V11.final.edits (#248)

checking/other-methods/01.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ As well as asking questions, there are other checking methods that you may also
 
 * **Retell Method**:  You (the translator or checker) can read a passage or story and ask someone else to retell what was said. If the person can easily retell the passage, then the passage was clear. Make a note of any place that the person left out or told incorrectly, along with the chapter and verse. The translation team may need to revise those places in the translation to make them more clear. Also make note of any different ways that the person said things that mean the same thing as in the translation. It may be that these ways of saying things are more natural than the ways in the translation. The translation team can use these ways of saying the same thing to make the translation more natural.
 
-* **Reading Method**: Someone other than you (the translator or checker) can read a passage of the translation while you listen and take notes of where the person pauses or makes mistakes. This will show how easy or how difficult it is to read and understand the translation. Look at the places in the translation where the reader paused or made mistakes and consider what made that part of the translation difficult. The translation team may need to revise the translation at those points so that it is easier to read and understand.
+* **Reading Method**: Someone other than you (the translator or checker) can read aloud a passage of the translation while you listen and take notes of where the person pauses or makes mistakes. This will show how easy or how difficult it is to read and understand the translation. Look at the places in the translation where the reader paused or made mistakes and consider what made that part of the translation difficult. The translation team may need to revise the translation at those points so that it is easier to read and understand.
 
 * **Offer Alternate Translations**: At some places in the translation, the translation team may not be sure of the best way to express a source word or phrase. In this case, ask other people how they would translate it. For those who do not understand the source language, describe what you are trying to say and ask how they would say it. If different translations seem equally good, offer people a choice between two translations of the same idea and ask them which alternative translation they think is the most clear.
 

checking/vol2-backtranslation-purpose/01.md

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
 
 The purpose of a back translation is to allow a consultant or checker of biblical material who does not understand the target language to be able to see what is in the target language translation, even though he or she does not understand the target language. In this way, the checker can "look through" the back translation and check the target language translation without knowing the target language. Therefore, the language of the back translation needs to be a language that both the back translator (that is, the person doing the back translation) and the checker understand well.  Often this means that the back translator will need to translate the target language text back into the same language of wider communication that was used for the source text.
 
-Some people might consider this to be unnecessary, since the biblical text already exists in the source language. But remember that the purpose of the back translation is to allow the checker to see what is in the target language translation. The checker cannot see what is in the target language translation by reading the original source language text. In order to see what is in the target language translation, the back translator must make a new translation back into the language of wider communication that is based only on the target language translation. For this reason, the back translator *cannot* look at the source language text when doing his back translation, but *only* at the target language text. In this way, the checker can identify any problems that might exist in the target language translation and work with the translator to fix those problems.
+Some people might consider this to be unnecessary, since the biblical text already exists in the source language. But remember that the purpose of the back translation is to allow the checker to see what is in the target language translation. The checker cannot see what is in the target language translation by reading the original source language text. In order to see what is in the target language translation, the back translator must make a new translation back into the language of wider communication that is based only on the target language translation. For this reason, the back translator *must not* look at the source language text when doing his back translation, but *must look only* at the target language text. In this way, the checker can identify any problems that might exist in the target language translation and work with the translator to fix those problems.
 
 A back translation can also be very useful in improving the target language translation even before the checker uses it to check the translation. When the translation team reads the back translation, they can see how the back translator has understood their translation. Sometimes, the back translator has understood their translation in a different way than they intended to communicate. In those cases, they can change their translation so that it communicates more clearly the meaning that they intended. When the translation team is able to use the back translation in this way before they give it to the checker, they can make many improvements to their translation. When they do this, the checker can do his checking much more rapidly, because the translation team was able to correct many of the problems in the translation before meeting with the checker.

translate/translate-alphabet2/01.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Vowel sounds are the basic part of syllables. English has only five vowel symbol
 
 ![](https://cdn.door43.org/ta/jpg/aticulation.jpg)
 
-**The Vowels of English**
+#### The Vowels of English
 
 | Position in the Mouth | Front | Mid | Back |
 | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ The **manner of articulation** describes how the airflow is slowed. It can come
 
 **Voicing** shows whether or not the vocal chords are vibrating when the air passes through them. Most vowels, such as “a, e, i, u, o” are voiced sounds. Consonants can be voiced (+v), like “b,d,g,v,” or voiceless (-v) such as “p,t,k,f.” These are made at the same point of articulation and with the same articulators as the voiced consonants first mentioned. The only difference between “b,d,g,v” and “p,t,k,f” is voicing (+v and –v).
 
