to the serpent, and it will bite them.<br>
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Though they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them, there will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them. (Amos 9:1b–4 ULT)
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In the above example, the sentence before the litany explains its overall meaning. That sentence can be placed as an introduction. The second half of each sentence can be formatted in a descending staircase pattern as above, or lined up evenly like the first half of each sentence, or in another way. Use whatever format best shows that these sentences are all communicating the same truth, that it is not possible to escape from God.
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In English, the grammatical form that commonly indicates possession is also used to indicate a variety of relationships between people and objects or people and other people. In English, that grammatical relationship is shown by using the word “**of**,” by using **an apostrophe and the letter “s”**, or by using a **possessive pronoun**. The following examples are different ways to indicate that my grandfather owns a house.
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* the house **of** my grandfather
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* my grandfather **‘s** house
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* my grandfather**’s** house
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* **his** house
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Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. Here are a few common situations that it is used for.
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* my mother – the woman who gave birth to me, or the woman who cared for me
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* my teacher – the person who teaches me
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* Association – A particular thing is associated with a particular person, place, or thing.
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* David's sickness – the sickness that David is experiencing
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* David’s sickness – the sickness that David is experiencing
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* the fear of the Lord – the fear that is appropriate for a human being to have when relating to the Lord
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* Contents – Something has something in it.
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* a bag of clothes – a bag that has clothes in it, or a bag that is full of clothes
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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Both parts of the sentence are metaphors saying that God’s word teaches people
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Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words ‘Praise’ and ‘exalt’ mean the same thing. The words ‘Yahweh’ and ‘him’ refer to the same person. The terms ‘all you nations’ and ‘all you peoples’ refer to the same people.
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> For Yahweh has a **lawsuit with his people**, and he will **fight in court** against Israel. (Micah 6:2b ULT)
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> For Yahweh **has a lawsuit with his people**, and he will **fight in court against Israel**. (Micah 6:2b ULT)
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The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his people, Israel. These are not two different disagreements or two different groups of people.
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>
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> > Yahweh **pays attention to everything** a person does.
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>
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> For Yahweh has a **lawsuit with his people**, and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT) – This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
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> For Yahweh **has a lawsuit with his people**, and he **will fight in court against Israel**. (Micah 6:2 ULT) – This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
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>
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> > For Yahweh has a **lawsuit with his people**, Israel.
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> > For Yahweh has a **lawsuit with his people, Israel**.
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(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
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> Until now you have **dealt deceitfully with me** and you have **spoken lies to me**. (Judges 16:13b ULT)
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>
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> > **All** you have done is lie to me.
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> > **All** you have done is **lie to me**.
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>
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> Yahweh sees **everything a person does** and **watches all the paths he takes**. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
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>
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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### Description
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Thousands of years ago, people wrote the books of the Bible. Other people then copied them by hand and translated them. They did this work very carefully, and over the years many people made thousands of copies. However, people who looked at them later saw that there were small differences between them. Some copiers accidentally left out some words, or some mistook one word for another that looked like it. Occasionally, they added words or even whole sentences, either by accident or because they wanted to explain something. Modern Bibles are translations of the old copies. Some modern Bibles have some of these sentences that were added. In the ULT, these added sentences are usually written in footnotes.
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Thousands of years ago, people wrote the books of the Bible. Other people then copied them by hand and translated them. They did this work very carefully, and over the years many people made thousands of copies. However, people who looked at them later saw that there were small differences between them. Some copiers accidentally left out some words, or some mistook one word for another that looked like it. Occasionally, they added words or even whole sentences, either by accident or because they wanted to explain something. Modern Bibles are translations of the old copies. Some modern Bibles include some of these sentences that were added. In the ULT, these added sentences are usually written in footnotes.
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Bible scholars have read many old copies and compared them with each other. For each place in the Bible where there was a difference, they have figured out which wordings are most likely correct. The translators of the ULT based the ULT on wordings that scholars say are most likely correct. Because people who use the ULT may have access to Bibles that are based on other copies, the ULT translators have sometimes included information about some of the differences between them, either in the ULT footnotes or in the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes.
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> <sup> 10</sup> See that you do not despise one of these little ones. For I say to you that in heaven their angels always look on the face of my Father who is in heaven. <sup>11</sup> <sup> [1]</sup>
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>
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> <sup> [1]</sup> Many authorities, some ancient, insert v. 11. **For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.**
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> <sup> [1]</sup> Many authorities, some ancient, insert v. 11: **For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.**
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John 7:53-8:11 is not in the best earliest manuscripts. It has been included in the ULT, but it is marked off with square brackets ([ ]) at the beginning and end, and there is a footnote after verse 11.
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> 53 \[Then everyone went to his own house … 11 She said, “No one, Lord.” Jesus said, “Neither do I condemn you. Go and sin no more.”\] \[2\]
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> 53 \[Then everyone went to his own house … 11 She said, “No one, Lord.” Jesus said, “Neither do I condemn you. Go and sin no more.”\] <sup> [2]</sup>
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>
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> \[2\] Some ancient manuscripts include John 7:53-8:11
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> <sup> [2]</sup> Some ancient manuscripts include John 7:53-8:11
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### Translation Strategies
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When there is a textual variant, you may choose to follow the ULT or another version that you have access to.
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(1) Translate the verses that the ULT does and include the footnote that the ULT provides.
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(1) Translate the verses as they are in the ULT and include the footnote that the ULT provides.
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(2) Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
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(2) Translate the verses as another version has them, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
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### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
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@ -34,16 +34,16 @@ The translation strategies are applied to Mark 7:14-16 ULT, which has a footnote
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> <sup>14</sup> He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup> There is nothing from outside the man that can defile him when it enters into him. But the things that come out of the man are the things that defile the man.” <sup>16 [1]</sup>
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> <sup> [1]</sup> Some ancient manuscripts include verse 16. If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.
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> <sup> [1]</sup> Some ancient manuscripts include verse 16: **If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.**
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(1) Translate the verses that the ULT does and include the footnote that the ULT provides.
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(1) Translate the verses as they are in the ULT and include the footnote that the ULT provides.
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> <sup>14</sup> He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup> There is nothing from outside the man that can defile him when it enters into him. But the things that come out of the man are the things that defile the man.” <sup>16 [1]</sup>
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>
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> > Some ancient manuscripts include verse 16. If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.
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> > <sup> [1]</sup> Some ancient manuscripts include verse 16: **If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.**
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(2) Translate the verses as another version does, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
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(2) Translate the verses as another version has them, and change the footnote so that it fits this situation.
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> <sup>14</sup> He called the crowd again and said to them, “Listen to me, all of you, and understand. <sup>15</sup>There is nothing from outside the man that can defile him when it enters into him. But the things that come out of the man are the things that defile the man. <sup>16</sup> If any man has ears to hear, let him hear.” <sup> [1]</sup>
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>
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> > <sup> [1]</sup> Some ancient manuscripts include verse 16.
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> > <sup> [1]</sup> Some ancient manuscripts do not include verse 16.
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