-**The consonants of English**
+#### The Consonants of English
 
 | Points of Articulation | Lips | Teeth | Ridge | Palate | Velum | Uvula | Glottis |
 | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
@@ -71,10 +71,10 @@ The **manner of articulation** describes how the airflow is slowed. It can come
 | Lip (fricative) |    | "f" / "v" |    |    |    |    |    |
 | Tongue Tip (stop) |    |    | "t" / "d" |    |    |    |    |
 | Tongue Tip (liquid) |    |    | – / "l" | – / "r" |    |    |    |
-| Tongue Blade (fricative) |    |    |    | "ch" / "dg" |    |    |    |
+| Tongue Blade (fricative) |    |    | "s" / "z"   | "sh" / "zh" |    |    |    |
 | Tongue Back (stop) |    |    |    |    | "k" / "g" |    |    |
 | Tongue Root (semi-vowel) | – / "w" |    |    | – / "y" |    | "h" / – |    |
-| Nose (continuant) | – / "m" |    | – / "n" |    |    |    |    |
+| Nose (continuant) | – / "m" |    | – / "n" |    |  "ng"  |    |    |
 
 **Naming the sounds** can be done by calling their features. The sound of “b” is called a Voiced Bilabial (meaning "two lips") Stop. The sound of “f” is known as a Voicelss Labio-dental (meaning "lip-teeth") Fricative. The sound of “n” is called a Voiced Alveolar (meaning "ridge") Nasal.
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ The **manner of articulation** describes how the airflow is slowed. It can come
 | VOICING | -v / +v | -v / +v | -v / +v | -v / +v | -v / +v | -v / +v | -v / +v |
 | MANNER |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |
 | Stop | "p" / "b" |    | "t" / "d" |    | "k" / "g" |    |    |
-| Fricative |    | "f" / "v" |    | "ch" / "dg" |    |    |    |
+| Fricative |    | "f" / "v" | "s" / "z" | "sh" / "zg" |    |    |    |
 | Liquid |    |    | – / "l" | – / "r" |    |    |    |
 | Semi-vowel) | – / "w" |    |    | – / "y" |    | "h" / – |    |
-| Nasals | – / "m" |    | – / "n" |    |    |    |    |
+| Nasals | – / "m" |    | – / "n" |    | "ng" |    |    |

translate/translate-decimal/01.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
 ### Description
 
-The decimal point, or decimal comma, is a mark placed to the left of a number to show that the number refers to part of a whole number. For example .1 meter is not a whole meter but is only one tenth of a meter and .5 meter is not five meters, but is only five tenths of a meter. 3.7 meters is three and seven tenths of a meter. Numbers like these are used in the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (UST).
+The decimal point, or decimal comma, is a mark placed to the left of a number to show that the number refers to part of a whole number. For example .1 meter is not a whole meter but is only one tenth of a meter and .5 meter is not five meters, but is only five tenths of a meter. 3.7 meters is three and seven tenths of a meter. Numbers like these are used in the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text (UST).
 
 In some countries people use a decimal point, and in other countries people use a decimal comma. So translators in countries that use a decimal comma would write “3.7 meters” as “3,7 meters.” In some cultures people prefer fractions. (see [Fractions](../translate-fraction/01.md))
 

translate/writing-proverbs/01.md

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@
 
 ### Description
 
-Proverbs are short sayings that give wisdom or teach a truth. People enjoy proverbs because they give a lot of wisdom in few words. Proverbs in the Bible often use metaphor and parallelism.
+Proverbs are short sayings that give wise advice or teach a general truth about life. People enjoy proverbs because they give a lot of wisdom in few words. Proverbs in the Bible often use metaphor and parallelism. Proverbs should not be understood as either unchangeable laws or absolute truths. Proverbs give general advice to a person about how to live his life.
 
 > Hatred stirs up conflicts,
 > but love covers over all offenses. (Proverbs 10:12 ULT)
 
-Here is another example from Proverbs.
+Here is another example from the book of Proverbs.
 > Look at the ant, you lazy person, consider her ways, and be wise.
 > It has no commander, officer, or ruler,
 > yet it prepares its food in the summer,